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Dhliwayo, Nyaradzo, Nelson Chanza, and Anton De Wit. "Beyond climatic intervention: The social dimension of a biogas project in Sogwala village, Zimbabwe." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 31, no. 4 (November 21, 2020): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2020/v31i4a8924.
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There is now considerable interest to understand how local communities experiencing climatic risks can benefit from climate change responses. As this agenda unfolds, there is need to understand the impact of climate-related interventions from the perspective of local populations targeted by such projects. Existing assessment approaches tend to concentrate on the environmental and economic impacts of projects that minimise greenhouse gas emissions. This study assesses the social aspect of a domestic biogas project that was intended to address the twin challenges of poverty and climate change in Sogwala village, Zimbabwe. A three-tier methodological execution process was adopted, involving field reconnaissance, household survey and key informant interviews. The focus was on measuring the social dimension of the changes brought about by the project, from the experiences of participating households. With a consciousness of assessment challenges associated with community projects, social capital parameters were used to assess the project’s contribution to the social well-being of the villagers. Overall, results show that the biogas project has the potential to facilitate social development through improved trust and social networks. Despite the contested climatic benefits associated with small-scale household biogas digesters, projects of this nature can enhance community relationships and networks, upon which other development interventions can be operationalised.
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Pavari, Never. "Psychosocial Impacts of Covid 19 Pandemic in Zimbabwe." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 10, no. 3 (September 13, 2020): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v10i3.17687.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has continued to cause socio-economic damages which will take a long time to recover from while there is no vaccine in sight. The impacts are affecting the social well-being of global citizens which triggers the need to investigate the psychosocial effects. In order to achieve and to provide the missing African context, the study was done in Zimbabwe. Due to lockdown restrictions, samples were obtained using online survey and social media platforms. Analysis was done to determine the effects, so far, of the virus on the general economy, psychological and social aspects as well as religious values of the citizens qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings indicated that economic loses were recorded at household, corporate and national levels. Indicators included increases in prices and exchange rate which eroded the buying power of local currency and increased the cost of basic commodities. Economic pressures, Covid-19 trends and restrictions imposed caused psychological damages which included fear, feeling of uncertainty and loss of hope. The study recommended increased awareness and psychological support to help the citizens to overcome mental displeasures. The study has potential to assist policy makers, health practitioners and development partners in developing strategies to eliminate Covid-19 related psychosocial pressures in Zimbabwe and globally.
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Maramura, Tafadzwa Clementine, Dovhani Reckson Thakhathi, and Happy Mathew Tirivangasi. "Women and Economic Production: Towards Sustainable Livelihoods in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (July 29, 2021): 1256–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.145.
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Persistent drought and economic collapse in Zimbabwe have seen most, if not all, rural women shifting from the receiving end to the giving end. Rural women have since initiated several livelihood activities to make ends meet, as they are the most vulnerable whenever they are left to look after children at home. The paper aims to examine rural livelihoods and how they contribute to economic production in Ward 5 of Bikita district. A mixed design in the form of a case study was employed in this study. Systematic random sampling was used to select 40 households, which provided data for the study out of 409 households in Ward 5. The study used questionnaires and semi-structured interviews as data collecting instruments. Several livelihood activities were noted in the ward including seasonal farming, gardening, community-based and money lending and saving schemes (fushai), informal trading, and petty trading as selling thatch grass and firewood, among others. However, climate change and drought, economic crisis, lack of capital and poor soils and poor farming methods were some of the constraints faced in rural livelihoods. The paper concludes with several recommendations for eradicating rural livelihood challenges.
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Mishi, Syden. "Remittances and Sustainability of Family Livelihoods: Evidence from Zimbabwe." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 6, no. 12 (December 30, 2014): 958–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v6i12.553.
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Most developing countries are riddled with socio-economic woes that pose a challenge to livelihoods. These challenges negatively affect income levels of individuals and households, limiting their access to economic opportunities. Households often strategise to sustain their livelihoods, and one of such option is migration of a member, domestically or internationally. Migration can be individual or household strategy for survival therefore remittances have a role to play in adjusting the household income. Making use of ordinary least squares estimation techniques, this article examines how families use migration as a survival technique based on survey data from small mining town of Chegutu located in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe. We found out that remittances go a long way in providing income for basic services like municipal services, food, medical expenses. Furthermore, remittances also tend to influence behavioural change among households- making them consume more status oriented goods and services. The findings have implications to how policy makers view migration and development- migration should not be viewed negatively as in the past since it can help meet developmental needs of the receiving community through sustainability of family livelihoods. Policy should rather necessitate frictionless flow of these funds by reducing costs and unnecessary regulatory requirements.
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Svynous, I., D. Mykytyuk, and A. Semysal. "Economic aspects of efficient milk production in Ukraine." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 2(159) (November 24, 2020): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2020-159-2-83-94.
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The article considers the issues of increasing the efficiency of dairy production in agricultural enterprises and households. The main stages and their features in dairy farming development of the country and their impact on the efficiency of milk production in agricultural enterprises and households were highlighted. The reasons which cause decrease of cow livestock in both agricultural enterprises and households were identified. The inhibitory factors in the development of dairy cattle breeding were identified and the directions of its revival were outlined. It was substantiated that considering the current state and trends of dairy farming in Ukraine, its efficiency, government support measures should be aimed at increasing production mainly in farms of the corporate sector of the agricultural economy, which in the nearest future will become major producers of raw milk. It was determined that without the introduction of an effective system of government support for milk producers, which firstly will include the restoration of the special VAT regime, financing of dairy breeding revival at the state and regional level, it is impossible to have positive changes in increasing cows amount and increasing production efficiency, in addition the population of cows will continue to fall in the households. It is proved that today the system of breeding service, which was previously in Ukraine and allowed to conduct breeding at the appropriate level, is destroyed and does not work. It was concluded that further productivity growth and reproduction of animal’s livestock is extremely problematic due to the lack of a modern selection system in animal husbandry. It was established that the current level of profitability allows to ensure only simple reproduction in independent agricultural enterprises, mostly small and medium.It is true that in this situation, most farms in the corporate sector of the agricultural economy are trying to become part of vertically integrated structures of preserving and expanding their production activities on a qualitatively new material and technical base in the future.It was proved that the innovative type of dairy cattle breeding development will ensure the profitability of production and, accordingly, the growth of the income level of rural residents who are the employees of an agricultural enterprise. Measures of state and regional support of milk production in Ukraine were offered. Key words: dairy cattle breeding, agricultural enterprises, households, government support, milk processing plant.
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Tchakatumba, Pierre Kabeya, Edson Gandiwa, Emmanuel Mwakiwa, Bruce Clegg, and Simukayi Nyasha. "Does the CAMPFIRE programme ensure economic benefits from wildlife to households in Zimbabwe?" Ecosystems and People 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2019.1599070.
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Lukic, Vesna. "Socio-economic aspects of commuting." Sociologija 55, no. 2 (2013): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1302283l.
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This paper contemplates on relevant socio-economic factors which have influence on variability of the scope and directions of commuting flows, with special emphasis on situation in Serbia. Due to the need for balance between work and family life, this specific form of population?s mobility often represents alternative for migration. It also has numerous implications on both commuters and their households, places of residence and work and society in general. Effects of sex, marital status, education, occupation, size and structure of a household, as well as local community onto participation in commuting and time/distance of traveling to work have been discussed. The results revealed that, apart from economic factors, non-economic ones also have important role in commuting.
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Ndakaripa, Musiwaro. "‘Zimbabwe is open for business’: Aspects of post-Mugabe economic diplomacy." South African Journal of International Affairs 27, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 363–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2020.1826355.
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Olsevich, Yu. "Psychological Aspects of the Current Economic Crisis." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 3 (March 20, 2009): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2009-3-39-53.
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In this article the formation of new «market psychology» in the conditions of pyramidal globalization and liberalization, as a general precondition of the current crisis, is considered. Basic elements of this psychology - shift of US households from saving up behavior to credit-dependent consumption, transition of large American corporations under the control of financial hawks, creation of the system of global capital inflow to the USA. On this basis a quasi-keynesian model of unstable equilibrium at the stage of growth generated by external credits is put forward. The conclusion is made that psychological disbalance of ruling elites of the USA, on the one hand, and Western Europe and Japan - on another interferes with maintaining global economy stability.
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Bornstein, Erica. "DEVELOPING FAITH: THEOLOGIES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE." Journal of Religion in Africa 32, no. 1 (2002): 4–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700660260048456.
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AbstractThis paper analyzes the role of religious faith in the work of two Christian NGOs involved in economic development in Zimbabwe, World Vision and Christian Care. While economic development is rarely analyzed in terms of religious ideas, this essay explores the religious aspects of development for employees of Christian NGOs and recipients of their development assistance. Uniting development and evangelism, employees of Christian NGOs articulate faith through concepts of 'holism', 'lifestyle evangelism', and prayer. These ideas and practices permeate institutional directives, the experiences of NGO workers, and the communities they serve. The essay compares what faith means to communities being 'developed' at project sites in rural Zimbabwe with faith as it is exercised alongside administrative power in NGO offices. It demonstrates how faith structures the initiatives and interpretation of economic development, and traces what is religious about development for NGO employees and for the rural communities they assist.
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Thebe, Vusilizwe. "The Complexity of Contemporary Rural Society: Agricultural ‘Betterment’ and Social Realities in Semi-arid Zimbabwe." African and Asian Studies 17, no. 3 (August 22, 2018): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341017.
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Abstract Modernist assumptions have guided rural development interventions in Zimbabwe since the mid-twentieth century. As a result interventions were not firmly grounded on rural socio-economic and physical realities. The aim was not only to create a society of ‘modern’, ‘progressive farmers’ who followed a predetermined agricultural path, but also, the quest for order and modernity was clearly manifest through centralization measures and increased emphasis on prudent land husbandry. This article seeks to demonstrate that these rural development initiatives were ill-suited to the socio-physical realities in some rural societies. Using a case study of a communal area in semi-arid north-western Zimbabwe, it stresses the importance of the physical conditions, the socio-economic dynamics and the particular livelihood trajectories of rural households. It concludes that, even if the state in Zimbabwe was to succeed in imposing an agrarian order driven by these models, such a policy was more likely to end in dismal failure.
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Matsungo, Tonderayi Mathew, and Prosper Chopera. "Nutrition in contemporary Zimbabwe: a situational analysis." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4, no. 9 (November 23, 2020): S25—S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.9.s25-s35.
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Background: Malnutrition in all its forms continues to be a global public health challenge affecting mostly women and children in Africa. The socioeconomic consequences of poor nutrition are far-reaching and cross-generational. Objective: To provide an update on the nutrition situation in Zimbabwe in the context of the United Nations 2030 sustainable development agenda. Key findings: In Zimbabwe, the leading nutrition problems include high levels of childhood stunting, micronutrient deficiencies (Vitamin A, Iron, Zinc, and Selenium) affecting mostly children younger than 5 years and women aged 15-49 years. This paper presents evidence on the emergence of obesity and associated complications like diabetes, hypertension, and several cancers in addition to the traditional problem of undernutrition burden “multiple burden of malnutrition”. These nutrition challenges can be attributed to poor breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, the low dietary diversity affecting mostly rural households and nutrition transition. Cultural and religious beliefs are barriers to the adoption of appropriate breastfeeding and IYCF practices. Conclusion: The multiple burden of malnutrition exists in Zimbabwe. Although there is political, commitment and multisectoral initiatives to address malnutrition and food insecurity, the declining socio-economic situation and the COVID-19 associated restrictions are worsening the situation and poor households are getting more vulnerable. Considering that Zimbabwe’s economy is agriculture-based there is a need to put emphasis on promoting nutrition-sensitive agriculture initiatives and urgently implement the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) to propel the adoption of healthy lifestyles and dietary behaviors. Keywords: Stunting, Breastfeeding, IYCF, Micronutrient deficiency, SDGs, COVID-19, Zimbabwe.
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Matsungo, Tonderayi Mathew, and Prosper Chopera. "Nutrition in contemporary Zimbabwe: a situational analysis." Special Issue July-December 2020 04, no. 09 (November 23, 2020): S25—S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.09.s25-s35.
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Background: Malnutrition in all its forms continues to be a global public health challenge affecting mostly women and children in Africa. The socioeconomic consequences of poor nutrition are far-reaching and cross-generational. Objective: To provide an update on the nutrition situation in Zimbabwe in the context of the United Nations 2030 sustainable development agenda. Key findings: In Zimbabwe, the leading nutrition problems include high levels of childhood stunting, micronutrient deficiencies (Vitamin A, Iron, Zinc, and Selenium) affecting mostly children younger than 5 years and women aged 15-49 years. This paper presents evidence on the emergence of obesity and associated complications like diabetes, hypertension, and several cancers in addition to the traditional problem of undernutrition burden “multiple burden of malnutrition”. These nutrition challenges can be attributed to poor breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, the low dietary diversity affecting mostly rural households and nutrition transition. Cultural and religious beliefs are barriers to the adoption of appropriate breastfeeding and IYCF practices. Conclusion: The multiple burden of malnutrition exists in Zimbabwe. Although there is political, commitment and multisectoral initiatives to address malnutrition and food insecurity, the declining socio-economic situation and the COVID-19 associated restrictions are worsening the situation and poor households are getting more vulnerable. Considering that Zimbabwe’s economy is agriculture-based there is a need to put emphasis on promoting nutrition-sensitive agriculture initiatives and urgently implement the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) to propel the adoption of healthy lifestyles and dietary behaviors. Keywords: Stunting, Breastfeeding, IYCF, Micronutrient deficiency, SDGs, COVID-19, Zimbabwe.
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Antošová, A., N. Birčiaková, and J. Stávková. "Income aspects of Czech farmers’ living conditions." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 59, No. 6 (June 12, 2013): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/133/2012-agricecon.
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The paper analyses the income and living conditions of farm households in the Czech Republic. The period under review ware the years of 2005–2010 since more recent data was not available when this paper was being prepared. The primary source of data is the results of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC) survey. The structure of farm households is established by the household type, education, and economic activity. Households have been assigned to particular groups based on the situation of the household leader. The primary indicator is the average disposable income per 1 equivalent member. Other indicators under review include poverty, poverty depth, and material deprivation. The national poverty line has been defined as 60% of the median average equivalent income. Another important aspect also includes the households’ subjective views of the selected matters.
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Mavhura, Emmanuel, Andrew Collins, and Pathias Paradzayi Bongo. "Flood vulnerability and relocation readiness in Zimbabwe." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 26, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-05-2016-0101.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine vulnerability conditions to flood disasters in Tokwe-Mukorsi community, Zimbabwe and identifies the barriers that constrained the community from relocating to safe sites. Design/methodology/approach Using a questionnaire survey, field observations and interviews, the paper examines the biophysical and social vulnerability of the Tokwe-Mukorsi community, Zimbabwe, as well as the barriers that prevented it from relocating to safe sites. A thematic analysis of the large volumes of qualitative data from interviews and walk-through analyses was conducted. Descriptive statistics were used in analysing quantitative data from questionnaires. Findings Results reveal that households living upstream and downstream of the dam were highly vulnerable to floods. Their biophysical vulnerability was partly induced by the construction of the dam whose basin encroached into the farming and settlement area. The extremely vulnerable group were households living below level of 660 m where five saddle dams had been constructed. The built environment of the community exhibited ignorance of standard building codes. The poor socio-economic conditions of the community and the incessant rains experienced over two weeks contributed to the flood disaster in early 2014. The Tokwe-Mukorsi community failed to relocate to safe places partly due to lack of compensation, absence of basic infrastructure and drought occurrence in relocation sites. Research limitations/implications The calculation of social vulnerability indices is beyond the scope of this study due to non-availability of quantitative data at community level. Originality/value This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of why some communities may fail to relocate despite being highly vulnerable to flood disasters.
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Masvaure, Steven. "Coping with food poverty in cities: The case of urban agriculture in Glen Norah Township in Harare." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 3 (May 20, 2015): 202–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170515000101.
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AbstractThe focus of this study is on urban agriculture which is a common informal sector activity across most sub-Saharan African cities. Urban agriculture is more common among poor urban households, and acts as a poverty coping mechanism. Poor households often spend more than 60% of their income on food alone. The major thrust of this study was to understand the underlying mechanisms driving farming in cities. A mixed method research approach was adopted and data was collected from 103 households in Glen Norah Township in Harare, Zimbabwe through semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and observations. Arising from analysis of the data, the Urban Livelihoods Coping Model (ULCM) is proposed in order to explain the phenomenon of urban agriculture in African cities. This model acknowledges the fact that the socio-economic conditions and the socio-historical context of Zimbabwe and other African countries today is as a result of the influence of ‘Western leaning’ development policies influenced by modernization and associated theories. These theories combined with cultural factors and the impact of Structural Adjustment Policies resulted in the present situation where urban agriculture plays a critical role in the survival of the urban poor as a coping mechanism against food poverty. The ULCM ascribes the emergence of urban agriculture to necessity, ability and opportunity. The significance of this study is that it will contribute to understanding the socio-economic role of urban agriculture and how it can be factored into the urban planning systems of developing countries.
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ADHIKARI, BHIM. "Poverty, property rights and collective action: understanding the distributive aspects of common property resource management." Environment and Development Economics 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2005): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x04001755.
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This study examines, in a developing-country context, the contribution of community forestry to household income with particular emphasis on group heterogeneity and equity in benefit distribution. The economic analysis of household-level benefits reveals that poorer households are currently benefiting less in absolute terms from community forestry than less poor households. In terms of the contribution of forests to total household income, the study results suggest that the poor are actually less dependent on forests than the rich, a finding that is somewhat contradictory to results from other similar studies. The average ‘poor’ household obtains Nepalese rupees (Nrs) 7,756 gross income from community forest annually, while the more ‘rich’ households obtain on average Nrs 24,466 per year. In terms of the contribution of forests to net household income, the study results seem to suggest an inverted U-shaped relationship – as income increases dependency on forest resources may decline. Econometric analysis suggests that income from the community forests is related to socio-economic attributes and private endowments of households. Households with land and livestock assets and upper caste households gain more from the commons, while better-educated households depend less on forest resources. Female-headed households benefit less from community forests, further aggravating the inequity in distribution of benefits. The study makes a number of recommendations to improve community forestry in Nepal.
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Dynan, Karen. "The Economic Context for Reforming the Safety Net." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 686, no. 1 (November 2019): 352–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716219885605.
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As we wrestle with the future of our safety net and social insurance programs, it is important to understand not only the features and outcomes associated with individual programs but also the broader economic context. This reflection piece discusses several relevant aspects of the macroeconomy and of economic and financial conditions facing households: rising government debt, slower macroeconomic growth, limited tools to fight future recessions, greater income inequality, and the financial struggles of households. It goes on to draw lessons for how we should reform our system of entitlement programs.
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Bhatta, Gopal Datta, and Werner Doppler. "Socio-Economic and Environmental Aspects of Farming Practices in the Peri-Urban Hinterlands of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 11 (September 16, 2010): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v11i0.3649.
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Spatial location of the farm households shapes farming practices and livelihoods of the farmers. Many socio-economic variables have strong spatial relations that would otherwise be missed by data aggregation at household level. Geographic Information System (GIS) provides display and analysis of socio-economic data that may be fundamental for many social scientists to understand socio-economic reality influenced by geographical position of the farm households. Present article aims at integrating socio-economic data into GIS environment to examine spatial relation in the resource availability and use employing spatial and random sampling techniques. Result demonstrates the variation in the socioeconomic attributes along the spatial gradient which is mainly related to the infrastructures such as road, market and improved agro-inputs. While households with better access to these infrastructures have tendency to use more agro-chemicals, have larger family, land holding and livestock units, better off-farm opportunities, commercial farming orientation and hence higher family income; opposite is true for the households with poor access to these infrastructures. Peri-urban farmlands, wherever agro-chemicals are applied imprudently, faces the problems of agro-ecological degradation while rural subsistence farming faces the problem of spatial poverty.Key words: Data integration; GIS; Nepal; Peri-urban area; Spatial explicit assessmentThe Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 11, 2010Page: 26-39Uploaded Date: 15 September, 2010
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Shaallan, Dr Hisham Yas. "Economic Feasibility Study for Petroleum Projects (Practical Aspects)." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 3, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v3i1.62.
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An increasing importance is given to the Economic Feasibility Study of Petroleum Projects. The reason behind that is the critical role played by the Petroleum Industry in Society, Economy and Foreign Trade. In general, Petroleum Industry is involved with the Exploitation of Oil and Gas Resources to satisfy the country's needs (households and industrial sectors) and to export these resources, in order to, gain foreign currencies which are necessary for
funding the country's social and economic requirements. Petroleum Projects have diversity features in terms of location, size, capital, technology and risks. On the Other hand, because of the importance of the Petroleum Industry, high significance should be given to the Economic Feasibility Study, especially the necessary of good knowledge of the nature of Petroleum Activities, Projects and Contracts, as well as the fundamentals of Advanced Feasibility Study.
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Kanjanda, Offard, and Getrude Vongai Chiparange. "The Effects of Early Girl-Child Marriage in Mutasa District- Manicaland Province: A Cases Of Samanga ‘A’Ward in Honde Valley." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 11 (April 27, 2016): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n11p539.
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Girl-child marriages in the developing countries of the world have caused a lot of suffering on the girl-children. According to Giddens (2009) issues of poverty, cultural practices, and political instability and gender inequalities have been noted as some of the major causes of girl-child marriages in developing countries. The situation has caused great concern to the communities of the global village because of the serious damages on the victims. Gage (2011) states that the status quo was exacerbated by the historical gender inequalities that continue to exist within families systems and place the girl-child an inferior citizen in her country. The girl-child remained vulnerable and segregated particularly, in educational advancement which is the key to self-empowerment, knowledge and skills development because of the high rate of girl-child marriage in the area. It appears there is little significant research on the matter in the developing countries. In order to establish some strategies to promote the girl-child’s life-skills a study was conducted in Samanga ‘A’ in Honde Valley in Manicaland Province- Zimbabwe. From a population of 1500 a sample size of 100 participants was selected using the cluster, systematic and purposive techniques because of their appropriateness to the two paradigms (Punch, 2009). Cluster technique was employed because the participants lived in different kraal-heads. The systematic technique was engaged because the participants were selected from every tenth household in each of the five kraal-heads. The purposive technique was used to select the influential participants such as local community leaders and the victims of early girl-child marriage. Marshall and Roseman (2006) support that purposive technique in qualitative study because the participants are powerful sources of information that is needed. Both qualitative and the quantitative paradigms were used in the study because some aspects of the study required simple response, while some of the questions demanded the participants’ in-depth knowledge on the problem (Newman, 2010). A case study methodology was adopted because of its ability to focus on a specific issue in a concerned area (Croll, 2010). Data were collected through the use of direct observation, questionnaire with both open and closed ended questions and interviews. The data were descriptively analysed. The research revealed that the prevalence of early girl-child marriage was perpetuated by the society’s cultural deprivation ideology which has since seen the girl-child discriminated in her efforts for self - empowerment through education. The study recommended that there is need for the government to enforce and implement gender-sensitive policies which aim at protecting the girl-child in-order to enhance economic, social, cultural and political transformation for sustainable development in the community.
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Tichaawa, Tembi M., and Sakhile Moyo. "Urban resident perceptions of the impacts of tourism development in Zimbabwe." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 43, no. 43 (March 16, 2019): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2019-0002.
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AbstractThis study examines the perceptions of urban residents towards the socio-economic and environmental consequences of tourism development in Zimbabwe. Perceptions were tested using empirical data that were gathered from a sample of 384 adult members, representing urban households in Bulawayo. The results from a semi-structured survey revealed that such sociodemographic variables as gender, education, length of stay and income are relatively predictable of their attitude towards tourism. Further, although the urban residents tended to perceive tourism impacts positively, they reacted more strongly to the environmental impacts involved than to the economic and sociocultural impacts. The urban geographic context of this study makes this finding significant, as it indicates that urban residents have an environmental consciousness with regard to tourism. The study has implications for tourism development planners and destination managers, in terms of enhanced engagement with the urban residents regarding tourism development, irrespective of the likelihood of residents supporting future development.
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Murphy, Adrianna, Benjamin Palafox, Marjan Walli-Attaei, Timothy Powell-Jackson, Sumathy Rangarajan, Khalid F. Alhabib, Alvaro Jr Avezum, et al. "The household economic burden of non-communicable diseases in 18 countries." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 2 (February 2020): e002040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002040.
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BackgroundNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death globally. In 2014, the United Nations committed to reducing premature mortality from NCDs, including by reducing the burden of healthcare costs. Since 2014, the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study has been collecting health expenditure data from households with NCDs in 18 countries.MethodsUsing data from the PURE Study, we estimated risk of catastrophic health spending and impoverishment among households with at least one person with NCDs (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease, cancer and respiratory diseases; n=17 435), with hypertension only (a leading risk factor for NCDs; n=11 831) or with neither (n=22 654) by country income group: high-income countries (Canada and Sweden), upper middle income countries (UMICs: Brazil, Chile, Malaysia, Poland, South Africa and Turkey), lower middle income countries (LMICs: the Philippines, Colombia, India, Iran and the Occupied Palestinian Territory) and low-income countries (LICs: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Zimbabwe and Tanzania) and China.ResultsThe prevalence of catastrophic spending and impoverishment is highest among households with NCDs in LMICs and China. After adjusting for covariates that might drive health expenditure, the absolute risk of catastrophic spending is higher in households with NCDs compared with no NCDs in LMICs (risk difference=1.71%; 95% CI 0.75 to 2.67), UMICs (0.82%; 95% CI 0.37 to 1.27) and China (7.52%; 95% CI 5.88 to 9.16). A similar pattern is observed in UMICs and China for impoverishment. A high proportion of those with NCDs in LICs, especially women (38.7% compared with 12.6% in men), reported not taking medication due to costs.ConclusionsOur findings show that financial protection from healthcare costs for people with NCDs is inadequate, particularly in LMICs and China. While the burden of NCD care may appear greatest in LMICs and China, the burden in LICs may be masked by care foregone due to costs. The high proportion of women reporting foregone care due to cost may in part explain gender inequality in treatment of NCDs.
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Kamo, Yoshinori. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in Extended Family Households." Sociological Perspectives 43, no. 2 (June 2000): 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389794.
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Prevalence of extended family households and factors associated with them are examined for non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics using data from the 1990 U.S. Census. Nuclear family households and three distinct types of extended family households (upward, downward, and horizontal) are identified, and racial/ethnic differences in the distribution of these types are noted. I contend that household extensions occur as a result of a combination of economic, demographic, and cultural factors. To examine economic aspects of household extension, I first examine income distributions across various household types. Then, using multinomial logistic regression, I identify economic, demographic, and cultural factors related to the three different types of extended family households. Even after racial/ethnic differences in demographic and economic variables are accounted for, preferences for downward extension among African Americans, upward extension among Asians, and horizontal extension among Hispanics still remain, suggesting an independent effect of racial/ethnic culture regarding household extension.
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Pakravan-Charvadeh, Mohammad Reza, Moselm Savari, Haider A. Khan, Saeid Gholamrezai, and Cornelia Flora. "Determinants of household vulnerability to food insecurity during COVID-19 lockdown in a mid-term period in Iran." Public Health Nutrition 24, no. 7 (January 26, 2021): 1619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980021000318.
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AbstractObjective:This study aimed to identify and rank the different aspects of households’ vulnerability to food insecurity.Design:The data were collected by a standard online questionnaire. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale was used to assess food insecurity levels, and first-order structural equation modelling was applied to determine factors that affect food insecurity. Seven dimensions of vulnerability were measured: economic, social, cultural, human, physical, psychology and information, using thirty-seven items extracted from the related literature review.Setting:This study was implemented in Tehran province in Iran.Participants:The sample included 392 families residing in Tehran province which was determined using random sampling.Results:About 61 % of the total sample faced food insecurity, at marginal, moderate and severe levels. Economic, psychological and human aspects of vulnerability had the highest effect on food insecurity during the initial COVID-19 lockdown.Conclusions:Authorities and policymakers must provide economic and financial support to vulnerable households. Abolition of US economic and financial sanctions imposed on Iran must be implemented to battle with COVID-19 in this country.
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Kazi, Shahnaz, and Zeba A. Sathar. "Differences in Household Characteristics by Income Distribution in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 24, no. 3-4 (December 1, 1985): 657–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v24i3-4pp.657-669.
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The main purpose of this paper is to identify variations in demographic and economic characteristics of households by income groups. For almost two decades now development planners have been concerned with the issue of income disparities and poverty. Whereas previous studies in this area for Pakistan [2; 9] have focused mainly on quantifying the extent of poverty in the country, the present work investigates the qualitative aspects of poorer households. It aims at providing some empirical insight into the distinctive socio-economic and demographic circumstances of the poor.
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Megawati, Suci, Muhammad Farid Ma’ruf, Eva Hany Fanida, Fitrotun Niswah, and Trenda Aktiva Oktariyanda. "Strengthening Family Resilience through Financial Management Education in Facing the Covid-19 Pandemic." Journal La Bisecoman 1, no. 5 (December 29, 2020): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallabisecoman.v1i5.246.
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The spread of Covid-19 in a short time paralyzed the order of life as well as had a real impact on social and economic aspects. Mitigation and preparation for household economic recovery are the contributions of social science that are used as the basis for policy change for the Indonesian nation. Households are at the core of the nation's economic resilience. The household is a unit of analysis that cannot be ignored considering that this country cannot have high resilience when the household cannot survive properly. This research is aimed at examining how the economic impact of households in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic and how the solution focuses on the accuracy of household financial management.
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Ryspekova, M. O., A. B. Uchkampirova, and A. A. Duisenbekova. "MODERN ASPECTS OF RURAL EMPLOYMENT IN KAZAKHSTAN." Statistika, učet i audit 80, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.51579/1563-2415.2021-1.22.
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The article studies the social employment of the village population, since this problem significantly affects the professionalism and potential development of any villager. The worker creates the main wealth of society, leads to progressive, innovative ideas, turning them into a sought-after product, and also contributes to social life. The opposite side of employment can be attributed to unemployment, which leads to degradation, increases the number of beggars, and reduces the quality of life of society. Preventing unemployment and increasing the employed population is one of the central, strategic objectives of state policy. As part of the study carried out by the authors, a quantitative assessment of the structure of rural labor markets was carried out based on a sources combination of official statistical information. The results of the study will help to identify the negative consequences of rural unemployment for the economic activity of the regions, the dynamism of development, and the tension in the labor market in the countryside. The study results contributed to the identification of the rural unemployment negative effects on the regional economic activity, the dynamics of development, and the tension in the labor market in the village. Significant impact of small business development on the number of employed populations has been revealed. The importance of households in studying the rural employment problem and state support measures for this category of households is assessed. When analyzing the directions of development in the field of employment of the rural population, the following research methods were used: abstract-logical - in identifying modern aspects of employment; economic and statistical in the analysis of the state, changes in the structure of the rural population; as well as a monographic one - in determining the priority directions of increasing employment of the rural population and the mechanism of its regulation.
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Thebe, Vusilizwe. "THE COMPLEX DYNAMICS OF LAND IN MIGRANT LABOUR SOCIETIES: WHO NEEDS LAND FOR AGRICULTURE?" Journal of Asian Rural Studies 2, no. 2 (July 10, 2018): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v2i2.1404.
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The agricultural modernisation narrative has been a central assumption of rural development since the mid-twentieth century, and more recently, the land reforms currently underway in Southern Africa. The narrative emphasises the viable use of land, defined in this case through agricultural productivity and market oriented production. The main contention of this paper is that such a focus undermines the rural socio-economic structure inherent in certain rural societies, which emerge through negotiations and compromises as societies change. It draws on data from studies in Lesotho and rural Zimbabwe that shows that rural households do not only hold land for agricultural purposes, but would hold onto land for security beyond mere agriculture production. It particularly emphasises the complex relationship between households and land, complex land needs and landholding patterns. As way of conclusion, it cautions against enforcing a peasant path on rural society through agriculture-based interventions.
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Koyratty, Nadia, Andrew Jones, Roseanne Schuster, Katarzyna Kordas, Chin-Shang Li, Mduduzi Mbuya, Godfred Boateng, et al. "Food Insecurity and Water Insecurity in Rural Zimbabwe: Development of Multidimensional Household Measures." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 6020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116020.
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Background: With millions of people experiencing malnutrition and inadequate water access, FI and WI remain topics of vital importance to global health. Existing unidimensional FI and WI metrics do not all capture similar multidimensional aspects, thus restricting our ability to assess and address food- and water-related issues. Methods: Using the Sanitation, Hygiene and Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) trial data, our study conceptualizes household FI (N = 3551) and WI (N = 3311) separately in a way that captures their key dimensions. We developed measures of FI and WI for rural Zimbabwean households based on multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) for categorical data. Results: Three FI dimensions were retained: ‘poor food access’, ‘household shocks’ and ‘low food quality and availability’, as were three WI dimensions: ‘poor water access’, ‘poor water quality’, and ‘low water reliability’. Internal validity of the multidimensional models was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with test samples at baseline and 18 months. The dimension scores were associated with a group of exogenous variables (SES, HIV-status, season, depression, perceived health, food aid, water collection), additionally indicating predictive, convergent and discriminant validities. Conclusions: FI and WI dimensions are sufficiently distinct to be characterized via separate indicators. These indicators are critical for identifying specific problematic insecurity aspects and for finding new targets to improve health and nutrition interventions.
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Ivanova, M. V., and O. V. Shabalina. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOCIAL JUSTICE IN THE PRACTICES OF TRADITIONAL HOUSEHOLDS OF THE KOLA PENINSULA." Учёные записки Петрозаводского государственного университета 42, no. 2 (February 2020): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/uchz.art.2020.452.
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Thondhlana, Gladman, Deepa Pullanikkatil, and Charlie M. Shackleton. "Plant Fibre Crafts Production, Trade and Income in Eswatini, Malawi and Zimbabwe." Forests 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2020): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11080832.
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The production of plant fibre products is considered a promising pathway for contributing to people’s livelihoods particularly in developing countries, where economic options might be limited. However, there are limited comparative studies across countries on plant fibre products, making it difficult to examine how local and broader biophysical, socioeconomic, cultural and policy contexts influence craft production patterns in terms of primary plant resources used, products made and contributions to livelihoods. Using household surveys for data collection, this paper presents findings from a comparative analysis of plant fibre craft production and income in three southern African countries, Eswatini, Malawi and Zimbabwe. Although there was commonality in terms of the constraints experienced across the three countries, there were pronounced differences in the types and quantity of products and income between and within countries. The average gross monthly income from craft sales was modest and of the same order of magnitude across the three countries but 50% higher in Zimbabwe (US$75 ± 135) than in Eswatini (US$56 ± 71) and Malawi (US$48 ± 168). High craft income was associated with long experience in craft production, quantity of craft products and access to bulk buyers while old age, more income sources, high education level and bigger households yielded low craft income. Although craft income tended to be low, the economic contexts in these countries characterised by high levels of poverty, craft income represents an important livelihood source. Implications for policy interventions are discussed.
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Volokhova, M. A. "DECISION STRATEGY CONCEPT TO IMPROVE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS." Scientific Review: Theory and Practice 10, no. 4 (May 4, 2020): 699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2020-10-4-699-711.
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Modern conditions for the development of market relations leave a significant imprint on all main aspects of rural life. The socio-economic situation of rural households is dangerously dependent on the fluctuations of various institutions, be it the labor institution, the food market or the production system. Under these conditions, increasing attention is being paid to the development of targeted programs to improve the living standard and the socio-economic situation of the population in rural settlements. The article discusses a methodological approach to assess the living standards of rural settlements in the context of municipal districts of the Saratov region, in particular, the Samoilovsky municipality. Basing on the participatory approach, categories of the rural population are determined by income level and a direct correlation dependence of the demographic situation (birth rate, mortality, migration rate) and the level of rural household income are revealed. The parameters of the resource of patience and the boundaries of the passive expectation for the poor and impoverished layers of the rural population, as well as the prerequisites for the passivity of the able-bodied population to participate in the processes of increasing their own well-being and well-being of others are determined. The conditions and parameters of the property status compelling the activation of the use of internal material and social sources of income are revealed. Three levels of decision-making strategies for improving the financial situation of the family are distinguished: employees, employers (agricultural enterprises and K(F)X), authorities (district administration). As a result, a concept of a decision-making strategy was developed to improve the material situation of households in rural settlements of the Saratov region. The economic factor (the size of wages) has one of the decisive effects on all the demographic processes taking place in society.
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Mlambo, Courage, and Forget Kapingura. "REMITTANCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM SADC COUNTRIES." Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 4 (2020): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15604/ejef.2020.08.04.006.
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This study sought to examine the effects of remittances on economic development on selected SADC states. Remittances are important for the survival of poor individuals, households and societies around the world. The funds sent by migrants are a crucial means of survival that can assist families in buying food, sending children to school and building basic shelter. Given the poor economic development in these SADC countries and the probable development outcomes of remittances, remittances income should be critical to the SADC countries. However, literature shows that relationship between remittances and development is not always clear. Remittances may bring positive or negative effects. It is against this background that this study sought to examine the effects of remittances on economic development on selected SADC states. The study used panel data and the sample included five SADC countries (Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Lesotho, Eswatini and DRC) for the years 2005-2015. The study used a Fixed effects model, random effects model and a GMM approach to estimate the effects of remittances and economic development. Results showed that remittances have a positive effect with economic development. This finding suggests that remittance inflows are able to stimulate economic development. The study recommended that the government put in place policies that enhance the remittances transformation to economic development.
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Makombe, Eric Kushinga. "“Between a Rock and a Hard Place”: The Coronavirus, Livelihoods, and Socioeconomic Upheaval in Harare’s High-Density Areas of Zimbabwe." Journal of Developing Societies 37, no. 3 (July 12, 2021): 275–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x211030062.
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For Zimbabwe, the confirmed Covid-19 deaths for 2020 numbered in the hundreds, not thousands. Still, Covid-19 could not have come at a worse time owing to a myriad of crises the country was going through. As a result, the Covid-19 pandemic was much more than a public health crisis as it threatened already vulnerable people, putting lives and livelihoods at risk. This article focuses on the socioeconomic impact of the novel coronavirus pandemic, examining the social pattern of its unfolding and impact, analyzing the institutional and communal responses to the disease, and marking the effects of its aftermath in Harare’s high-density residential spaces. The research design captures a broad empirical picture of what was happening by specifically drawing on case study examples from Harare, the capital city of Zimbabwe. The broad objective of the research brings out how low-income households experienced the Covid-19 pandemic compared to higher-income households as informed by sex-based differences, access to healthcare, and food. It also captures the differential impacts and inequalities in socioeconomic outcomes, livelihoods, poverty reduction, and human development informing these household experiences. Beyond this, the study captures and highlights how the Covid-19 crisis led to widespread instances of food insecurity, economic anxiety, and general disenfranchisement from alternative sources of income that, in turn, created further social upheaval. The last strand of this article exposes the implications of some of the public health measures instituted in attempts to tackle Covid-19.
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Piekut, Marlena. "Living Standards in One-Person Households of the Elderly Population." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 30, 2020): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030992.
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The number of one-person households of the elderly continues to rise in developed countries. The study assesses the standard of living in this type of households. The aim of this study is to explore the standard of living of single older adults (60+) in Poland by focusing on the relationship between demographic and socio-economic factors as well as their objective financial situation and subjective satisfaction on their financial and consumption standards. To evaluate the standard of living in one-person households run by people aged 60 and over, the aggregate (composite) indicator was designed, based on the Economic Living Standard Index method. The key issues relating to multifaceted aspects of sustainable development are both the level and the quality of life. It can be concluded that the elderly people running one-person households constitute a group that is heterogeneous due to their different socio-economic and demographic characteristics, which in turn affect their various living standards. The highest standard of living can be noticed in the households run by white-collar workers, self-employed persons and well educated persons. The lowest standard of living can be observed in the households run by groups of people including farmers, people having income from social sources (without pensions), living on supplementary welfare allowance and persons with lower education level (secondary, primary or less). Remedial measures should be taken for these social groups. The key factors determining the standard of living in one-person households of the elderly are socioeconomic status and education level.
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Burganov, Rais, and Liliya Urazbahtina. "Energy-Saving Household Behavior as an Object of Research and Projects." Scientific Research and Development. Russian Journal of Project Management 9, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-6279-2020-16-22.
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The energy-saving behavior of households has a huge and obvious role in the development of the economy and society. However, the theoretical approaches of economists on this topic are developing more slowly than its applied aspects. The aim of this work is to consider the energy-saving behavior of households from the angle of the main directions of economic theory. The research methodology is based on the principles of the implementation of areas of economic theory, as well as on the use of total energy, consisting of electric, thermal, solar, mechanical and other types of energy. The article proposes a classification of factors (main and secondary, main and auxiliary) that affect household behavior in the field of energy conservation and which should be taken into account when drawing up its mono and polyparametric mathematical models. Moreover, each variable can be positively or negatively reflected in the rational or irrational behavior of households in energy conservation. The paper gives the results of the consideration of problems in shaping the behavior of households from the point of view of the neoclassical direction of economic theory and institutionalism, as well as on the basis of its moral-educational and technological concepts. The current state of introducing the development of energy-saving and nature-friendly technologies into the everyday activities of households will transform the behavior of households in the field of consumption of any type of energy.
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Nhuta, Stephen, and Ellen Mukumba. "Empowerment of Zimbabwean Women through Entrepreneurship an Economic and Social Perspective." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 7, no. 3 (June 23, 2017): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v7.n3.p1.
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<div><p><em>The objectives of the study were to<ins cite="mailto:usr" datetime="2017-03-14T09:40"> </ins>identify socio-economic characteristics of female entrepreneurs in Zimbabwe and to ascertain the relationship between women empowerment in entrepreneurship and economic/social development. The research looked at economic and social independent variables that affect women empowerment in entrepreneurship. Literature covered but not limited to, power in households, decision making, ownership of property, access to capital, networking and freedom of movement. This study adopted a mixed research methodology that combined the positivism and the interpretivism paradigms. With regard to this study, the target population was the female entrepreneurs in Harare, Zimbabwe. </em><em>Non-probability was chosen as the sampling technique for this study because it is quicker, easier and cheaper. Convenience and judgmental sampling techniques shall were employed. The questionnaire was used to collect primary data for this study.</em><em>The study revealed that married female entrepreneurs continue to be absent from the household decision-making that shapes the allocation of the economic and financial resources, which further perpetuates gender inequality. The study also confirmed that education and training as well as previous work experience are important success characteristics for empowerment, required by emerging female entrepreneurs as they start and grow their business. The study also confirmed that the lack of access to capital exacerbated by lack of collateral and high interest rates is one of the major deterrents for empowering women through entrepreneurship. Recommendations include coalition among female entrepreneurs, mentoring schemes and changing entrenched patriarchal cultural norms.</em></p></div>
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Rashid, Mohammad, and Debapratim Pandit. "Rural communities' perception of and willingness to pay for wastewater and stormwater management infrastructure in Bihar, India." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.033.
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Abstract Management of wastewater and stormwater is required for achieving total sanitation and conservation of fresh water resources. The wastewater and stormwater management (WSM) infrastructure suitable to rural areas is usually determined based on technical, environmental, and economic considerations and local communities' perception of infrastructure is ignored. This study analyses the rural communities' choice and perception of WSM infrastructure and their willingness to pay (WTP) for their improvement and maintenance. The households' choice and perception of different aspects of rural WSM infrastructure are determined using the RIDIT (relative to an identified distribution and transformation) analysis, service quality gap analysis, through establishing the relationship between households' satisfaction with individual aspects and overall quality of WSM, and WTP for the service improvement and maintenance. The study finds that rural people like to dispose of wastewater offsite as a good network of drains is found in the villages. However, several aspects of WSM are perceived as poor and require the attention of the policymakers. The rural households want improvement in several attributes and are willing to pay for the maintenance of improved service. The service quality of individual attributes of WSM infrastructure and socioeconomic characteristics of the households are essential determinants of their WTP.
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Pruntseva, Gelena, Stepan Davymuka, Valentyna Yakubiv, Taras Vasyltsiv, Iryna Anhelko, Inna Irtyshcheva, Yuliia Maksymiv, Iryna Hryhoruk, Rostyslav Bilyk, and Nazariy Popadynets. "The analysis of factors affecting the household savings as a part of food security management." International Journal of Data and Network Science 5, no. 4 (2021): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2021.7.004.
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Ensuring household food security should be a priority goal of state policy. The level of ensuring household food security reflects the state of the country's economic development and the effectiveness of agricultural policy. Household food security is achieved by ensuring a high level of purchasing power of households, which is possible by increasing income. Savings are the “safety cushion” for households during the financial and economic crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic. The level of household savings is important both for the households themselves and for the country's economy, since savings, on the one hand, help to avoid hunger during crises, and, on the other hand, are an important investment resource for the country's economy. That is why assessing the level of household savings and identifying factors affecting savings are important aspects of building an effective government policy in the field of food security.
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Soyapi, Caiphas B. "Zimbabwe’s ‘Look East’ Policy: A Sociolegal Perspective." Southern African Public Law 30, no. 1 (November 23, 2017): 176–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2522-6800/3539.
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The studies of the relations between China and Zimbabwe, as with other studies of Chinese relations with African states, have focused largely on the socio-economic and political aspects thereof. There has not been a discussion on the socio-legal perspectives of the relationship. The point of departure is that any relations between China and Zimbabwe must be legally sustainable. The socio-economic consequences of the relations are identified and analysed from a legal perspective, which leads to the conclusion that the ‘look East’ policy adopted by the Zimbabwean government as a way to counter sanctions imposed by the West is an intermestic policy. Based on national and international laws or standards of conduct expected of states, the Zimbabwean government’s failure to protect industries, the environment, labour rights and the trade in armaments at critical moments indicates an abdication of its duties.
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Jooste, PL, N. Upson, and KE Charlton. "Knowledge of iodine nutrition in the South African adult population." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 4 (June 2005): 382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2004696.
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AbstractObjectivesTo determine the level of knowledge regarding iodine nutrition and its relationship with socio-economic status in the South African population.DesignA cross-sectional population survey collecting questionnaire information on knowledge of iodine nutrition and sociodemographic variables in a multistage, stratified, cluster study sample, representative of the adult South African population.SettingHome visits and personal interviews in the language of the respondent.SubjectsData were collected from one adult in each of the selected 2164 households, and the participation rate was 98%.ResultsOnly 15.4% of respondents correctly identified iodised salt as the primary dietary source of iodine, 16.2% knew the thyroid gland needs iodine for its functioning, and a mere 3.9% considered brain damage, and 0.8% considered cretinism, as the most important health consequence of iodine deficiency. Compared with respondents from high socio-economic households, respondents from low socio-economic households were considerably less informed about aspects of iodine nutrition covered in this study.ConclusionsThe knowledge level of iodine nutrition is low among South Africans, particularly among the low socio-economic groups. These data suggest that the international emphasis on brain damage resulting from iodine deficiency has not been conveyed successfully to the consumer level in this country.
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Nkala, Bernard, and Gordon Liu. "DELINEATINGACCESS TO SPECIALTY HEALTHCARE IN ZIMBABWE A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY TO INFORMEVIDENCE-BASED PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY AND PRACTICE." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 02 (February 28, 2021): 373–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12458.
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The study investigated the determinants of access and utilization of specialty healthcare services in the case of public referral hospitals in Zimbabwe using the period post-independence in 1980s to 2018. This becomes an exciting period for the study as it presents the rise and fall of Zimbabwe’s healthcare system. Although there are many specialists offering specialty healthcare, the study limited its focus on specialty care physicians operating at public health facilities. The study objectives were to identify the socio-economic and health behavioural determinants that could influence access to and utilization of specialty healthcare amongst different groupings in Zimbabwe. The study specifically examined the influence of household income, insurance, health information/ education, distance to the nearest health centre, waiting time and dual practice as a variable of interest on access to specialty care. The study utilized cross-sectional household data collected through a survey from April to October 2019. Out of the 40 selected districts from a cluster of 63 existing administrative health districts, 1000 households were randomly selected using one stage cluster sampling (probability sampling design). The study used the Logistic regression model to identify the determinants of access to and utilisation of specialty healthcare based on 653 households that had reported sickness of a member within the last twelve months before the survey. The study tested the hypotheses that dual practice does not affect the supply capacity at public hospitals hence does not reduce access and utilisation of specialty healthcare household income does not increase the demand for specialized healthcare services and that the distance to the nearest health facility does not reduce the probability of seeking of specialty healthcare services. The Logistic regression results revealed that distance to the nearest health care facility, household income, health insurance coverage, presence of dual practice and waiting time all had a significant statistical relationship with access and utilization (demand) for specialty healthcare at public health institutions. However, the study found out that health information had negative effect though an insignificant variable. Distance to the nearest health facility and waiting time was found to negatively affect access (demand) to specialty healthcare whereas household income, dual practice and insurance coverage were found to positively influence access and utilization of specialty healthcare at public health institutions. The study established that, as there is an increase in income and insurance coverage, access and utilization of specialty care also increased. More households in Zimbabwe (71%) are not medically insured. The study found that the provision of specialty healthcare services is too centralized thereby patients are compelled to travel long distancesto metropolitan facilities where specialty health services are more concentrated. The study further established that dual practice affects the supply capacity in public hospitals. The constraining arrangement of management and teaching services at main teaching hospitals affects the supply of specialty services. Households tend to wait longer to consult specialists at public hospitals due to poorly regulated dual practice that induces long waiting times. Given the study findings, the study recommends health policy planners to adopt a balanced centralized and decentralized modelon access to specialty care, differentiating higher and lower tier specialty care facilities to address the geographic accessibility and availability dimensions and revisiting management of training and structuring of specialty teaching services. Other major recommendations of the study include the review of supply-side policies used to enhance access to specialty healthcare services. The policies may target at implementing a public sector ‘National Health Insurance Fund’, driven by the government of Zimbabwe offering realistic, acceptable and affordable premiums for vulnerable groups and expanding the scope of participation in developing the policy regulating dual practice. The study also recommends the creation of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) for Specialty health riding on the existing Government framework on SEZs. The adoption of Strategic Specialty care Partnerships (SSCPs) can enhance access and institutional capacities in dealing with the expensive response to Non Communicable Diseases, which are the main drivers for households to seek specialty care. Zimbabwe through its national health authority needs to ‘Reframe the Health Agenda’ on specialty care thus initiate a national health action plan that will continue to drive to evidence-based health policy and practice.
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Zastavnyy, Y. "ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AS A PRIORITY DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS: FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS." Agrosvit, no. 7 (April 16, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.32702/2306-6792.2020.7.125.
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Muharani, Laily, Muhammad Yazid, and Dessy Adriani. "Evaluation of Smallholder Oil Palm Plantation Sustainability in Tidal Lowlands of Pulau Rimau Sub-District of Banyuasin Regency." Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal : Journal of Suboptimal Lands 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33230/jlso.9.1.2020.454.
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Muharani L, Yazid M, Adriani D. 2020. Evaluation of smallholder oil palm plantation sustainability in tidal lowlands of Pulau Rimau Sub-District of Banyuasin Regency. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal: Journal of Suboptimal Lands 9(1): 80-88.Oil palm is one of the estate commodities that has an important role in the economic activities of the people. Smallholder oil palm plantation as part of the estate still face several constraints, including lack of productivity, institutional inactivity, plantation management that do not meet the standard, farmers' lack of knowledge, and difficulty in obtaining credit. Due to these constraints, oil palm plantation sustainability is put into priority. Oil palm development issues are discussed not only on the economic aspects but also on the environmental aspects. This research is aimed at analyzing the level of oil palm sustainability and evaluating the condition of smallholder oil palm plantations according to the stages of plant development. This research used survey method and was carried out in tidal lowlands of Pulau Rimau Sub-district, Banyuasin Regency in August-September 2019. Smallholder oil palm households were selected using proportionate stratified random sampling. The results showed that there were three aspects of sustainability that were in low criteria, namely institutional, social, and technical aspects. Whereas, economic and environmental aspects were in medium criteria. The average sustainability value of non productive and productive oil palm plantations was in low criteria. Smallholder oil palm households were expected to understand and follow the standards set by ISPO, with the support from local governments and related agencies.
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Dudek, Hanna. "SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN PURCHASING A SUFFICIENT AMOUNT OF FOOD. ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF POLISH MICRODATA." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 16, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2017.16.1.01.
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The paper analyses subjective aspects of food poverty in Poland. It deals with households’ assessment of financial difficulties in purchasing a sufficient amount of food in the period 2009–2015. The study is based on Social Diagnosis data. Its purpose is to identify the socio-economic factors affecting financial distress among Polish households. The study also aims to test whether the probability of experiencing financial difficulties is persistent over time. In econometric analysis binary choice models for panel data are applied. The findings state that apart from equivalent incomes and owned savings, loans or debts, factors having a significant impact on the final results are places of residence and biological types of households.
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Arif, G. M. "Cecilia Tacoli (ed). The Earthscan Reader in Rural-Urban Linkages. London / Sterling, VA: Earthscan. 329 pages. Hardbound. Indian Rs 995.00." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i1pp.102-105.
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The linkages between ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ locations, people, and activities contribute significantly to livelihoods and act as engines of economic, social, and cultural transformation. There is an increased interest among officials and policy-makers to better understand the opportunities and constraints that these linkages offer. Divided into five parts, the fifteen chapters, of this book bring special attention to the impact of rural-urban linkages on different aspects of sustainable development. Chapter 1 presents an analysis of recent census data, with special attention to small urban centres. David Satterthwaite argus that the rural and urban divide misses the extent to which rural households rely on urban incomes, while many urban households in low-income nations rely on rural resources and a reciprocal relationship with rural households. There is a need to forget this divide and see all settlements as being within a continuum with regard to both their population size and the extent of their non-agricultural economic base.
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Grackova, L., I. Oleinikova, and G. Klavs. "Charging of the Electric Vehicles in Private Sector: Technical and Economic Aspects." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 51, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2014-0032.
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Abstract The economic aspect considered in the work is related to the charging of an electric vehicle (EV) at a single private house when this is done every day. To perform the relevant cost estimation it was necessary to determine: the average annual electricity consumption under the condition of everyday charging an EV and the average electricity consumption off the mains for covering a distance of 100 km by an EV and the time in hours for its charging. Comparison is made for the day-time intervals from which it is possible to choose the preferable for proper loading the electric line and the most beneficial for the consumer. Under analysis are two EV connection scenarios for 100 individual households from which 10%, 20% and 30% have EVs, with 8-h duration of each charging at the current of 13A. The authors consider the consumption and electric energy payment packages which - with planned opening of the electric energy market on January 1, 2015 - will offer the clients the enterprises rendering services on the electric energy sale.
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Mausch, K., D. Harris, E. Heather, E. Jones, J. Yim, and M. Hauser. "Households’ aspirations for rural development through agriculture." Outlook on Agriculture 47, no. 2 (April 11, 2018): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727018766940.
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In sub-Saharan Africa, rural households are the focus of many development efforts and the transformation of smallholder agriculture is one entry point for this process. Understanding farming households’ technology choices remains one of the most critical aspects of agricultural research in rural areas. However, many technologies that are known to be effective and potentially highly beneficial have remained widely unused. One reason is that predicting farmers’ decisions concerning agricultural technologies using conventional economic theories is flawed. In this article, we suggest that human aspirations have a much greater influence on technology choices than hitherto believed. We further argue that a better understanding of aspirations will improve the targeting of technology development by researchers. We propose distributed ethnography to empirically test the influence of human aspirations on technology choice. From such insight, we anticipate better research priority setting as well as more effective rural development strategies in general.
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Wernstedt, K. "Regional Environmental Policy and the Distribution of Economic Impacts among Rural Households." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 27, no. 4 (April 1995): 645–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a270645.
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In this paper a regional input-output model is used to evaluate the distribution of short-run and long-run economic impacts of regional level environmental policy decisions among urban and rural household income classes. Both demand and price changes are analyzed. Demand changes are modeled as increases in final demand, and price changes are analyzed as exogenous shocks. In the short run, regional prices do not respond to the exogenous price shocks but, in the long run, the regional prices can vary following input substitution in a Cobb-Douglas production function. An income allocation matrix distributes to income classes the wage and nonwage income changes generated by the input-output formulations. A case study is presented that involves efforts to enhance fish populations in the Columbia River Basin in the US Pacific Northwest. The policy analysis shows that the type of initial policy impact (change in final demand or in prices) as well as the time frame considered (short or long run) can influence the final distribution of economic impacts among urban and rural income classes. The approach outlined here thus allows decisionmakers to explore several aspects of the income effects of a project across disaggregated segments of an affected population.