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1
de, Kock Samantha. "Household recycling behaviour in South Africa: Evidence from the 2018 General Household Survey." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32634.
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This paper is an investigation of the determinants of household recycling behaviour in South Africa. Waste generation around the world is growing exponentially. The proportion of South African households who recycle is very low and landfilling is the primary method of waste disposal. This is problematic because landfilling has a negative impact on the environment and human health. Therefore, alternatives to landfilling, like recycling are necessary. Thus, it is important to understand what determines recycling behaviour. A probit regression analysis was carried out using data from the 2018 General Household Survey in order to understand household recycling behaviour. The results of the regression suggest that age, race, province, urban-rural residence, the presence of a radio in the household, and owning a vehicle are significantly correlated with household recycling behaviour (p<.10). Additionally, gender, marital status and household income are also significantly correlated with household recycling behaviour. However, the relationship is weaker (p<.10). Surprisingly, education, employment, dwelling-type, tenure and the presence of a school child in the household have no effect on recycling participation. These results can help policy-makers understand what factors influence recycling behaviour and help them develop and implement effective policies that optimise recycling activity.
2
Wang, Qian. "Smartphone-based Household Travel Survey - a Literature Review, an App, and a Pilot Survey." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700116/.
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High precision data from household travel survey (HTS) is extremely important for the transportation research, traffic models and policy formulation. Traditional methods of data collection were imprecise because they relied on people’s memories of trip information, such as date and location, and the remainder data had to be obtained by certain supplemental tools. The traditional methods suffered from intensive labor, large time consumption, and unsatisfactory data precision. Recent research trends to employ smartphone apps to collect HTS data. In this study, there are two goals to be addressed. First, a smartphone app is developed to realize a smartphone-based method only for data collection. Second, the researcher evaluates whether this method can supply or replace the traditional tools of HTS. Based on this premise, the smartphone app, TravelSurvey, is specially developed and used for this study. TravelSurvey is currently compatible with iPhone 4 or higher and iPhone Operating System (iOS) 6 or higher, except iPhone 6 or iPhone 6 plus and iOS 8. To evaluate the feasibility, eight individuals are recruited to participate in a pilot HTS. Afterwards, seven of them are involved in a semi-structured interview. The interview is designed to collect interviewees’ feedback directly, so the interview mainly concerns the users’ experience of TravelSurvey. Generally, the feedback is positive. In this study, the pilot HTS data is successfully uploaded to the server by the participants, and the interviewees prefer this smartphone-based method. Therefore, as a new tool, the smartphone-based method feasibly supports a typical HTS for data collection.
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Ma, Shaoying. "The Effect of Income Inequality on Household Consumption: Evidence from China Household Finance Survey Data." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1511399435116049.
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Gray, Daniel. "Household finances, well-being and subjective financial situation : an empirical analysis of household survey data." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5142/.
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This thesis aims to contribute to the existing literature relating to household finances and well-being by considering three related, yet distinct, topics. Recently, household finances and well-being have received increasing academic attention for numerous reasons, including the recent economic downturn. This thesis aims to explore household finances, well-being and the relationship between them. Chapter 2, the first empirical chapter, investigates the determinants of household financial portfolio allocation in the U.S. by exploring the proportion of total financial assets allocated to four distinct asset categories. The chapter employs a variety of econometric techniques to ascertain whether accounting for the proportional nature of the dependent variables influences the estimated coefficients. The analysis shows that it is important to separate decisions over holding different asset types and the proportions held. Chapter 3 explores the relationship between the household’s financial position and well-being in Britain, Australia and Germany. Building on the existing literature by employing panel data techniques, the analysis suggests that subjective financial position is an important determinant of well-being, while monetary levels of the household’s financial situation have a limited direct impact on well-being. Chapter 4 aims to ascertain the determinants of the subjective financial position and further explores the relationship between the head of household’s subjective financial position and overall life satisfaction in Australia and Germany. It is found that assets and net wealth are positively related to the subjective financial position, whereas debt levels are inversely related. In addition, risk attitudes are found to be an important determinant of subjective financial position. For Australia, once a joint modelling approach is implemented, there is no statistical relationship found between the head of household’s subjective financial position and overall life satisfaction. In Germany, the subjective financial position appears to mediate the relationship between monetary financial measures and overall life satisfaction.
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Rathore, Akash. "Tool for querying the National Household Travel Survey data." Kansas State University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38795.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Computer Science
Doina Caragea
The goal of the project is to create a database for storing the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data, and a user interface to query the database. Currently, the survey data is stored in excel files in the CSV format, which makes it hard to perform complex analyses over the data. Analyses of interest to transportation community include comparisons of the trips made by urban household to those made by rural household, finding the average trip time spent based on ethnicity, the total travel time of a particular household, the preferred vehicle by a specific household, average time spent per shopping trip, etc. The tool designed for the purpose of querying the NHTS database is a Python-based Web application. Django is used as the Web framework for this project and PostgreSQL is used for the back-end purpose. The user interface consists of various drop-down lists, text-boxes, buttons and other user interface components that facilitate querying the database and presenting the results in formats that allow easy interpretation. FusionCharts Django-Wrapper and FusionCharts Jquery-Plugin are used to visualize the data in the chart form. A Codebook of the NHTS dataset is also linked for the reference purpose at any point for the user. The tool built in the project allows the user to get a deeper understanding of the data, not only by plotting the data in the form of line charts, bar charts, two column graph, but also by providing the results of the queries in the CSV format for further analysis.
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Jim, Abongile. "Health seeking behaviours in South Africa: a household perspective using the general households survey of 2007." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1219_1360587139.
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This study is aimed at empirically examining health seeking behaviours in terms of illness response on household level at South Africa using 2007 General Household Survey and other
relevant secondary sources. It provides an assessment of health seeking behaviours at the household level using individuals as unit of analysis by exploring the type of health care provider sought, the reason for delay in health seeking and the cause for not consulting. This study also assesses the extent of dissatisfaction among households using medical centres and this factor in health care utilisation is considered as the main reason for not consulting health care services. All the demographic and health seeking variables utilised in this study are controlled for medical aid cover because it is a critical variable in health care seeking. Therefore this study makes distinction on illness reporting and they type of health care consulted by medical aid holders and non medical aid holders. Statistical analyses are conducted to explore and predict the way in which demographic variables and socio economic variables affect health care seeking behaviours.
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Finn, Arden. "Economic mobility in South Africa: evidence from household survey data." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26903.
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High levels of inequality, poverty and unemployment are some of the most substantial challenges facing post-apartheid South Africa. Most of the research addressing these questions has used micro datasets to compare snapshots of welfare over time. Although these studies are both interesting and useful, they have been unable to extend their analysis into a nationally-representative dynamic setting, due to the lack of available data. The paucity of large longitudinal datasets has also limited the number of studies of economic mobility, which allows researchers to track the welfare measures of the same individuals over time. This means that while we know a great deal about how South Africans are doing at a particular point in time, we know far less about how they are faring dynamically. Understanding how and why economic mobility happens in South Africa is therefore a question that demands attention. From both a distributive justice as well as a policy point of view, the distinction that arises when we drop the assumption of anonymity and move from a cross-sectional measure of welfare to a dynamic one is important. This is because many of the conclusions about longer-run welfare are dependent on the level of economic mobility present in society. This study contributes to the body of work on welfare in South Africa by addressing three different aspects of economic mobility. The first of these is about how a particular kind of measurement error in household surveys is best detected, and what effect its presence has on the understanding of labour market mobility. The second is about how best to model money-metric poverty dynamics in South Africa in order to better understand who escapes poverty and who enters poverty over time. The third is about how the persistence of intergenerational earnings should be calculated in a society with high unemployment, and what the role of education is in shaping these mobility dynamics.
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Corrigall, Joanne. "Immunisation coverage of the Western Cape Province : household survey 2005." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9318.
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Includes bibliographical references.[Objective] To determine the routine immunisation coverage rates in children aged 12-23 months in the Western Cape and factors affecting immunisation coverage. [Design] Cross-sectional Household Survey using an adaptation of the '30x7' cluster survey technique (multi-stage sampling). [Setting] Households across the Western Cape. [Subjects] 3705 caregivers of children aged 12-23 months who had been living in the Western Cape for at least 6 months. [Outcome Measures] Vaccination Status (1=fully vaccinated, 0=partially vaccinated) as recorded on a Road to Health card or given by history. Factors affecting caregivers' vaccination behaviour established from a questionnaire. [Results] The immunisation coverage was 76.8% for vaccines due by 9 months and 53.2% for vaccines due by 18 months. The reasons given for not being imunised were clinic-related factors (47%), lack of information (27%), lack of information (27%), caregiver being unable to attend the clinic (23%) and lack of motivation (14%). Of clinic factors cited, the two commonest factors were missed opportunities (34%) and being told by clinic staff to come back another time (20%). Factors enhancing coverage included possession of a Road-to-Health card, caregiver knowledge about vaccines and perceived attitude of clinic staff. Certain racial inequities in coverage were also apparent, particularly in the Boland-Overberg Region. [Conclusion] While the coverage indicated that a lot of good work has been done, the coverage was insufficient to prevent outbreaks of measles and other common childhood conditions including polio. The coverage was too low to consider not running periodic mass campaigns for measles and polio. The reasons given by caregivers for their children not being immunized and factors associated with increased coverage are valuable pointers as to where interventions should be focused.
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Ngum, Kimbung Julious. "Household access to water and willingness to pay in South Africa: evidence from the 2007 General Household Survey." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2897.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhilThis study assesses the present level of household water access and the willingness to pay in South Africa. Although the general literature informs that progress has been made in positing South Africa above the levels found in most African countries, there are some marked inequalities among the population groups and across the provinces, with some performing well and others poorly in this regard. The study looks at the extent to which households differ in terms of water access and willingness to pay according to the province of residence. The study focuses on household heads; male and female, through different social and demographic attributes, by taking account of variables such as age, education attainment, geographic areas, and population group to name but a few. The data used in this study comes from the 2007 General Household Survey (GHS) conducted by Statistics South Africa. The scope is national and employs cross tabulation and logistic regression to establish relationships and the likelihood of living in a household with access to safe drinking water in South Africa. Results presented in this study suggest that the difference is determined by socio- demographic characteristics of each household such as age, gender, population group, level of education, employment status income, dwelling unit, dwelling ownership, living quarters, household size and income. It throws more light as to what needs to be taken into account when considering demand and supply of and priorities for water intervention from the household perspective.
South Africa
10
Palmer, Django. "Estimating the LES demand system using Finnish household budget survey data." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-376293.
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Schunk, Daniel. "Essays on individual and household decision-making experimental and survey evidence /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2006. http://madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de/madoc/volltexte/2006/1312/.
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Piombo, Sara <1969>. "Multilevel Analysis in Household Survey: An Application to Health Condition Data." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5220/1/piombo_sara_tesi.pdf.
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The aim of this thesis is to apply multilevel regression model in context of household surveys. Hierarchical structure in this type of data is characterized by many small groups. In last years comparative and multilevel analysis in the field of perceived health have grown in size. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a multilevel analysis with three level of hierarchy for Physical Component Summary outcome to: evaluate magnitude of within and between variance at each level (individual, household and municipality); explore which covariates affect on perceived physical health at each level; compare model-based and design-based approach in order to establish informativeness of sampling design; estimate a quantile regression for hierarchical data. The target population are the Italian residents aged 18 years and older. Our study shows a high degree of homogeneity within level 1 units belonging from the same group, with an intraclass correlation of 27% in a level-2 null model. Almost all variance is explained by level 1 covariates. In
fact, in our model the explanatory variables having more impact on the outcome
are disability, unable to work, age and chronic diseases (18 pathologies). An additional analysis are performed by using novel procedure of analysis :"Linear Quantile Mixed Model", named "Multilevel Linear Quantile Regression", estimate. This give us the possibility to describe more generally the conditional distribution of the response through the estimation of its quantiles, while accounting for the dependence among the observations. This has represented a great advantage of our models with respect to classic multilevel regression. The median regression with random effects reveals to be more efficient than the mean regression in representation of the outcome central tendency. A more detailed analysis of the conditional distribution of the response on other quantiles highlighted a differential effect of some covariate along the distribution.Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di applicare il modello di regressione multilivello nel contesto di indagini sulle famiglie. La struttura gerarchica in questo tipo di dati è caratterizzato da numerosi piccoli gruppi. Negli ultimi anni analisi comparative e multilivello sullo stato di salute percepito sono aumentate molto. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è di applicare un'analisi multilivello a tre livelli per la variabile risposta Physical Component Summary allo scopo di: valutare entità all'interno e tra varianza ad ogni livello (individuale, familiare e comune); indagare quali covariate influiscono sulla percezione dello stato di salute fisica ogni livello; confrontare le analisi model-based e di design-based al fine di stabilire se i pesi campionari siano informativiti per il modello di interesse; stimare una regressione quantile per i dati gerarchici. La popolazione target sono i residenti italiani di età compresa tra 18 anni. Il nostro studio rileva un’elevata omogeneità tra le unità di livello 1 e una correlazione intraclasse del 27% nel modello nullo a 2livelli. Quasi tutta la varianza è spiegata dalle covariate di livello. Nel nostro modello le variabili esplicative hanno un impatto maggiore sulla variabile risposta sono la disabilità, inabilità al lavoro, l’età e le malattie croniche (18 patologie). Un'ulteriore analisi viene eseguita utilizzando una nuova procedura di analisi: "Regressione lineare quantile multilivello”. Questa analisi ci dà la possibilità di descrivere più in generale la distribuzione condizionata della variabile risposta attraverso la stima dei suoi quantili. Questo ha portato un grande vantaggio nei nostri modelli rispetto al classico modello di regressione multilivello. La regressione mediana con effetti casuali si rivela più efficiente del regressione media nella rappresentazione della tendenza centrale. Un'analisi più dettagliata della distribuzione condizionata della variabile risposta in corrispondenza di altri quantili ha evidenziato che certe covariate hanno un effetto diverso lungo la distribuzione.
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Piombo, Sara <1969>. "Multilevel Analysis in Household Survey: An Application to Health Condition Data." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5220/.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to apply multilevel regression model in context of household surveys. Hierarchical structure in this type of data is characterized by many small groups. In last years comparative and multilevel analysis in the field of perceived health have grown in size. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a multilevel analysis with three level of hierarchy for Physical Component Summary outcome to: evaluate magnitude of within and between variance at each level (individual, household and municipality); explore which covariates affect on perceived physical health at each level; compare model-based and design-based approach in order to establish informativeness of sampling design; estimate a quantile regression for hierarchical data. The target population are the Italian residents aged 18 years and older. Our study shows a high degree of homogeneity within level 1 units belonging from the same group, with an intraclass correlation of 27% in a level-2 null model. Almost all variance is explained by level 1 covariates. In
fact, in our model the explanatory variables having more impact on the outcome
are disability, unable to work, age and chronic diseases (18 pathologies). An additional analysis are performed by using novel procedure of analysis :"Linear Quantile Mixed Model", named "Multilevel Linear Quantile Regression", estimate. This give us the possibility to describe more generally the conditional distribution of the response through the estimation of its quantiles, while accounting for the dependence among the observations. This has represented a great advantage of our models with respect to classic multilevel regression. The median regression with random effects reveals to be more efficient than the mean regression in representation of the outcome central tendency. A more detailed analysis of the conditional distribution of the response on other quantiles highlighted a differential effect of some covariate along the distribution.Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di applicare il modello di regressione multilivello nel contesto di indagini sulle famiglie. La struttura gerarchica in questo tipo di dati è caratterizzato da numerosi piccoli gruppi. Negli ultimi anni analisi comparative e multilivello sullo stato di salute percepito sono aumentate molto. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è di applicare un'analisi multilivello a tre livelli per la variabile risposta Physical Component Summary allo scopo di: valutare entità all'interno e tra varianza ad ogni livello (individuale, familiare e comune); indagare quali covariate influiscono sulla percezione dello stato di salute fisica ogni livello; confrontare le analisi model-based e di design-based al fine di stabilire se i pesi campionari siano informativiti per il modello di interesse; stimare una regressione quantile per i dati gerarchici. La popolazione target sono i residenti italiani di età compresa tra 18 anni. Il nostro studio rileva un’elevata omogeneità tra le unità di livello 1 e una correlazione intraclasse del 27% nel modello nullo a 2livelli. Quasi tutta la varianza è spiegata dalle covariate di livello. Nel nostro modello le variabili esplicative hanno un impatto maggiore sulla variabile risposta sono la disabilità, inabilità al lavoro, l’età e le malattie croniche (18 patologie). Un'ulteriore analisi viene eseguita utilizzando una nuova procedura di analisi: "Regressione lineare quantile multilivello”. Questa analisi ci dà la possibilità di descrivere più in generale la distribuzione condizionata della variabile risposta attraverso la stima dei suoi quantili. Questo ha portato un grande vantaggio nei nostri modelli rispetto al classico modello di regressione multilivello. La regressione mediana con effetti casuali si rivela più efficiente del regressione media nella rappresentazione della tendenza centrale. Un'analisi più dettagliata della distribuzione condizionata della variabile risposta in corrispondenza di altri quantili ha evidenziato che certe covariate hanno un effetto diverso lungo la distribuzione.
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Pollock, Gary Peter Samuel. "Young people's employment biographies since the Second World War : a longitudinal analysis." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288117.
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Taylor, Candace Regina. "A longitudinal survey of household factors in childhood injury : the national maternal and infant health survey 1988-1991 /." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488193272068374.
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Fitzgerald, Damon. "Household Preferences for Financing Hurricane Risk Mitigation: A Survey Based Empirical Analysis." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1725.
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After a series of major storms over the last 20 years, the state of financing for U.S. natural disaster insurance has undergone substantial disruptions causing many federal and state backed programs against residential property damage to become severally underfunded. In order to regain actuarial soundness, policy makers have proposed a shift to a system that reflects risk-based pricing for property insurance. We examine survey responses from 1394 single-family homeowners in the state of Florida for support of several natural disaster mitigation policy reforms. Utilizing a partial proportional odds model we test for effects of location, risk perception, socio-economic and housing characteristics on support for policy reforms. Our findings suggest residents across the state, not just risk-prone homeowners, support the current subsidized model. We also examine several other policy questions from the survey to verify our initial results. Finally, the implications of our findings are discussed to provide inputs to policymakers.
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Beissel-Durrant, Gabriele. "Correcting for measurement error when estimating pay distributions from household survey data." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403813.
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Linsley, Christine Louise. "Gender divisions in health : an analysis of the 1982 General Household Survey." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1993. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1259/.
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This thesis focuses on the different morbidity rates reported by men and women. Hypotheses are developed to account for this phenomenon, which are subsequently tested using the General Household Survey 1982. Chapter one looks at the history of medicine, identifying the paradigms which have shaped the discipline. These paradigms whilst being theoretically complementary have at times been in dispute. The disputed area is that between the social and the organic. Chapter two reviews the literature which suggests explanations for women's higher morbidity rates. These explanations stress the social differences between men and women. The adult roles of marriage, parenthood and employment are posited to be problematic for women, in terms of health, due to the gendered nature of child care and domestic tasks. It was felt that role overload for women would be exacerbated in a context of material deprivation. A number of hypotheses were then formulated which related adult roles and material deprivation. The next three chapters deal with the methodology to be used in the testing of the hypotheses formulated above. Chapter three begins by defending our use of secondary analysis as appropriate for this purpose. It addresses the criticisms of survey techniques, discusses the benefits and limitation of this methodological approach and looks at the varieties of research made possible with secondary analysis. Chapter four focuses on the origin and development of the General Household Survey. The quality of the data is discussed in terms of the sampling design and data collection. Also in Chapter four articles are reviewed to assess the GHS's research contribution to the behaviours of drinking and smoking and to the debate over inequities in health service provision. In Chapter five we operationalize our variables from the concepts generated in Chapter two. We also explain any data manipulation necessary to the analysis. Chapters six and seven tested the hypotheses formulated in chapter two. Gender differences in health outcomes due to adult roles were found and these differences were often exacerbated by material deprivation. With reference to the hypotheses in Chapter two and the findings of Chapters six and seven, Chapter eight uses logit analysis to address gender divisions in health. The findings of the three analysis chapters are discussed in Chapter nine.
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Unite, Emma. "Predicting Petty Corruption in the Public Sector through Household Survey Non-Compliance." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31307.
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Corruption is a phenomenon in which many South Africans are well versed. While it continues to headline the news, the true extent of corruption is difficult to determine. Perception based indices have been proven to be inaccurate and experience-based data is also likely to incorrectly estimate the level of corruption. Forensic economics have come forward to fill this gap. These methods, however, are not always feasible as they rely on special datasets which are often difficult to come by. Using the National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS) Waves 3, 4 and 5, this paper measures the difference in income underreporting between the public and private sectors. This difference is argued to represent the relative level of petty corruption in the public sector. Estimation results show an increasing trend in petty corruption over the period 2012-2017 with the public sector underreporting their income by, on average, 31.71%. Petty corruption is highest in law enforcement and the general government sectors. Evidence shows spatial variation in petty corruption with rural areas having the highest levels of underreporting. Petty corruption is also found to vary across the income distribution as levels of underreporting increase with income.
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Lyons, Angela Christine. "Household liquidity and financial innovations : evidence from the Survey of consumer finances /." Digital version, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?3008384.
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Pinjari, Abdul Rawoof. "An analysis of household vehicle ownership and utilization patterns in the United States using the 2001 National Household Travel Survey." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000280.
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Bentley, Lee. "Engagement in the local community and civic socialisation : an analysis of neighbourhood and household context using the British Household Panel Survey." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/engagement-in-the-local-community-and-civic-socialisation-an-analysis-of-neighbourhood-and-household-context-using-the-british-household-panel-survey(8659c2bc-75c6-4a1b-8035-6112cf112099).html.
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This thesis sets out to examine the notion that social context throughout the life course plays an important role in the development of social capital. It explores this using the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), a longitudinal data set, using data from England and Wales. It argues that social capital can be thought of as being composed of different dimensions which develop differentially over time. It frames the research within the context of the local community and examines three distinct dimensions of social capital: participation in local groups, neighbourhood attachment, and interpersonal trust. Frameworks are developed within which each is hypothesised to develop at different times and within different contexts. Different expectations are outlined which suggest how they should develop within a view of social capital based on Putnam (2000) and his predictions concerning social participation and trust. These are contrasted with theories and findings form the literature on political socialisation and Uslaner’s (2002) conception of trust as a deep rooted moral trait. It is shown that participation in local groups, neighbourhood attachment and interpersonal trust, do develop at different stages and in different contexts. Moreover, it is shown that growing up in a highly trusting environment may predict participation and engagement later in life.
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Kakembo, Juliet. "A household survey of livelihood strategies in Helenvale township, Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011044.
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A household survey of Helenvale Township in Port Elizabeth was conducted in order to gain an understanding of the strategies and activities that people in this poor community employ to sustain their livelihoods. The household profile, which entailed a survey of the household size, education levels and employment status was conducted. Dwelling units in terms of ownership, type, size, quality and building materials were also assessed. The income and expenditure of the Helenvale residents and community assets, as well as access to basic services were also assessed. The study found that the household size varied between 5 and 7 members. A more or less even distribution of the gender of household heads was noted, with 48 percent and 50 percent female male respectively. Among the HHs surveyed, no member had a higher qualification than Matric and quite a number were illiterate. Unemployment which stands at 54 percent was identified as the most serious problem plaguing Helenvale. A high level of home ownership (84 percent) was noted; of which 79 percent are formal dwellings and typically two-room structures of poor quality. Helenvale residents are largely dependent on child support grants as the major source of income. Casual jobs and disability grants are the other important sources of income identified. Human assets in the form of labour power are the most important assets that the community possesses. Physical assets are negligible, while financial ones are non-existent among all the respondents. Television and electric kettles are the most commonly owned appliances in the households. Basic services are readily accessible to the community, particularly water, health, refuse removal and sewage. Among the threats that the respondents identified, unemployment came to the fore as the biggest and major threat to households. Crime, teenage pregnancy and overcrowding are also considered as major threats, as are gangsterism and gambling violence. The study recommends the development of a long term plan for poverty alleviation. The creation of employment opportunities in the form of financing of small community projects which empower women and the youth is also recommended. All this should be underpinned by the expeditious delivery of housing.
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Pushkar, Anna O. "Modelling household residential search processes, methodology and preliminary results of an original survey." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq40925.pdf.
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Gonzalez, Adrian. "Microfinance, Incentives to Repay, and Overindebtedness: Evidence from a Household Survey in Bolivia." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1211556326.
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Himaz, Fathima Rozana. "Aspects of child welfare in Sri Lanka : an analysis using household survey data." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612872.
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Lee, Jonghee. "Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Household Debt Repayment." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1244055120.
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Maggio, Edward. "Access to public transportation : an exploration of the National Household Travel Survey appended data." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001836.
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Jeffreys, Kendralyn G. "A Survey of Point of Use Household Water Treatment Options for Rural South India." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/190.
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Contaminated drinking water is one of the major health challenges facing people in the developing world. The country of India leads the world in under age five mortality due to diarrheal disease, which is attributed to water and food contamination. While the Indian government has made progress in expanding access to improved water sources in the last decade, the microbiological quality of the water is unpredictable. Point of use household water treatment systems can provide clean drinking water for people who do not have access to a clean water source. This report examines five non-electrical point of use household water treatment options which have been extensively field-tested and could potentially be used in rural, South Indian villages: chlorine disinfectant, chlorine-flocculant sachets, ceramic filters, biosand filters and solar disinfection. A case study of a village in Andhra Pradesh is presented that highlights the factors to consider when introducing a new POU technology into a community.
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Kamleu, Germaine. "Assessing the quality of demographic data on age and sex collected from census 2001, General Household surveys (2004-2007), Labour Force surveys (2005-2007) and Community survey 2007 in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4383.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhilIn many countries, an enumeration of all household members remains the most important source of population statistics. According to Statistics South Africa, two population censuses and quite a few household surveys have taken place across the country. The quality of data recorded varies according to the operation. Despite great improvement in data collection and analysis capacities,some of the demographic data provided have not been assessed in terms of quality. The aim of this study was to ascertain the accuracy of demographic data on age and sex collected and the coverage during the population census 2001, General Household Surveys (2004 and 2007), Labour Force Surveys (2005 and 2007) and Community survey 2007 in South Africa. Two methods were applied to assess the quality of data. First, the direct method consists of checking the content and coverage (errors during enumeration, errors of exploitation, concordance in questionnaire). Second, the indirect method lies in the calculation of some indexes, age ratios,sex ratios, graphing of population pyramids and sex ratios curves. The indexes are Whipple’s index, Myer’s index and the Combined index of United Nations. Therefore, the main variables of interest are age, sex, place of residence and ethnic groups. Differentials in the quality according to declaration on age by gender, by ethnic group, by place of residence have been explored. This study has identified some variations in different indexes between 2001 and 2007 and has also evaluated the ethnic, gender and regional differentials. Comparison between indexes of each instrument has been done to measure some variations over years. Also, time-space comparisons were conducted across indexes of different instruments. The quality of data on age was better at national level compared to provincial level. Therefore, based on the measurements and patterns observed in the census and surveys data, the study has made some recommendations on the need for an integrated approach to reduce the gap and improve the quality of declarations on age and sex.
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Akter, Nasrin. "Energy Need Assessment and Preferential Choice Survey o fMatipukur Village in Bangladesh : Energy Need Assessment and Preferential Choice Survey of Rural People in Bangladesh." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-158982.
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The aim of this study is to perform a baseline energy survey to understand the existing energy demand and usepattern and to verify the feasibility of a small scale poly-generation project supported by renewable sources ofenergy (biogas based) in a rural area of Bangladesh. A poly-generation solution shall provide multiple outputservices of clean gas, electricity and arsenic free water supply. The project requires using animal dung oragricultural waste to produce biogas and electric energy. The study has analyzed the demand of domesticenergy and water of the village named ‘Matipukur’ in the Jessore district in Bangladesh. The study alsoconsidered available biomass feedstock and energy potential surrounding the village area, as well as the socioeconomicstatus of villagers. The case study included a door to door survey to collect relevant information.Three different economic groups in terms of income scale were investigated throughout the study to obtainbetter insight of the energy-water access situation, requirements and related problems in the village. Almost 98% household of this village relies on biomass for energy due to limited access of modern fuel. Thevillage has various biomass potential in the form of animal dung, fuel wood and agricultural waste which can beused for cooking or serve as the basis for other energy carriers. Kerosene is used for lighting. Among thedifferent fuels, dung meets about 44% of the total demand. The contribution of other fuels for domestic use is24% firewood, 22% agricultural waste, and 2% kerosene. The analytical observation found that the annualaverage energy demand of the village is 8.45 GJ per capita. The share of average demand for cooking and3lighting energy is 8.24 GJ per person/year and 0.21 GJ per person/year respectively. The energy consumptionvaries within different income groups. This study has examined the income per capita, family size, education,agricultural land holding per capita, priorities of their annual expenditure etc. which have direct influence onthe fuel consumption pattern of the household. It could be observed that expenses on energy changes as theincome level increases. About awareness of biogas opportunities and willingness to provide feedstock for apoly generation project, the majority of households answered positively, that is, indicating that they wouldcontribute. Educated respondents showed more positive attitude. Regarding changing of traditional cooking,about 95% of the respondents want to change to a more efficient and reliable cooking system to avoid healthand environmental problems associated with indoor biomass cooking. The study has revealed that only cow dung is not enough to produce clean energy according to demand so theco-digestion method is considered to producing biogas from various energy potentials (animal manure &agricultural waste). The poly-generation system could work with the scenario providing electricity and watersupply for the entire household and cooking gas is limited only for 2/3rd household. Rest 1/3rd household fromlow income group then could be supplied with improve cook stove to meet their daily cooking demand and tominimize indoor pollutions. It is observed that, majority of household has expressed their willingness toprovide raw materials for poly-generation plant though they are using.SIDA funded research project "Biogas based poly generation in Bangladesh"
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Petric, Milica. "ON THE EFFECTS OF THE FOLLOW-UP IN THE STATISTICS SWEDEN SURVEY OF HOUSEHOLD FINANCES." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro universitet, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-16540.
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Duong, An Hoai. "Does Microfinance Really Help Reduce Poverty? New Evidence from Vietnam." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366438.
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Microfinance is recognised as one of the effective tools to alleviate poverty. Recent studies used the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey (VHLSS) panel data showing a significant impact of microfinance on household outcomes and poverty reduction (Lensink & Pham, 2012; V. C. Nguyen, 2008; Phan, Gan, Nartea, & Cohen, 2013). However, none of those studies examined the impact of microfinance on poverty reduction using a pseudo-panel data approach. Also, none of them estimated whether participation in microfinance in previous periods had any impact on household outcomes and poverty status in the current period. The current study contributes to the literature in several ways. Firstly, a longest time frame pseudo-panel data set is constructed from the VHLSS 1992-2010, and the most comprehensive and genuine panel data set is created from the VHLSS 2002-2008. Secondly, the international poverty line and the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) equivalence scale are used to measure household income and consumption. This measure makes the results of the current study easier to compare with international literature. Finally, the dynamic relationship between access to microfinance and household outcomes is examined.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Wang, Xin. "USING LINKED HOUSEHOLD-LEVEL DATASETS TO EXPLAIN CONSUMER RESPONSE TO BSE IN CANADA." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/199.
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Household-level Canadian meat purchases from 2002-2008, a Food Opinions Survey conducted in 2008 at the national level and household-level egg purchases from 2002-2005 in Alberta and Ontario were used to explore consumer responses to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in Canada.
The opinions survey focused on nutritional priorities, general and specific food safety concerns, and trust in government and food industry decision makers. The egg data set contained specific product information allowing us to distinguish purchases of conventional eggs from those of value-added eggs with perceived health attributes. Thus, the egg purchase data appeared to be an interesting proxy of revealed willingness-to-pay for health attributes and animal welfare attributes in products other than meat, and it served as a proxy of awareness and concern for farm-level production practices. Three measures of beef purchases were used to understand consumers‘ reaction to food risk. A random effects logit model was applied to test whether any beef was purchased during a given month. Consumption in terms of unit purchases was measured with a random effects negative binomial model, and consumption in terms of beef expenditure was measured with a standard random effects model. Regional differences appeared, with consumers in eastern Canada reacting most negatively to BSE. Consumers responded more to the perception that food decision makers are honest about food safety than to the perception that they are knowledgeable, in maintaining beef purchases during BSE events. Consumers who purchased value-added eggs reacted significantly more negatively to the second and third BSE events, as did those who reported increasing food safety concerns in the opinions survey. Their negative responses to BSE were stronger than those of consumers who purchased conventional products which indicated a relationship exists between concern for health and nutrition attributes and food safety. This study extends previous research by enlarging the time periods and more data sources which can be helpful to identify individual heterogeneity and the application of panel random effects models which also targets on controlling the unobserved and constant aspects of households.
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West, Tracey. "Australian Household Asset Portfolios: Diversification, Ownership and Life-Cycle Events." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367712.
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The objective of this thesis is to gain insight into the broad asset class decisions of households, in comparison to saving and investment theory. Investment theory prescribes that asset portfolios should be as highly diversified as possible to reduce unsystematic risk. Over the long term, this should provide the highest possible returns given the minimal risk chosen to be undertaken. Savings theory on the other hand, predicts that households choose assets in accordance with life-cycle stages as well as to satisfy some motives for saving like retirement and to bequest wealth to heirs. The household finance literature shows that the financial decisions of households are somewhat more dependent on life-cycle stages and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics than investment theory. In Australia, there is a distinct lack of empirical literature on the financial decisions of households generally, and on portfolio construction decisions more specifically.
Accordingly, this thesis uses a high quality longitudinal survey of Australian households, the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, to investigate three areas of asset portfolio decision-making. The HILDA Survey began in 2001 and aims to track 7,682 households comprising 19,914 individuals throughout their lives, and includes broad social and economic topics, including attitudinal questions on financial risk-taking. In addition, the less-frequent wealth modules in HILDA (in 2002, 2006 and 2010) include additional questions relating to household investment in a number of key assets, including the family home and other property, superannuation, equity and cash investments, business assets, bank accounts, life insurance, trust funds, and collectables.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Jones, Evan Lewis. "Survey of household hazardous waste generation and collection preferences in the City of Vancouver, British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29626.
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The potential hazards to the environment and to human health posed by several types of household hazardous wastes (HHW) and waste products are discussed in this paper. This discussion serves to lead into an evaluation of the design and operating parameters of a collection program for these wastes, and the influence that various design parameters may have on the ability of the collection program to remove the wastes from uncontrolled waste stream. A review of existing HHW collection programs and of surveys regarding HHW's is presented. A survey of over 200 households in Vancouver was conducted to determine stored quantities and generation characteristics of specific household hazardous wastes. Respondents were also asked to identify their preferences and concerns regarding the design of a collection program for these wastes. The results were used to estimate the quantities of HHW disposed of annually, and the quantities and profiles of wastes that could be received at a typical depot collection program in the City. Different operating parameters for both depot collection programs and household collection programs were compared. Public willingness to participate in different collection programs was evaluated, and the collection needs of different residential areas was assessed.
Significant differences in waste generation and storage practices were indicated to exist between types of dwellings, and between areas of differing economic status. Examples include the result that as many or more apartments residents generated HHW's as did detached dwelling residents, but in significantly smaller quantities, especially for liquid HHW's. Apartment residents also tended to store less HHW than detached dwelling residents. Between upper income and lower income detached dwelling areas, the composition of HHW's was significantly different, with automotive products more prevalent in the lower income area and paints more prevalent in the upper income area. Other differences between dwelling type and income level differentiated areas were also noted. Further observations included the difference in the willingness of respondents to participate in various types of collection programs, and the disposal practices for different waste types. Also, concerns of the respondents with regard to the issue of HHW in general and to each type of collection program in specific were solicited and discussed. Recommendations were made to assist in the design of an effective HHW collection program for the City of Vancouver.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Kreutzmann, Ann-Kristin [Verfasser]. "Estimation of Disaggregated Indicators with Application to the Household Finance and Consumption Survey / Ann-Kristin Kreutzmann." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1177197472/34.
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Murtaza, Fowad. "Poverty and Inequality in Pakistan : An Empirical Analysis using the Household Integrated Economic Survey (2001-02)." Thesis, University of Essex, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520100.
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McCrae, M. J. "Poverty, income and health over time : a study of the British Household Panel Survey 1991-2000." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.666141.
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The objectives of the study were to determine the importance of average income levels for health and compare relationships with past and present income; to examine the effects of occasional and sustained poverty on health and inequalities in health; to consider the importance of persistence of income level for health and the influence of changes in income on health; and to examine the role of socioeconomic circumstances in the income, change and health relationship. Data on adult individuals were derived from the British Household Panel Survey 1991-2000. Relationships with general, physical and mental health, and physical and social functioning were analysed, using measures such as self rated general health, General Health questionnaire (GHQ12), limiting illness, and Short Form 36 physical functioning, social functioning and mental health. Measures of income level and change and poverty experience over 10 years were developed and applied. A socioeconomic model of health was adopted to consider the role of initial health and childhood socioeconomic circumstances, smoking, social networks and community influences, socioeconomic position and living and working conditions in the income and health relationship. Average income levels were strongly associated with health, a relationship more important for health than past or present income. Poverty was associated with health by length of poverty experience. Health inequalities were largest between those in sustained poverty and the most affluent. The persistence of income level was important for health. Changes in income over ten years were associated with health and functional status, although relationships between rises and falls in income over shorter periods were less certain. Socioeconomic factors only partially explained income inequalities in health. Relationships between poverty, income and health are more fully understood through analysis of panel data, where the significance of poverty and income level over time and the magnitude of health inequalities become apparent.
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Irlam, James. "A household survey of maternal and child health in the Mount Frere Health District, Eastern Cape." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26987.
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A cross-sectional household survey of maternal and child health was conducted in the Mount Frere health district of the Eastern Cape in August / September 1997. The aim was to describe key aspects of maternal and child health to inform the planning activities of the District Health Management Team (DHMT). A participatory process was followed, in order to develop research capacity within the district, and to facilitate interaction between health workers and the community. Methods: Structured questionnaires were used by local research trainees to gather data from each household on: • household demographics; • deaths in household since April 1994; • household access to water and sanitation; • children under five years; • children aged 5 to 15 years; • deliveries in the past 12 months; • knowledge of prevention and transmission of HIV/AIDS. Focus group discussions around the key findings were conducted with community members and clinic nurses to provide a qualitative component. Results: A high proportion of children under the age of 16, high household density, high unemployment, migrant labour, and absent mothers, are some of the defining demographic characteristics which affect the status of maternal and child health in the district. Access to health services is constrained by distance, lack of transport, and poor roads. Registration of births and deaths is poor, and the crude birth and death rates were found to be significantly higher than the " official" provincial rates. Tuberculosis, diarrhoea, trauma and homicide are notable features of the overall mortality profile, although the majority of deaths were classified "ill-defined / unknown". Diarrhoea and pneumonia accounted for half of all infant deaths. Eight out of ten deaths due to diarrhoea in under-fives occurred at home, but knowledge and use of oral rehydration solution is poor. Access to clean drinking water and sanitation is a major concern, with almost three quarters of homes using unprotected sources, a third more than 30 minutes' walk from the nearest source, and a half having no toilet. Areas of the district with particularly poor environmental health indicators were identified. Immunisation coverage among children 1-4 years is poor. Coverage for all vaccines except BCG falls well short of the national target of 90%, and fewer than 1 in 3 children was fully immunised with valid doses at the age of one year. Long intervals between doses and a high "dropout" rate between subsequent doses was observed. The road to health card (RTHC) could be produced for just over a half of under-five children. The proportion of home deliveries is high (45%), and traditional birth attendants (TBAs) therefore play an important role in this community. Nine out of ten mothers had attended antenatal clinic at least once, but almost half reported receiving no tetanus toxoid and no WR test for syphilis during their antenatal visits. More than a half of all mothers was using no family planning method at the time of the survey. Almost all 15-49 year-olds had heard about HIV/AIDS, but one in five did not know how HIV is transmitted, and a third did not know how it could be prevented. Recommendations: A detailed set of recommendations with action points for the DHMT was developed in a district workshop around the following key issues: 1. Improving access to health care, including road access, mobile clinic coverage, and waiting facilities for expectant mothers. 2. Promoting health in the community, by means of integration of health promotion into all health programmes, and more involvement of communities. 3. Improving the quality of care in the existing health facilities and services, including minimising missed opportunities for immunisation, and promoting home-made oral rehydration (sugar-salt) solution. 4. Improving the district health information system, especially the registration of vital events, and the provision of feedback to district health managers. 5. Identifying areas of further research, including the reasons for home deliveries, management of diarrhoea at home, and the use of traditional healers. Conclusion: The participatory research process that was used has helped to build research capacity in the district, to provide a deeper insight into community health problems, to highlight the value of health workers listening to the people they serve, to further collaboration between the disciplines, and to develop specific action plans. This is a process that should be followed in all research conducted in health districts.
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Barakat, Bilal. ""Sorry I forgot your birthday!": Adjusting apparent school participation for survey timing when age is measured in whole years." Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.03.011.
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When only whole years of age are recorded in survey data, children who experienced a birthday since the beginning of the school year may appear to be of school-age when they are not, or vice-versa. This creates an error in estimates of school participation indicators based on such data. This issue is well-known in education statistics, and several procedures attempting to correct for this error have been proposed. The present study critiques current practice and demonstrates that its limitations continue to confound educational research and high-stakes policy conclusions: speculative explanations have been proposed for what is actually a measurement artefact. An alternative adjustment strategy is proposed that coherently exploits all available information and explicitly indicates the remaining uncertainty. The application of the method is illustrated by a number of empirical case studies using recent household survey data. These examples demonstrate that the method is feasible, accurate, and that taking survey timing into account can significantly alter how these data are interpreted.
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Blight, Thomas. "Low-energy domestic architecture : the impact of household behaviour on the expected energy use of passive house dwellings." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.675726.
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Reduction of carbon emissions is understood to be vital to help mitigate catastrophic climate change. In Europe, 40% of energy use is attributed to the built environment (European Commission, 2010), with a large proportion of this from dwellings. In line other legislation for decarbonisation under the Climate Change Act of 2008, the UK Government has agreed that all new housing will be ‘zero carbon’ from 2016 onwards. From a technical aspect this task is feasible using improved insulation performance, more airtight building techniques, efficient servicing, and renewable energy technologies. In practice however, post-occupancy evaluation studies highlight a discrepancy between design energy use and measured energy performance, with a tendency for real buildings to use more energy than designed and for projects regarded as ‘low energy’ in design to use an equivalent amount of energy as a pre-existing counterpart (Bordass, 2001; Branco, Lachal, Gallinelli, & Weber, 2004; Gill, Tierney, Pegg, & Allan, 2011). This difference between design and use - ‘the design gap’ - is attributed to both the physical ‘hard’ features of the building (form, area, systems) and occupant-driven or ‘soft’ features (ventilation & heating preferences) by a number of studies (Guerra Santin, Itard, & Visscher, 2009; Socolow, 1978). This body of work begins with a review of the field and state of the art - occupant influence on energy use in a domestic environment. The first contribution to knowledge is in the adapted utilisation of a piece of software by Richardson et al. which stochastically generated electricity use profiles for homes which are shown to be similar to measured energy usage, both in net energy use and in load profiles (Richardson, Thomson, & Infield, 2008). This adapted software was implemented to generate appliance use profiles for a number of dwelling models. These results are then interrogated and a regression model proposed based on a number of dependent variables identified in the input profiles. The theory of planned behaviour is used to underpin a survey in which a number of households are asked to comment on their attitude and behaviour with regards to energy use in the home – the homes in this case being new-build Passivhaus council-housing in Devon. The results of this project form the second aspect of this work’s contribution to knowledge.
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Mosia, Matladi Daniel. "The use of secondary data in the study of living arrangements of households : a case of the October household survey-'96 (OHS) : Western Cape Province." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52032.
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Incorrect Afrikaans summary included in thesis.Thesis (MPhil--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was aimed at using secondary data to conduct an investigation into the relationship between macro-economic factors on one hand and aspects of household life on the other hand. On the basis of the results thereof, an assessment was to be made of how such a relationship reflected on the living arrangements of households in contemporary South African society. The basis of the analysis was secondary data from the October Household Survey (OHS-96) data set, which is rich in specific information encompassing various aspects of human life, like demographic details and household variables as well as health, education and employment variables. As expected, the results showed that the current state of living arrangements of households is characterised by positive relationships between income levels on the one hand and households variables like type of dwelling and dwelling ownership on the other hand. However, the same findings further revealed a surprising outcome that unlike expected, there is no clear relationship between income and another significant household variable i.e. household size (members). However, our findings lead us to a conclusion that on the whole, there is a hypothesised relationship between macro-economic conditions of a country on one hand, and patterns in living arrangements of households on the other hand. The results further revealed that as expected, the factors of magisterial district and race/population groups have an effect on this relationship that reflect our legacy of social and economic development policies of the apartheid era which gave rise to urban (metropolitan) and racial bias in the socio-economic development of households. The results thereof are that African households in particular, and urban poor black households in general, have become the least prosperous in terms of material or economic living conditions. The implications of these findings for theory and policy are highlighted. At the level of methodology, the valuable experience of this study served to further highlight the worth of secondary data analysis, not only in general economic terms, but also as invaluable educational or teaching tool for students which recommends its increased use by all practitioners or institutions of social research methods.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Internet en sy Kuberruimtes is ontwikkel in die 1960s as 'n manier om inligting oor te dra sonder die risiko van intersepsie en vernietiging. Vandag, 40 jaar later het die Internet gegroei in beide grootte en toepassing. Die mees algemene gebruike is nogsteeds kommunikasie en die oordrag van informasie. Hierdie tesis is 'n etnografiese studie van my ervaringe in 'n Kuberruimte van die Internet- 'n virtuele gemeenskap byname Amazon City.com. Virtuele gemeenskappe is areas op die Internet waar mense bymekaar kom om hul daaglikse lewens, kwessies en enige iets toepaslik vir die spesifieke gemeenskap, te bespreek. Die tipe gemeenskap word gesien as 'n reaksie van die verval van "derde plekke" in af-lyn lewe en globalisering Die gemeenskap wat vorm in hierdie areas ontwikkel kulturele veronderstelling. Hierdie veronderstellings word openbaar aan 'n nuwe lid deur tyd en interaksie in die konferensie area. Die veronderstellings wat ek ervaar het strek van kennis benodig om 'n aanvaarde en suksesvolle lid van die gemeenskap te word, tot taal gebruik en identiteit van die lede. Die konklusie is bereik dat lede hul interaksie en lidmaatskap in hierdie gemenskappe as net so bevredigend en "eg" ervaar as hul aktiwiteite in hul af-lyn lewe. Verdere aspekte wat 'n webblad 'n suksesvolle en ekonomiese vatbare besigheids strategie maak vir sy eienaar, was my volgende fokus. Internet besigheid groei teen 'n geweldige spoed, en impliseer nie slegs die verkoop van produkte aanlyn nie. Rekenaar-ondersteunde kommunikasie toestelle is geimplimenteer op kommersiële webbladsye nadat dit gevind is in die vroeë 1990s dat mense soek vir 'n plek wat meer is as net nog 'n winkel. Ander maniere wat hierde dot com webbladsye gebruik om inkomste te genereer en of die lede gesien word as burgers of as verbruikers word ook bestudeer. Daar is gevind dat die lede hulself sien as burgers maar webbladsy lojaliteit sal die lede aanspoor om as verbruikers op te tree indien nodig. Die kommersiële aspekte van die tipe webbladsy is 'n noodsaaklik deel vir die voortbestaan van die dot com webbladsy, en die gemeenskap wat daar ontwikkel.
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Topoleski, John. "Behavioral Aspects of Retirement Savings: How do 401(K) Plans Affect Household Asset Accumulation?" ScholarWorks@UNO, 2005. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/313.
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The nature of employee retirement plans has changed dramatically over the past fifteen years as employers have been replacing traditional defined benefit retirement plans with defined contribution plans like the 401(k) plan. This dissertation is focused on the impact that 401(k) plan have on household asset accumulation. The first essay looks at how much asset accumulation can be attributed to 401(k) plans as opposed to other factors such as demographics and saver type characteristics. Overall, the conclusions are consistent with recent research that says these plans induce a reshuffling of assets rather than being funded through a reduction in consumption. Controlling for cohort effects reduces the amount of wealth attributable to 401(k) eligibility to a negligible (and statistically insignificant) amount. The second essay considers the impact that borrowing against the assets in 401(k) plan might have on household asset accumulation. Most personal finance advice warns against borrowing against a retirement plan because of the potential negative impact on retirement wealth. This is especially true for borrowers who are also undisciplined savers and do not or cannot maintain their retirement plan contributions during loan period or who separate from their employers before the loan is repaid. For good savers a retirement plan loan only has a modest impact on retirement wealth. Only modest make-up contributions would need to be made to mitigate the impact of a retirement plan loan. It seems that many borrowers may be using retirement loans because they are in financial difficulty. It also appears that borrowers are trying to maintain their retirement savings, but their asset accumulation within broader measures of wealth is below that of households that do not have outstanding 401(k) loans.
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Dehkordi, Feridoon Koohi-Kamali. "Welfare and consumption rationing : a study in behaviour based on a war-time Iranian household expenditure survey." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422457.
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Baker-French, Sophia. "Food security and nutritional status in fishing communities in Bolivia's Northern Amazon : results of a household survey." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45693.
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Background: Bolivia faces both under and over nutrition. Fishing communities are thought to be at particularly high risk of malnutrition; however, their household food security and nutrition status is unknown.
Objective: To examine the prevalence and correlates of household food insecurity, childhood stunting and maternal overweight in fisher populations in Bolivia’s Northern Amazon Basin.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 304 urban and 327 rural households with a head female of child bearing age (15-49 years) during the low water (October-November) and 186 urban and 297 rural households during the high water (February-March) seasons. Household food insecurity was measured with the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, Household Hunger Scale and the Household Dietary Diversity Score. Demographic, socioeconomic and other relevant data were collected. Weight and height were measured for children (<60 months) and their mothers.
Results: 45% of urban and 69% of rural households were food insecure. Only 9% of urban and 13% of rural households reported hunger. The average dietary diversity score was nine and seven out of 12 among the urban and rural groups respectively. For both groups, significantly fewer households were food insecure during the high versus low water season (urban P=0.01 and rural P=0.03). Over 34% of urban and 42% of rural children were stunted and 57% of urban and 46% of rural women were overweight/obese. No significant associations were found between food insecurity and childhood stunting or maternal obesity or between childhood stunting and maternal obesity. Independent correlates of household food insecurity included unemployment and consuming wild meat for both populations as well as receiving food assistance and having inadequate floor materials for the urban population and being Indigenous and having more household members for the rural population. The household survey identified inappropriate dietary intake, unhealthy environments and high rates of diarrhea in both populations, which may contribute stunting. Maternal overweight/obesity was associated with older age and some socioeconomic variables.
Conclusion: Household food insecurity, childhood stunting and maternal overweight are highly prevalent, but not significantly associated. It is questionable whether improving household food insecurity alone would eliminate childhood stunting or maternal obesity.
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Hackett, Michelle. "Validation of a household food security survey applied with low-income households with pre-school aged children participating in the MANA food supplement program in Antioquia, Colombia." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1208375793.
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Doherty, Sean T. "The household activity-travel scheduling process, computerized survey data collection and the development of a unified modelling framework." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0018/NQ53889.pdf.
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Chillis, Jimmy L. "A psychosocial interaction study of adulthood demographics and non-compulsory education participation using the National Household Education Survey." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103300/.
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This report analyses the NHES: 2005 data to present the state of American education in reference to “adult” participation in education. Psychosocial interaction theory is applied to the social event of attaining adulthood to analyze and report the propensity of American adults to participate in non-compulsory adult education. The review of the literature of perceptual demographic variables of adult attainment: age, prior education, subordinate responsibility, child-age dependent care, marital status, job stability, and home ownership. The analysis compares the data of participants and non-participants of non-compulsory adult education using binomial logistic regression analysis with tests, for a 95% confidence level and .05 significance. Included is a discussion of how appropriately aligned development opportunities and experiences may further increase education effectiveness and performance outcomes.
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Aparicio, Cimar Alejandro Prieto 1978. "Família e pobreza segundo a "perspectiva das capacidades" = uma análise dos dados da PNAD e da PCV 2006." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281906.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Elisabete Dória BilacDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Esta dissertação insere-se nos estudos empíricos sobre famílias e pobreza e tem como objetivo geral realizar uma análise multidimensional da pobreza segundo a "perspectiva das capacidades". Argumenta-se que a pobreza envolve um conjunto de privações de capacidades vivenciadas em um contexto familiar e domiciliar. A partir dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) e da Pesquisa de Condições de Vida (PCV), verifica-se a existência de interdependência entre organização domiciliar e privações de capacidades, sendo que o arranjo domiciliar constitui a unidade de análise. De modo específico, são discutidos os conceitos de família e domicílio e as possibilidades metodológicas de uso das informações da PNAD e da PCV para uma análise da pobreza conforme a "perspectiva das capacidades". Assim, desenvolve-se uma comparação metodológica dos planos de amostragem, dos questionários dessas pesquisas domiciliares e dos efeitos de diferentes formas de operacionalização dos conceitos de família e domicílio sobre a estimativa de arranjos domiciliares. Os resultados da análise da pobreza para o Estado de São Paulo em 2006 evidenciam a existência de privações de capacidades associadas a determinadas formas de organização dos arranjos domiciliares, em ambas as pesquisas. Confirma- se a sobre-representação de arranjos com crianças e adolescentes, pessoas de referência jovens e pessoas portadoras de necessidades especiais entre os arranjos domiciliares pobres. A desigualdade de renda, a limitada participação feminina no mercado de trabalho associada à desigualdade de gênero, uma elevada ocorrência de pessoas de referência sem ensino fundamental completo, o acesso restrito a instituições públicas de educação infantil, a escassez de equipamentos sociais próximos aos domicílios pobres e a falta de garantia legal de posse da moradia constituem componentes importantes da pobreza. No entanto, há uma limitada presença do Estado junto às comunidades pobres em termos do acesso à rede de segurança social e das oportunidades sociais relacionadas a serviços e equipamentos de educação, saúde, esporte, cultura e lazer
Abstract: This dissertation is connected to the empirical studies about families and poverty and has as general purpose to conduct a multidimensional analysis of poverty according to the "capabilities approach". It is argued that poverty involves a set of capabilities deprivation experienced in a family and household context. From the data of the National Survey by Household Sampling (PNAD) and from the Research on Living Conditions (PCV), one can observe the existence of interdependence between household organization and capabilities deprivations, with the household arrangement constituting the unit of analysis. In a specific perspective, the concepts of family and household as well as the methodological possibilities of usage of the information from PNAD and PCV for an analysis of poverty according to the "capabilities approach" are discussed. Thus, a methodological comparison of the sampling plans, of the questionnaires of these household surveys and of the effects of different forms of operationalization of the concepts of family and household on the estimate of household arrangements are developed. The results of the analysis of poverty for the Brazilian Federal State of São Paulo in 2006 exhibit the existence of capabilities deprivations associated to certain forms of household arrangements' organization, in both surveys. One can confirm the overrepresentation of arrangements with children and adolescents, young individuals and people with special needs among the poor household arrangements. Income inequality, the limited female participation in the job market associated with gender inequality, a high level of individuals with incomplete elementary education, the restricted access to public institutions of childhood education, the shortage of social equipment near the poor households and the lack of legal guarantee of household possession constitute important components of poverty. However, there is a limited presence of the State along the poor communities in terms of access to the social security network and of the social opportunities related to services and equipment of education, health, sports, culture and entertainment
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