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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Housing development Land use'
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Grimmond, Sarah Valerie. "The allocation of land for housing development." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU602052.
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The release of land for new housing development represents a primary function of the planning system within the United Kingdom. At the same time, it represents one of the most debated aspects of land use planning. Indeed, on the 5th June 1996, at the annual conference of the Royal Town Planning Institute, the then Secretary of State for the Environment, John Gummer, appealed for a national debate on the provision on new housing. He stressed that the projected growth in housing demand would have severe implications for the environment unless many of the issues associated with the growth were fully and openly discussed. This research explores the allocation of housing land within a high growth area. Using the former Grampian Region (Scotland) as a case study, the research investigates the principal technical and procedural issues associated with the release of land for new housing development. A range of qualitative and quantitative techniques are employed, set within a 'Structure and Agency' framework. The initial quantitative stage includes a detailed analysis of planning applications, appeals and residential development figures for the Aberdeen area. This provides an overview of the location and nature of past housing development and enables the identification of a number of issues pertinent to the release of housing land. These issues are subsequently discussed with the principal agents involved, namely, planners, developers, elected councillors and the general public. The main findings of the study suggest that the scale and location of new housing development, has and will continue to, represent one of the most controversial aspects of land use planning. This controversy has a protracting effect on the preparation of structure and local development plans throughout the United Kingdom. These delays increase the difficulty of maintaining an adequate supply of housing land and consequently expose the system to the appeal process and ultimately, the control of the developer. This undermines the influence of the other agents (planners, councillors and the public) as the system becomes increasingly 'appeal-led' and controlled by central government. At a specific level, the research questions the medium to long-term capacity of the Aberdeen area to accommodate brownfield housing alongside the extent to which the current planning system caters for residential choice. It suggests that further greenfield releases may be necessary at a strategic level in order to provide an adequate supply (and choice) of housing land. The study argues that the current approach towards housing land allocation is overly concerned with releasing a sufficient supply of housing to meet demand and fails to consider the extent to which this land will provide an adequate choice of housing. It is considered that the predominance of flatted accommodation within redeveloped brownfield sites and associated failure to provide an adequate choice of house type, size and location will only exacerbate the public's desire for suburban and rural living. Reservations are also expressed with regard to the current direction of policy thinking on brownfield housing, in particular, the drive towards maximising the density of such housing and corresponding desire for local planning authorities to review industrial land allocations in favour of residential use. The study recommends that further research is required in order to address the issue of housing choice within a brownfield-led strategy. It also recommends that the current level of central government involvement in local decision making requires further investigation. The requirement for planning authorities to provide an adequate and continuous supply of housing land and the extent to which this prevents authorities from fully accounting for windfall sites within their housing land strategies represents another issue upon which future research is required. Above all, the study illustrates the manner in which debate on the issue of housing land has progressed over the last five years. This clearly strengthens its validity as an issue worthy of detailed consideration. In this respect, further research is needed to refine the land use planning system and ensure that the future allocation of housing land can be undertaken more effectively.
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Wong, So-ling Sophia. "Analysis of the relationship among speculation, shortage of land and housing supply /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19907187.
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Uffer, Sabina. "The uneven development of Berlin’s housing provision." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/204/.
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Since the end of the 1990s, Berlin’s housing has been described by a transformation from state- to market-led provision, creating more socially and spatially segregated neighbourhoods. The underlying processes exacerbating and reproducing these inequalities have however rarely been addressed. This thesis investigates the question how the transformation of Berlin’s mode of housing provision generated particular forms of social and spatial inequalities. It begins from a state-focused approach to regulation theory and the related debate on the contemporary form of urban governance of the entrepreneurial city. The thesis identifies three transformation processes of Berlin’s mode of housing provision, which are informed by critical realist housing research. First, the privatisation of state-owned housing and the entrance of institutional investors; second, the reformation of the remaining state-owned housing companies and their adaptation to the government’s social and economic demands; and third, the abandonment of supplyside subsidies for the construction and renovation of housing. The analysis of these three processes exposes how regulation, production, and consumption mechanisms play out under particular spatial and temporal circumstances, creating social and spatial inequalities. A particular emphasis lies on the production mechanisms defined through the diverging strategies of different institutional investors and state-owned housing companies. The thesis concludes with a reflection upon the benefits of a critical realist methodology for analysing state restructuring. It is argued that only through the application of a critical realist methodology, the strengths of the regulation theory’s conceptualisation of state transformation can fully be deployed. The thesis therefore goes beyond an affirmation of a more entrepreneurial mode of housing provision in Berlin, deploying a critical realist approach to reveal the underlying mechanisms of the particular mode of housing provision and its uneven consequences.
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Broussard, Donald Joseph. "Infill housing development in Atlanta : trends and strategies." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21453.
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Tiesdell, Steven Alan. "The development & implementation of housing action trust policy." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11224/.
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This thesis examines the development and implementation of Housing Action Trust (HAT) policy, with a particular emphasis on the theme of choice. When first announced, the Secretary of State for the Environment, Nick Ridley, argued that HATs would form the ‘cutting edge’ of the Government's urban regenerationin itiatives. In practice, as only six HATs were ever established, they became something much more marginal and experimental. HAT policy therefore represents a curious episode in the development of housing policy in England. The 1980s Conservative Government's political ideology had been particularly influenced by the New Right and their critique of the welfare state, which inter alia called for the removal of the local authority monopoly in the rented housing sector through the demunicipalisation of local authority housing. The first policy instrument to demunicipalise council housing was a statutory right-to-buy (RTB) for council tenants introduced in 1980. During the late 1980s, three further exit mechanisms were introduced: Tenants' Choice, HATs and voluntary transfers. Proposals for HATs were met with fierce opposition from the Labour party, local authorities and tenants. None of the first six areas intended to be designated as HATs were implemented. In March 1991, however, the first successful HAT ballot occurred in Hull, followed by a second in the London Borough of Waltham Forest in July 1991 and a third in Liverpool in August, 1992. In total six HATs were established. Chapter Two outlines the research agenda. Chapter Three discusses the major developments in housing policy during the 1980s. Building on Chapters One and Three, Chapter Four focuses specifically on HAT policy. Chapters Five to Seven examine HAT practice, with each Chapter focusing on one of the first three HATs. Chapter Eight draws conclusions.
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Egbu, Anthony U. "Impact of land use planning on urban housing development in Nigeria." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440866.
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Yau, Yuk-ha Selina, and 游玉霞. "The Chinese model of urban land and housing developments." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46542140.
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Ellis, Ronald L. "Residential land use policy and conservation development in the Blanco River Basin /." View online, 2006. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/110/.
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Choy, Kei-shun Vincent. "Housing 30,000 People in Mai Po : an alternative for ecologically considered development /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25950423.
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Clark, Anthony S. "An alternative futures analysis of Flathead County, Montana evaluating tradeoffs among economic growth, land use policy and land use change /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4765.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 31, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Wu, Yue. "Density, floor area ratio and the newly developing residential districts in urban Shanghai." access full-text online access from Digital dissertation consortium, 2002. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3052756.
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Hercz, Anna Veronica. "Residential land use planning and housing in Whitehorse, Yukon Territory : public involvement in the land development process." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74048.
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Ahn, Jae-Wan. "Three Essays on Housing Markets, Urban Land Use, and the Environment." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555457869257077.
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Bak, Jun Hyeong. "Sustainable urban development in South Korea : compact urban form, land use, housing type, and development methods." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4781/.
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Over the past few decades, South Korea has experienced economic development and urbanisation, the effects of which have included environmental degradation and social problems. The principles of sustainable development have gained support as an approach to dealing with these issues; and the compact city has been proposed as a means of delivering sustainable development without the sprawl of Western cities. This thesis examines the applicability of the compact city to South Korea, particularly to large-scale developments, through the perspective of sustainable development. The research questions, ‘How and why have urban developments in South Korea been accompanied by compactness?’ and, ‘What implications does this have for sustainable development?’ are examined through two case studies: Yong-in, a city developed by diverse methods; and Se-jong, a city developed as a single new project. The case studies demonstrate that new settlements by high-rise apartments in South Korea have achieved a high degree of compactness, and residents have appreciated their liveability and made them their popular housing choice. The thesis concludes that the compact city in South Korean urban development is not only feasible, but is acceptable to residents; and it suggests a compact city model and strategies applicable in the South Korean context.
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Riley, Candice Jo Ann. "Contributing and constraining factors to collaborative land use planning consequences of proposed housing development "in and around" the New River Gorge National River /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10289.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 65 p. : ill., col. map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-63).
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Abercrombie, Celina. "Planning implications of cluster housing for wetlands and their buffers." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2006. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Abercrombie_C%20MESThesis.pdf.
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Troutman, Philip Parke. "San Diego growth wars : a critique of public participation in California land use politics /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3142450.
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Stevenson, Russell L. "The effectiveness of agricultural zoning ordinances in controlling sprawl in the Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 160 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1338872141&sid=14&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Dong, Hongwei. "Assessing Portland's Smart Growth: A Comprehensive Housing Supply and Location Choice Modeling Approach." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/183.
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There are extensive empirical studies on the impacts and effectiveness of Smart Growth policies; however, very few of them consider the perspective of individual decision makers and, to this author's knowledge, none have studied developers as location-aware decision-making agents. This study tries to fill this gap partially by assessing the impacts of Portland's smart growth policies on developers' location choice behavior with developer-based location choice models. The dissertation has two purposes. By assessing the impacts of Smart Growth policies on individual home developer's location choice, it provides a micro- and behavioral foundation for the understanding of Smart Growth policies. As a bi-state metropolitan area located on the border between Oregon and Washington, the Portland region provides a unique environment that allows my research to examine whether home developers react to Smart Growth policies differently in the two states with different land use policy systems. The dissertation also aims to create a developer-based land development forecast model, which can be used as a scenario analysis tool for the Portland region's long-term land use and transportation planning. Besides the developer location choice model mentioned above, the components of this comprehensive developer-based land development model also include a time series regression model that predicts annual new housing supply in the region and a model that synthesizes housing projects in a forecast year. The study shows that home developers in the Portland metropolitan area are sensitive to most Smart Growth policies that have been implemented in the region, but they react to them differently across the border between Oregon and Washington. Single-family home (SFH) and multi-family home (MFH) developers show different preferences for location attributes. The most significant predictors of where a developer will choose to locate a project are the locations of previous projects. After controlling for all of the other factors discussed above, there remains a strong preference for developing SFH units outside of the UGB in both Oregon and Washington sides of the Portland metropolitan area. Latent class models have been developed to detect taste variations among home developers in the SFH and MFH markets separately. Estimation results show clear taste variations across developers and housing projects with respect to site attributes in their location choice. With other variables in the segmentation model being the same, project size provides a better fit to the data than developer size, indicating that developers have taste variations among their different projects. Large size SFH projects developed by contractor-owners are more likely to be within the UGB and their locations tend to have higher residential density, housing diversity, transportation accessibility, road density, and land price. With most MFH projects within the UGB, estimation results show that large size MFH projects prefer the locations with higher residential density, housing diversity, mixed use, road density, land price, average household income, and proportion of young and middle age households. The three-step new housing supply and location choice forecast model seem to be able to capture the basic trend of housing market and land development in the Portland region. Three different aggregate housing supply forecast models, an conditional time series regressive model, a unconditional time series regression model, and an auto-regression integrated moving average (ARIMA) model were tested and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. Both the SFH and MFH project synthesis models can simulate housing projects well for a forecast year. Three location choice models were developed to allocate synthesized housing projects into space. The three models are characterized separately as: (1) assumed market homogeneity and atomization of development projects; (2) deterministic market segmentation and synthesis of projects by size; and (3) probabilistic market segmentation and synthesis of projects by size, using a latent class approach. Examination of forecast results shows that all three models can successfully capture the basic spatial pattern of housing development in the region; however, the spatial distribution of MFH development is lumpier and more unpredictable. While Models 2 and 3 are more sophisticated and make more sense from a theoretical perspective, they do not return better forecast results than Model 1 due to some practical issues. Models 2 and 3 would be expected to perform better when those practical issues are solved, at least partially, in future research.
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Gillen, Michael John Grierson. "The application of structure and agency to the residential development process : the interrelationship between volume housebuilding companies and the land-use planning system." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245174.
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蔡基信 and Kei-shun Vincent Choy. "Housing 30,000 people in Mai Po: an alternative for ecologically considered development." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31985130.
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Wong, So-ling Sophia, and 黃素玲. "Analysis of the relationship among speculation, shortage of land and housing supply." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31259832.
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Chan, Shu-kuen Ryan, and 陳書權. "A study on the influences of housing policy and land policy on the development of new towns in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31261024.
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McAuliffe, Janie A. "Effects of residential development and associated water pollution on fish community structure and nursery function of salt marsh tidal creeks in southeastern North Carolina." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-3/mcauliffej/janiemcauliffe.pdf.
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Bangerter, Adam Glenn. "Collaborative development: exploring residential design alternatives in Novato, California." Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17624.
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Master of Landscape ArchitectureDepartment of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Howard Hahn
In Novato, California, zoning regulations and the city’s urban growth boundary (UGB) have restricted development on open agricultural and hillside land outside the city. These restrictions have added to a shortage of affordable homes in Novato in spite of a demand for housing. Population growth estimates suggest that this demand will continue and strategic development of land outside the current city boundaries will need to occur in order over the next 15-20 years (Bay Area Census Data 2010 and Heid 2004). This report outlines a process of land development which evaluates the success of a development alternative relative to what the land owners, developers and the community want, need, and value. This process involved producing four community design alternatives of varying housing densities for an 867 acre parcel of land just beyond Novato’s UGB. The alternatives were: high density (556 homes), medium density (224 homes), low density (14 homes), and low density + land swap (72 homes). Using a systematic scoring process, each alternative was evaluated based on what the land owner, developer, and the community valued in the development and then awarded each a feasibility score. This score represents likelihood of implementation. The higher the feasibility score, the more likely the alternative could be pursued as a development option. The high density alternative (556 homes) received the lowest feasibility score. It met many of the land owner and developer values, but few of the community values. The low density + land swap alternative (58 homes) received the highest feasibility score. This alternative met nearly all of the developer and owner values as well as the community values. The land swap option of this alternative was unique and made this design more feasible. The swap identified land areas on the site property that could be traded for developable land inside the city boundary allowing Novato to maintain the rural character of the city fringe, while giving the developer land that could be used for future development. This alternative is a compromise that adequately addresses the values of all involved and is therefore recommended as the most feasible design possibility.
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Vurlumis, Caroline. "AB 32 and SB 375: Investigating Land Use and Transportation Policy on a Regional and Local Scale." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/308.
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The California Global Warming Solutions Act, also known as Assembly Bill 32 (AB 32), was passed in 2006 to reduce California emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. Senate Bill 375 (SB 375) was passed in 2008 to support AB 32's emission goals. SB 375 aims to reduce emissions from transportation and land use by assigning regional per capita emission targets for 2020 and 2035. Through a series of four case studies of San Diego, San Francisco, Fresno, and Berkeley, this thesis investigates the impacts of SB 375. Each region is required to combine housing and regional transit plans in the hopes of promoting future sustainable growth. By compacting development SB 375 hopes to reduce sprawl and per capita emissions over time by greatly decreasing vehicular miles traveled.
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Au, Si-mi Anna, and 區仕美. "A review on problems faced by land development corporation in launching urban renewal programmes." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31967991.
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Simon, Käck Käck, and Dalblad Lundin Emelie. "Boende på vatten – en utredande studie om den flytande bostadens förutsättningar i Sverige." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-36636.
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Syfte: Bostadsbristen drabbar alla, i framtiden måste vi utforma bostäder och stadsdelar som främjar social-, ekonomisk- och ekologisk hållbarhet. Flytande bostäder har dessa egenskaper men har svårt att etablera sig i Sverige. Studien syftar till att utreda möjligheter och problem som finns för flytande bostäder i Sverige. Metod: Studien har en genomgående kvalitativ karaktär. Metoderna är semistrukturerade intervjuer, observationer och dokumentanalys. Respondenter är myndigheter, fastighetsägare och entreprenörer. Resultat: De återkommande problemområden som hittades var ekonomi, juridik och teknik. Oro för tekniska lösningar nämndes enbart av respondenter som saknade erfarenhet av flytande bostäder. Det som skiljer en flytande bostad från en på mark är att dragningar för el, vatten och avlopp dras i vattnet samt att flytanordning och dess anslutning till fast mark tillkommer. Att bygga på vatten blir inte nödvändigtvis dyrare jämfört med att bygga på land. Det är osäkerhet och oerfarenhet som kan göra att färdigställandet av en flytande bostad dyr. Det område som anses vara det största hindret är juridiken. Bygglovsprocessen är längre på grund av att det finns fler regelverk och myndigheter inblandade. Rent konkret är det den svenska lagstiftningen för strandskydd, vattenverksamhet och detaljplanering försvårar processen för flytande bostäder. Konsekvenser: Genom att ge kommuner större frihet i exploatering av marken kan genombrottet för flytande bostäder i Sverige underlättas. Detaljplaneringsarbetet behöver inkludera vattenområden för att underlätta bygglovsansökan. Det behövs fler referensobjekt för att den flytande bostaden inte ska ses som främmande och för att ge en större kännedom om flytande hus. Idag förknippas flytande bostäder med lyx och inte som ett bidrag i lösningen på bostadsbristen. Begränsningar: Studien avser Sverige som geografisk region. Respondentsgrupperna som intervjuats är myndigheter, entreprenörer och fastighetsägare och därför är resultatet talande för endast dessa kategorier, likväl som ett fåtal respondenter från dessa grupper talar för dess majoritet. Ett skissförslag, kalkyl eller konkreta lagförslag ingår inte i rapporten och anses därför vara förslag på vidare forskning. Nyckelord: Alternativa boendelösningar, alternativ markanvändning, boende på vatten, bostadsbrist, flytande bostäder, strandskyddet, stadsutvecklingPurpose: The housing shortage affects everyone and in the future, we have to think about social, ecologic and economic sustainability in architecture and urban planning. Floating houses has the potential to satisfy all these requirements but in Sweden they have a hard time to settle as a concept. This study aims to investigate the possibilities and setbacks for floating homes in Sweden. Method: The methods of research in this investigation is qualitative. The collection of empirical data is done through semi-structured interviews, observation and analysis of documents. Findings: The biggest problem areas that we discovered was economy, law and technical solutions. Worry about the possible technical problems was only put forth by respondents who had little or none experience in working with floating homes. The main technical differences between a floating home and one on dry land is that the plumbing goes in the floating device instead of the ground, the connection between the house and the floating device and that a floating property doesn´t need any groundwork done. The cost of a floating house is often similar to one on dry land. The economic issues are uncertainty and inexperience, these factors can make the construction of a floating house more expensive. The area that contains the most problems for floating houses is the juridical. The process of getting a building permit is longer due to the extra number of laws and agencies involved. Implications: Municipalities needs bigger freedom in deciding land exploitation to make it easier for floating houses to be an established concept in Sweden. The detailed development plan needs to include water areas. Another thing that will help is more completed projects, more projects for reference means more knowledge about the concept, instead of it being seen as just a luxury. Limitations: The investigation refers to Sweden as the geographic region. We interviewed respondents from agencies, entrepreneurs and property owners and the answers can only be seen as representative for those groups. Sketches of a floating home, a deeper calculation of the economy and precise law changes are not included in the thesis and are therefore suggestions for further research. Keywords: Alternative housing, alternative land use, floating houses, housing shortage, living on water, shoreline protection, urban development.
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Al, Kabbani Fahad. "Consommation d'énergie dans le secteur résidentiel et la politique énergétique en Arabie saoudite : le cas de la ville de Riyad." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040057.
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Aujourd'hui, il est essentiel de tenir compte des impacts de l'environnement tant au niveau de l'utilisation de l'énergie que de la protection des populations. Il faut donc mettre en œuvre de nouvelles pratiques en faveur d'une approche durable de l'aménagement du territoire. D'autre part, ce sont des espaces propices à l'expérimentation de nouvelles formes urbaines dans les domaines de l'habitat, des transports, du foncier agricole. Sur le long terme, le développement à adopter dépend du développement actuel puisqu'il dépend de la disponibilité à long terme de sources d'énergies fiables et non polluantes. L'Arabie Saoudite doit faire face à plusieurs défis : économique, lié à l'exportation des hydrocarbures qui sont des ressources épuisables et dont les prix sont instables; énergétique, puisque l'Arabie Saoudite a besoin de diversifier son économie; secteur résidentiel, puisqu'il y a augmentation de la démographie et donc des besoins de logements, production industrielle, transport de marchandises. L’habitat, quant à lui, reflète une grande partie de la consommation totale de l’énergie du Royaume. Alors, il est évident de mettre en œuvre des nouvelles méthodes pour une meilleure gestion de consommation de l’énergie dans les bâtiments afin de minimiser la quantité d’énergie perdueNowadays, it is essential to take into account the impacts of the environment, both in terms of energy use and the protection of populations. We need to enforce new practices in favor of a sustainable approach to land-use planning. On the other hand, these are spaces conducive to the experimentation of new urban forms in the fields of housing, transport, agricultural land. On the long term, the development to be adopted depends on the current development since it depends on the long-term availability of reliable and non-polluting sources of energy. Saudi Arabia faces several challenges: economic, linked to the export of hydrocarbons which are exhaustible resources and whose prices are unstable; energy, since Saudi Arabia needs to diversify its economy; residential sector, as there is an increase in demography and hence housing needs, industrial production, and freight transport. The housing environment, as it is reflects a big part of consumption of the energy in the Kingdom. So, it is needed to operate new methods for better ways of consuming the energy in buildings to reduce the quantity of lost energy
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Fung, Augustine. "Conjunctive housing : housing in mixed-use complexes." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60470.
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This thesis examines the idea of conjunctive housing as a viable alternative for habitation within the urban context. It traces the historical origins of housing in conjunctive use with other functions. Various examples of this type of housing are cited extending from its beginnings during the classical era right up to the twentieth century.The study of the mixed land use concept in urban areas calls for a more comprehensive analysis of the validity of conjunctive housing as an alternative to the ever increasing suburbanization. This idea transcends the notion of landuse efficiency, and underscores the importance of promoting inner-city living.
Conjunctive housing represents a time-tested approach which deviates from various other conventional housing patterns. An exhibit of several types of mixed-use establishments is provided, together with a probe into its generic forms which demonstrate the numerous planning options. This thesis is an attempt to reiterate the concept of conjunctive housing, especially in response to the contemporary trend of urban living, as a viable solution for housing urbanites, a concept which may even prove to promote a socially superior mode of urban lifestyle.
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Emenhiser, Nicholas Ian. "Best Practices in Public-Private Partnership Strategies for Transit-Oriented Development." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1462966898.
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Tu, Yong. "Local housing submarket structure and regional household housing choice behaviour." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 1995. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/3603.
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As home ownership in the UK housing market has become mature, economic and econometric analyses of urban and regional owner-occupier housing markets have become a long-standing concern of housing economists. This thesis defines a nestedl ocal housing submarkets tructureT. he dynamic stock flow model with trade friction is revised and applied to analysing the local owner occupier housing submarket operational process. The short run and long run equilibrium and discquilibrium nature of a local owner occupier housing submarkct system are divulged. This model explores the submarket house price determinants and the role of housing submarket trade friction in submarket house price formation. The computer simulation reveals the relationship between the housing submarket structure and the system stability. The role of household housing choice behaviour in directing the system has been carefully demonstrated. On the premise of the utility maximisation approach, a behavioural model of regional household housing choice per housing submarket is set up. It is argued that the structure of the regional labour market determines household dwelling location choice. The influence of housing submarket marketability (defined as an inverse of the submarket trade friction) on household housing choice behaviour is considered. The family life cycle pattern of housing choice behaviour and the influence of household financial constraints on housing choice are also developed in the model. The empirical analysis is based on both Stated and Revealed preference information in order to overcome the dwelling supply constraint. The data is derived from the Lothian Region owner occupier housing market. The empirical results are compared with those of the existing housing choice models. The policy implications which follow from this thesis are then discussed in the light of the findings
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Kulatilake, Kandanamulla Kankanamge Ranjith Prasanna. "Decentralisation in Hong Kong : housing, employment and land use implications /." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25798856.
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Cooper, Justine. "Sustainable building maintenance within social housing." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2015. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/13830/.
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The social housing sector contains the largest number of professionally managed properties and as such has a significant role to play in improving the UK’s economic, environmental and social sustainability. This thesis explores the viability of integrating the sustainability agenda with social housing maintenance decision making in order that the sustainability of existing social housing stock can be improved through planned maintenance (and refurbishment). The thesis presents the argument that the current single criterion, conditioned based approach to maintenance planning does not support the continuous improvement in sustainability of social housing. Furthermore it argues that a new, multi-criteria approach to maintenance planning is needed based upon the performance of a home in-use rather than its condition. The performance based sustainable social housing maintenance model was presented and its application explored with Octavia Housing. Two aspects were further explored, firstly what criteria did landlords need to assess to ensure sustainability was systematically integrated into maintenance planning, and secondly, how could this multi-criteria be assimilated in order to prioritise maintenance actions to improve the sustainability rating of housing going forward. The questionnaire determined that traditional social housing maintenance was still the norm and whilst the sustainability agenda was considered important, it wasn’t integrated within housing management planning. The interviews determined the criteria landlords wished to use to assess the sustainability of their housing stock and prioritise maintenance need, exceeded that expressed in the Decent Homes Standard but, more importantly the specific criteria was unique to individual landlords and no definitive list of criteria required. The case study demonstrated that the proposed maintenance model could be implemented and presented a methodology by which it could be populated. An important aspect of the new maintenance model was the development of the Analytical Hierarchy Process modelling toolkit to measure the sustainability of the existing stock and prioritise maintenance work to improve this measure over time through planned maintenance. Whilst the model was based on data collected in the field, the worked example was theoretical and provides an opportunity for further work with Octavia Housing.
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Wong, Wing-yin. "Alternative development for Central reclamation /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B34737327.
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Chang, Sze-ming Lawson. "Examination of land use policies, household income and price of small residential units in Hong Kong (1985-1995)." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25803621.
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Cheung, Yuk-yi Alice. "Land supply and housing price of Hong Kong : implication for urban planning /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18565281.
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Molomo, Mpho G. "Government policy in land and housing development in Gaborone, 1966-86." Thesis, Boston University, 1988. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/38079.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityPLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
The aim of this study is to outline inequalities which exist in Botswana's urban areas by addressing Government Policy in Land and Housing Development, in Gaborone. Gaborone, the capital city of Botswana, which has experienced one of the highest rates of urbanization, was chosen to be a case for this study. Since the attainment of political independence the state of Botswana has been promoting the processes of capital accumulation and legitimation. The state has succeeded in the process of capital accumulation by forging an alliance with foreign mining capital. It has, however, been less successful in its quest for legitimacy. To placade low income classes, the state has intervened in land and housing sectors with the Self Help Housing Agency (SHHA) program. SHHA, a program which ostensibly appears to be suitable for low income people is revealed, through empirical evidence, to be inadequate. Its tenure is limited, and services it provides are lacking in many respects, and relegate the program to a mere propagation of slum conditions. The analyses and conclusions that this dissertation has reached are that, through land and housing policies the state has promoted class inequalities; in the form of tenure, and access to finance and credit facilities.
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Garba, Shaibu B. (Shaibu Bala). "Urban land policies and low income housing in metropolitan Kano, Nigeria." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61295.
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The scarcity and inaccessibility of land in urban areas has become a major obstacle in the provision of housing to low-income groups in developing countries. This thesis studies the land policies and practices in Metropolitan Kano, Nigeria, and investigates the issues and problems hindering the adequate supply of residential land to low-income groups.The thesis commences with a general study of urban land policies and low-income housing in developing countries. It examines the nature of housing problems in developing countries, the role of land in the housing problems, issues addressed by land policies, and policy measures and strategies used. The general study is followed by a specific study of the land policies and practices in the study area. The policy and institutional management frameworks are identified and examined. The roles of the major institutions are explained. The last section identifies and examines the main issues and problems with the existing policies.
The thesis concludes that actions are necessary to address the identified issues and problems with the policies in order to avoid chaos. Suggestions for policy reform are made.
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Muhktar, Bichi Ado. "Land accessibility and implications for housing development in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14550/.
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The thesis explores access to land with particular reference to implications for housing development in Kano metropolitan area, Nigeria. It specifically addresses access for the urban low-income groups who are more likely to experience housing difficulties because of their socioeconomic disadvantages. The thesis provides an in-depth empirical and theoretical analysis of policy formulation and implementation with respect to land and housing in Nigeria. Two research methods are utilised to generate the required data for the study; a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews. The thesis is divided into two parts; the first part addresses the philosophical and methodological issues employed in the research and introduces the contextual background of the study. The second part presents the major empirical findings of the study. Chapter Five discusses past and present access to land in Kano metropolis. It explores how policies relate to the operation of an illegal land market and explains the implications of this for the proliferation of informal settlements. Analysis has shown that state policies have benefited most members of the Kano community. Chapter Six discusses the policy process concerning land and housing in Kano and considers the interface between policy guidelines, policy implementation and the success of the state housing programmes especially in the metropolitan area. The chapter shows that there is a wide gap between policy formulation and policy implementation, a reason that has affected the success of government land housing policies in Kano. Lapses in policy formulation, unnecessary bureaucracy, government officials playing the role of 'gatekeepers', corruption and shortages of basic working equipment were identified as major obstacles to achieving effective and efficient land allocation and housing development in Kano. Chapter Seven unravels the housing experiences of Kano residents concerning how they acquired or built their residences, the type of moral or financial assistance they utilised and their satisfaction with facilities in their respective residences. It shows how residential and neighbourhood satisfaction varies among different socio-economic groups and among households residing in different neighbourhoods. The study notes a general dissatisfaction with the government's provision of services and infrastructure in the entire metropolis.
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Tse, Yin-ching Raymond. "Theory and policy of the housing market : with special reference to Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19669082.
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Algrnas, Mohammad. "Stakeholder model representing consumer preferences for housing in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2016. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4479/.
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Adequate housing is an important issue for any society; no one can ignore the importance of providing adequate housing for citizens in any country. Purchasing a home is a major investment; it takes a huge part of people’s income. Therefore, it is important to know what in the market is suitable for consumers, to categorise and analyse consumer preferences, and understand their changes in behaviour, looking at the differences in the demographics and the population segment in order to create a better home environment. However, solutions that are not consistent with consumer ambitions and self-concepts will not help to resolve the housing problem or provide satisfaction for consumers. Thus, it is important for policymakers to identify and understand both the consumers’ preferences and the housing problem in order to devise effective spatial policies to manage housing demand. Housing in Saudi is an interesting and strategically important issue, because of the low level of home ownership, and the fact that the available homes do not match consumer demand. It would be interesting to understand consumer preferences and be able to provide a model clarifying the important home variables, and also to identify the cultural, economic and demographic influences on home buying. This could help stakeholders such as the government, developers and consumers themselves plan suitable homes. This study combines inductive and deductive approaches to investigate the housing problem in Saudi and to identify a suitable model of consumer preferences. Firstly, literature reviews were used to identify theories and put forward the relevant home variables. Secondly, mixed methods were used in the study for data gathering sequentially, by doing quantitative questionnaires in Saudi Arabia (with 752 respondents in the consumer survey and 102 in the professional survey), and qualitative interviews. Moreover, the inferential analysis of the questionnaires clarifies the differences in the answers between the genders, the regions where respondents live, and their occupations, and shows significant difference in some variables. The final home preferences model has been designed by using inductive factor analysis. Furthermore, the result shows differences between the consumers and professionals’ views. As a final phase, the model was validated by conducting a focus group, from which some variables were added to the model.
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Cruz, Rex Victor O., and Peter F. Ffolliott. "A Geographically-Based Land Use Suitability Assessment and Land Capability Classification." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296434.
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From the Proceedings of the 1990 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 21, 1990, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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Caesar, Carl. "Municipal Landownership and Housing in Sweden : Exploring links, supply and possibilities." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fastighetsvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-195171.
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This thesis comprises a number of studies, all directed at different linkages between municipal landownership and housing in Sweden. In all, the thesis consists of four papers. Of these, initial Paper I targets the emergence of the municipal landownership that still today are of crucial importance for the Swedish housing market. The main functions of the municipal landownership from the beginning of the 20th century and up until present time are retrospectively investigated and its role within Swedish housing during different times is elaborated upon. Paper II thereafter redirects focus to present time solely, and studies the management of the municipal land from particularly a housing perspective. More concretely, the disposal procedure – or land allocation practice – of the municipal land aimed for housing is investigated empirically, based on current practice in more than 25 municipalities. Paper III builds on preceding Paper II, but with a narrowed focus to a fundamental sequence of the disposal procedure – namely the developer selection. Accordingly, four different assigning methods, all derived from municipal practice, are discerned and their individual strengths and weaknesses are systematically discussed. Lastly, Paper IV attempts to illuminate an often overlooked dimension of the municipal landownership – as a potential and powerful instrument to counter polarizations between different social-groups, within the built environment. Necessary prerequisites in order to enable this are presented and an empirical study investigates whether this, somewhat concealed, potential in the municipal landownership seems to be utilized in practice.QC 20161103
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Zheng, Qiongqiong, and 郑琼琼. "Land supply and housing prices : empirical studies of Hong Kong and Guangzhou." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193474.
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It is widely accepted that land supply plays an important role in restricting housing supply and adjusting housing price level. This study aims to explore the dynamic relationship and causality between land supply and housing price with the cases of Hong Kong and Guangzhou, which are two close relative Chinese cities under the framework of ‘One country, two systems’. This study employs the vector auto-regression (VAR), Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Granger Causality test to disentangle the complicated relationship, long-run and short-run, between land supply and housing price. Besides, the dynamic analysis of VAR and VECM are conducted using innovation accounting methods such as impulse response function (IRF) and variance decomposition (VDC).
The empirical results show that the land supply and housing price are co-integrated in Hong Kong during the sample period between 2001 and 2011, and a long-run unilateral causality is confirmed from housing price to land supply for Hong Kong. Regarding Guangzhou, although there is no co-integration between land supply and housing price during 2001 and 2011, Granger causality from land supply to housing price shows a time lag of 10 quarters. These findings imply the relative efficient market economy in the Hong Kong housing market compared to Guangzhou, which is also consistent with the differences in land leasing systems and housing markets in Hong Kong and Guangzhou.
This study not only sheds light on the discrepancies of land leasing systems and housing market mechanism between capitalism and socialism, but also provides implications for policy makers in formulating strategy to improve housing affordability.published_or_final_version
Real Estate and Construction
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Smith, Cory B. "Land use and development over the long run." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127038.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, May, 2020Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 203-215).
This thesis comprises three essays on the role of land use in economic development over the long run. As is natural for many theses, "development" here is defined in a range of ways. The first essay considers the long-run effects of historical land concentration on agricultural investment and productivity in the frontier United States. The second essay considers how disruptions to agriculture in the US South, in the form of the boll weevil pest, changed the political economy of the Jim Crow South. The final essay considers the long run in the future, using agronomic microdata to assess the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity. The first chapter provides new evidence on the old question of how concentrating land into the hands of large landlords affects economic development. Despite their popularization as bastions of pioneer equality, America's frontier regions often exhibited highly concentrated patterns of land ownership.
A patchwork of policies opened some areas to large-scale farming by absentee landlords but reserved others for settlement by small farmers. This paper studies the impacts of land concentration on the long-run development of the frontier United States using quasi-random variation in these allocation procedures. I collect a large database of modern property tax valuations and show that historical land concentration had persistent effects over a span of 150 years: lowering investment by 23%, overall property value by 4.4%, and population by 8%. I argue that landlords' use of sharecropping raised the costs of investment, a static inefficiency that persisted due to land market frictions. I find little evidence for other explanations, including elite capture of political systems.
I use my empirical estimates to evaluate counterfactual policies, applying recent advances in combinatorial optimization to show that an optimal property rights allocation would have increased my sample's agricultural land values by $28 billion (4.8%) in 2017. The second chapter, joint with James Feigenbaum and Soumyajit Mazumder, studies the role of Hirschman's threat of "exit" in the Great Migration in the Jim Crow South. How do coercive societies respond to negative economic shocks? Since before the nation's founding, cotton cultivation formed the politics and institutions in the South, including the development of slavery, the lack of democratic institutions, and intergroup relations between whites and blacks. We leverage the natural experiment generated by the boll weevil infestation from 1892-1922, which disrupted cotton production in the region.
Panel difference-in-differences results provide evidence that Southern society became less violent and repressive in response to this shock with fewer lynchings and less Confederate monument construction. Cross-sectional results leveraging spatial variation in the infestation and historical cotton specialization show that affected counties had less KKK activity, higher non-white voter registration, and were less likely to experience contentious politics in the form of protests during the 1960s. To assess mechanisms, we show that the reductions in coercion were responses to African American out-migration. Even in a context of antidemocratic institutions, ordinary people can retain political power through the ability to "vote with their feet." The third chapter, joint with Arnaud Costinot and Dave Donaldson, looks at the long run effects of climate change on agricultural productivity and land use.
A large agronomic literature models the implications of climate change for a variety of crops and locations around the world. The goal of the present paper is to quantify the macro-level consequences of these micro-level shocks. Using an extremely rich micro-level dataset that contains information about the productivity--both before and after climate change--of each of 10 crops for each of 1.7 million fields covering the surface of the Earth, we find that the impact of climate change on these agricultural markets would amount to a 0.26% reduction in global GDP when trade and production patterns are allowed to adjust.
by Cory Smith.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics
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Kasparova, Diana. "Economic and monetary union and its housing consequences." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3899/.
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This research aims to investigate possible consequences of the adoption of a single monetary policy for five European housing markets. It brings together comparative housing research and research on optimum currency areas. The research addresses two issues. First, it assesses whether real house price cycles will become synchronised following the convergence in nominal interest rates. Secondly, it explores the implications of stability in nominal interest rates and low inflation in the Euro-zone for the stability of real house prices in the member-countries. The existing members of the European Union are grouped according to characteristics of the transmission mechanism by which changes in interest rates translate into changes in house prices. These elements comprise monetary policy developments (i.e. the level and volatility of interest rates), type (i.e. fixed or variable) of mortgage rates, house price movements (i.e. volatility of house price cycles) and the degree of countries’ involvement in such exchange rate arrangements as the “snake in the tunnel” and ERM. One the basis of these criteria, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, the UK and Spain are selected as case studies and time period covers 1972 (when the “snake” was established) up to and including 1999 (the year in which EMU was launched). The approach adopted in the research allows for consideration of the transmission mechanism in the context of structural changes in systems and policies that determine housing demand and supply. Therefore, the thesis investigates macro-level trends drawing on secondary sources, statistics as well as interviews with informed commentators and key actors. The analysis is conducted in the following order: first, for each case study country, the importance of monetary policy for house price changes is examined, and secondly, the possible impact of a single monetary policy on economic convergence and synchronisation of house price cycles across the countries is investigated. The research suggests that the adoption of the single monetary policy per se is unlikely to lead to significant synchronisation of real house price cycles because the relationship between changes in interest rates and changes in real house prices is likely to continue to differ across the countries. The pursuit of a single monetary policy might not ensure economic convergence between the countries either, and in this case differnces in GDP fluctuations would lead to the divergence of real house price cycles. The study also demonstrates that recent developments in the systems and policies that determine housing demand and supply might lead to an increase in house price volatility in all countries bar Germany. It concludes that countries need to manage their housing markets using non-monetary instruments regardless of whether or not they are within EMU. These measures might help reduce the likelihood of asymmetry in economic developments in EMU arising from the importance of changes in the housing markets to economic developments.
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Liu, Kun. "Procédures et acteurs de l'utilisation du foncier chinois dans un contexte de mutations socio-économiques : le cas de Beijing, Shangai et Xi'an." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00557956.
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En Chine, l'Etat reste le seul propriétaire de tous les terrains et par délégation, les collectivités territoriales gèrent elles aussi l'utilisation du foncier. Avant 1987, l'Allocation administrative (Allocation), souvent à titre gratuit, avait été la seule modalité d'offre foncière qui répondait aux demandes des utilisateurs publics. Dès que le droit d'utilisation du sol a pu être transféré légalement à partir de 1987, des réformes successives ont conduit au développement d'un "marché foncier". Le système d'offre foncière se décompose alors en deux modes principaux : le mode d'Allocation et le mode de cession. Les procédures, les acteurs et les utilisateurs agissant sur la dynamique foncière se sont de plus en plus complexifiés. Mais, le manque ou l'inefficacité des outils juridiques et des moyens pour assurer la gestion de la ressource foncière et sécuriser les transactions génèrent beaucoup de désordres et de dysfonctionnements dans le mouvement d'urbanisation accélérée en Chine. L'enjeu de ce travail est d'étudier l'articulation entre d'une part, l'offre foncière et d'autre part, la consommation excessive de terres agricoles, la rénovation totale des quartiers anciens de qualité patrimoniale, la rétention foncière et l'incohérence entre le marché du logement et les besoins fondamentaux résidentiels. Notre méthodologie a consisté en un large inventaire bibliographique pour assimiler les contextes fonciers chinois. Elle s'est aussi appuyée sur des entretiens avec différents acteurs intervenant dans l'urbanisme ainsi que sur des visites de terrains de trois études de cas : Beijing, Shanghai et Xi'an. L'objet de cette thèse est de tenter de comprendre, d'analyser, d'approfondir les fondements des régimes fonciers, et de saisir toute la diversité des situations réelles dans le but de favoriser l'urbanisation et le renouvellement urbain, en Chine, pour le futur. Au cours de cette réflexion, théorique et pratique, et en continuité avec le sujet de notre DEA, nous nous sommes demandé dans quelle mesure la pratique de l'urbanisme en France pouvait faire l'objet de transferts dans les villes chinoises.
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Mallchok, Parker. "Should I Stay or Should I Go? How Land Use Regulation Impacts Housing Choice." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1474.
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Ideally, land use policies correct for negative externalities. However, the barriers they impose on individuals and communities have serious implications. Existing studies on this topic focus on singular, specific areas because land regulation is determined at the local level and varies extensively across the nation. Furthermore, current housing literature focuses on the “norm” of single family housing. This ignores the changing attitudes toward different types of dwellings. My study examines local regulatory environments across the nation by using Gyourko et al. 2008’s Wharton Residential Land Use Regulation Index, which develops a comparative scale for the otherwise impossibly varied regulatory environments. I also use micro data from the American Community Survey to see individual housing choices. Then, with a custom-made dataset from these two sources, I use empirical regression analysis to study the effects of land use regulation on people’s housing decisions, specifically the choice between a single-family house and a multi-family apartment complex. My results show that more restrictive regulation makes a person more likely to rent their home as well as occupy a multi-family apartment complex as opposed to a single-family home.
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Li, Jinke. "Essays in business cycles : housing market, adaptive learning, and credit market imperfections." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/29396/.
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In this thesis, we focus on the housing sector, which is important to the economy but is under-researched in business cycles analysis. We discuss several housing sector related issues in dynamics stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models. To begin with, we conduct a sensitivity analysis using a simple DSGE model with the feature of sticky prices and a fixed housing supply, which is similar with the basic model in Iacoviello (2005) but with representative agents. Then we introduce credit market imperfections in two different ways. The first case is referred to as 'borrowing to invest', in which entrepreneurs take loans and accumulate production housing, which is a factor of production. We observe the financial accelerator (or decelerator) effect since their borrowing is related to output directly. The second case is referred to as 'borrowing to live', in which impatient households take loans to buy housing and gain utility from it. In contrast with the first case, we do not find the financial accelerator (or decelerator) effect, since the borrowing is not directly related to output anymore. First, we add a variable housing supply, thus we can discuss the supply side effect in the housing market, including both the direct effect and the feedback effect. The direct effect is the impact of a housing technology shock, and the feedback effect is the impact of a change in new housing production, which is caused by other shocks. We find, however, that the magnitudes of these two effects are negligible under the standard setting of the housing market that is commonly used in the literature of DSGE model with housing, such as Davis and Heathcote (2005), Iacoviello and Neri (2010). The key assumption in the standard setting is that every household trades housing in a given period. An empirical examination of the U.S. housing sector suggests us to (i) re-construct the housing market and (ii) introduce the feature of time to build to new housing production. After constructing the new setting for the housing market by introducing the probability of trading housing, we find that (i) the steady state ratios from the model are consistent with their empirical targets and (ii) the magnitudes of both the direct effect and the feedback effect are 60 times larger. Furthermore, the feature of time to build, together with the new setting of the housing market, allows us to observe overshooting behaviour on the real house price. Second, we discuss the impact of the assumption of adaptive learning, as we are convinced that the house price bubble is partially contributed by this alternative way of forming expectations. After writing the Nottingham Learning Toolbox1, we find that, given the AR(l) learning model, in which variable is forecasted using its own lagged terms, the adaptive learning mechanism largely amplifies and propagates the effects of a goods sector technology shocks to the economy, and also, enlarges the impact of the time to build feature on the real house price. Furthermore, our sensitivity analysis shows that the values of initial beliefs are important to the mechanism but forecasting errors are not if the constant gain coefficient is small. Then we consider the assumption of heterogeneous expectations. From the impulse response analysis, we find that (i) the adaptive learning mechanism also has amplification and propagation effects to the economy when only a fraction of the population are learning agents; (ii) when two types of agents have equal weights, the impulse responses from heterogeneous expectations are much closer to those from rational expectations than those from adaptive learning; (iii) when rational agents are fully rational, the adaptive learning mechanism has larger amplification and propagation effects on the economy than when rational agents are partially rational. From the sensitivity analysis, We find that fully rational agents always have larger impacts on model variables than partially rational agents. Finally, we introduce credit market imperfections to the housing market, thus the mortgage market subjects to a costly verification problem. Our empirical analysis suggests that, while the default rate is countercyclical, the loan to value ratio is procyclical. Our impulse response analysis shows that, given a positive goods sector technology shock, the default rate is counter cyclical, but the loan to value ratio is also countercyclical. The reason we suppose is that, in our model, credit constrained households have less housing in an economic upturn, thus the volume of loans they receive also decreases, leading to a fall in the loan to value ratio. Moreover, we illustrate that, when the mean of the idiosyncratic shock is time-invariant, we always have a positive relation between the default rate and the loan to value ratio. In order to overcome this co-movement, we show that a time-varying mean is necessary. 1 The Nottingham Learning Toolbox is a series of Matlab files that can solve a general form of DSGE models under adaptive learning and heterogeneous expectations. The toolbox solves the model using the Klein's QZ decomposition method, and facilitates the impulse response analysis. The Cambridge Learning Toolbox provides helpful reference for this toolbox at the initial stage.