Journal articles: 'How can i stop smoking'

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Percival, Jennifer. "How nurses can help patients with heart conditions to stop smoking." Nurse Prescribing 11, no. 9 (September 2013): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/npre.2013.11.9.442.

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West, Oliver, Hayden McRobbie, and Peter Hajek. "How Addictive Can Cigarettes Be? Two Case Reports." Journal of Smoking Cessation 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jsc.5.1.102.

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AbstractThe addiction literature contains numerous case reports of individuals dependent on a range of chemical substances, but strong dependence on cigarettes has not been similarly documented. This report attempts to fill this gap by describing two exceptionally dependent smokers. Both suffer with a smoking-related disease and have a very strong motivation to quit. Despite receiving intensive behavioural and pharmacological treatments to help them stop smoking, they have been unable to maintain even a short period of abstinence. The two cases provide reference examples for the assertion that while not all smokers are hopelessly hooked, some are. Such illustrative cases may stimulate research into the area of individual differences in cigarette dependence.

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Harris, H. "SP0008 How can we Persuade Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis to Stop Smoking?" Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 72, Suppl 3 (June 2013): A3.2—A3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-eular.8.

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Berman, Barbara A., Loretta Jones, Felica Jones, Andrea Jones, Blanca Azucena Pacheco, and William J. McCarthy. "How can we help African American substance users stop smoking? client and agency perspectives." Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 18, no. 3 (December 19, 2017): 428–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2017.1404955.

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Vogt, Florian, Andy McEwen, and Susan Michie. "What General Practitioners Can Do to Deliver More Brief Stop-Smoking Interventions: An Exploratory Study." Journal of Smoking Cessation 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jsc.3.2.110.

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AbstractGuidelines recommend that general practitioners (GPs) should advise all smoking patients to quit and provide additional stop-smoking interventions as appropriate. This study aimed to improve our understanding of how this recommendation can be achieved. General practitioners (N = 26) from London completed a questionnaire about their stop-smoking interventions and psychological factors that might affect these. Thirty-one per cent of the patients recognised as smokers by GPs did not receive an intervention and two-thirds of these were judged to be inappropriate for receipt of an intervention. Psychological factors that predicted behaviour were perceptions that doing this was ‘normative’, making an effort to make it happen, and feeling that the behaviour was easy to enact. Strategies to improve guideline implementation may be more effective if they addressed the above psychological factors.

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Sumodhee, Dayyanah, Rachel Povey, and Nikolas Pontikos. "‘It's a bit of a grey area’: challenges faced by stop smoking practitioners when advising on e-cigarettes." Journal of Smoking Cessation 15, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2019.25.

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AbstractIntroductionAccording to UK guidelines, stop smoking practitioners are expected to be open and supportive towards e-cigarette users. As adequate support from practitioners can be instrumental for smokers to successfully quit smoking, it is crucial to explore the challenges that stop smoking practitioners face when advising on e-cigarette use.AimThis qualitative study explores the challenges that stop smoking practitioners face when advising patients on e-cigarettes.MethodsA qualitative study was conducted with semi-structured interviews with 10 stop smoking practitioners from four stop smoking services in London. Face to face interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Inductive thematic analysis was conducted to explore practitioners' experiences when advising on e-cigarettes.FindingsTwo themes were noted: practitioners' concerns and practitioner–patient interactions. Practitioners were particularly concerned regarding the lack of information, safety issues and the maintenance of addiction linked with e-cigarettes. They emphasised the difficulty of advising on a product that they cannot prescribe. Overall, practitioners expressed the lack of confidence when advising on e-cigarettes since they were often unprepared and not able to answer patients' questions on e-cigarettes.ConclusionsStop smoking practitioners' lack of confidence and limited knowledge regarding e-cigarettes emphasises the necessity for training and guidance on e-cigarettes to improve their interactions with patients on this subject. In particular, practitioners need to be provided with clear guidance on how to counsel patients about how and where to buy e-cigarettes.

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Glover, Marewa, and Anette Kira. "Pregnant Māori Smokers’ Perception of Cessation Support and How It Can Be More Helpful." Journal of Smoking Cessation 7, no. 2 (October 12, 2012): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2012.13.

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This study aimed to investigate the perception of smoking cessation services and products by pregnant Māori (New Zealand's Indigenous people) smokers and identify how these can be improved. Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted with 60 pregnant Māori smokers. Most of the women (82%) had been advised to stop smoking, but few (21%) felt influenced by the advice. In addition, the women in this study felt that health provider support needed to be more encouraging, understanding and more readily available. Many (78%) had come across smokefree pamphlets, but few had read them. Only four women had been given a booklet specifically aimed at pregnant Māori women. Several women thought that the promotion of smokefree pregnancies needed to be aimed at the whole whānau (extended family). The main conclusions were that motivation to quit could be enhanced by delivery of a clear, consistent and repeated message from multiple sources, backed up with effective, supportive and encouraging services and education resources about risks and smoking cessation options. Primary health care interventions delivering a range of services need to be flexible – for example, by visiting pregnant women in their home – and need to target the whole expectant whānau, instead of focusing on pregnant women in isolation.

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Tamimi, Nancy. "Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs towards e-cigarettes among e-cigarette users and stop smoking advisors in South East England: a qualitative study." Primary Health Care Research & Development 19, no. 02 (August 4, 2017): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463423617000445.

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Aim To explore how e-cigarettes are perceived by a group of e-cigarette users and a group of Stop Smoking Advisors (SSAs), what are the risks and benefits they associate with e-cigarettes and how do these understandings shape participants’ attitude towards e-cigarettes? Method Face-to-face and phone interviews were conducted with 15 e-cigarette users and 13 SSAs in South East England between 2014 and 2015. Transcribed data were analysed inductively through thematic analysis. Findings E-cigarettes were used as a therapeutic aid to stop or cut down smoking and as a smoking substitute. A prominent theme is the uncertainty e-cigarettes have generated. This included ambiguity of e-cigarettes’ status and efficacy, and ambiguity of e-cigarettes’ physical and social risks. Different attitudes towards e-cigarettes were identified. Conclusion E-cigarettes’ benefits and risks should be continuously evaluated, put into perspective and circulated to avoid ambiguity. Stop smoking services need to recognise the benefits that can be gained by using e-cigarettes as a harm reduction tool.

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Croghan, Emma. "Smoking prevention and cessation in young people." British Journal of Child Health 2, no. 2 (April 2, 2021): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/chhe.2021.2.2.74.

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Smoking is started primarily in adolescence and is responsible for nearly 80 000 preventable deaths in England per year. Children and young people are reported to become addicted to tobacco and smoking within 4 weeks of starting the habit, In this article, Emma Croghan considers how school nurses can aid in preventing children and young people from taking up smoking, focusing on effective interventions such as mass media campaigns and school or peer-based programmes. How to help young people stop once they have developed a smoking habit is also discussed, based on the Ask, Advise, Act steps for advice sessions with young people who smoke.

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Gigliotti, Analice, and Ronaldo Laranjeira. "Habits, attitudes and beliefs of smokers in four Brazilian capitals." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 27, no. 1 (March 2005): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462005000100010.

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Tobacco consumption is a major cause of death and disease, and quitting smoking is the most important thing smokers can do to benefit their health. As of the last census, 32.5% of the Brazilian population smoked, but little is known about how many wish to quit and which factors can influence them to make such a decision. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the habits, attitudes and believes of smokers in four major Brazilian cities and compare the results with data from 17 European countries. METHODS: A total of 800 smokers were interviewed. The interviews were conducted in person and individually, using a semi-structured questionnaire. Smokers were defined as individuals who smoke at least one cigarette per week. They were recruited by intentional sampling (confronted on the street and invited to answer the questionnaire) according to pre-established quotas based on social class, gender, occupation and age. Therefore, the number of interviews in a certain population stratum within the sample was determined according to the proportion of smokers generally represented by that stratum. RESULTS: The majority of smokers interviewed presented a low to moderate degree of dependence and wanted to stop smoking. The greater was the motivation to quit, the higher was the number of quitting attempts, as well as the probability of having received medical advice. Only 21% of the smokers had been advised to stop smoking by their doctors. The factor cited by smokers as the one that would most influence their future efforts to stop was "concern about exposing children, relatives and friends to tobacco smoke". The population of Brazil, in contrast to those of European countries, seems to have a high degree of consciousness regarding the fight against tobacco.

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Shaw, R., and N. Beasley. "Aetiology and risk factors for head and neck cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 130, S2 (May 2016): S9—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215116000360.

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AbstractThis is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. It discusses the aetiology and risk factors for head and neck cancer and the recommended interventions appropriate for each risk factor.Recommendations•Recent evidence synthesis from National Institute for Health and Care Excellence suggests that the following brief interventions for smoking cessation work should be used: ○Ask smokers how interested they are in quitting (R)○If they want to stop, refer them to an intensive support service such as National Health Service Stop Smoking Services (R)○If they are unwilling or unable to accept a referral, offer a stop smoking aid, e.g. pharmacotherapy. (R)•Brief interventions are effective for hazardous and harmful drinking. (R)•Specialist interventions are effective in people with alcohol dependence. (R)•Most people with alcohol dependence can undergo medically assisted withdrawal safely at home, after risk assessment. (R)•Management of leukoplakia is not informed by high-level evidence but consensus supports targeted use of biopsy and histopathological assessment. (R)•The management of biopsy proven dysplastic lesions favours: ○advice to reduce known environmental carcinogens such as tobacco and alcohol (R)○surgical excision when the size of the lesions and the patient's function allows (R)○long-term surveillance. (R)•Fanconi anaemia patients should: ○be followed up in a multidisciplinary specialist Fanconi anaemia clinic (G)○have quarterly screening for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and an aggressive biopsy policy (G)○receive prophylactic vaccination against high risk human papilloma virus (G)○receive treatment for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with surgery alone where possible. (G)

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Aveyard, Paul, Nicola Lindson, Sarah Tearne, Rachel Adams, Khaled Ahmed, Rhona Alekna, Miriam Banting, et al. "Nicotine preloading for smoking cessation: the Preloading RCT." Health Technology Assessment 22, no. 41 (August 2018): 1–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta22410.

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BackgroundNicotine preloading means using nicotine replacement therapy prior to a quit date while smoking normally. The aim is to reduce the drive to smoke, thereby reducing cravings for smoking after quit day, which are the main cause of early relapse. A prior systematic review showed inconclusive and heterogeneous evidence that preloading was effective and little evidence of the mechanism of action, with no cost-effectiveness data.ObjectivesTo assess (1) the effectiveness, safety and tolerability of nicotine preloading in a routine NHS setting relative to usual care, (2) the mechanisms of the action of preloading and (3) the cost-effectiveness of preloading.DesignOpen-label randomised controlled trial with examination of mediation and a cost-effectiveness analysis.SettingNHS smoking cessation clinics.ParticipantsPeople seeking help to stop smoking.InterventionsNicotine preloading comprised wearing a 21 mg/24 hour nicotine patch for 4 weeks prior to quit date. In addition, minimal behavioural support was provided to explain the intervention rationale and to support adherence. In the comparator group, participants received equivalent behavioural support. Randomisation was stratified by centre and concealed from investigators.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was 6-month prolonged abstinence assessed using the Russell Standard. The secondary outcomes were 4-week and 12-month abstinence. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed from baseline to 1 week after quit day. In a planned analysis, we adjusted for the use of varenicline (Champix®; Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA) as post-cessation medication. Cost-effectiveness analysis took a health-service perspective. The within-trial analysis assessed health-service costs during the 13 months of trial enrolment relative to the previous 6 months comparing trial arms. The base case was based on multiple imputation for missing cost data. We modelled long-term health outcomes of smoking-related diseases using the European-study on Quantifying Utility of Investment in Protection from Tobacco (EQUIPT) model.ResultsIn total, 1792 people were eligible and were enrolled in the study, with 893 randomised to the control group and 899 randomised to the intervention group. In the intervention group, 49 (5.5%) people discontinued preloading prematurely and most others used it daily. The primary outcome, biochemically validated 6-month abstinence, was achieved by 157 (17.5%) people in the intervention group and 129 (14.4%) people in the control group, a difference of 3.02 percentage points [95% confidence interval (CI) –0.37 to 6.41 percentage points; odds ratio (OR) 1.25, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.62;p = 0.081]. Adjusted for use of post-quit day varenicline, the OR was 1.34 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.73;p = 0.028). Secondary abstinence outcomes were similar. The OR for the occurrence of serious AEs was 1.12 (95% CI 0.42 to 3.03). Moderate-severity nausea occurred in an additional 4% of the preloading group compared with the control group. There was evidence that reduced urges to smoke and reduced smoke inhalation mediated the effect of preloading on abstinence. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio at the 6-month follow-up for preloading relative to control was £710 (95% CI –£13,674 to £23,205), but preloading was dominant at 12 months and in the long term, with an 80% probability that it is cost saving.LimitationsThe open-label design could partially account for the mediation results. Outcome assessment could not be blinded but was biochemically verified.ConclusionsUse of nicotine-patch preloading for 4 weeks prior to attempting to stop smoking can increase the proportion of people who stop successfully, but its benefit is undermined because it reduces the use of varenicline after preloading. If this latter effect could be overcome, then nicotine preloading appears to improve health and reduce health-service costs in the long term. Future work should determine how to ensure that people using nicotine preloading opt to use varenicline as cessation medication.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN33031001.FundingThis project was funded by the NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full inHealth Technology Assessment; Vol. 22, No. 41. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

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Kleinow, Torsten, and Andrew J. G. Cairns. "Mortality and smoking prevalence: An empirical investigation in ten developed countries." British Actuarial Journal 18, no. 2 (May 17, 2013): 452–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321713000238.

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AbstractWe investigate the link between death rates and smoking prevalence in ten developed countries with the aim of using smoking prevalence data to explain differences in country-specific death rates. A particular problem in building a stochastic mortality model based on smoking prevalence is that there are in general no separate mortality data for smokers and non-smokers available. We show how we can estimate mortality rates for smokers and non-smokers using information about the smoking prevalence in a number of developed countries, and making an additional assumption about the death rates of smokers. We consider this empirical investigation to be the first step towards a consistent mortality model for multiple populations, which will require modelling of country specific differences in mortality, as well as non-smokers’ and smokers’ mortality rates.

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Valencia, Stephanie, Laura Callinan, Frederick Shic, and Megan Smith. "Evaluation of the MoMba Live Long Remote Smoking Detection System During and After Pregnancy: Development and Usability Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 11 (November 24, 2020): e18809. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18809.

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Background The smoking relapse rate during the first 12 months after pregnancy is around 80% in the United States. Delivering remote smoking cessation interventions to women in the postpartum period can reduce the burden associated with frequent office visits and can enable remote communication and support. Developing reliable, remote, smoking measuring instruments is a crucial step in achieving this vision. Objective The study presents the evaluation of the MoMba Live Long system, a smartphone-based breath carbon monoxide (CO) meter and a custom iOS smartphone app. We report on how our smoking detection system worked in a controlled office environment and in an out-of-office environment to examine its potential to deliver a remote contingency management intervention. Methods In-office breath tests were completed using both the MoMba Live Long system and a commercial monitor, the piCO+ Smokerlyzer. In addition, each participant provided a urine test for smoking status validation through cotinine. We used in-office test data to verify the validity of the MoMba Live Long smoking detection system. We also collected out-of-office tests to assess how the system worked remotely and enabled user verification. Pregnant adult women in their second or third trimester participated in the study for a period of 12 weeks. This study was carried out in the United States. Results Analyses of in-office tests included 143 breath tests contributed from 10 participants. CO readings between the MoMba Live Long system and the piCO+ were highly correlated (r=.94). In addition, the MoMba Live Long system accurately distinguished smokers from nonsmokers with a sensitivity of 0.91 and a specificity of 0.94 when the piCO+ was used as a gold standard, and a sensitivity of 0.81 and specificity of 1.0 when cotinine in urine was used to confirm smoking status. All participants indicated that the system was easy to use. Conclusions Relatively inexpensive portable and internet-connected CO monitors can enable remote smoking status detection in a wide variety of nonclinical settings with reliable and valid measures comparable to a commercially available CO monitor. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02237898; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02237898

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Srkalović, Gordan. "Lung Cancer: Preventable Disease." Acta Medica Academica 47, no. 1 (June 25, 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/ama2006-124.213.

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Objective of the paper is to present lung cancer as preventable disease based on epidemiological, molecular and genomic data. Lung cancer is the most deadly malignancy around the world, both in male and female population. Vast majority of lung cancers (close to 90%) are directly caused by cigarette smoking, and thus present one of the most preventable deadly disease in humanity. Analysis of history of cigarette consumption and rise of lung cancer as world epidemics. Review of efforts to fight tobacco epidemics and how it influences incidence and prevalence of the lung cancer. Investigation of the effects of cigarette smoking on health and economic status of Bosnia and Hercegovina. Tobacco epidemics and lung cancer can be prevented. Goal is to exterminate cigarette smoking. That can be achieved only concerted effort by members of family, patients themselves, physicians, researchers, non-governmental organizations, political figures and society as a whole.Conclusion. In country like Bosnia and Herzegovina first step is to inform society about devastating effects of cigarette smoking. Best practices already exist and initial goal should be to start using them.

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Edwards, Sonja, and Ian A. Campbell. "How to stop smoking." Medicine 31, no. 11 (November 2003): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.31.11.38.27182.

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Källberg, H., S. Jacobsen, C. Bengtsson, M. Pedersen, L. Padyukov, P. Garred, M. Frisch, E. W. Karlson, L. Klareskog, and L. Alfredsson. "Alcohol consumption is associated with decreased risk of rheumatoid arthritis: results from two Scandinavian case–control studies." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 68, no. 2 (June 5, 2008): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2007.086314.

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Objectives:To determine the association between risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and alcohol consumption in combination with smoking and HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE).Methods:Data from two independent case–control studies of RA, the Swedish EIRA (1204 cases and 871 controls) and the Danish CACORA (444 cases and 533 controls), were used to estimate ORs of developing RA for different amounts of alcohol consumed.Results:Alcohol consumption was significantly more common in controls (p<0.05) and dose-dependently associated with reduced risk of RA (p for trend <0.001) in both studies. Among alcohol consumers, the quarter with the highest consumption had a decreased risk of RA of the order of 40–50% compared with the half with the lowest consumption (EIRA, OR = 0.5 (95% CI 0.4 to 0.6); CACORA, OR = 0.6 (95% CI 0.4 to 0.9)). For the subset of RA that is seropositive for antibodies to citrullinated peptide antigens, alcohol consumption reduced the risk most in smokers carrying HLA-DRB1 SE alleles.Conclusions:The observed inverse association between alcohol intake and risk of RA and the recent demonstration of a preventive effect of alcohol in experimental arthritis indicate that alcohol may protect against RA. This highlights the potential role of lifestyle in determining the risk of developing RA, and emphasises the advice to stop smoking, but not necessarily to abstain from alcohol in order to diminish risk of RA. The evidence of potential RA prevention should prompt additional studies on how this can be achieved.

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Shrestha, Lava, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Binaya Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana, Dinesh Banstola, Tara Man Amatya, and Barun Mahat. "Spirometryin Smokers and Non-smokers: A Comparative Study." Journal of Karnali Academy of Health Sciences 2, no. 3 (December 10, 2019): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkahs.v2i3.26661.

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Introduction : Spirometry is the process of recording volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs. It is a physiological test that measures how an individual breathes air volumes as a function of time. It provides an objective and quantitative measure of lung function. Smoking produces increase in epithelial damage, cellular inflammatory infiltrates, muscles and fibrosis in respiratory airways and is responsible for acute respiratory illnesses including pneumonia, impaired lung growth, early onset decline in lung function, poor asthma control, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Early identification of reduction in lung function of smokers by spirometry can be very important in order to encourage them to stop smoking. Methods: This study included a total of 106 individuals, 51 were smokers and55 were non-smokers. The participants performed spirometry in the sitting position by open circuit method. Parameters of spirometry FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC and PEFR were recorded collected in the form of percentage of predicted. Results: The mean FVC in smokers and non-smokers were 99.98±9.88% and 102.97±8.03% respectively (p=0.092). The mean FEV1 in smokers and non-smokers were 99.65±9.61% and 104.58±10.03% respectively (p=0.011). The mean FEV1/FVC ratio in smokers and non-smokers were 103.25±4.60% and 105.57±5.10% respectively (p=0.016). The mean PEFR in smokers and non-smokers were 102.11±8.40% and 106.01±10.62% respectively (p=0.038). Conclusion: The spirometry parameters of pulmonary function were better in non-smoker group. Spirometry can be useful in detecting reduction in pulmonary function before appearance of any symptoms or before pulmonary functions become significantly abnormal.

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Peckham, Emily, Catherine Arundel, Della Bailey, Suzanne Crosland, Caroline Fairhurst, Paul Heron, Catherine Hewitt, et al. "A bespoke smoking cessation service compared with treatment as usual for people with severe mental ill health: the SCIMITAR+ RCT." Health Technology Assessment 23, no. 50 (September 2019): 1–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta23500.

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Background There is a high prevalence of smoking among people with severe mental ill health (SMI). Helping people with SMI to quit smoking could improve their health and longevity, and reduce health inequalities. However, those with SMI are less likely to access and engage with routine smoking cessation services than the general population. Objectives To compare the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a bespoke smoking cessation (BSC) intervention with usual stop smoking services for people with SMI. Design A pragmatic, two-arm, individually randomised controlled trial. Setting Primary care and secondary care mental health services in England. Participants Smokers aged ≥ 18 years with SMI who would like to cut down on or quit smoking. Interventions A BSC intervention delivered by mental health specialists trained to deliver evidence-supported smoking cessation interventions compared with usual care. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was self-reported, CO-verified smoking cessation at 12 months. Smoking-related secondary outcomes were self-reported smoking cessation, the number of cigarettes smoked per day, the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and the Motivation to Quit questionnaire. Other secondary outcomes were Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items, Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 items and 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey, to assess mental health and body mass index measured at 6 and 12 months post randomisation. Results The trial randomised 526 people (265 to the intervention group, 261 to the usual-care group) aged 19 to 72 years (mean 46 years). About 60% of participants were male. Participants smoked between 3 and 100 cigarettes per day (mean 25 cigarettes per day) at baseline. The intervention group had a higher rate of exhaled CO-verified smoking cessation at 6 and 12 months than the usual-care group [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 12 months: 1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9 to 2.8; adjusted OR 6 months: 2.4, 95% CI 1.2 to 4.7]. This was not statistically significant at 12 months (p = 0.12) but was statistically significant at 6 months (p = 0.01). In total, 111 serious adverse events were reported (69 in the BSC group and 42 in the usual-care group); the majority were unplanned hospitalisations due to a deterioration in mental health (n = 98). The intervention is likely (57%) to be less costly but more effective than usual care; however, this result was not necessarily associated with participants’ smoking status. Limitations Follow-up was not blind to treatment allocation. However, the primary outcome included a biochemically verified end point, less susceptible to observer biases. Some participants experienced difficulties in accessing nicotine replacement therapy because of changes in service provision. Efforts were made to help participants access nicotine replacement therapy, but this may have affected participants’ quit attempt. Conclusions People with SMI who received the intervention were more likely to have stopped smoking at 6 months. Although more people who received the intervention had stopped smoking at 12 months, this was not statistically significant. Future work Further research is needed to establish how quitting can be sustained among people with SMI. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN72955454. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 23, No. 50. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

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Parker, Louise. "How to stop pregnant women smoking." Lancet 349, no. 9053 (March 1997): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)60143-2.

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Hopkins, Peter J., and Raoul A. Walsh. "How to help patients stop smoking." Medical Journal of Australia 157, no. 10 (November 1992): 688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137437.x.

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Werther, Norman M., and Hari H. Dayal. "How to help patients stop smoking." Postgraduate Medicine 83, no. 1 (January 1988): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1988.11700120.

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Rajani, Nikita B., Nikolaos Mastellos, and Filippos T. Filippidis. "Self-Efficacy and Motivation to Quit of Smokers Seeking to Quit: Quantitative Assessment of Smoking Cessation Mobile Apps." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 9, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): e25030. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/25030.

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Background Decreasing trends in the number of individuals accessing face-to-face support are leaving a significant gap in the treatment options for smokers seeking to quit. Face-to-face behavioral support and other interventions attempt to target psychological factors such as the self-efficacy and motivation to quit of smokers, as these factors are associated with an increased likelihood of making quit attempts and successfully quitting. Although digital interventions, such as smoking cessation mobile apps, could provide a promising avenue to bridge the growing treatment gap, little is known about their impact on psychological factors that are vital for smoking cessation. Objective This study aims to better understand the possible impact of smoking cessation mobile apps on important factors for successful cessation, such as self-efficacy and motivation to quit. Our aim is to assess the self-efficacy and motivation to quit levels of smokers before and after the use of smoking cessation mobile apps. Methods Smokers seeking to quit were recruited to participate in a 4-week app-based study. After screening, eligible participants were asked to use a mobile app (Kwit or Quit Genius). The smoking self-efficacy questionnaire and the motivation to stop smoking scale were used to measure the self-efficacy and motivation to quit, respectively. Both were assessed at baseline (before app use), midstudy (2 weeks after app use), and end-study (4 weeks after app use). Paired sample two-tailed t tests were used to investigate whether differences in self-efficacy and motivation between study time points were statistically significant. Linear regression models investigated associations between change in self-efficacy and change in motivation to quit before and after app use with age, gender, and nicotine dependence. Results A total of 116 participants completed the study, with the majority being male (71/116, 61.2%), employed (76/116, 65.6%), single (77/116, 66.4%), and highly educated (87/116, 75.0%). A large proportion of participants had a low to moderate dependence on nicotine (107/116, 92.2%). A statistically significant increase of 5.09 points (95% CI 1.83-8.34) from 37.38 points at baseline in self-efficacy was found at the end of the study. Statistically significant increases were also found for the subcomponents of self-efficacy (intrinsic and extrinsic self-efficacies). Similarly, a statistically significant increase of 0.38 points (95% CI 0.06-0.70) from 5.94 points at baseline in motivation to quit was found at the end of the study. Gender, age, and nicotine dependence were not statistically significantly associated with changes in self-efficacy and motivation to quit. Conclusions The assessed mobile apps positively impacted the self-efficacy and motivation to quit of smokers making quit attempts. This has important implications on the possible future use of digitalized interventions and how they could influence important psychological factors for quitting such as self-efficacy and motivation. However, further research is needed to assess whether digital interventions can supplement or replace traditional forms of therapy.

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Moodie, Crawford. "Adult smokers’ perceptions of cigarette pack inserts promoting cessation: a focus group study." Tobacco Control 27, no. 1 (February 2, 2017): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053372.

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IntroductionTobacco companies have a long tradition of including promotional material within cigarette packs, such as cigarette cards and coupons. Only in Canada are they required, by the government, to include educational material within cigarette packs, in the form of inserts highlighting the benefits of quitting or providing tips on how to do so.MethodsTwenty focus groups were conducted in Glasgow and Edinburgh in 2015, with smokers (n=120) segmented by age (16–17, 18–24, 25–35, 36–50, >50), gender and social grade, to explore perceptions of the inserts used in Canada.ResultsThe consensus was that these inserts would capture attention and be read due to their novelty and visibility before reaching the cigarettes, and as they can be removed from the pack. While they may be ignored or discarded, and rotation was considered necessary, they were generally thought to prolong the health message. The positive style of messaging was described as refreshing, educational, encouraging, reassuring and inspirational and thought to increase message engagement. It was regarded as more sympathetic than command-style messaging, offering smokers ‘a bit of hope’. The inserts were often considered preferable to the on-pack warnings, although it was felt that both were needed. Some participants suggested that inserts could encourage them to stop smoking, and they were generally viewed as having the potential to alter the behaviour of others, particularly younger people, would-be smokers and those wanting to quit.ConclusionsInserts are an inexpensive means of communication and offer regulators a simple way of supplementing on-pack warnings.

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Mendelsohn, Colin P., and Robyn Richmond. "GPs can help patients to stop smoking." Medical Journal of Australia 157, no. 7 (October 1992): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb137309.x.

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Pine, Donald A. "How I Learned to Help My Patients Stop Smoking." Family Medicine 51, no. 7 (July 5, 2019): 611–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2019.686365.

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Croucher, Ray. "Why and How to get Patients to Stop Smoking." Dental Update 32, no. 3 (April 2, 2005): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2005.32.3.143.

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Robson, Debbie, and Richard Gray. "Can we help people with schizophrenia stop smoking?" Mental Health Practice 9, no. 4 (December 2005): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/mhp.9.4.14.s28.

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Brose, Leonie S., Robert West, and Andy McEwen. "How stable are stop smoking practitioner success rates over time?" Translational Behavioral Medicine 4, no. 2 (March 15, 2014): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13142-014-0261-4.

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Bauld, Linda. "Smoking During Pregnancy and Smoking Cessation Services." Journal of Smoking Cessation 4, S1 (March 1, 2009): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jsc.4.supp.2.

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AbstractThe 2008 UK National Smoking Cessation Conference (UKNSSC) included a number of oral and poster presentations on the theme of smoking during pregnancy. This is a challenging area of research and practice and one in which new evidence — both about the effects of smoking in pregnancy and about smoking cessation interventions — is regularly emerging. Papers at UKNSCC explored why few women access support to stop (Felix Naughton), how best to refer women to specialist services (Joan Braithwaite), social marketing approaches (Deborah Richardson and Wendy Dudley) and physical activity for smoking cessation during pregnancy (Michael Ussher). The conference opened with a plenary presentation that explored the extent of smoking during pregnancy and women's accounts of quit attempts, cessation and relapse. It also examined what more could be done to improve access to stop smoking services for pregnant women and increase the proportion of women who quit. This article reviews some of the evidence presented at UKNSSC, focusing in particular on the need for improved identification, referral, engagement and treatment of pregnant smokers.

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King, Jean. "Plain packaging can help stop children taking up smoking." British Journal of School Nursing 7, no. 4 (May 2012): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjsn.2012.7.4.164.

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Gilbert, Hazel, Stephen Sutton, Richard Morris, Irene Petersen, Qi Wu, Steve Parrott, Simon Galton, et al. "Start2quit: a randomised clinical controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of using personal tailored risk information and taster sessions to increase the uptake of the NHS Stop Smoking Services." Health Technology Assessment 21, no. 3 (January 2017): 1–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta21030.

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BackgroundThe NHS Stop Smoking Services (SSSs) offer help to smokers who want to quit. However, the proportion of smokers attending the SSSs is low and current figures show a continuing downward trend. This research addressed the problem of how to motivate more smokers to accept help to quit.ObjectivesTo assess the relative effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness, of an intervention consisting of proactive recruitment by a brief computer-tailored personal risk letter and an invitation to a ‘Come and Try it’ taster session to provide information about the SSSs, compared with a standard generic letter advertising the service, in terms of attendance at the SSSs of at least one session and validated 7-day point prevalent abstinence at the 6-month follow-up.DesignRandomised controlled trial of a complex intervention with follow-up 6 months after the date of randomisation.SettingSSSs and general practices in England.ParticipantsAll smokers aged ≥ 16 years identified from medical records in participating practices who were motivated to quit and who had not attended the SSS in the previous 12 months. Participants were randomised in the ratio 3 : 2 (intervention to control) by a computer program.InterventionsIntervention – brief personalised and tailored letter sent from the general practitioner using information obtained from the screening questionnaire and from medical records, and an invitation to attend a taster session, run by the local SSS. Control – standard generic letter from the general practice advertising the local SSS and the therapies available, and asking the smoker to contact the service to make an appointment.Main outcome measures(1) Proportion of people attending the first session of a 6-week course over a period of 6 months from the receipt of the invitation letter, measured by records of attendance at the SSSs; (2) 7-day point prevalent abstinence at the 6-month follow-up, validated by salivary cotinine analysis; and (3) cost-effectiveness of the intervention.ResultsEighteen SSSs and 99 practices within the SSS areas participated; 4384 participants were randomised to the intervention (n = 2636) or control (n = 1748). One participant withdrew and 4383 were analysed. The proportion of people attending the first session of a SSS course was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group [17.4% vs. 9.0%; unadjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.75 to 2.57;p < 0.001]. The validated 7-day point prevalent abstinence at the 6-month follow-up was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (9.0% vs. 5.6%; unadjusted OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.32 to 2.15;p < 0.001), as was the validated 3-month prolonged abstinence and all other periods of abstinence measured by self-report. Using the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence decision-making threshold range of £20,000–30,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained, the probability that the intervention was more cost-effective than the control was up to 27% at 6 months and > 86% over a lifetime horizon.LimitationsParticipating SSSs may not be representative of all SSSs in England. Recruitment was low, at 4%.ConclusionsThe Start2quit trial added to evidence that a proactive approach with an intensive intervention to deliver personalised risk information and offer a no-commitment introductory session can be successful in reaching more smokers and increasing the uptake of the SSS and quit rates. The intervention appears less likely to be cost-effective in the short term, but is highly likely to be cost-effective over a lifetime horizon.Future workFurther research could assess the separate effects of these components.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN76561916.Funding detailsThis project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full inHealth Technology Assessment; Vol. 21, No. 3. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

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Yooprasert, Pimpimol, and Monchai Siribamrungwong. "Interrelationship between Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Diseases." International Journal of Experimental Dental Science 2, no. 2 (2013): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10029-1051.

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ABSTRACT Cardiovascular disease (CVD) contributes to a large number of morbidities and mortalities globally. The main cause is due to development of atherosclerosis. Many risk factors have been identified and are treated to improve the disease outcome. Besides traditional risk factors (such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus and smoking), systemic inflammatory process was found to increase risk of cardiovascular events, as inflammation promotes atherosclerosis. Periodontal disease is a chronic disease of tooth-supporting structure, reported to have a high prevalence worldwide. The earliest step of the disease is bacterial biofilm formation on tooth surface which subsequently triggers host inflammation, both locally and systemically. With chronic inflammatory response, periodontitis can enhance atherosclerosis, and is considered a potential contributive factor for development of CVD. The purpose of this review is to provide information on periodontitis, CVD, an association between these two conditions and current knowledge on the effect of periodontal treatment on improving cardiovascular outcome. How to cite this article Yooprasert P, Siribamrungwong M. Interrelationship between Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Diseases. J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):110-117.

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Lam, David C. L., and John D. Minna. "How Do We Safely Get People to Stop Smoking?: Table 1." Cancer Prevention Research 4, no. 11 (November 2011): 1724–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0449.

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Steliga, Matthew A. "Smoking Cessation in Clinical Practice: How to Get Patients to Stop." Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 30, no. 1 (2018): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semtcvs.2018.02.033.

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Hakesley-Brown, Roswyn. "You Can Stop Smoking - Your Personalised Plan to Give Up for GoodYou Can Stop Smoking - Your Personalised Plan to Give Up for Good." Nursing Standard 21, no. 23 (February 14, 2007): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2007.02.21.23.30.b578.

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Hossain, Md Delwar, SAHM Mesbahul Islam, Md Mamunur Rashid, Md Ashfaqul Islam Chowdhury, Kazi Saifuddin Bennoor, and Md Ismail Patwary. "Addiction and Smoking Cessation." Medicine Today 27, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v27i1.25997.

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Cigarette smoke contains a deadly mix of more than 7,000 chemicals, hundreds are toxic and about 70 can cause cancer. Cigarette smoke can cause serious health problems, numerous diseases and death. Fortunately, people who stop smoking greatly reduce their risk for disease and premature death. Although the health benefits are greater for people who stop at earlier ages, cessation is beneficial at all ages. There are various methods and approaches in quitting smoking. Currently, there are about 1.3 billion smokers the world, most (84%) of them in developing countries.If current smoking trends continue, tobacco will kill 10 million people each year by 2020.Medicine Today 2015 Vol.27(1): 30-33

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Bowker, Katharine, Michael Ussher, Sue Cooper, Sophie Orton, Tim Coleman, and Katarzyna Anna Campbell. "Addressing and Overcoming Barriers to E-Cigarette Use for Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (July 4, 2020): 4823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134823.

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E-cigarettes may have a role in supporting pregnant women who would otherwise smoke to stop smoking. The study aimed to understand pregnant women’s vaping experiences, in particular how vaping to stop smoking is facilitated and how barriers to this are overcome. We conducted semi structured telephone interviews (n = 15) with pregnant or postpartum women who vaped during pregnancy, either exclusively (n = 10) or dual-used (n = 5) (smoked and vaped). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the interviews. Two themes emerged. First, ‘facilitating beliefs’: inherent beliefs that helped women overcome barriers to vaping. These included understanding the relative safety of vaping and economic gains compared with smoking and pregnancy being a motivator to stop smoking. Second, ‘becoming a confident vaper’: accumulating sufficient skill and confidence to comfortably vape. This included experimentation with e-cigarettes to ensure nicotine dependence and sensory needs were met. Seeking social support and employing strategies to address social stigma were also important. Positive beliefs about vaping and becoming proficient at vaping were viewed as ways to overcome barriers to vaping. The theoretical domain framework informed intervention recommendations to assist pregnant smokers who have tried but cannot stop smoking to switch to vaping.

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Wee, Lei Hum, Lion Shahab, Awang Bulgiba, and Robert West. "Conflict About Quitting Predicts the Decision to Stop Smoking Gradually or Abruptly: Evidence From Stop Smoking Clinics in Malaysia." Journal of Smoking Cessation 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jsc.6.1.37.

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AbstractBackground: Little is known about the extent to which smokers attending stop-smoking clinics experience conflicting motivations about their quit attempt, whether such conflict can be understood in terms of a single dimension and if this ‘conflict about quitting’ differs from motivation to stop smoking and is associated with a smoker's choice of method to stop smoking (stopping gradually or abruptly). Method: Sociodemographic, smoking and quit attempt characteristics as well as measures relating to conflict about stopping smoking were recorded in a cross-sectional survey of 198 smokers attending five quit smoking clinics in Malaysia. Results: Five measures (having seriously thought about quitting before, being happy about becoming a non-smoker, being strongly motivated to stop, intending to stop smoking completely and believing in stopping for good this time) were loaded onto a single factor that could be labelled ‘conflict about quitting’. The resultant scale had moderate internal reliability (Cronbach's α= .625). Most smokers exhibited conflicting motivations about stopping smoking, with over half (52.0%, 95% CI 45.1–59.1) scoring 2 or higher on the 5-point conflict scale. ‘Conflict about quitting’ was significantly associated with the decision to stop smoking gradually rather than abruptly controlling for other variables (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.05–1.76) and was more strongly associated with the choice of smoking cessation method than motivation to stop smoking. Conclusions: ‘Conflict about quitting’ can be conceptualised as a single dimension and is prevalent among smokers voluntarily attending stop-smoking clinics. The finding that smokers who display greater conflict about quitting are more likely to choose gradual cessation may explain contradictory findings in the literature regarding the effectiveness of different methods of smoking cessation.

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May, Sylvia, and Andy McEwen. "Client Satisfaction With English Stop Smoking Services." Journal of Smoking Cessation 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jsc.6.1.51.

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AbstractThis study reports client satisfaction in five UK National Health Service (NHS) Stop Smoking Services (SSS) and examines the impact of satisfaction on outcome four weeks postquit. Six services were selected on the basis of perceived ability to run the study from a pool of 11 who responded to a mailshot to volunteer. Advisors made one of two satisfaction surveys available to their clients two weeks after quitting smoking. The two surveys were a ‘brief’ three-item survey and a ‘full’ survey containing those items plus 19 others about specific aspects of the service. There were two key items: how satisfied respondents were with the support they received to stop smoking and would they recommend the service to another smoker. Surveys were completed anonymously but had unique identification numbers so they could be linked to individual demographic and outcome data. Overall 10% (554/5520) of treated smokers in the services completed a survey, 7% (390/5520) completed the ‘full’ survey. Responses were a strong endorsement of the participating services, with 93% (505/542) satisfied or very satisfied with the service and 99% (548/552) prepared to recommend the service. The sample was unrepresentative of the population of treated smokers in terms of eligibility for free prescriptions, ethnicity, age, type of treatment experienced, the type of advisor seen, medication use and end of treatment outcome. Satisfaction at week two was not related to abstinence at four weeks postquit. Limitations of the study and suggestions for service delivery are discussed.

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Nuzzo, Regina. "How scientists fool themselves – and how they can stop." Nature 526, no. 7572 (October 2015): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/526182a.

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Marron, Donncha. "Stop Smoking the Easyway: Addiction, Self-Help, and Tobacco Cessation." Contemporary Drug Problems 46, no. 2 (April 23, 2019): 198–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091450919843344.

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This article examines Easyway, a popular clinical and self-help method for the treatment of smoking addiction established by the late Allen Carr in 1984. It begins by addressing how smoking has come to be constituted as a neuropharmacological addiction and some of the issues and concerns raised against this in the social sciences. After situating its theoretical and empirical focus, the article then proceeds with an interpretative thematic analysis of a selection of Easyway self-help texts. The aims here are as follows: firstly, to show how Easyway, as a discourse, constitutes the problem of nicotine addiction in novel and distinctive ways; secondly, to elaborate how the Easyway texts seek to govern readers—paradoxically, through their free capacity for reflection, introspection, and action—to overcome their situated addiction to smoking; and thirdly, to identify and locate the significance of the author’s implicit claims to charisma in underpinning his authority to know and treat nicotine addiction.

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Ballard, Lisa, Angel Castro Silva, Mohammed Abu-Hilal, Colin Johnson, and Fanny Shek. "Can we help patients with chronic pancreatitis to stop smoking?" Pancreatology 14, no. 3 (June 2014): S76—S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2014.05.638.

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Fagerstrom, Karl. "Varenicline can help smokers to stop smoking by gradual reduction." Evidence Based Medicine 20, no. 4 (June 26, 2015): 133.1–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebmed-2015-110199.

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May, Ruth. "How you can help ‘stop the pressure’." Nursing Standard 29, no. 12 (November 19, 2014): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.29.12.28.s33.

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Anderson, J., M. Riley, and T. D. Everette. "How Proven Primary Prevention Can Stop Diabetes." Clinical Diabetes 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diaclin.30.2.76.

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Hayhow, Rosemarie, and Mary Kingston. "How therapy can stop children from stammering." Early Years Educator 7, no. 10 (February 2006): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2006.7.10.20399.

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Hothorn, Torsten. "Top-down transformation choice." Statistical Modelling 18, no. 3-4 (January 15, 2018): 274–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1471082x17748081.

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Simple models are preferred over complex models, but over-simplistic models could lead to erroneous interpretations. The classical approach is to start with a simple model, whose shortcomings are assessed in residual-based model diagnostics. Eventually, one increases the complexity of this initial overly simple model and obtains a better-fitting model. I illustrate how transformation analysis can be used as an alternative approach to model choice. Instead of adding complexity to simple models, step-wise complexity reduction is used to help identify simpler and better interpretable models. As an example, body mass index (BMI) distributions in Switzerland are modelled by means of transformation models to understand the impact of sex, age, smoking and other lifestyle factors on a person's BMI. In this process, I searched for a compromise between model fit and model interpretability. Special emphasis is given to the understanding of the connections between transformation models of increasing complexity. The models used in this analysis ranged from evergreens, such as the normal linear regression model with constant variance, to novel models with extremely flexible conditional distribution functions, such as transformation trees and transformation forests.

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Tang, J. L., M. Law, and N. Wald. "How effective is nicotine replacement therapy in helping people to stop smoking?" BMJ 308, no. 6920 (January 1, 1994): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.308.6920.21.

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DUNAWAY, ANGELA. "Q: How can I quit smoking?" Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 21, no. 11 (November 2008): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01720610-200811000-00014.

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Journal articles on the topic 'How can i stop smoking'

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