Academic literature on the topic 'Household heads'
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Journal articles on the topic "Household heads"
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Rozanti, Yennie Dwi, Mohamad Khusaini, and Ferry Prasetyia. "Determinants of Household Poverty Status in Kediri City." Journal of Indonesian Applied Economics 9, no. 2 (2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiae.2021.009.02.5.
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Analyses of the causes and the characteristics of poverty at micro levels provide more efficient strategies for the attainment of main Sustainable Development Goals. This study aimed to analyze the extent to which the characteristics of individuals, households, and communities influence the probability of household poverty status. The 2019 Social Welfare Integrated Data and Village Potential Data of Kediri City were analyzed using an ordered logit regression model and then interpreted based on marginal effect calculation. The study found that household heads’ squared-age, household members’ education, household members’ occupation, household head gender (female), ownership of assets, access to the internet, access to proper sanitation, and access to financial institutions reduced the probability of households being categorized as very poor and poor. This finding indicated that household productivity influenced by the household head’s characteristics in managing productive assets, supported by access to infrastructure, could increase the household's welfare. However, the household head’s age and marital status, dependency ratio, and access to health facilities increased household’s probability of being very poor and poor. Policies regarding poverty must be adjusted to the poverty characteristics and status. Improving access, equalizing education, and improving job opportunity and infrastructure management that ensure accessibility and enhancement in service quality need to be made to increase the status of households with the lowest 40% welfare in Kediri City. Policies regarding poverty should be focused more on social programs for very poor and poor households. Meanwhile, those near-poor and vulnerable-to-poor need more empowering programs.
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Prasertsoong, Nutchapon. "Impact of Remittances on Spending Behavior and Work Choices in Thai Households: A Quasi-Experimental Study." Journal of Population and Social Studies 33 (January 25, 2025): 881–905. https://doi.org/10.25133/jpssv332025.047.
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Remittances from migrants are essential for left-behind families in impoverished areas of developing countries. This paper uses data from the Thailand Household Socio-Economic Survey 2019 (HSES 2019) to quantitatively assess the impact of remittances on household spending behavior and their choice of labor force participation via a propensity score matching technique. An attempt is made to examine whether the outcome varies with the household head’s gender. It is estimated that 2.1 million households, 10% of Thai households, have received remittances from migrants in 2019. Remittance-receiving households reduce spending share on food and allocate the funds toward spending related to durable goods, healthcare, and education. The impact of remittances on productive consumption is more pronounced among female-headed households than male-headed households. Moreover, remittances slightly reduce the labor force participation of female household heads but have no impact on the labor force participation of male household heads. Fiscal policy that encourages sending remittances to families left behind should be established, along with measures that promote international migration through formal channels.
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Diansari, Pipi, and Teruaki Nanseki. "Perceived food security status – a case study of households in North Luwu, Indonesia." Nutrition & Food Science 45, no. 1 (2015): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-01-2014-0007.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study was to investigate the socioeconomic impact on perceived household food security in the North Luwu District of South Sulawesi Province in the eastern part of Indonesia. In Indonesia, 87 million people are presently vulnerable to food insecurity. Thus, the United Nations Development Programme’s primary millennium development goal for Indonesia is to halve the number of people who suffer from hunger by 2015. It is clear that food security at the household level is crucial to achieving this target. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 371 household heads were interviewed. The households’ perceptions of their food security status were captured by asking the household head the following question: “How do you perceive your household’s food security status during the last month”? Respondents could select from the following options: insecure, somewhat insecure, somewhat secure, secure and highly secure. Here, the household head’s answer is regarded as the household’s subjective food security status (SFSS). We then applied descriptive analysis and an ordered logit model to determine the socioeconomic factors that influence SFSS. Findings – As expected, in both analyses, household income and formal level of education have a strong relationship to SFSS. However, this study finds that food nutrition knowledge also shows a significant role in enhancing the probability that household SFSS will be in a better food security category. This could be a breakthrough in improving household food security status given the lack of formal education. Practical implications – Neighborhood resource-based food preparation counseling programs are essential. Existing food programs for Indonesian households should be reoriented and incorporated into the non-formal educational curriculum and should be carried out at the family level or in small groups to ensure that the message of the program is delivered effectively. In the short term, for non-farm households, the government should provide targeted households with crash programs such as revolving funds for household-level business activities. For farm households, ensuring that farming infrastructures, facilities and technologies are adequate and affordable is crucial to sustaining their production process. Originality/value – This is the first study to investigate the perceptions of household heads on their food security status in Indonesia. Most prior studies on household food security in Indonesia were conducted in response to Indonesia’s 1997 economic crisis and focused predominantly on Java, in the western part of Indonesia; there is little existing research on the eastern part of Indonesia. Moreover, this study is the first to emphasize the significant role of food nutrition knowledge in increasing the probability of household heads’ perceptions on their food security status being in a better category.
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Jateno, Workicho, Bamlaku Alamirew Alemu, and Maru Shete. "Household dietary diversity across regions in Ethiopia: Evidence from Ethiopian socio-economic survey data." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (2023): e0283496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283496.
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Background Household food and nutrition insecurity continued to be a development and policy agenda in Ethiopia. Assessing the patterns and determinants of household dietary diversity is an important area of research given its importance for policy uptake in the country. This study is, therefore, initiated to identify the dominant food groups consumed by households and to investigate the determinants of household dietary diversity in the country. Method We used data from the 4th wave of the Ethiopian socioeconomic survey. The survey data for this study included 3,115 households living in rural areas (hereafter called ‘rural households’). Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) was calculated and categorized as per the FAO’s recommendation: low HDDS category for those who consume three or less food groups, medium HDDS for those who consume four to six, and high HDDS for those who consume seven and more food groups during the past seven days. Ordinal logistic regression model was employed to estimate the determinants of rural household’s dietary diversity. Results Cereals were the most dominant food group consumed by 96.4% of the households followed by pulses, which was consumed by 82% of the households Nutrition-dense food commodities such as lean meat, vegetables and fruits were the least consumed food groups by households in Ethiopia. In terms of determinants of dietary diversity, female headed households have 38% more chance of consuming diverse foods compared to their male-headed counterparts (AOR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.73). Household heads who completed secondary education and above have 62% more chance of consuming diverse foods compared to uneducated household heads (AOR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.30). Household heads who are single have 37% less chance of consuming diverse foods compared to those household heads who are married (AOR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.80). Those households located in Harari regional state and in the rural surroundings of Diredawa town have 6.56 times more chance of consuming diverse foods compared to those households living in Tigray and Amhara regional states (AOR = 6.56, 95% CI: 4.60, 9.37). The results also highlighted that households who are in the upper wealth category have 9 times more chance of consuming diverse foods compared to those households who are the lower wealth category (AOR = 8.54, 95% CI: 6.79, 11.98).
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Bula, Yunah B., Mohammed A. Sani, Victoria O. Aliyu, Eshiozemhe M. Inusa, and Bishara S. Dogo. "Household consumption and labour participation in Nigeria: Survey-based evidence." Asian Development Policy Review 11, no. 1 (2023): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5008.v11i1.4727.
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Labour participation is a vital component of economic development because of its significance in influencing the well-being of individuals in an economy. As a result, this paper investigated how labour participation influences household consumption in the developing country of Nigeria. For simplicity, the paper used only the labour participation of the head of the household as a proxy for the labour participation of the whole household. The study made use of data extracted from the Nigerian Living Standard Survey (NLSS) carried out in 2018–2019 by the National Bureau of Statistics in conjunction with the World Bank. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics, linear regression, and logit models. The results showed that households whose head is self-employed consume less than those whose heads are unemployed, while households whose heads are employed consume significantly more than those whose heads are unemployed. The outcome for the self-employed contradicts the notion that unemployed household heads are likely to consume less than self-employed household heads.
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Kempay F, Kempay F., Bolakonga A.-B. Bolakonga A-B, and Mokili B. Mokili B. "Comparative analysis of monetary and non-monetary poverty in rural households in the DRC (case of villages located on the Kisangani-Yangambi road)." Journal of Research in Agriculture and Animal Science 12, no. 2 (2025): 10–19. https://doi.org/10.35629/9459-12021019.
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The aim of this study was to compare the monetary and non-monetary poverty of rural households using the FG-T and WHO approaches in rural areas of the DRC. The villages on the Kisangani-Yangambi road were included. After our investigations, the results were as follows: For monetary poverty, 89.2% of households are in a situation of poverty, but for non-monetary poverty, only 68.3% are in this situation. For the depth of poverty, the F-G-T approach gives 29.6% and the WHO approach 35.6%; As for the severity of poverty, the F-G-T approach gives 16.2% and the WHO approach 32.7%. Relation between poverty and the socio-demographic profile of the households surveyed, the results of the Chisquare dependency test reveal that poverty is related to household size, level of education of the heads of households and main activity. Furthermore, the Cramer V coefficients calculated show that this link is strong (0.180V0.360) between poverty and some socio-demographic profile parameters, including household size and the level of education of the heads of households, and weak (0.045V0.090) with the main activity of the heads of households. However, this poverty is not a function of the gender and marital status of the heads of household and the Cramer V coefficients calculated show that this link is weak (0.045V0.090) for the gender of the heads of household and average (0.090V0.180) for the marital status of the heads of household.
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Boadu, Kwame, and Frank Trovato. "Association of Social Class with Malaria Prevalence Among Household Heads in Ghana." Canadian Studies in Population 33, no. 2 (2006): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6fs67.
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This is an exploratory study that investigates the association of social class with malaria prevalence among household heads in Ghana. Data utilized is taken from the 1997 Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ) survey of Ghana. The survey collected information on households covering a variety of topics including education, health, employment, household assets, household amenities, poverty predictors, and child anthropometry. A total of 14,514 households were interviewed, comprising 63 percent rural household heads and 37 percent urban household heads. The research method employed in this study involves the construction of a composite index of social class from six indicators namely, education, dwelling ownership, heads of cattle, modern household items, main source of cooking fuel and type of toilet facility. Logistic regression was applied in examining the association between social class and the dependent variable, prevalence of malaria. Marital status and personal hygiene were examined together with social class as the predictor variables, while sex, age, place of residence and ecological zone were introduced as control variables. The study revealed that there was no direct association between social class and the prevalence of malaria among household heads in Ghana; rather, marital status served as a mediating factor.
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Cheah, Yong Kang, Azira Abdul Adzis, Juhaida Abu Bakar, and Shri Dewi Applanaidu. "HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE ON SUGAR-ADDED FOODS AND BEVERAGES IN MALAYSIA: EVIDENCE FROM QUANTILE ESTIMATION." Labuan Bulletin of International Business and Finance (LBIBF) 18, no. 1 (2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/lbibf.v18i1.2684.
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The present study attempts to examine factors affecting household expenditure on sugar-added foods and beverages (SAFB) in Malaysia. The spike in sugar-related diseases and the lack of comprehensive study related to factors associated with consumption of added sugar in Malaysia are the motivations for the present study. Acquiring a better understanding of what kind people consume more or less SAFB is important for policy development. A nationally representative data with a large sample size, i.e., the Malaysian Household Expenditure Survey (HES) 2014, was used for secondary analysis. In the survey, a two-stage stratified sampling approach was adopted. The first stage was based on Enumeration Blocks (EBs), while the second stage was based on living quarters (LQs). Quantile regressions were utilised to analyse the effects of household heads’ demographic and household factors on quantiles of household expenditure on SAFB. On average, the monthly household income, age of household head and expenditure on tobacco were Ringgit Malaysia (RM) 5973.63, 46 years and RM 60.81, respectively. The majority of household heads were secondary educated (57%), Bumiputera (69%), males (85%), employed (93%) and married (80%). Education, age, ethnicity, employment status, marital status and smoking behaviour were associated with expenditure on SAFB. Households headed by individuals with no formal and primary-level education spent around RM 1.02-24.6 and RM 0.73-23.68 less on all the quantiles of SAFB, respectively, compared with households headed by individuals having tertiary-level education. An additional year of age of household heads increased all the quantiles of household expenditure on SAFB by RM 0.11-0.90. Compared to non-Bumiputera households, Bumiputera households spent approximately RM 1.02-2.53 more on 0.1-0.75 quantiles of SAFB. Households with employed and married heads spent about RM 1.11-9.16 and RM 1.28-6.41 more on all the quantiles of SAFB, respectively, than their counterparts with unemployed and single heads. Household expenditure on tobacco was positively associated with 0.25-0.9 quantiles of household expenditure on SAFB (RM 0.28-1.23). In conclusion, household heads’ demographic and household profiles played an important role in influencing quantiles of expenditure on SAFB. Therefore, as a nationwide policy towards reducing consumption of added sugar, intervention measures should be designed in light of these profiles.
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Rodiah, Saleha, Susanne Dida, Eni Maryani, and Normah Mustaffa. "The Role of Interpersonal Communication in the Empowerment of Female Heads of Household in Cianjur, Indonesia." Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication 38, no. 4 (2022): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2022-3804-10.
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The potential of female heads of households is very important to be developed, but unfortunately they have not been able to fully participate because they still have limited power and a weak position in society. To empower them, an empowerment program for female heads of households is carried out. This research describes efforts conducted by members of the program to overcome hindrances faced in their position as female heads of household, particularly within their roles in both domestic and public spaces. This study uses a case study approach in which data were collected using in-depth interviews to eight informants including PEKKA members, officers, and corresponding household members. Participatory observations are conducted in three months, looking into PEKKA-related activities and the informants daily practices. The findings from this study reveal that through close and dialogic communication processes between the female heads of household and PEKKA officers, they can openly share their problems and receive support to solve their problems. Interpersonal communication helps the female heads of household in gaining trust and becoming role models for their families. This form of communication also enables wives to gain their husbands’ trust and render them equal partners. It is concluded that through the processes of interpersonal communication, female heads of household can position themselves as subjects that challenge the impeding patriarchal values. Interpersonal communication in the PEKKA program, both as practice and shared knowledge, is considered effective as a means to empower female heads of household. Keywords: Interpersonal communication process, female heads of household, social roles, empowerment program, PEKKA programme.
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Omojimite, Ben U. "Analysis of Food Security Situation in Warri, Nigeria." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 2, no. 3 (2011): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v2i3.665.
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This study attempts to investigate whether there could be food insecurity incidence in an ‘’oil city’’ of Warri, Nigeria. The paper also examines the determinants of food insecurity among the households studied. The socio-economic characteristics of 260 households were collected by means of a structured questionnaire. A food insecurity index was constructed and was used to assess household food insecurity incidence. The results obtained were analysed by means of tables and percentages and found that on the average the incidence of food insecurity is high in the study area, implying that the benefits of oil and gas activities in Warri do not actually benefit all in the communities studied Also, a logit model was specified and tested to determine the factors that affect food insecurity in the study area. The results of the two approaches used in this study reveal that the age of household heads, sex of household heads, the type of occupation of household heads and dependency ratio all exacerbate food insecurity in the study area. The level of educational attainment of household heads, the nature of occupation of household heads and income of house heads tend to reduce the probability of households being food insecure. The study recommends food aid and food subsidy to the vulnerable in the area. It also recommends expanded educational facilities to enable inhabitants attain higher levels of education.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Household heads"
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Huggins, Kevin D. "The household management criteria for selecting church leaders." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1985. http://www.tren.com.
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Al, Dossry Theeb Mohammed. "Consumer culture in Saudi Arabia : a qualitative study among heads of household." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/4205.
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As Saudi Arabia turns towards modernisation, it faces many tensions and conflicts during that process. Consumerism is an extremely controversial subject in Saudi society. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes that the opportunities and constraints of consumerism have brought about in the specific socio-economic and cultural settings between local traditions, religion, familial networks and institutions, on the one hand, and the global flow of money, goods, services and information, on the other. A qualitative method was applied. Focusing on Saudi consumer behaviour, the study was explorative; open-ended qualitative interviews and observations were considered to be appropriate methods. The questions covered not only practices of consumption, such as shopping, tourism, leisure time and managing the budget, etc., but also attitudes to consumption in general as well as more general views on social change. In this study the interviews were used and relied upon as the basic method for collecting data. In addition, observation was used to support and supplement the interview data. The research subjects of this study are 29 (male) heads of households/families residing in the three cities of Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam. The focus on fathers/husbands is, of course, immediately recognisable as a limitation of this research. The results of the study were that the cultural pattern of the Saudi family depends heavily on the Islamic religion, a religious reference that distinguishes it from other cultures, such as volunteer work or a desire to give to charity. The existences of other factors that contribute to the formation of consumer behaviour of the Saudi family were discovered, including the social background as well as social pressure to apply such behaviour. The results revealed women have also come to play a major role in influencing the purchasing and selection of both the quantity and quality of goods. The principal conclusion was that despite the obvious manifestations of consumer culture for Saudi families (luxury cars, modern technology, and Western fashion), Saudi society is still loyal to the Islamic religion as a fundamental doctrine. The acceptance of, and trends in, Western-consumer Saudi families do not necessarily mean that there is a Western-driven consumer base depending on the individual. Although Saudi families also enjoy acquiring Western goods and impressive fashions, these may conflict with Islamic and traditional values in general.
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Draper, Larry W. "A Demographic Examination of Household Heads in Salt Lake City, Utah, 1850-1870." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 1988. http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/u?/MTAF,28425.
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Onyango, Adelheid Werimo. "Household headship and the nutritional status of children in western Kenya." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59422.
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This study examines how income, household division of power and maternal decision-making ability influence dietary intake and child morbidity. A sample of 154 households with children between one and three years was drawn from six villages in Busia District, western Kenya. Information on household and maternal characteristics, morbidity, dietary intake and anthropometry was gathered between July and November 1988. Household headship was found to have no significant or direct influence on children's nutritional status. Total income was higher in female-headed households. While women in male-headed households had greater financial responsibility for household maintenance, female heads of household assumed more farming responsibilities but had higher remittances from husbands. A measure of maternal differentiation was generated by principal components analysis, constituted mainly by schooling, language ability, nutrition knowledge and information seeking behaviour. Differentiation had a strong impact in lowering morbidity and was a significant predictor of greater dietary diversity and weaning practices that supported better child nutrition and growth.
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Suggs, Jacquelyn E. "The effectiveness of positive self-image training on single Black female heads of household." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1986. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1538.
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The following study was developed to examine the factors, when present in the lives of low-income individuals, equal dependency, i.e., education level, employment history, number of children, and what can be done to change these factors. The research effort sought to prove that introduction of the independent variable (Positive Self-Image Training) into a self-help program would enable a select group of women to reach a level of relative self-sufficiency. The research design used was quasi-experimental.
The population under investigation was a group of single black female heads of household, age 18 and older, participating in a government sponsored self-sufficiency program in Atlanta, Georg ia. A standard self-concept test, Tennessee Self Concept Scale, was administered to 20 single black mothers before and after positive self-image training. The anticipated outcome was formulated in the hypothesis: "A select number of Project Self-Sufficiency participants who receive positive self-image training will show a measurable difference in terms of improved self-concept over the participants who only receive the prescribed treatment."
The major findings of the study showed that the experimental group improved in terms of self-concept while the control group showed little or no change. Although the quantitative outcomes were smaller than anticipated, the qualitative outcomes more than supported the general hypothesis of the study.
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Brown, Brenda. "Where are the men? : an investigation into female-headed households in Rini, with reference to household structures, the dynamics of gender and strategies against poverty." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002660.
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An in-depth study is conducted into ten female-headed households in the township of Rini, an underprivileged section of Grahamstown in the Eastem Cape region of South Africa. The study provides information on the way in which such households function in conditions of poverty and underemployment. The meaning of the term 'household' is clearly defined. A household consists of a group of people, who may or may not be kin-related, but who usually live under the same roof, eat together and share resources. Household members may be absent for varying periods of time, but are still considered to have rights in the household to which they belong. The female-headed household usually contains a core of adult women who are often uterine kin. Men are frequently members of these households and are usually related to the women who form the core. Their status and roles in such households are defined and intra-household relations between household members are discussed. In this study, female headship is observed to occur in conditions of poverty when an elderly woman is widowed, receives a regular income in the form of and old age pension, and when her status as the senior member of the household is acknowledged. The presence of men in female-headed households has not been widely emphasised in other studies, either of the female-headed household itself, or in research done in this area of South Africa. An attempt is therefore made to illustrate the way in which men function in these households and the varying roles they play. An attempt is also made to describe other structures and practices which support the female-headed household in a rapidly changing urban environment. These include church membership, burial society membership, the informal economy, wider kinship networks and, in the case of the men, the rite of circumcision.
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Taylor, Wanda Denise. "A study of the relationship between self-esteem and unemployment among Black single female heads of household." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1987. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1871.
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Purpose
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between self-esteem and unemployment among black single female heads of household who were enrolled in the Atlanta Urban League, Career Opportunities Project. The finding of this study indicated that there were no significant differences in the level of self-esteem before entering the program and during the time one was enrolled in the training program.
Results
Thirty black female single heads of household, ages 16-40 years of age were administered a standard test Index of Self Esteem. They were requested to respond on a pre-test and post-test format. The researcher recognized that a true pretest condition did not exist, inasmuch as the participants were already in the training program at the time of the pretest. They were asked to respond to the index for the pretest based on how they felt prior to entering the program.
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Musekiwa, Pamela. "Livelihood strategies of female headed households in Zimbabwe: the case of Magaso Village, Mutoko District in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005967.
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This research study explored livelihood strategies that female headed households adopt in Magaso village of Mutoko district in Zimbabwe. The study intended to achieve the following objectives: (i) examine the existing livelihood strategies of female headed households (ii) explore the various challenges faced by female headed households and (iii) establish the support mechanisms in place for female headed households to cope with life challenges .The literature reviewed in the study was drawn from several researchers, and the study was shaped by the strengths perspectives and the liberal feminism perspective. The study was qualitative in nature and used interviews to collect data from fifteen (15) female headed households. The data collection process used an interview guide. The research employed a qualitative research design in the form of a case study cum a phenomenological study design. Data was analysed qualitatively using the content thematic data analysis which used interpretive approaches and presentation is textual rather than statistical. The study findings were the following: engaging in subsistence farming was found to be the main livelihood activity of the female heads; engaging in home gardens; exchanging labour for food; involvement in business; reliance on temporary employment from different agencies; reliance on handouts from government and other bodies; and household heads sanctioning child labour that compromises school attendance. Moreover, these female heads faced numerous difficulties ranging from emotional, social to financial problems that resulted in worsening the condition of women, and hence validating feminization of poverty among them. Several support mechanisms were discovered to be available for the female heads but they fail to produce to fruitful results to the lives of the female heads. The study made the following recommendations: mainstreaming gender education from childhood stage; efforts aimed at job creation; financial empowerment through setting up of micro schemes for rural women amongst; seeking the services of agricultural extension services to the female head farmers; improving the social services delivery in Zimbabwe equitably across genders and strengthening informal strategies to improve women‘s social capital. Lastly, the study concluded that little is being done in terms of policy formulation to make the support structures responsive to the female headed households especially in rural areas, hence the need for sustainable development through empowerment.
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Francis-Chizororo, Monica. "The formation, constitution and social dynamics of orphaned child headed households in rural Zimbabwe in the era of HIV/AIDS pandemic." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/454.
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Rincon, de Munoz Betilde. "Determinants of female labor force participation in Venezuela : a cross-sectional analysis." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001985.
Full textBooks on the topic "Household heads"
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Islam, Mahmuda. Woman heads of household in rural Bangladesh: Strategies for survival. Narigrantha Prabartana, 1991.
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Lanka), BRIDGE Project (Sri. Kantava mūlika karagat pavul piḷibanda sankhyatmaka toraturu: Poḷōnnaruva Distrikkaya, 2008. BRIDGE Vyaprtiya, 2008.
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Lanka), PTRDP Project (Sri. Statistical information: Women headed households, Ampara district. Care International, 2010.
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McIntosh, J. L. From heads of household to heads of state: The preaccession households of Mary and Elizabeth Tudor, 1516-1588. Columbia University Press, 2008.
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Hageness, MariLee Beatty. State census 1859, heads of household, Columbia County, Georgia. M.B. Hageness, 1995.
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Dilts, Bryan Lee. 1860 Rhode Island census index: Heads of household and other surnames in households index. Index Pub., 1985.
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Building of Relationship in Development and Gender Equity (Project : Sri Lanka). Statistics & information on women headed households: Trincomalee district 2008. Care International - Sri Lanka, 2009.
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Office, Zambia Central Statistical, ed. The evolution of poverty in Zambia, 1991-1996. Republic of Zambia, Central Statistical Office, 1997.
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Dilts, Bryan Lee. 1870 District of Columbia census index: Heads of household and other surnames in households index. Index Pub., 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Household heads"
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Khajikhan, Tansaya. "Gender Difference in Households’ Expenditure on Higher Education: Evidence from Mongolia." In Between Peace and Conflict in the East and the West. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77489-9_11.
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AbstractThe existing evidence suggests that there is a reverse gender gap in higher education in Mongolia. Prior studies on the reverse gender gap in education were based on the gross enrolment rates and did not delve deeper in terms of using empirical data analyzed over an extended time-period. This paper investigates gender bias in the households’ expenditure on higher education and tracks changes over the ten-year period from 2008 to 2018 using empirical data. In this regard, this study examines the factors and determinants responsible for the gender bias in the households’ expenditure on higher education. To address these questions, the study employs the Engel Curve approach (unconditional educational expenditure) and Hurdle model, which estimates bias in the enrolment decisions and bias in the conditional educational expenditure, both at the household and individual level in 2008 and 2018, using the Household Socio-Economic Survey of Mongolia. Its findings illustrate that gender bias in households’ expenditure on higher education does exist, and it favors girls over boys at the household and individual levels in 2008 and 2018. The findings show that households allocate a greater share of education expenditure to females aged 16–18 and 19–24 than to their male counterparts. Statistical analysis suggests that households’ residence and the occupation of household heads are two important factors affecting this gender bias. Thus, if a household resides in the countryside and its head is employed in the agricultural sector, female offspring are more likely to receive higher education than male offspring. Traditional gender roles and the Mongolian way of life, which centers around attending to livestock and requiring a male labor force and the wage gap, are contextual factors that help explain this gender bias.
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Candelaria, Nathaniel Punongbayan. "Women Household Heads in Indonesia and Their Role in Addressing Gender Inequality." In Asia in Transition. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-9140-8_15.
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Sobczak-Szelc, Karolina. "Infrastructure Development and Environmental Change: A Case Study of Forced (Im)mobility in the Mhamid Oasis (Southern Morocco)." In Migrations in the Mediterranean. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42264-5_19.
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AbstractThe growing amount of hydropower production causes changes in both the social and natural environments. The positive impact of it is appreciated by actors outside the project area. At the same time, those living in the affected river basin face most of the negative consequences, often compensated within a benefit-sharing system. Excluded from compensation are, however, those who live in distant areas, even if they lose their life’s assets, which pushes them to forced (im)mobility. This chapter is based on research into the example of the Mhamid Oasis in Southern Morocco between 2015 and 2019. It explores the complex relationship between socio-economic and environmental factors influencing the (im)mobility decision. The results are based on desk research, a micro census, semi-structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews with household heads, environmental field studies, and analysis of available imagery data. The results show that agriculture in the Mhamid area faces environmental constraints that appeared when the delivery of water to the oasis was limited by the construction of the Mansour Eddahbi Dam. As household income from agriculture is related to environmental changes, household members were pushed to income diversification, mostly through mobility. Therefore, Mhamid Oasis also should be covered by the benefit-sharing rule to counteract the negative impact of these changes.
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Owusu, Kwadwo, and Peter Bilson Obour. "Urban Flooding, Adaptation Strategies, and Resilience: Case Study of Accra, Ghana." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_249.
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AbstractDespite massive flood controlling investments, perennial flooding continues to be a major challenge in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Assembly in Ghana. Previous studies have mostly considered the vulnerability of Accra to flooding induced by urbanization and climate change. This chapter examined the impacts of and adaptation strategies to flooding in two flood-prone residential areas in Accra. A survey was conducted among 320 household heads to ascertain local impacts of floods and community adaptation strategies. To obtain a broader picture of government interventions and challenges, key stakeholders such as personnel from ministries, departments, and agencies who are involved in city planning, and private urban planning consultants were interviewed. The study found that a notable driver of floods in Accra is blocked waterways, and flawed and ad hoc engineering works. About three-quarters of the households interviewed have suffered flood-related losses over the past decade such as housing damage, income, and even a death of a relative. Key flood control interventions included dredging prior to start of rains and sporadic demolition of unauthorized buildings on or near waterways to allow free flow of water. However, these interventions only seem to be ephemeral due to the rapid rate of littering and re-siltation of the waterways after few rain events. The study highlights the need for more pragmatic and robust engineering solutions to build resilience of Accra to floods.
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Kazembe, Lawrence, Godfrey Tawodzera, and Ndeyapo Nickanor. "International Migration and the Urban Food Insecurity Nexus in Urban Namibia." In International Perspectives on Migration. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-9715-8_3.
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Abstract Food security and migration have emerged as key development challenges in Namibia. Internal migration, where people move from rural areas to urban centres such as the capital, Windhoek, has been given a great deal of attention. However, there is a dearth of research on the relationship between international migration and food security in the country. This chapter aims to fill this gap by investigating the nexus between international migration and household food security in Windhoek. Drawing on data from a city-wide household food security survey, we compare the food security status of international migrant and non-migrant local households and show that migrant households were more food insecure, with less diverse diets, than their local counterparts. Within the migrant group, differences in food security were associated with length of residence in Namibia, type of housing, employment status of the household head, household income, and lived poverty.
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Oumlil, A. Ben, and C. P. Rao. "The Relationship Between Changes in Importance of Store Attributes and Employment Status of Female Heads of Household: An Empirical Investigation." In Proceedings of the 1985 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16943-9_97.
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Abou, Salé, Madi Ali, Anselme Wakponou, and Armel Sambo. "Sorghum Farmers’ Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in the Semiarid Region of Cameroon." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_41.
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AbstractThis chapter deals with the problem of sorghum farmers’ adaptation to climate change in the semiarid region of Cameroon. Its general objective is to compare the various adaptation strategies’ typologies and to characterize the sorghum farmers’ adaptation strategies on the basis of the suitable one. The stratified random sampling method was used to select the sites, which consist of twenty (20) villages, and the sample, which consists of six hundred (600) farm household heads. After conducting focus-groups in ten villages and interviews with resource persons, the primary data were collected using a semi-open survey questionnaire. It appears that the poor spatiotemporal distribution of rains and the drought constitute, respectively, the main climate hazard and the main water risk that farmers are dealing with; the farmers are vulnerable to climate change because the adaptation strategies used are mostly traditional, their adoption rates are very low, and the use of efficient adaptation strategies (irrigation, improved crop varieties) is almost unknown. The characterization of the adaptation strategies used shows that they are more complex than most authors who have established the typologies thought. It comes out that improving the resilience of these sorghum farmers absolutely requires the improvement of their basic socioeconomic conditions.
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Danlami, Abubakar Hamid, and Shri Dewi Applanaidu. "Sustaining a Cleaner Environment by Curbing Down Biomass Energy Consumption." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_211.
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AbstractEnvironmental degradation, soil erosion, and desertification are some of the consequences of high rate of traditional biomass fuel use by households in developing countries. The critical issues to raise here are how can these households be encouraged to change their energy consumption behavior? What are the factors that cause the rampant use of biomass fuel in developing countries? How and to what extent can these factors be manipulated so that households in developing countries are encouraged to adopt clean energy fuel an alternative to the most widely used biomass fuel? Therefore, this chapter tries to find answer to the above questions raised, by carrying out an in depth analysis of households’ use of biomass fuel in developing countries using Bauchi State, Nigeria, as the case study. Cluster area sampling technique was utilized to generate the various responses, where a total number of 539 respondents were analyzed. The study estimated ordered logit model to analyze the factors that influence the movement of households along the energy ladder from nonclean energy to the cleaner energy. Furthermore, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model was estimated to analyze the impacts of socio-economic, residential, and environmental factors on biomass energy consumption. It was found that age of the household head and his level of education, income, living in urban areas, home ownership, and hours of electricity supply have positive and significant impact on household energy switching from traditional biomass energy use to the cleaner energy. Therefore, policies that will enhance household income and the increase in the availability of cheap cleaner energy will encourage households switching to cleaner energy sources thereby reducing the level of environmental pollution in the study area.
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Danlami, Abubakar Hamid, and Shri Dewi Applanaidu. "Sustaining a Cleaner Environment by Curbing Down Biomass Energy Consumption." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_211-1.
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AbstractEnvironmental degradation, soil erosion, and desertification are some of the consequences of high rate of traditional biomass fuel use by households in developing countries. The critical issues to raise here are how can these households be encouraged to change their energy consumption behavior? What are the factors that cause the rampant use of biomass fuel in developing countries? How and to what extent can these factors be manipulated so that households in developing countries are encouraged to adopt clean energy fuel an alternative to the most widely used biomass fuel? Therefore, this chapter tries to find answer to the above questions raised, by carrying out an in depth analysis of households’ use of biomass fuel in developing countries using Bauchi State, Nigeria, as the case study. Cluster area sampling technique was utilized to generate the various responses, where a total number of 539 respondents were analyzed. The study estimated ordered logit model to analyze the factors that influence the movement of households along the energy ladder from nonclean energy to the cleaner energy. Furthermore, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model was estimated to analyze the impacts of socio-economic, residential, and environmental factors on biomass energy consumption. It was found that age of the household head and his level of education, income, living in urban areas, home ownership, and hours of electricity supply have positive and significant impact on household energy switching from traditional biomass energy use to the cleaner energy. Therefore, policies that will enhance household income and the increase in the availability of cheap cleaner energy will encourage households switching to cleaner energy sources thereby reducing the level of environmental pollution in the study area.
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Gathoni, Ida. "Evaporating Indigenous Knowledge Based Justice System Among the Maasai Pastoralists of Kenya." In Sustainable Development Goals Series. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-85512-2_8.
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Abstract Kenya is a heterogeneous society that comprises over forty ethnic groups. The diversity validates the need for recognition of rationalized individual community’s justice dispensation arrangements by the country’s judicial system. This Chapter shares on how changes in the country’s governance has affected acknowledgement of participation of the informal justice indulgences to assure equity. The conversation is based on experiences among the Maasai pastoralists community of Kajiado County that inhabit the South of Kenya to explore the implications of the presence or absence of appreciation and housing of the peoples’ justice system and the resultant consequences. The study is also informed by literature review, official reports and structured questionnaires administered to key opinion leaders and selected household heads. A conclusion is that while the indigenous justice system is remedial and restorative of wrongdoers into the community, the formal one is bent on punishments which place corporeal and psychological strains on reprobates. Illuminated is that although the indigenous ways of bestowing justice is marginalized by the conventional one, its approval has received heightened attractiveness among the Maasai pastoral community as an alternative legal pathway, principally driven by the distress arising out of the complications experienced in the government courts. Outcomes present the indigenous justice system as viable and relevant for the pastoral community, justifying its place in the national legal framework. The study vouches for supporting the indigenous legal institutions their justice mandates, building their capacity and, linking them to the formal justice system can improve access to reasonableness in arriving at palpable justice.
Conference papers on the topic "Household heads"
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BURJA, Jaka. "Corrosion of household mixer heads." In METAL 2024. TANGER Ltd., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/metal.2024.4883.
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Amanuel, Atile, Fanta Workneh, Sorsa Zamach, Limani Belete, Anna Brisola, and Brentha Murugan. "Determinants of wheat commercialization in Damot Gale district of Wolaita zone." In Employment, Education and Entrepreneurship 2024. Faculty of Business Economics and Entrepreneurship, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5937/eee24018a.
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Transforming subsistence-farming to market-oriented production as a way to increase household's income and reduce poverty in Ethiopia. The objectives are to identify factors determining wheat commercialization in Damot Gale district of Wolaita zone. Multi-stage sampling techniques were employed to select total sample size of 120 households. Firstly, Damot Gale was purposively selected due to its high production potential of cereal crops. Three Kebeles, namely Wandara Boloso, Woshi Gale and Fate were purposively selected. The sample for each kebele was determined by using probability proportional to size using simple random sampling technique. Both primary and secondary data sources were used to generate qualitative and quantitative data types through structured questionnaire, focus group discussion, personal observation and in-depth interview. Data collected were analyzed using household commercialization index and binary logit model. The household commercialization index showed that 45.9% of wheat producing households were commercialized. From sample households, 72.5% participated in wheat output market. Binary logit regression model result revealed that the sex of household head, education level of household head, market-oriented production, credit utilization, extension services use and market information use, number of oxen owned, annual household income, quantity of wheat produced, use of farm inputs and age of household head. Therefore, market orientated production, farm inputs utilization, demonstrative trainings, MFI services, market information dissemination and functional adult literacy can contribute wheat commercialization of households in the study area.
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Kim, Jun, and CheolHoon Park. "How changes in housing prices affect family relationships and life satisfaction among Older Household Heads in Korea." In 29th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. European Real Estate Society, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2023_210.
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Turdalieva, Ainura, and Raziya Abdiyeva. "The Impact of Access to Irrigation on Rural Household Income in Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c14.02666.
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Agriculture is the main source of income of households in rural area. Therefore, access to irrigation significantly impact the level of income of households. Consequently, the quality of irrigation infrastructure has essential effect on the level of household welfare and their economic performance. Improving water use efficiency and infrastructure will positively affect households’ income in rural areas. In this study we analyzed the impact of access to irrigation to household income in rural area by using of Life in Kyrgyzstan Survey data for the year of 2016. The effect of access to irrigation on income of households in Kyrgyzstan analyzed according to size of land, type of irrigation, amount of water used and cost of irrigation, gender, and age of household head by using ordinary least square regression model. Results showed that access to an irrigation canal and using the tillage method significantly increase household income.
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C. Sipior, Janice, Burke T Ward, and Joanna Z. Marzec. "The Digital Divide in the United States and Worldwide." In 2001 Informing Science Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2404.
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The Digital Divide has been defined as a gap between those with access to new information technologies and those without. The term is also used to characterize the disparity between those who can effectively use information technology and those who cannot. This paper explores the digital divide within the United States (U.S.) and worldwide. Factors contributing to the widening of the gap are identified, including differences in income, age, education, race, household type, and geographic location. In an effort to reduce the Digital Divide, initiatives have been undertaken, such as promoting increased competition to reduce equipment and internet connection costs and U.S. government legislation to provide incentives such as tax relief to Internet providers serving specific geographic areas, and the global initiative by the G- 8 Heads of State to help coordinate worldwide government efforts in closing the Digital Divide.
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Aseinov, Dastan, Burulcha Sulaimanova, and Kamalbek Karymshakov. "Determinants of Capital Formation of Smallholder Farmers in Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02032.
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Capital formation is crucial to increase output volume and quality in agricultural production activity of households. This study examines factors affecting capital formation of smallholder farmers in Kyrgyzstan ranging from household characteristics to location of farmers. Along with other traditional potential constraints that may have impact on capital formation, we examine the role of social network activities. These expenditures on customs and traditions may have both negative and positive effects on the capital formation in agriculture. Our empirical analysis is based on the cross-sectional household survey data for 2013. According to our findings, the amount of physical assets of households in Kyrgyzstan mainly depends on the share of expenses on customs and traditions, the total income, gender differences and the ethnicity of the head of household.
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Madjevikj, Mirjanka, Marija Ljakoska, Biljana Apostolovska Toshevska, and Hristina Ninevska. "Modern changes of households in the Republic of North Macedonia." In Population in Post-Yugoslav Countries: (Dis)Similarities and Perspectives. Institute of Social Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59954/ppycdsp2024.29.
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Households represent some kind of peculiar cells in human society, special socio-economic communities, and demographic cores in which everything connected to the population changes takes place, but at the same, they represent significant working units. In a special way, households build the basic component in the development of some particular area, mainly because their features represent crucial components in a lot of socio-geographical processes and have an influence on the development in general. From so far development can be predicted and estimated some other population elements, conditions for unfolding of certain economic and non-economic activities, planning future needs, and more. Therefore, knowing the condition of the households has versatile theoretical and practical importance. Data analysis shows that the number of households notes a continuous increase in all intercensal periods. From 2002 to 2021, opposite to the total population reduction, the number of households has increased by 34,336 or 6.08%. Nearly a third of the households in 2021 were concentrated in the Skopje region. Parallel to the increase in the number of households, the process of their weakening in terms of demographic potential is taking place because on average, 3.07 people are registered in one household. The constant decrease in their size comes as a result of following the modern demographic processes and transformations that are happening in the society and the family, not only in the country but globally as well. However, the modern changes in the household are visible in all their features. The main database for the needed analyses regarding households is the statistical one, i.e., the one from the conducted Censuses of the population, households, and dwellings. More precisely, data from the household questionnaires provide information on all household members, according to the criteria on family connection with the head of the household. The paper aims to show the modern changes in households in the last inter-census period, the territorial specificities, with a special reference to households according to family composition and single-person households. Their territorial distribution and spatial differences which exist in terms of their size, offer information for a lot of segments in planning, organization, and use of space. Households are connected to the so-called planned needs from many aspects of human living: demand, consumption, residential needs, quality of living, use of natural-geographical resources, etc.
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Vojtkova, Maria. "The Influence of Economic Activity on Income in the Regions of the Slovak Republic." In 9th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2023.103.
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Household income is one of the important components for the quality of life of individuals in the household, while individuals satisfy their needs through it. This paper aims to assess the influence of the selected factor, namely economic activity, the member standing at the head of the household, on the equivalent disposable income of the household in the regions of the Slovak Republic, broken down according to NUTS3, using one-factor analysis of variance. Due to the non-fulfillment of the conditions for the use of parametric variance analysis, its modification using Welch’s variance analysis will be used. The starting source of data is data from the EU SILC sample survey on income and living conditions of households in Slovakia for the year 2021, while the analysis itself is carried out using the statistical tool SAS Enterprise Guide 7.1.
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Patel, Bhaumik, and Jeffrey Powers. "Immigration Status and Household Income as Predictors of Childhood Obesity." In 27th Annual Rowan-Virtua Research Day. Rowan University Libraries, 2023. https://doi.org/10.31986/issn.2689-0690_rdw.stratford_research_day.145_2023.
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Childhood obesity rates have been on a remarkably steep rise in recent years. According to recent literature, the rate in the United States alone has more than doubled compared to other regions in the world such as Australia, Canada and Europe1,2 . Especially in the African immigrant community, there has been speculation of a higher prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States3 . This warranted further investigation into demographic factors impacting childhood obesity rates and their subsequent consequences with other clinical diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. The CDC reports that in 2011-2014, among individuals ages 2 to 19, the prevalence of obesity decreased as the head of household’s level of education increased 3 . However, looking at the country of origin for the head of the household mixed with an objective approach to evaluate glycemic control is a novel approach. The focus of the project was to investigate correlation between factors such as immigration status and its relationship to metabolic risk factors predisposing them to other comorbidities in the pediatric population. The datasets used in the study were derived from the Centers for Disease Control’s (CDC) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. For the 2011-2012 dataset, when comparing the mean HbA1c score of obese children, those whose Household reference person was born outside the USA and had some college education or above showed a significantly higher mean HbA1c score compared to the obese children whose Household reference person was born in the USA with the same college education level. There is statistical significance in the means between country of birth and education level (p=0.04).
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Juanita and Maya Fitria. "Smoking Prevalence among Head of Household in Medan." In International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramification Researches. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010083806790683.
Full textReports on the topic "Household heads"
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Gandelman, Néstor, and Santiago Acerenza. Household Education Spending in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evidence from Income and Expenditure Surveys. Inter-American Development Bank, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011785.
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This paper characterizes household spending in education using microdata from income and expenditure surveys for 12 Latin American and Caribbean countries and the United States. Bahamas, Chile and Mexico have the highest household spending in education while Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay have the lowest. Tertiary education is the most important form of spending, and most educational spending is performed for individuals 18-23 years old. More educated and richer household heads spend more in the education of household members. Households with both parents present and those with a female main income provider spend more than their counterparts. Urban households also spend more than rural households. On average, education in Latin America and the Caribbean is a luxury good, while it may be a necessity in the United States. No gender bias is found in primary education, but households invest more in females of secondary age and up than same-age males.
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Cortés, Darwin, Andrés Gallegos-Vargas, and Jorge Pérez Pérez. Expenditure Responses to Adverse Health Shocks: Evidence from a Panel of Colombian Households. Banco de México, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36095/banxico/di.2025.03.
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We analyze the effect of adverse health shocks on households' expenditure shares in different good categories using a fixed-effects approach and a structural approach based on microeconomic theory. We find that, on average, households substitute health and food expenditure in response to adverse health shocks. Our estimates unveil substantial heterogeneity in this trade-off mediated by access to social protection, job contract type, and urban or rural location. Households from rural areas --where household heads are more likely to hold informal jobs and lack access to safety nets-- engage in more substitution of food expenditure for health expenditure than others. Our findings suggest that access to formal employment and a higher quality of local institutions can help mitigate the negative consequences of health shocks for households.
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Matita, Mirriam, and Masautso Chimombo. Impact of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Malawi – Round 1 Report. Institute of Development Studies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.001.
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Given the ravaging effects of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, this study seeks to estimate its likely impact on food systems and livelihoods in Malawi. This briefing note is based on our stratified random sample of 114 household heads (32 female and 82 male) drawn from an APRA household survey of groundnut producers in Mchinji and Ntchisi districts, Central Region, as well as seven key informant interviews from those areas. The APRA COVID-19 data collection will be carried out over three rounds. This report presents insights obtained from the first round of research conducted during June/July 2020.
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Julian, Christopher. Age Variation in Prevalence of Cohabitation Among Unmarried Men and Women, 2009 & 2024. National Center for Family and Marriage Research, 2025. https://doi.org/10.25035/ncfmr/fp-25-04.
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Over recent decades, the prevalence of cohabitation among U.S. adults has grown rapidly (Smock, 2000; Smock & Schwartz, 2020). Estimates from the Current Population Survey (CPS) show that in 2009, approximately 14.0 million adults aged 15 or older cohabited, which increased to 20.3 million by 2024. Although both younger and older adults cohabit, it is far more common among younger adults (Julian, 2023). Still, in the past few decades, cohabitation has risen among older adults, too (Brown & Wright, 2017). This Family Profile uses data from the Current Population Survey (IPUMS; Flood et al., 2024) to explore age variation in the prevalence of cohabitation among unmarried older adults separately for men and women, comparing estimates from 2009 and 2024. Previous Family Profiles on this topic have examined the prevalence of cohabitation among unmarried household heads for younger (Julian, 2022a) and older adults (Julian, 2022b) using the American Community Survey. By leveraging the CPS cohabitation pointers (Kennedy & Fitch, 2012), we identified respondents' relationship statuses, including cohabitation, at the individual level, regardless of household head status.
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Diwakar, Vidya, and Richard Bwalya. Poverty and Wellbeing in Zambia: Pandemic Update. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cpan.2024.001.
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This study attempts to provide a descriptive assessment of the reasons behind the increase in poverty witnessed in Zambia between 2015 and 2022. Although poverty in Zambia is more pronounced in rural than urban areas, the increase in poverty was much higher in urban areas. This increase may be at least partly explained by a confluence of factors, including load shedding, the Covid-19 pandemic, which considerably negatively affected businesses and employment, and the effect of rising prices, which also put pressure on households’ purchasing power. There were also dramatic increases in certain provinces (Lusaka, Southern, and Copperbelt) in the share of household heads who were not working due to pandemic-induced business closures in 2020, which is likely to have put a strain on pathways out of poverty, given the positive relationship between non-farm enterprises and resilience before the pandemic.
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Loo, Jaden, and Krista Westrick-Payne. Older Adults Living with an Adult Roommate or Sibling, 2022. National Center for Family and Marriage Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.25035/ncfmr/fp-24-17.
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Since the mid-1960s, the living arrangements of older adults (those aged 50 and above) have shifted significantly. Today, most older adults either live alone, with a spouse, or with a partner (Ausubel, 2020; Vespa, 2017). Although the proportion of older adults living with a spouse remains stable (Vespa, 2017), a declining share of older adults lives alone (Stepler, 2020) and an increasing share are in multigenerational households (Washington, Gryn, Anderson, & Kreider, 2023). However, less is known about other living arrangements, such as living with roommates (home sharing) or siblings. Previous research by the NCFMR revealed an increase in the proportion of older adults living with a sibling or a roommate from 2015 to 2020, with the largest growth observed among those living with a roommate. In this profile, we update these findings using 2022 data from the American Community Survey 1-year estimates. We also assess the age of the youngest roommate in the household along with the marital status and race/ethnicity of the household heads in these living arrangements. Living with a roommate and living with a sibling are not mutually exclusive arrangements; those who live with both are represented in the each of the trendlines in Figure 1.
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Medina, Carlos, Jairo Núñez, and Jorge Andrés Tamayo. The Unemployment Subsidy Program in Colombia: An Assessment. Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011497.
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This paper assesses the effects of the Colombian Unemployment Subsidy (US), which includes benefits as well as training for some recipients. Using regression discontinuity and matching differences-in-differences estimators, the study finds that participation in the labor market, earnings of beneficiaries, and household income do not increase, and for some populations decrease during the 18 months after leaving the US program. Enrollment in formal health insurance falls. Effects on male heads of household include reductions in their earnings, decreases in their labor participation, and increases in their unemployment rates. The study also finds a small though statistically significant positive effect on beneficiaries¿ school attendance, but none on their children¿s weight or height at birth. The results are sensitive to the type of training that beneficiaries receive. Overall, the program serves more as a mechanism for smoothing consumption and providing social assistance than for increasing labor market efficiency.
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Abrigo, Michael, Kean Norbie Alicante, and Kris Ann Melad. Who Gets Monitored among Philippines’ 4Ps Children and Why It Matters for Their Nonmonitored Siblings. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.62986/dp2023.43.
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Which children benefit from conditional cash transfers (CCT)? Using a sample of poor and near-poor households in the Philippines, this study shows that children in households that receive cash transfers from 4Ps, the country’s flagship antipoverty program, have parents with relatively low educational attainment. Within CCT-recipient households, children of heads are more likely to be enrolled for education monitoring. No evidence was found that households select children for education monitoring to maximize 4Ps cash payout. While children’s ranking based on birth timing and an earlier 4Ps prioritization rule predict child monitoring status, these instruments are, at best, weak, which may effectively limit their use in impact assessments. This study confirmed earlier findings that 4Ps raise school enrollment on average, which is likely driven by its impact on boys and older children. It also corroborates earlier results of the perverse effects on nonmonitored children, which worsen with age, are more severe for boys, and appear to be universal across household compliance types. Contrary to expectations, it was found that children in households who select out of 4Ps even when eligible (i.e., never treated) are likely to benefit greatly from the program. In contrast, those from households that select into the program even when ineligible based on proxy means tests (i.e., always treated) are not necessarily better off as a result of the program.
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Ibáñez, Ana María, David Zarruk, and Catherine Rodríguez. Crime, Punishment, and Schooling Decisions: Evidence from Colombian Adolescents. Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011494.
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This paper uses a natural policy experiment to estimate how changes in the costs of engaging in criminal activity may influence adolescents¿ decisions in crime participation and school attendance. The study finds that, after an exogenous decrease in the severity of judicial punishment imposed on Colombian adolescents, crime rates in Colombian municipalities increased. This effect appears to be larger in municipalities with a higher proportion of adolescents between 14 and 15 years of age. The study provides suggestive evidence that one possible transmission channel for this effect is a decrease in the effort of the police force to capture teenage suspects. The study also finds that the probability that boys of this same age group attend school decreased following the change in the juvenile justice system. This effect is stronger for boys from homes where the heads of household are less educated.
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Serrano, Rodrigo. What Makes Inter-Agency Coordination Work?: Insights from the Literature and Two Case Studies. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011336.
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The purpose of this report is to discuss some of the key aspects involved in achieving Interagency Coordination (IC) that come out from the academic literature as well as from two case studies of ongoing operations funded by the Inter-American Development Bank. Four general questions that are addressed here: 1) What are the arguments in favor and against IC? Where does the consensus lie now?; 2) What are the coordination tools and strategies available for public managers?; 3) What are the conditions that favor or hinder effective IC?; 4) What practical recommendations policymakers need to bear in mind when designing and implementing programs that involve IC? The case studies of the Women Heads of Household Plan (Plan Jefas de Hogar) in Argentina, and the Darien Sustainable Development Program (Desarrollo Sustentable de Darién) in Panamá are given.