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Journal articles on the topic 'Household contacts'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Li, Wei, Bo Zhang, Jianhua Lu, et al. "Characteristics of Household Transmission of COVID-19." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 8 (2020): 1943–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa450.

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Abstract Background Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has extended to most parts of China with &gt;80 000 cases and to at least 100 countries with &gt;60 000 international cases as of 15 March 2020. Here we used a household cohort study to determine the features of household transmission of COVID-19. Methods A total of 105 index patients and 392 household contacts were enrolled. Both index patients and household members were tested by SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. Information on all recruited individuals was extracted from medical records and confirmed or supplemented by telephone interviews. The b

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Hall, JA, RJ Harris, A. Zaidi, SC Woodhall, G. Dabrera, and JK Dunbar. "HOSTED—England’s Household Transmission Evaluation Dataset: preliminary findings from a novel passive surveillance system of COVID-19." International Journal of Epidemiology 50, no. 3 (2021): 743–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab057.

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Abstract Background Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is an important component of the community spread of the pandemic. Little is known about the factors associated with household transmission, at the level of the case, contact or household, or how these have varied over the course of the pandemic. Methods The Household Transmission Evaluation Dataset (HOSTED) is a passive surveillance system linking laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases to individuals living in the same household in England. We explored the risk of household transmission according to: age of case and contact, sex, region, d

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Leng, Trystan, Connor White, Joe Hilton, et al. "The effectiveness of social bubbles as part of a Covid-19 lockdown exit strategy, a modelling study." Wellcome Open Research 5 (September 10, 2020): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16164.1.

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Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown, contact clustering in social bubbles may allow extending contacts beyond the household at minimal additional risk and hence has been considered as part of modified lockdown policy or a gradual lockdown exit strategy. We estimated the impact of such strategies on epidemic and mortality risk using the UK as a case study. Methods: We used an individual based model for a synthetic population similar to the UK, stratified into transmission risks from the community, within the household and from other households in the same soc

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Leng, Trystan, Connor White, Joe Hilton, et al. "The effectiveness of social bubbles as part of a Covid-19 lockdown exit strategy, a modelling study." Wellcome Open Research 5 (March 29, 2021): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16164.2.

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Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown, contact clustering in social bubbles may allow extending contacts beyond the household at minimal additional risk and hence has been considered as part of modified lockdown policy or a gradual lockdown exit strategy. We estimated the impact of such strategies on epidemic and mortality risk using the UK as a case study. Methods: We used an individual based model for a synthetic population similar to the UK, stratified into transmission risks from the community, within the household and from other households in the same soc

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Loo, Vivian G., Paul Brassard, and Mark A. Miller. "Household Transmission ofClostridium difficileto Family Members and Domestic Pets." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 37, no. 11 (2016): 1342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.178.

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OBJECTIVETo determine the risk ofClostridium difficiletransmission from index cases withC. difficileinfection (CDI) to their household contacts and domestic pets.DESIGNA prospective study from April 2011 to June 2013.SETTINGPatients with CDI from Canadian tertiary care centers.PARTICIPANTSPatients with CDI, their household human contacts, and pets.METHODSEpidemiologic information and stool or rectal swabs were collected from participants at enrollment and monthly for up to 4 months. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed onC. difficileisolates. Probable transmission was defined

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SIMMONS, G., D. MARTIN, J. STEWART, and D. BREMNER. "Carriage of N. lactamica in a population at high risk of meningococcal disease." Epidemiology and Infection 125, no. 1 (2000): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026889900415x.

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Carriage of Neisseria lactamica among household contacts of meningococcal disease (MCD) cases was investigated during an epidemic in Auckland, New Zealand. The overall carriage rate for N. lactamica was 10·5% (95% CI 7·4–13·5%) with a peak carriage rate in 2-year-olds of 61·5% (95% CI 26·6–88·1%). Factors associated with a significant (P < 0·05) increase in the likelihood of carriage included runny nose, the number of people per bedroom and youth. Genetic analysis of isolates revealed a striking correlation of strains within the same household but a high level of diversity between household

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Davis, J. Lucian, Patricia Turimumahoro, Amanda J. Meyer, et al. "Home-based tuberculosis contact investigation in Uganda: a household randomised trial." ERJ Open Research 5, no. 3 (2019): 00112–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00112-2019.

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IntroductionThe World Health Organization (WHO) recommends household tuberculosis (TB) contact investigation in low-income countries, but most contacts do not complete a full clinical and laboratory evaluation.MethodsWe performed a randomised trial of home-based, SMS-facilitated, household TB contact investigation in Kampala, Uganda. Community health workers (CHWs) visited homes of index patients with pulmonary TB to screen household contacts for TB. Entire households were randomly allocated to clinic (standard-of-care) or home (intervention) evaluation. In the intervention arm, CHWs offered H

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KLICK, B., H. NISHIURA, G. M. LEUNG, and B. J. COWLING. "Optimal design of studies of influenza transmission in households. II: Comparison between cohort and case-ascertained studies." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 4 (2013): 744–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813001623.

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SUMMARYBoth case-ascertained household studies, in which households are recruited after an ‘index case’ is identified, and household cohort studies, where a household is enrolled before the start of the epidemic, may be used to test and estimate the protective effect of interventions used to prevent influenza transmission. A simulation approach parameterized with empirical data from household studies was used to evaluate and compare the statistical power of four study designs: a cohort study with routine virological testing of household contacts of infected index case, a cohort study where onl

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Goeyvaerts, Nele, Eva Santermans, Gail Potter, et al. "Household members do not contact each other at random: implications for infectious disease modelling." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1893 (2018): 20182201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2201.

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Airborne infectious diseases such as influenza are primarily transmitted from human to human by means of social contacts, and thus easily spread within households. Epidemic models, used to gain insight into infectious disease spread and control, typically rely on the assumption of random mixing within households. Until now, there has been no direct empirical evidence to support this assumption. Here, we present the first social contact survey specifically designed to study contact networks within households. The survey was conducted in Belgium (Flanders and Brussels) from 2010 to 2011. We anal

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Shah, Komal. "Secondary Attack Rate of COVID-19 in Non-Household Contacts - A Systematic Review of Global Studies." Journal of Communicable Diseases 52, no. 04 (2020): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202047.

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Objective: Secondary Attack Rate (SAR) of COVID-19 varies across various populations. We aim to assess global articles reporting SAR in non-household contacts of COVID-19 patients through systematic review approach. Methods: Four databases - MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Google Scholar and EMBASE were systematically searched for retrieval of articles reporting SAR of COVID-19 in various contacts. Initial search provided 436 articles, which through series of evaluation finally yielded 14 articles. Result: Findings suggested that SAR in various contacts varies widely. Substantial number of studies (50%) were

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Baliashvili, Davit, Neel R. Gandhi, Soyeon Kim, et al. "Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Among Household Contacts: A Multinational Study." Clinical Infectious Diseases 73, no. 6 (2021): 1037–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab269.

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Abstract Background Some contacts of patients with tuberculosis remain negative on tests for tuberculosis infection, despite prolonged exposure, suggesting they might be resistant to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The objective of this multinational study was to estimate the proportion of household contacts resistant to M. tuberculosis (resisters). Methods We conducted a longitudinal study enrolling index patients enrolled in treatment for pulmonary multidrug- or rifampin-resistant tuberculosis and their household contacts. Contacts were tested for tuberculosis infection with a tubercul

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Wagner, Moritz, Ivy K. Kombe, Moses Chapa Kiti, Rabia Aziza, Edwine Barasa, and D. James Nokes. "Using contact data to model the impact of contact tracing and physical distancing to control the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Kenya." Wellcome Open Research 5 (September 10, 2020): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16264.1.

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Background: Across the African continent, other than South Africa, COVID-19 cases have remained relatively low. Nevertheless, in Kenya, despite early implementation of containment measures and restrictions, cases have consistently been increasing. Contact tracing forms one of the key strategies in Kenya, but may become infeasible as the caseload grows. Here we explore different contact tracing strategies by distinguishing between household and non-household contacts and how these may be combined with other non-pharmaceutical interventions. Methods: We extend a previously developed branching pr

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Kendall, Emily A., Fahima Chowdhury, Yasmin Begum, et al. "Relatedness of Vibrio cholerae O1/O139 Isolates from Patients and Their Household Contacts, Determined by Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 17 (2010): 4367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00698-10.

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ABSTRACT The genetic relatedness of Vibrio cholerae O1/O139 isolates obtained from 100 patients and 146 of their household contacts in Dhaka, Bangladesh, between 2002 and 2005 was assessed by multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis. Isolate genotypes were analyzed at five loci containing tandem repeats. Across the population, as well as within households, isolates with identical genotypes were clustered in time. Isolates from individuals within the same household were more likely to have similar or identical genotypes than were isolates from different households, but even within a ho

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Raznatovska, O. M., A. S. Moskaliuk, T. A. Grekova, L. I. Chernyshova, O. O. Pushnova, and T. I. Shelestina. "The relevance of household contacts tracing among child contacts of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis." Infusion & Chemotherapy, no. 1 (2020): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2020-1-14-23.

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King, Sam, Martin Murchie, and Jenny Dalrymple. "A bird’s eye view: Sexual health adviser coordination of contact tracing for hepatitis B." International Journal of STD & AIDS 32, no. 5 (2021): 476–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462420976217.

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An National Health Service sexual health adviser led service to facilitate management of new cases of hepatitis B from all settings across a large Scottish health board was initiated in 2012. Sexual health advisers contacted testing clinicians to support referral into appropriate services and facilitate identification, testing and vaccination of sexual partners, family and household contacts. A retrospective audit of contact tracing outcomes was conducted between September 2012 and December 2019. From a total of 1344 people diagnosed with hepatitis B, 2248 household and sexual contacts were id

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AKHTAR, S., T. E. CARPENTER, and S. K. RATHI. "A chain-binomial model for intra-household spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a low socio-economic setting in Pakistan." Epidemiology and Infection 135, no. 1 (2006): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806006364.

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A simulation study using Greenwood's chain-binomial model was carried out to elucidate the spread and control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among the household contacts of infectious pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients. Based on the observed data, the maximum-likelihood estimates (±S.E.) of chain-binomial probabilities of intra-household M. tuberculosis transmission from an index case in 3-person and 4-person households were 0·313±0·008 and 0·325±0·009 respectively. The χ2 goodness-of-fit test of observed and simulated mean expected frequencies of cases revealed good fit for 3-person (P=0·979

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Douglas, J. T., R. V. Cellona, T. T. Fajardo, R. M. Abalos, M. V. F. Balagon, and P. R. Klatser. "Prospective Study of Serological Conversion as a Risk Factor for Development of Leprosy among Household Contacts." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, no. 5 (2004): 897–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.11.5.897-900.2004.

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ABSTRACT Although the prevalence of leprosy has declined over the years, there is no evidence that incidence rates are falling. A method of early detection of those people prone to develop the most infectious form of leprosy would contribute to breaking the chain of transmission. Prophylactic treatment of serologically identified high-risk contacts of incident patients should be an operationally feasible approach for routine control programs. In addition, classification of high-risk household contacts will allow control program resources to be more focused. In this prospective study, we examin

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Al Kubaisy, W., A. Al Dulayme, and H. D. Selman. "Active tuberculosis among Iraqi schoolchildren with positive skin tests and their household contacts." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 9, no. 4 (2003): 675–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2003.9.4.675.

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In a prospective cohort study in Iraq, schoolchildren with a positive tuberculin skin test during the nationwide survey in 2000 were followed up in 2002 to determine prevalence of latent tuberculosis [TB] infection and risk factors among household contacts. Of 205 children, 191 remained skin-test positive in 2002. Based on X-ray and clinical examination, 9 children [4.4%] were active TB cases. Among 834 household contacts, there were 144 new TB cases, giving a cumulative incidence of 17.3%. Risk factors for TB among household contacts were: age > / = 15 years; technical/professional job; sm

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SAMUELSSON, S., E. T. HANSEN, M. OSLER, and B. JEUNE. "Prevention of secondary cases of meningococcal disease in Denmark." Epidemiology and Infection 124, no. 3 (2000): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899003775.

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Close contacts of cases of meningococcal disease are at increased risk of disease themselves. We identified household-like contacts of index cases, to investigate whether relevant target groups are informed, receive and follow recommended chemoprophylaxis and vaccination, and to ascertain the time delay for implementation of these measures. A telephone interview of 172 households of index cases and a questionnaire survey among 634 parents of contacts of cases in institutions were carried out. Results were compared with reports from Medical Officers of Health. In 21% of the cases, Medical Offic

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Ogata, Tsuyoshi, Fujiko Irie, Eiko Ogawa, et al. "Secondary Attack Rate among Non-Spousal Household Contacts of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Tsuchiura, Japan, August 2020–February 2021." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (2021): 8921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178921.

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Household secondary attack rate (HSAR) by risk factor might have a higher transmission rate between spouses. We investigated risk factors for the HSAR among non-spousal household contacts of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We studied household contacts of index cases of COVID-19 in Tsuchiura, Japan, from August 2020 through February 2021. The HSARs of the whole household contacts and non-spousal household contacts were calculated and compared across risk factors. We used a generalized linear mixed regression model for multivariate analysis. We enrolled 496 household contacts

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Krismawati, Hana, Antonius Oktavian, Yustinus Maladan, and Tri Wahyuni. "Risk factor for Mycobacterium leprae detection in household contacts with leprosy patients: a study in Papua, East Indonesia." Medical Journal of Indonesia 29, no. 1 (2020): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.13181/mji.oa.192962.

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BACKGROUND In the era of leprosy eradication, Jayapura is still one of the biggest leprosy pockets in Papua, Indonesia. The trend for leprosy case detection rate has remained relatively stable over recent years. This study was aimed to detect Mycobacterium leprae in household contacts and to evaluate the associated factors with the detection. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited household contacts of leprosy patients who were diagnosed consecutively from March to August 2015 in Hamadi Point of Care, Jayapura. The leprosy patients were diagnosed using polymerase chain reaction (PC

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Becerra, Mercedes C., Iliana F. Pachao-Torreblanca, Jaime Bayona, et al. "Expanding Tuberculosis Case Detection by Screening Household Contacts." Public Health Reports 120, no. 3 (2005): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003335490512000309.

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Objectives. Tuberculosis (TB) case detection remains low in many countries, compromising the efficacy of TB control efforts. Current global TB control policy emphasizes case finding through sputum smear microscopy for patients who self-report to primary health centers. Our objective was to assess the feasibility and yield of a simple active case finding strategy in a high incidence population in northern Lima, Peru. Methods. We implemented this pilot strategy in one health center's catchment area. Health workers visited household contacts of new TB case subjects to identify symptomatic individ

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Khaparde, Kshitij, Pawan Jethani, Puneet K. Dewan, et al. "Evaluation of TB Case Finding through Systematic Contact Investigation, Chhattisgarh, India." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/670167.

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Rationale. Contact investigation is an established tool for early case detection of tuberculosis (TB). In India, contact investigation is not often conducted, despite national policy, and the yield of contact investigation is not well described.Objective. To determine the yield of evaluating household contacts of sputum smear-positive TB cases in Rajnandgaon district, Chhattisgarh, India.Methods. Among 14 public health care facilities with sputum smear microscopy services, home visits were conducted to identify household contacts of all registered sputum smear-positive TB cases. We used a stan

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Parrón, Ignacio, Elsa Plasencia, Thais Cornejo-Sánchez, et al. "Human Astrovirus Outbreak in a Daycare Center and Propagation among Household Contacts." Viruses 13, no. 6 (2021): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061100.

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We investigated an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to human astrovirus in a daycare center, describing the transmission mechanism, the most affected age groups, conditioning factors and the extent of the outbreak among household contacts of the daycare center attenders. Data were collected from persons exposed at the daycare center and their home contacts. Fecal samples from affected and non-affected daycare center attenders were analyzed for viruses causing acute gastroenteritis by RT-PCR. The percentage of households affected and the attack rates (AR) were calculated. The attack rates

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Triasih, Rina, Merrin Rutherford, Trisasi Lestari, Adi Utarini, Colin F. Robertson, and Stephen M. Graham. "Contact Investigation of Children Exposed to Tuberculosis in South East Asia: A Systematic Review." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/301808.

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Background. Screening of children who are household contacts of tuberculosis (TB) cases is universally recommended but rarely implemented in TB endemic setting. This paper aims to summarise published data of the prevalence of TB infection and disease among child contacts in South East Asia.Methods. Search strategies were developed to identify all published studies from South East Asia of household contact investigation that included children (0–15 years).Results. Eleven studies were eligible for review. There was heterogeneity across the studies. TB infection was common among child contacts un

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Cartwright, K. A. V., J. M. Stuart, and P. M. Robinson. "Meningococcal carriage in close contacts of cases." Epidemiology and Infection 106, no. 1 (1991): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800056491.

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SUMMARYBetween 1 October 1986 and 31 March 1987, 55 cases of meningococcal disease were identified in the South-West of England, an attack rate of 1·54 per 100000 during the study period. Antibiotics used in the treatment of the disease successfully eliminated nasopharyngeal carriage of meningococci in 13 out of 14 cases without use of rifampicin. The overall meningococcal carriage rate in 384 close contacts was 18·2% and the carriage rate of strains indistinguishable from the associated case strain was 11·1%. The carriage rate of indistinguishable strains in household contacts (16·0%) was hig

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Handayani, Irda, Muhammad Nasrum Massi, Yanti Leman, et al. "Composite Bacterial Infection Index and Serum Amyloid A Protein in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients and their Household Contacts in Makassar." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, B (2021): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6114.

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BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) cases in limited resource remains challenging. It is urgent to identify the new diagnostic tools which can control the spread of disease with accurate and rapid test. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the levels of infection markers: Composite bacterial infection index (CBII) and serum amyloid A (SAA) protein in pulmonary TB (PTB), and their healthy household contacts, as the alternative diagnostic markers for TB. METHODS: CBII and SAA were measured from 44 new PTB patients, and 31 household contact serum samples. The value of CBII was calcul

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Malosh, Ryan E., Richard Evans, Emily T. Martin, Joshua G. Petrie, and Arnold S. Monto. "997. Protection of Unvaccinated Individuals by Influenza Vaccine Coverage of Household Contacts." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (2018): S296—S297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.834.

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Abstract Background The evidence that influenza vaccination programs provide some protection to unvaccinated members of a community (i.e., indirect effects) is lacking. We sought to determine the indirect effects of influenza vaccine in prospective cohort study of households with children. Methods We used longitudinal data over six influenza seasons from the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) study. We categorized households each season based on the proportion of members who received a seasonal influenza vaccination: unvaccinated (0%), low coverage (1–50%), moderate coverage (50–99%

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Kontturi, Antti, Satu Kekomäki, Eeva Ruotsalainen, and Eeva Salo. "Tuberculosis contact investigation results among paediatric contacts in low-incidence settings in Finland." European Journal of Pediatrics 180, no. 7 (2021): 2185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-021-04000-7.

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AbstractTuberculosis (TB) risk is highest immediately after primary infection, and young children are vulnerable to rapid and severe TB disease. Contact tracing should identify infected children rapidly and simultaneously target resources effectively. We conducted a retrospective review of the paediatric TB contact tracing results in the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa from 2012 to 2016 and identified risk factors for TB disease or infection. Altogether, 121 index cases had 526 paediatric contacts of whom 34 were diagnosed with TB disease or infection. The maximum delay until first c

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Pan, Dongxiang, Mei Lin, Rushu Lan, et al. "Tuberculosis Transmission in Households and Classrooms of Adolescent Cases Compared to the Community in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12 (2018): 2803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122803.

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The aim of this paper is to evaluate the link between the history of exposure to tuberculosis (TB) in the household and diagnosed TB cases at school, and to compare the detection rate of active TB among household contacts and classroom contacts of adolescent TB cases with the rates among contacts of healthy controls. From November 2016 to December 2017, a prospective matched case-control study was conducted using passively identified index adolescent student cases from the TB surveillance system and healthy controls (matched by county, school type, sex, age and ethnicity). Contacts in househol

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Zayar, Nyi-Nyi, Rassamee Sangthong, Saw Saw, Si Thu Aung, and Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong. "Combined Tuberculosis and Diabetes Mellitus Screening and Assessment of Glycaemic Control among Household Contacts of Tuberculosis Patients in Yangon, Myanmar." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 3 (2020): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030107.

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Background: This study aimed to identify the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) among household contacts of index TB patients in Yangon, Myanmar. Method: Household contacts were approached at their home. Chest X-ray and capillary blood glucose tests were offered based on World Health Organization and American Diabetes Association guidelines. Crude prevalence and odds ratios of DM and TB among household contacts of TB patients with and without DM were calculated. Results: The overall prevalence of DM and TB among household contacts were (14.0%, 95% CI: 10.6–18.4) and (5%

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DOYLE, T. J., and R. S. HOPKINS. "Low secondary transmission of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in households following an outbreak at a summer camp: relationship to timing of exposure." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 1 (2010): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881000141x.

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SUMMARYFollowing an outbreak of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) at a residential summer camp for boys aged 10–16 years, we assessed secondary household transmission of the novel virus after their return home. Of 212 study participants who attended camp, 49 had confirmed or probable influenza for a primary attack rate of 23%. Of 87 exposed household contacts who did not attend camp, only three instances of probable transmission were observed, for a household secondary attack rate of 3·5%. All secondary cases occurred in households where the ill camp attendee returned home 1 day after onset of

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Wingfield, Tom, Peter MacPherson, Paul Cleary, and L. Peter Ormerod. "High prevalence of TB disease in contacts of adults with extrapulmonary TB." Thorax 73, no. 8 (2017): 785–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210202.

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UK guidelines no longer recommend routine screening of household contacts of adult patients with extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). From 27 March 2012 to 28 June 2016, we investigated the prevalence of active TB disease in household contacts of 1023 EPTB index cases in North West England, and compared estimates with: published new entrant migrant screening programme prevalence (~147/100 000 person-years); London-based contact screening data (700/100 000 contacts screened); and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) new entrant TB screening thresholds (TB prevalence >40/100 000 peop

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Arsyad, Yuniarti, Friska Jifanti, Muhammad Dali Amiruddin, et al. "COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE INTENSITY OF Mycobacterium leprae EXPOSURE BETWEEN HOUSEHOLD AND NONHOUSEHOLD CONTACT OF LEPROSY." Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease 3, no. 1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v3i1.192.

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Leprosy stills a public health problem in West Sulawesi which has a Case Detection Rate (CDR) around 43.69/100.000 population. Household contacts of leprosy are a high risk group to be infected, due to droplet infection mode of transmission of the disease. A nose swab examination and serological study was conducted to detect exposure of M. leprae of people who live in leprosy endemic area. Detection of M. leprae in the nasal cavity will represent the exposure rate from outside and the measurement of specific antibody is represented the result of exposure to the immune system. Two group of inha

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Reichler, Mary R., Dana Bruden, Harold Thomas, et al. "Ebola Patient Virus Cycle Threshold and Risk of Household Transmission of Ebola Virus." Journal of Infectious Diseases 221, no. 5 (2019): 707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz511.

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Abstract Background Identifying risk factors for household transmission of Ebola virus (EBOV) is important to guide preventive measures during Ebola outbreaks. Methods We enrolled all confirmed persons with EBOV disease who were the first case patient in a household from December 2014 to April 2015 in Freetown, Sierra Leone, and their household contacts. Index patients and contacts were interviewed, and contacts were followed up for 21 days to identify secondary cases. Epidemiologic data were linked to EBOV real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold (Ct) data fro

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Li, Ruoran, Francesco Nordio, Chuan-Chin Huang, et al. "Two Clinical Prediction Tools to Improve Tuberculosis Contact Investigation." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 8 (2020): e338-e350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1221.

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Abstract Background Efficient contact investigation strategies are needed for the early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) disease and treatment of latent TB infections. Methods Between September 2009 and August 2012, we conducted a prospective cohort study in Lima, Peru, in which we enrolled and followed 14 044 household contacts of adults with pulmonary TB. We used information from a subset of this cohort to derive 2 clinical prediction tools that identify contacts of TB patients at elevated risk of progressing to active disease by training multivariable models that predict (1) coprevalent TB am

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Diaz, Gustavo, Angela María Victoria, Amanda J. Meyer, et al. "Evaluating the Quality of Tuberculosis Contact Investigation in Cali, Colombia: A Retrospective Cohort Study." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 4 (2021): 1309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0809.

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ABSTRACTTuberculosis (TB) contact investigation facilitates earlier TB diagnosis and initiation of preventive therapy, but little data exist about the quality of its implementation. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate processes of TB contact investigation for index TB patients diagnosed in Cali, Colombia, in 2017, including dropout at each stage and overall yield. We constructed multivariable models to identify predictors of completing 1) the baseline household visit and 2) a follow-up clinic visit for TB evaluation among referred contacts. Sixty-eight percent (759/1,120) of

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De, Debalina, Aarti Kinikar, P. S. Adhav, et al. "Source Case Investigation for Children with TB Disease in Pune, India." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/182836.

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Setting.Contact tracing is broadly encouraged for tuberculosis (TB) control. In many high-burden countries, however, little effort is made to identify contacts of newly diagnosed TB patients. This failure puts children, many of whom live in poor crowded communities, at special risk.Objectives.To perform source-case investigations for 50 pediatric TB cases in Pune, India.Design.A descriptive cross-sectional observational study of pediatric TB cases < 5 years of age. Information was collected about the index case and household contacts.Results.In 15 (30%) of the 50 pediatric index cases, the

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Kyaw, Nang Thu Thu, Aung Sithu, Srinath Satyanarayana, et al. "Outcomes of Community-Based Systematic Screening of Household Contacts of Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Myanmar." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 1 (2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5010002.

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Screening of household contacts of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a crucial active TB case-finding intervention. Before 2016, this intervention had not been implemented in Myanmar, a country with a high MDR-TB burden. In 2016, a community-based screening of household contacts of MDR-TB patients using a systematic TB-screening algorithm (symptom screening and chest radiography followed by sputum smear microscopy and Xpert-MTB/RIF assays) was implemented in 33 townships in Myanmar. We assessed the implementation of this intervention, how well the screening algorithm w

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Francis, S., J. Rowland, K. Rattenbury, et al. "An outbreak of paratyphoid fever in the UK associated with a fish-and-chip shop." Epidemiology and Infection 103, no. 3 (1989): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800030843.

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SUMMARYAn outbreak of Salmonella paratyphi B infection in the UK associated with a fish-and-chip shop is reported. The source of infection for the first three cases was believed to be a food handler who was infected overseas 6 years earlier. His wife whose faeces and urine were originally culture negative continued to run the shop but subsequently her faeces became positive on one occasion. She was considered to have been the source of two further cases, and secondary household spread of infection from these two cases resulted in one symptomatic and two asymptomatic infections. A second househ

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Rosenberg, Eli S., Kate Doyle, Jorge L. Munoz-Jordan, et al. "Prevalence and Incidence of Zika Virus Infection Among Household Contacts of Patients With Zika Virus Disease, Puerto Rico, 2016–2017." Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. 6 (2018): 932–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy689.

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Abstract Background Little is known about the prevalence or incidence of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in settings affected by the 2015–2016 Zika pandemic and associated risk factors. We assessed these factors among household contacts of patients with ZIKV disease enrolled in a cohort study in Puerto Rico during 2016–2017. Methods Household contacts of index case patients completed a questionnaire and gave specimens for real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing to detect ZIKV infection. We measured the prevalence of ZIKV infection

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Wang, Saibin. "Development of a Predictive Model of Tuberculosis Transmission among Household Contacts." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2019 (July 30, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5214124.

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Background. Household contacts of patients with tuberculosis (TB) are at great risk of TB infection. The aim of this study was to develop a predictive model of TB transmission among household contacts. Method. This was a secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study, in which a total of 700 TB patients and 3417 household contacts were enrolled between 2010 and 2013 at two study sites in Peru. The incidence of secondary TB cases among household contacts of index cases was recorded. The LASSO regression method was used to reduce the data dimension and to filter variables. Multivaria

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Ng, Wil, Amna Faheem, Allison McGeer, et al. "Community- and Healthcare-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains: An Investigation Into Household Transmission, Risk Factors, and Environmental Contamination." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 38, no. 1 (2016): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.245.

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OBJECTIVETo measure transmission frequencies and risk factors for household acquisition of community-associated and healthcare-associated (HA-) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).DESIGNProspective cohort study from October 4, 2008, through December 3, 2012.SETTINGSeven acute care hospitals in or near Toronto, Canada.PARTICIPANTSTotal of 99 MRSA-colonized or MRSA-infected case patients and 183 household contacts.METHODSBaseline interviews were conducted, and surveillance cultures were collected monthly for 3 months from household members, pets, and 8 prespecified high-use enviro

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HELLENBRAND, W., G. HANQUET, S. HEUBERGER, S. NIELSEN, P. STEFANOFF, and J. M. STUART. "What is the evidence for giving chemoprophylaxis to children or students attending the same preschool, school or college as a case of meningococcal disease?" Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 11 (2011): 1645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268811001439.

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SUMMARYWe performed a systematic literature review to assess the effectiveness of chemoprophylaxis for contacts of sporadic cases of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in educational settings. No studies directly compared IMD risk in contacts with/without chemoprophylaxis. However, compared to the background incidence, an elevated IMD risk was identified in settings without a general recommendation for chemoprophylaxis in pre-schools [pooled risk difference (RD) 58·2/105, 95% confidence interval (CI) 27·3–89·0] and primary schools (pooled RD 4·9/105, 95% CI 2·9–6·9) in the ~30 days after con

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LEUNG, Y. H., M. P. LI, and S. K. CHUANG. "A school outbreak of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection: assessment of secondary household transmission and the protective role of oseltamivir." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 1 (2010): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810001445.

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SUMMARYIn mid-June 2009, an outbreak of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (pH1N1) infection occurred in a secondary school in Hong Kong. We carried out an epidemiological investigation to delineate the characteristics of the outbreak, gauge the extent of secondary household transmission, and assess the protective role of oseltamivir in household contacts. We interviewed pH1N1-confirmed cases using a standardized questionnaire. Sixty-five of 511 students in the school were affected. Of the 205 household contacts identified, 12 were confirmed as cases. All cases recovered. The estimated secondary household a

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Craig, Rodger, Elizabeth Kunkel, Natasha S. Crowcroft, et al. "Asymptomatic Infection and Transmission of Pertussis in Households: A Systematic Review." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 1 (2019): 152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz531.

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AbstractWe conducted a systematic review to describe the frequency of mild, atypical, and asymptomatic infection among household contacts of pertussis cases and to explore the published literature for evidence of asymptomatic transmission. We included studies that obtained and tested laboratory specimens from household contacts regardless of symptom presentation and reported the proportion of cases with typical, mild/atypical, or asymptomatic infection. After screening 6789 articles, we included 26 studies. Fourteen studies reported household contacts with mild/atypical pertussis. These compri

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Hugo Johansson, P. J., Eva B. Gustafsson, and Håkan Ringberg. "High prevalence of MRSA in household contacts." Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 39, no. 9 (2007): 764–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365540701302501.

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Drosten, Christian, Benjamin Meyer, Marcel A. Müller, et al. "Transmission of MERS-Coronavirus in Household Contacts." New England Journal of Medicine 371, no. 9 (2014): 828–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1405858.

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Mollema, F. P. N., J. H. Richardus, M. Behrendt, et al. "Transmission of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusto Household Contacts." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 48, no. 1 (2009): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01499-09.

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Adane, Abinet, Melake Damena, Fitsum Weldegebreal, and Hussein Mohammed. "Prevalence and Associated Factors of Tuberculosis among Adult Household Contacts of Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Treated in Public Health Facilities of Haramaya District, Oromia Region, Eastern Ethiopia." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2020 (January 27, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6738532.

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Background. Tuberculosis is an infectious airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It still remains a major public health problem which affects all age groups. Risk of exposure is higher in household contact than members of the general population. Objective. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of tuberculosis among adult household contacts of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Haramaya district, Oromia Region, Eastern Ethiopia from February to March, 2019. Method. A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted. A total of

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