Journal articles: 'How to quit smoking'

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&NA;. "How to quit smoking—now." Nursing 35 (February 2005): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200502001-00017.

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McMahon, Anne, and Regina M. Maibusch. "How to Send Quit-Smoking Signals." American Journal of Nursing 88, no. 11 (November 1988): 1498. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3470822.

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DUNAWAY, ANGELA. "Q: How can I quit smoking?" Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 21, no. 11 (November 2008): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01720610-200811000-00014.

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&NA;. "Q: How can I quit smoking?" Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 21, no. 11 (November 2008): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01720610-200811000-00015.

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KNUDSEN, NANCY, SUSAN SCHULMAN, JOAN VAN DEN HOEK, and ROBIN FOWLER. "Insights on how to quit smoking." Cancer Nursing 8, no. 3 (June 1985): 145???150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002820-198506000-00002.

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Sheahan, Sharon L. "How to Help Older Adults Quit Smoking." Nurse Practitioner 27, no. 12 (December 2002): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-200212000-00005.

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&NA;. "How to Help Older Adults Quit Smoking." Nurse Practitioner 27, no. 12 (December 2002): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-200212000-00006.

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Wong, Jeffrey G. "How to help your patients quit smoking." Postgraduate Medicine 94, no. 1 (July 1993): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1993.11945688.

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Harris, Helen E., Fiona Tweedie, Marie White, and Kay Samson. "How to Motivate Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis to Quit Smoking." Journal of Rheumatology 43, no. 4 (February 15, 2016): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.141368.

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Objective.Seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is strongly linked to cigarette smoking, and smoking cessation is an essential step in RA management. Our objectives were to develop RA and smoking awareness materials and to evaluate the influence of the materials on awareness about the links between RA and smoking and on motivation to quit smoking.Methods.A group of patients with seropositive RA in Fife, Scotland, were telephoned before the campaign, and the results of the precampaign questionnaire were used to develop the image for the campaign. After the campaign a second group of patients were questioned to ascertain the effect of the campaign.Results.The 320 patient responses to the precampaign questionnaire revealed that many ex-smokers with RA had quit when they developed a known smoking-related disease such as emphysema. This concept was used to develop an image illustrating that RA is a smoking-related disease. The campaign was launched in Fife in 2011. The postcampaign questionnaire involving 380 patients revealed that there was 21% higher awareness of a link between RA and smoking and 45% higher awareness that smoking could interfere with treatment of RA. In total, 13/75 smokers who had cut down since the campaign had been influenced by the new information.Conclusion.The new materials have successfully increased patients’ knowledge of the link between RA and smoking and the effect of smoking on RA therapy. RA smokers’ attitudes to smoking may have been affected by the campaign.

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Schuchardt, Read Mercer. "How to Quit Smoking Using Only Your Cell Phone." Explorations in Media Ecology 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/eme.2.1.25_7.

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Kmietowicz, Zosia. "NICE tells employers how to help staff quit smoking." BMJ 334, no. 7599 (April 26, 2007): 871.3–871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39196.454884.4e.

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Warner, David O. "Helping Surgical Patients Quit Smoking: Why, When, and How." Anesthesia & Analgesia 101, no. 2 (August 2005): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000159152.31129.84.

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Waterall, Jamie. "Stoptober: How you can help more people quit smoking." Practice Nursing 29, no. 10 (October 2, 2018): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2018.29.10.479.

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Davidson, S. M., G. Boldt, and A. V. Louie. "How Can We Better Help Cancer Patients Quit Smoking?" International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 99, no. 2 (October 2017): E393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.1543.

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Nabi-Burza, Emara, Richard Wasserman, Jeremy E. Drehmer, Bethany Hipple Walters, Mandy Luo, Deborah Ossip, and Jonathan P. Winickoff. "Spontaneous Smoking Cessation in Parents." Journal of Smoking Cessation 2021 (May 15, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5526715.

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Purpose. To determine the percentage of parents who report quitting spontaneously and examine the factors associated with these quits. Methods. As part of a cluster randomized control trial addressing parental smoking in a pediatric outpatient setting, 12-month follow-up survey data were collected from parents who had self-identified as smokers when exiting from 10 control practices. Parents were considered to have made a spontaneous quit if they reported not smoking a cigarette, even a puff, in the last 7 days and chose the statement “I did not plan the quit in advance; I just did it” when describing how their quit attempt started. Results. Of the 981 smoking parents enrolled at baseline, 710 (72%) completed the 12-month follow-up. Of these, 123 (17%) reported quitting, of whom 50 (41%) reported quitting spontaneously. In multivariable analysis, parents who reported smoking on some days vs. every day (OR 3.06 (95% CI 1.42, 6.62)) and that nobody had smoked in their home/car vs. someone had smoked in these settings in the past 3 months (OR 2.19 (95% CI 1.06, 4.54)) were more likely to quit spontaneously. Conclusions. This study shows that, of parents who quit smoking, a substantial percentage report quitting spontaneously and that intermittent smoking and smoke-free home/car policies are associated with reports of quitting spontaneously. Promoting smoke-free home/car policies, especially when parents are not willing to make a plan to quit smoking, might increase the likelihood that parents decide to quit without advance planning. Pediatric healthcare providers are uniquely positioned to use the child’s visit to motivate parents to quit smoking and eliminate their child’s exposure to tobacco smoke, regardless of the frequency of smoking or a readiness to plan a quit attempt. Clinical Trial Registration. This trial is registered with NCT01882348.

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De Leon, Elaine, Norah L. Crossnohere, Laura W. Fuentes, Morgan Johnson, Kevin Welding, and Joanna E. Cohen. "‘Quit and Stay Quit Monday’ as a Novel Approach to Smoking Cessation: A Pilot Experimental Study." Journal of Smoking Cessation 13, no. 3 (August 7, 2017): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2017.14.

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Introduction:Emerging evidence suggests a heightened interest in healthy behaviour changes, including smoking cessation, at the beginning of the week. Evidence from Google searches, quitlines, and cessation websites show greater information-seeking and interest in early week quitting.Aims:This pilot assesses the comparative effectiveness of a smoking cessation intervention that encourages participants to use Mondays as a day to quit or recommit to quitting smoking.Methods:We partnered with existing smoking cessation group programs to conduct a quasi-experimental, pre–post study. Both comparison and intervention groups received the same standard-care curriculum from program instructors. Intervention group participants received Monday materials including a wallet card and a mantra card during enrolment. On Mondays, intervention participants received an emailed tip-of-the-week and were encouraged to quit or recommit to quitting. Quit buddies were recommended in both groups, but intervention participants were encouraged to check-in with quit buddies on Mondays. The outcomes of smoking abstinence, number and length of quit attempts, and self-efficacy were assessed at the final program session and three months later.Results:At the last session, intervention group participants who were still smoking had a higher self-efficacy of quitting in the future, rated their programs as more helpful in quitting smoking, and were more likely to rate quit buddies as very helpful. Differences in self-efficacy were no longer observed at the second follow-up. No differences were observed between intervention and standard group participants in abstinence, number of quits, length of quits, or self-efficacy of staying quit at either follow-up.Conclusions:Encouraging results from this pilot study indicate that further research is needed to explore how Monday messaging may improve smoking cessation programs.

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Ussher, Michael, Jamie Brown, Abirami Rajamanoharan, and Robert West. "How Do Prompts for Attempts to Quit Smoking Relate to Method of Quitting and Quit Success?" Annals of Behavioral Medicine 47, no. 3 (September 18, 2013): 358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12160-013-9545-z.

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Chapman, S., W. Smith, G. Mowbray, C. Hugo, and G. Egger. "Quit and Win Smoking Cessation Contests: How Should Effectiveness Be Evaluated?" Preventive Medicine 22, no. 3 (May 1993): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1993.1035.

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Djian, Auriane, Romain Guignard, Karine Gallopel-Morvan, Olivier Smadja, Jennifer Davies, Aurélie Blanc, Anna Mercier, Matthew Walmsley, and Viêt Nguyen-Thanh. "From “Stoptober” To “Moi(S) Sans Tabac”: how to import a social marketing campaign." Journal of Social Marketing 9, no. 4 (October 14, 2019): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsocm-07-2018-0068.

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Purpose In 2016, Santé publique France launched for the first time “Moi (s) Sans Tabac,” a positive social marketing campaign inspired by Public Health England’s “Stoptober” campaign, the aim being to trigger mass quit attempts among smokers. Both programs include a mass-media campaign, national and local cessation help interventions, and the diffusion of various tools to help smokers quit. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the two programs’, specific national contexts and to describe resulting similarities and differences regarding campaign development. Design/methodology/approach A contextual analysis was performed to determine differences between the two countries regarding smoking prevalence, health services and culture. Findings Smoking prevalence is about twice as high in France as in the UK, leading to a lower degree of de-normalization of smoking. Moreover, cessation support services are much more structured in the UK than in France: all health professionals are involved and services are located near smokers’ residences. Practical implications Campaign progress and cessation tools provided during both campaigns are quite similar. However, Santé publique France needed to adjust the British model by favouring a regional smoking prevention network and by building an innovative partnership strategy to reach the target. Originality/value The results could be useful for other countries that wish to develop a smoking cessation campaign based on the same positive messaging at local and national levels.

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Cope, Graham. "Smoking cessation and serious mental illness." Independent Nurse 2021, no. 5 (May 2, 2021): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/indn.2021.5.11.

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Tran, Binh Thang, Dinh Trung Tran, Khac Minh Nguyen, Xuan Trinh Thi Nguyen, Min Kyung Lim, Sung-il Cho, and Jin-Kyoung Oh. "How Much Is Too Much? Estimating Effective Price-Hikes to Affect Smoking Behavior in Vietnam." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21, no. 12 (February 9, 2019): 1721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz017.

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Abstract Introduction Raising the price of cigarettes is one of the most effective strategies to reduce cigarette smoking. The Vietnamese government is working toward the tobacco control goal of a 10% reduction in smoking prevalence by 2020. However, cigarette prices in Vietnam have not increased in the last two decades. The aim of this study was to estimate what cigarette prices would make smokers attempt to quit smoking, and to identify predictors of the price to quit and the intention to quit. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 822 male current smokers in Da Nang, Vietnam. A structured questionnaire was adapted from the International Tobacco Control project survey. Bayesian quantile regression was applied to predict factors associated with expected cigarette price. Results Fifty-six percent of smokers suggested a price to quit. Their median suggested price to quit per pack, 62 000 VND (2.8 USD), was 2.8 times higher than the actual current price, 22 000 VND (1.01 USD). Suggesting a lower price to quit was significantly associated with awareness of warning labels and smoke-free policies. In contrast, being a heavy smoker was significantly associated with a higher suggested price to quit across all quantiles. Conclusions There may be sufficient room to increase cigarette prices in Vietnam. The price to quit is associated with various factors, including non-pricing policies. Implications Evidence suggests that a steep increase in cigarette prices, setting a high minimum tax, and introducing a large specific tax, which are policy-induced price increases that can raise prices substantially in Vietnam, are preferable strategies. In addition to increasing price and taxes, the government should also strengthen non-pricing policies.

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Kim-Mozeleski, Jin E., and Janice Y. Tsoh. "Food Insecurity and Psychological Distress Among Former and Current Smokers With Low Income." American Journal of Health Promotion 33, no. 2 (June 27, 2018): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117118784233.

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Purpose: To examine how food insecurity and psychological distress interact in its association with smoking and to explore how food insecurity and psychological distress are associated with quitting smoking using quit ratio estimates. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Data from the 2015 California Health Interview Survey. Participants: A total of 3007 lower income adults who have ever smoked. Measures: Ever smoking was defined as smoking 100+ cigarettes in the entire lifetime, with current smoking defined as smoking “every day” or “some days” and former smoking defined as smoking “not at all.” Psychological distress and food insecurity were measured by the 6-item K6 Psychological Distress Scale and the 6-item Food Security Survey Short Form, respectively. Analysis: Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine correlates of smoking status. Quit ratios (percentage of ever smokers who have quit) were calculated across study variables. Results: Reporting food insecurity with psychological distress was independently associated with lower odds of being a former smoker, compared to reporting food security without psychological distress. The quit ratio was lower among ever smokers reporting food insecurity with distress (41%) compared to ever smokers reporting food security without distress (63%). Conclusions: Specific conditions of impoverishment, such as food insecurity, interact with psychological distress in its association with continued smoking. Interventions to reduce socioeconomic disparities in smoking should consider the interacting role of food insecurity and psychological distress.

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Beard, Emma, Jamie Brown, Robert West, and Susan Michie. "Are population trends in high-risk alcohol consumption in smokers associated with trends in quit attempts and quit success? A time-series analysis." BMJ Open 10, no. 7 (July 2020): e034262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034262.

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ObjectivesMonthly changes in the prevalence of high-risk drinking and smoking in England appear to be positively correlated. This study aimed to assess how far monthly changes in high-risk drinking were specifically associated with attempts to stop smoking and the success of quit attempts.DesignData were used from the Alcohol and Smoking Toolkit Studies between April 2014 and June 2018. These involve monthly household face-to-face surveys of representative samples of ~1800 adults.SettingEngland.ParticipantsData were aggregated on 17 560 past-year smokers over the study period.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAutoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous input (ARIMAX) modelling was used to assess the association over time between monthly prevalence of high-risk drinking among smokers and (a) prevalence of attempts to quit smoking and (b) prevalence of successful quit attempts in those attempting to quit. Bayes factors (BF) were calculated to compare the null hypothesis with the hypothesis of an effect sufficiently large (β=0.6) to explain the established association between overall prevalence in smoking and high-risk drinking.ResultsNo statistically significant associations were found between monthly changes in prevalence of high-risk drinking among smokers and attempts to quit smoking (β=0.156, 95% CI −0.079 to 0.391, p=0.194) or quit success (β=0.066, 95% CI −0.524 to 0.655, p=0.827). BF indicated that the data were insensitive but suggested there is weak evidence for the null hypothesis in the case of both quit attempts (BF=0.80) and quit success (BF=0.53).ConclusionsMonthly changes in prevalence of high-risk alcohol consumption in England are not clearly associated with changes in quit attempt or quit success rates.

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Widome, Rachel, Patrick J. Hammett, Anne M. Joseph, Diana J. Burgess, Janet L. Thomas, Jessie E. Saul, Barbara Clothier, and Steven S. Fu. "A cross-sectional study of the relationship of proximal smoking environments and cessation history, plans, and self-efficacy among low-income smokers." Journal of Smoking Cessation 14, no. 4 (July 22, 2019): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2019.15.

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AbstractIntroductionProximal environments could facilitate smoking cessation among low-income smokers by making cessation appealing to strive for and tenable.AimsWe sought to examine how home smoking rules and proximal environmental factors such as other household members' and peers' smoking behaviors and attitudes related to low-income smokers' past quit attempts, readiness, and self-efficacy to quit.MethodsThis analysis used data from Offering Proactive Treatment Intervention (OPT-IN) (randomized control trial of proactive tobacco cessation outreach) baseline survey, which was completed by 2,406 participants in 2011/12. We tested the associations between predictors (home smoking rules and proximal environmental factors) and outcomes (past-year quit attempts, readiness to quit, and quitting self-efficacy).ResultsSmokers who lived in homes with more restrictive household smoking rules, and/or reported having ‘important others’ who would be supportive of their quitting, were more likely to report having made a quit attempt in the past year, had greater readiness to quit, and greater self-efficacy related to quitting.ConclusionsAdjustments to proximal environments, including strengthening household smoking rules, might encourage cessation even if other household members are smokers.

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Bauld, Linda. "Smoking During Pregnancy and Smoking Cessation Services." Journal of Smoking Cessation 4, S1 (March 1, 2009): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jsc.4.supp.2.

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AbstractThe 2008 UK National Smoking Cessation Conference (UKNSSC) included a number of oral and poster presentations on the theme of smoking during pregnancy. This is a challenging area of research and practice and one in which new evidence — both about the effects of smoking in pregnancy and about smoking cessation interventions — is regularly emerging. Papers at UKNSCC explored why few women access support to stop (Felix Naughton), how best to refer women to specialist services (Joan Braithwaite), social marketing approaches (Deborah Richardson and Wendy Dudley) and physical activity for smoking cessation during pregnancy (Michael Ussher). The conference opened with a plenary presentation that explored the extent of smoking during pregnancy and women's accounts of quit attempts, cessation and relapse. It also examined what more could be done to improve access to stop smoking services for pregnant women and increase the proportion of women who quit. This article reviews some of the evidence presented at UKNSSC, focusing in particular on the need for improved identification, referral, engagement and treatment of pregnant smokers.

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Li, Lin, Ron Borland, Kenneth Michael Cummings, Geoffrey T. Fong, Shannon Gravely, Danielle M. Smith, Maciej L. Goniewicz, Richard J. O’Connor, Mary E. Thompson, and Ann McNeill. "How Does the Use of Flavored Nicotine Vaping Products Relate to Progression Toward Quitting Smoking? Findings From the 2016 and 2018 ITC 4CV Surveys." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 23, no. 9 (February 25, 2021): 1490–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab033.

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Abstract Introduction There is limited research on the role of flavors in nicotine vaping products (NVPs) in relation to smoking. We examined patterns of flavor use in NVPs in relation to progression toward quitting. Aims and Methods Data come from 886 concurrent users of NVPs (at least weekly) and cigarettes who were first surveyed in 2016 and then successfully recontacted in 2018 as part of the ITC 4CV Surveys conducted in Australia, Canada, England, and the United States. Participants were asked about their main vaping flavor categorized as: (1) tobacco or unflavored, (2) menthol or mint flavored, and (3) “sweet” flavors (eg, fruit or candy). We examined whether flavor was associated with progression toward quitting smoking between survey years. Results Overall, 11.1% of baseline concurrent users quit smoking by 2018. Compared with users of tobacco flavors, those vaping “sweet” flavors were more likely to quit smoking between surveys (13.8% vs. 9.6%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–2.58, p < .05), but those using menthol flavors were no more likely to quit smoking (8.3% vs. 9.6%, aOR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.43–1.47, p = .69). Among those who had quit smoking in 2018, 52.0% were still vaping, which was lower than the 65.8% among continuing smokers (aOR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.39–0.92, p = .02). Sweet flavor users were no more likely to continue vaping compared with tobacco flavor users, either for those continuing smoking or those having quit smoking by 2018. There was a net shift away from tobacco flavor among those who continued to vape at follow-up. Conclusions Use of fruit and other sweet flavored e-liquids is positively related to smokers’ transition away from cigarettes. Implications With multiple jurisdictions considering limiting or banning the sale of flavored NVPs, it is important to consider how such policies may impact smokers using NVPs to transition away from cigarette smoking. Our results indicate that vapers who used sweet flavors were more likely to transition away from cigarette smoking and quit cigarette use, at least in the short term, compared with those who used tobacco or unflavored NVPs. Randomized clinical trials are needed to establish if the observed association between use of flavored e-liquids and smoking cessation is due to self-selection or is truly causal.

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Williams, Martin, and John Allan. "Reducing smoking in Australia: how to include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 11, no. 2 (November 27, 2019): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v11.i2.6642.

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Issue addressed: Australia has succeeded in lowering the overall prevalence of tobacco smoking in the last four decades and has enjoyed a worldwide reputation for innovative policy. However, this success has not extended to Indigenous Australians. Method: Narrative review and critique of literature from government, public health, health promotion, marketing and communication on smoking cessation in Australia. Main points: We first consider the history of government anti-smoking measures including legislation and communication initiatives including advertising and sponsorship bans, health warnings and ‘no smoking’ rules affecting anti-smoking norms, culminating in the banning of branding and the advent of tobacco plain packaging. We also review the effects of excise increases and smoking cessation aids such as quit lines and nicotine replacement therapy. For each type of intervention, both population-wide and those specifically directed at Indigenous people, we consider the probable reasons for the failure to reach Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people or alter their smoking patterns, and make suggestions for improvements in interventions and their evaluation. Conclusion: The history of anti-smoking initiatives in Australia suggests that community-based health initiatives are likely to be more effective in addressing Indigenous people and helping smokers to quit.

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Georgiades, Chrissa, and Robert West. "Time Spent With Urges to Smoke and Strength of Urges as Independent Predictors of Self-Rated Difficulty Not Smoking During Abstinence." Journal of Smoking Cessation 4, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jsc.4.1.48.

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AbstractSelf-perceived difficulty not smoking during a quit attempts is potentially an important factor mediating ability to remain abstinent during quit attempts. We investigated how far this could be explained by specific withdrawal symptoms (e.g., irritability, depressed mood, hunger etc.), strength of the urges to smoke and the time spent with urges to smoke. Thirty-five male and female smokers, who smoked at least 15 cigarettes per day were required to abstain overnight and attended the laboratory the next day and completed the Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale (MPSS), a validated questionnaire assessing cigarette withdrawal symptoms and urges to smoke. They also rated how difficult they had found it not smoking. Difficulty not smoking was independently and strongly predicted by both strength of urges to smoke and time spent with urges, but not by other withdrawal symptoms. The results support the idea that both time spent with urges and strength of urges to smoke are what primarily makes it difficult for smokers to abstain early in a quit attempt and that other withdrawal symptoms play a more modest role. Further research is needed to confirm this finding and examine how far difficulty not smoking mediates failure of quit attempts.

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Mao, Aimei, and Joan L. Bottorff. "A Qualitative Study on Unassisted Smoking Cessation Among Chinese Canadian Immigrants." American Journal of Men's Health 11, no. 6 (January 27, 2016): 1703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988315627140.

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It is well-known that majority of smokers worldwide quit smoking without any assistance. This is even more evident among Chinese smokers. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore how Chinese Canadian immigrant men who smoked cigarettes perceived smoking cessation aids and services and how they used any form of the smoking cessation assistance to help them quit smoking. The study was conducted in British Columbia, Canada. Twenty-two Chinese immigrants were recruited by internet advertisement and through connections with local Chinese communities. Ten of the 22 participants were current smokers and the other 12 had quit smoking in the past 5 years. Data were collected using semistructured interviews. Although all participants, including both the ex-smokers and current smokers, had made more than one quit attempt, they rarely used cessation aids or services even after they had immigrated to Canada. The barriers to seeking the cessation assistance were grouped into two categories: practical barriers and cultural barriers. The practical barriers included “Lack of available information on smoking cessation assistance” and “Difficulty in accessing smoking cessation assistance,” while cultural barriers included “Denial of physiological addiction to nicotine,” “Mistrust in the effectiveness of smoking cessation assistance,” “Tendency of self-reliance in solving problems,” and “Concern of privacy revelation related to utilization of smoking cessation assistance.” The findings revealed Chinese immigrants’ unwillingness to use smoking cessation assistance as the result of vulnerability as immigrants and culturally cultivated masculinities of self-control and self-reliance.

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Small, Sandra P., Andrea Brennan-Hunter, Caroline Porr, and Yanqing Yi. "Challenges Experienced by Women Who Smoke During Pregnancy or Postnatally." International Journal of Childbirth 10, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 24–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/ijcbirth-d-19-00009.

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Maternal smoking during pregnancy and maternal smoking postnatally are important public health concerns worldwide. Smoking adversely affects the woman's general health and is causally related to pregnancy complications and serious health outcomes for the child, such as stillbirth, preterm delivery, low birth weight, and sudden infant death. The purpose of this research was to examine maternal smoking through a quantitative descriptive survey of 164 women, 120 who were pregnant and 44 who were postnatal. Women experienced barriers to quitting smoking, including dealing with stress, being exposed to smokers, not being ready to quit, not knowing how to quit, not looking for or not being able to find information about smoking or quitting smoking, and lacking adequate social and healthcare provider support. On the other hand, women revealed characteristics that suggest they might have had improved potential for quitting smoking, including having negative feelings about smoking, having cut down on smoking, smoking at a low level, having made quit attempts, thinking it would not be hard to quit smoking, being in the preparation stage of behavioral change, and thinking their healthcare providers (HCPs) would help them if they decided to quit. Taken together, those findings suggest that HCPs could offer important assistance to help women achieve smoking cessation. However, more research needs to be conducted to clarify the role and effectiveness of various HCPs in smoking cessation interventions and to identify measures to strengthen their provision of such interventions.

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LITT, John, Mee-Yoke LING, and Brian MCAVOY. "How to help your patients quit: Practice-based strategies for smoking cessation." Asia Pacific Family Medicine 2, no. 3 (September 2003): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1444-1683.2003.00072.x.

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Richardson, A., J. Cullen, P. Mowery, K. McCausland, and D. Vallone. "The Path to Quit: How Awareness of a Large-Scale Mass-Media Smoking Cessation Campaign Promotes Quit Attempts." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 13, no. 11 (August 17, 2011): 1098–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntr158.

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Abidi, Fizzah B., Libby Laing, Sue Cooper, Tim Coleman, and Katarzyna A. Campbell. "Experts’ Views on Behaviour Change Techniques for Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 7729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217729.

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Smoking during pregnancy is a global health problem which has devastating health implications. Behavioural support is an important part of smoking cessation support for pregnant women. Research has identified barriers and facilitators (B&Fs) and effective behaviour change techniques (BCTs) to aid women’s quit attempts. However, the extent to which and how these BCTs are used in practice is unclear. The research aimed to establish experts’ views on how behavioural support can be optimised and techniques operationalised in clinical practice, by identifying ways to address known B&Fs for smoking cessation in pregnancy. A focus group discussion took place with six experts, which highlighted how BCTs can be used in practice to support women in their quit attempts. A thematic analysis was conducted to elicit overarching themes. Five themes were found: involving the family, empowering women, using incentives to boost motivation, using practical techniques to help women with their quit attempts and managing expectations about nicotine replacement therapy. Empowering women to make their own decisions and encouraging small positive changes in smoking habits, using visual aids (e.g., growth charts) to inform women of the harms of smoking to the baby and treating families holistically were deemed important.

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Gonzalez-Rozada, Martin, and Giselle Montamat. "How Raising Tobacco Prices Affects the Decision to Start and Quit Smoking: Evidence from Argentina." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (September 27, 2019): 3622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193622.

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We used a two-part model for the estimation of the price elasticity of participation and consumption of cigarettes by the duration of the smoking habit and a continuous-time split-population model for the estimation of prevalence and duration of smoking onset and smoking addiction, allowing for covariates in the participation component of the model. Results: We computed the total price elasticity of consumption of cigarettes by quartiles of addiction and found that for the people located in the lowest quartile of addiction the total price elasticity is around −0.51; while for those located in the highest quartile of addiction this figure is only −0.19. Then, a 10% increase in cigarette prices, via taxes, reduces the consumption of those in the early stages of the addiction by 5% and for those with a longer history of addiction by only 1.9%. Estimating the continuous-time split-population model we found that, at the mean starting age of 15 years, an increase of 10% in real cigarette prices is expected to delay smoking onset by almost two and a half years. On the other hand, the same policy is less effective to reduce the duration of the habit because there is no meaningful relationship between the duration of the smoking habit and the real price of cigarettes.The policy of raising cigarette excise taxes, to increment prices, seems to be more effective to delay smoking onset. On the other hand, the same policy is less effective to reduce the duration of the habit. A policy recommendation that emerges from this evidence is that for people with a developed addiction a combination of increasing taxes and other public health policies, like cessation therapies, could prove more effective.

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Amrein, Melanie A., Janina Lüscher, Corina Berli, Theda Radtke, and Urte Scholz. "Do Daily Compensatory Health Beliefs Predict Intention to Quit and Smoking Behavior? A Daily Diary Study during Smoking Cessation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (September 3, 2020): 6419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176419.

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Compensatory health beliefs (CHBs) are a means to cope with motivational conflicts between intended health goals and the temptation for an unhealthy behavior. As CHBs can fluctuate on a daily basis, this study examined how daily CHBs are associated with daily intention to quit smoking and daily number of cigarettes smoked before and after a quit date at the between- and within-person level. The study comprised a prospective longitudinal design and investigated 83 women and 83 men for 32 consecutive days during an ongoing joint self-set quit attempt. Daily CHBs varied from day to day and between individuals. At the between-person level, higher women’s mean CHBs were associated with lower intention (b = −0.23, p = 0.04) and at the 10% level with more cigarettes smoked after the quit date (rate ratio (RR) = 1.92, p = 0.07). At the within-person level, women’s higher than usual CHBs were unrelated to intention to quit, but were related to less smoking before (RR = 0.96, p = 0.03) and at the 10% level after the quit date (RR = 0.91, p = 0.09). A marginally positive association between daily CHBs and smoking at the within-person level emerged for men. The negative effect of daily CHBs at the between-person level on smoking seems to unfold after the quit attempt and for women only.

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Shi, Yu, Chunhua Yu, Ailun Luo, Yuguang Huang, and David O. Warner. "Perioperative Tobacco Interventions by Chinese Anesthesiologists." Anesthesiology 112, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181c91ee7.

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Background The prevalence of cigarette smoking in China is high. Surgery provides an excellent opportunity for patients to quit smoking, and anesthesiologists can play an important role in tobacco control. However, little is known about the practices, knowledge, and attitudes of Chinese anesthesiologists regarding perioperative tobacco interventions. Methods Chinese anesthesiologists were surveyed at a national meeting in 2009, with written questionnaires distributed to 800 practicing anesthesiologists. Results The survey response rate was 60.3%, and 10% of respondents themselves smoked cigarettes. Most (73%) of them frequently or almost always asked about smoking status; 51% advised about the health risk of tobacco use; and 60% advised patients to quit. Compared with nonsmokers, smokers were significantly less likely to advise about the health risks of smoking and quitting. A high proportion of respondents had accurate perceptions of perioperative and long-term health risks of smoking. Although most respondents agreed that advising patients to quit is the responsibility of anesthesiologists and the perioperative period is a good time to help patients quit smoking, few knew how to counsel about smoking or help patients get the help they needed to quit. Nonetheless, most of the respondents were willing to learn about perioperative interventions and spend an extra 5 min to help patients quit smoking. Conclusions Given their adequate knowledge of health risks of smoking, strong perception of responsibilities, and willingness to participate in tobacco control, Chinese anesthesiologists are poised to play a significant role in tobacco control in China that could improve perioperative outcomes and promote long-term health.

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Hall, Marissa G., Paschal Sheeran, Seth M. Noar, Marcella H. Boynton, Kurt M. Ribisl, Humberto Parada Jr, Trent O. Johnson, and Noel T. Brewer. "Negative affect, message reactance and perceived risk: how do pictorial cigarette pack warnings change quit intentions?" Tobacco Control 27, e2 (December 16, 2017): e136-e142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053972.

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ObjectivePictorial warnings on cigarette packs increase motivation to quit smoking. We sought to examine the potential mediating role of negative affect, message reactance (ie, an oppositional reaction to a message) and perceived risk in shaping quit intentions.MethodsIn 2014 and 2015, we randomly assigned 2149 adult US smokers to receive either pictorial warnings or text-only warnings applied to their cigarette packs for 4 weeks. Analyses used structural equation modelling with bootstrapped SEs to test our theorised mediational model.FindingsPictorial warnings increased negative affect, message reactance and quit intentions (all P<0.001), but not perceived risk (ie, perceived likelihood and severity of harms of smoking). Negative affect mediated the impact of pictorial warnings on quit intentions (mediated effect=0.16, P<0.001). Message reactance weakened the impact of pictorial warnings on quit intentions, although the effect was small (mediated effect=−0.04, P<0.001). Although pictorial warnings did not directly influence perceived risk, the model showed additional small mediation effects on quit intentions through negative affect and its positive association with perceived risk (mediated effect=0.02, P<0.001), as well as reactance and its negative association with perceived risk (mediated effect=−0.01, P<0.001).ConclusionsPictorial cigarette pack warnings increased quit intentions by increasing negative affect. Message reactance partially attenuated this increase in intentions. The opposing associations of negative affect and reactance on perceived risk may explain why pictorial warnings did not lead to observable changes in perceived risk.

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van Mourik, Dirk-Jan A., Math J. J. M. Candel, Gera E. Nagelhout, Marc C. Willemsen, Hua-Hie Yong, Bas van den Putte, Geoffrey T. Fong, and Hein de Vries. "How the New European Union’s (Pictorial) Tobacco Health Warnings Influence Quit Attempts and Smoking Cessation: Findings from the 2016–2017 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Surveys." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (November 2, 2019): 4260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214260.

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In 2016, the Netherlands was required to introduce new European Union (EU)’s (pictorial) tobacco health warnings. Our objective was to describe the pathways through which the new EU tobacco health warnings may influence quit attempts and smoking cessation among Dutch smokers. Longitudinal data from 2016 and 2017 from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Survey were used. Smokers who participated in both surveys were included (N = 1017). Structural equation modeling was applied to examine the hypothesized pathways. Health warning salience was positively associated with more health worries (β = 0.301, p < 0.001) and a more positive attitude towards quitting (β = 0.180, p < 0.001), which, in turn, were associated with a stronger quit intention (health worries: β = 0.304, p < 0.001; attitude: β = 0.340, p < 0.001). Quit intention was a strong predictor of quit attempts (β = 0.336, p = 0.001). Health warning salience was also associated with stronger perceived social norms towards quitting (β = 0.166, p < 0.001), which directly predicted quit attempts (β = 0.141, p = 0.048). Quit attempts were positively associated with smoking cessation (β = 0.453, p = 0.043). Based on these findings, we posit that the effect of the EU’s tobacco health warnings on quit attempts and smoking cessation is mediated by increased health worries and a more positive attitude and perceived social norms towards quitting. Making tobacco health warnings more salient (e.g., by using plain packaging) may increase their potential to stimulate quitting among smokers.

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Gjorgjievski, Dragan, Radmila Ristovska, Katarina Stavrikj, Amanda Farley, Peymane Adab, Rachel Adams, Andy Dickens, et al. "Effectiveness of Combining Feedback about Lung Age or Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Levels with Very Brief Advice (VBA) and Support for Smoking Cessation in Primary Care Compared to Giving VBA and Support Alone – Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial withi." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, E (March 25, 2020): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4519.

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INTRODUCTION: In 2015, smoking prevalence in Republic of Macedonia was 36% in men and 21% in women We aim to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of two methods of motivating smokers to quit smoking compared with very brief advice (VBA) alone. Тo date, there are no studies investigating smoking cessation treatment in Republic of Macedonia. METHODS/DESIGN: RCT with process evaluation and cost-effectiveness analysis within 31 general practices in Republic of Macedonia recruiting smokers currently smoking >10 cigarettes per day, aged >35 years, attending primary care practices for any reason, regardless of motivation to quit smoking. Respondents will be randomized into one of three groups: (1) VBA and assessment and communication of lung age; (2) VBA and additional assessment and communication of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) levels; or (3) control group – VBA. All participants who attempt to quit smoking will be offered behavioral support based on the UK standard program for smoking cessation. Primary outcome: Proportion of smokers who are quit at 4 weeks (7-day point prevalence, confirmed by salivary cotinine level). Secondary outcomes: Proportion who have attempted to quit smoking or have quit smoking, a proportion that has reduced the number of cigarettes and motivation to quit smoking; cost-effectiveness analysis calculating cost per quality-adjusted life year. We will evaluate the fidelity to the intervention and will explore patients’ and GPs’ experience and the acceptability of the study intervention by interview. DISCUSSION: The study will evaluate the effectiveness of combining feedback about lung age or exhaled CO levels with VBA and support for smoking cessation in primary care compared to giving VBA and support alone. It will explore how willing primary care physicians are to perform such interventions and the acceptability and effectiveness of such interventions to patients in Republic of Macedonia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study is registered on the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN54228638).

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Naughton, Felix, Helen Eborall, and Stephen Sutton. "Dissonance and disengagement in pregnant smokers: a qualitative study." Journal of Smoking Cessation 8, no. 1 (February 11, 2013): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2013.4.

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Introduction: While numerous barriers to smoking cessation in pregnancy have been identified, less is known about the role of pregnant smokers’ beliefs in promoting and inhibiting abstinence. This study explored these beliefs and how they might interact with psychosocial factors related to pregnancy and antenatal care.Methods: In-depth face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 women with experience of prenatal smoking. Grounded theory and the constant comparative approach guided the analysis towards a theoretical explanation of the women's experiences.Results: Cognitive dissonance generated by the discrepancy between smoking-related prenatal harm beliefs and continued smoking was a strong motivator to quit. However, difficulty in quitting led many to resolve this dissonance by endorsing disengagement beliefs which downplayed the threat of smoking. Four main types of disengagement belief were identified. The tendency to endorse disengagement beliefs appeared to be influenced by two factors: uncertainty about how smoking caused foetal harm and reassurance from health professionals and others that reduced smoking was sufficient for harm minimisation.Conclusions: Disengagement belief endorsement is common among pregnant smokers and enables the justification of continued smoking, potentially hindering efforts to quit. Increased promotion of complete abstinence by antenatal care professionals and health education interventions targeting risk comprehension and disengagement belief endorsement should be considered to promote greater efforts to quit among pregnant smokers.

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Ismailov, Rovshan M., and Scott T. Leatherdale. "Understanding Former Smokers in Canada: Examining Who They are and When, Why and How They Quit." Journal of Smoking Cessation 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jsc.4.2.79.

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AbstractObjectives: Although the benefits of smoking cessation are well established, long-term abstinence from cigarettes is difficult for many smokers to achieve. We aimed to examine quit attempts, years since quitting and factors associated with long-term abstinence among former smokers.Methods: Data were from the 2006 Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey. Descriptive analyses were performed and logistic regression models were used to examine factors associated with long-term abstinence (more than 5 years) among former smokers.Results: In 2006, over one in four Canadians (27.1%,n= 7,200,000) aged 15 and older was a former smoker. The prevalence of former smoking was higher among men (30.9%) in comparison to women (23.4%). Former smokers who quit in the past 3 years or earlier were more likely to be older as well as have children younger than 15 in the household. Logistic regression analyses revealed that older age was a significant predictor of long-term abstinence from smoking.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that there are modifiable characteristics associated with long-term smoking abstinence that could be addressed by relapse prevention programming. Longitudinal data are warranted to further clarify the relationship between certain characteristic of former smokers and the duration of abstinence.

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Davidson, S. M., R. G. Boldt, and A. V. Louie. "How can we better help cancer patients quit smoking? The London Regional Cancer Program experience with smoking cessation." Current Oncology 25, no. 3 (June 27, 2018): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/co.25.3921.

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Background Because continued cigarette smoking after a cancer diagnosis is associated with detrimental outcomes, supporting cancer patients with smoking cessation is imperative. We evaluated the effect of the Smoking Cessation Program at the London Regional Cancer Program (lrcp) over a 2-year period.Methods The Smoking Cessation Program at the lrcp began in March 2014. New patients are screened for tobacco use. Tobacco users are counselled about the benefits of cessation and are offered referral to the program. If a patient accepts, a smoking cessation champion offers additional counselling. Follow-up is provided by interactive voice response (ivr) telephone system. Accrual data were collected monthly from January 2015 to December 2016 and were evaluated.Results During 2015–2016, 10,341 patients were screened for tobacco use, and 18% identified themselves as current or recent tobacco users. In 2015, 84% of tobacco users were offered referral, but only 13% accepted, and 3% enrolled in ivr follow-up. At the lrcp in 2016, 77% of tobacco users were offered referral to the program, but only 9% of smokers accepted, and only 2% enrolled in ivr follow-up.Conclusions The Smoking Cessation Program at the lrcp has had modest success, because multiple factors influence a patient’s success with cessation. Limitations of the program include challenges in referral and counselling, limited access to nicotine replacement therapy (nrt), and minimal follow-up. To mitigate some of those challenges, a pilot project was launched in January 2017 in which patients receive free nrt and referral to the local health unit.

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Rajani, Nikita B., Nikolaos Mastellos, and Filippos T. Filippidis. "Self-Efficacy and Motivation to Quit of Smokers Seeking to Quit: Quantitative Assessment of Smoking Cessation Mobile Apps." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 9, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): e25030. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/25030.

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Background Decreasing trends in the number of individuals accessing face-to-face support are leaving a significant gap in the treatment options for smokers seeking to quit. Face-to-face behavioral support and other interventions attempt to target psychological factors such as the self-efficacy and motivation to quit of smokers, as these factors are associated with an increased likelihood of making quit attempts and successfully quitting. Although digital interventions, such as smoking cessation mobile apps, could provide a promising avenue to bridge the growing treatment gap, little is known about their impact on psychological factors that are vital for smoking cessation. Objective This study aims to better understand the possible impact of smoking cessation mobile apps on important factors for successful cessation, such as self-efficacy and motivation to quit. Our aim is to assess the self-efficacy and motivation to quit levels of smokers before and after the use of smoking cessation mobile apps. Methods Smokers seeking to quit were recruited to participate in a 4-week app-based study. After screening, eligible participants were asked to use a mobile app (Kwit or Quit Genius). The smoking self-efficacy questionnaire and the motivation to stop smoking scale were used to measure the self-efficacy and motivation to quit, respectively. Both were assessed at baseline (before app use), midstudy (2 weeks after app use), and end-study (4 weeks after app use). Paired sample two-tailed t tests were used to investigate whether differences in self-efficacy and motivation between study time points were statistically significant. Linear regression models investigated associations between change in self-efficacy and change in motivation to quit before and after app use with age, gender, and nicotine dependence. Results A total of 116 participants completed the study, with the majority being male (71/116, 61.2%), employed (76/116, 65.6%), single (77/116, 66.4%), and highly educated (87/116, 75.0%). A large proportion of participants had a low to moderate dependence on nicotine (107/116, 92.2%). A statistically significant increase of 5.09 points (95% CI 1.83-8.34) from 37.38 points at baseline in self-efficacy was found at the end of the study. Statistically significant increases were also found for the subcomponents of self-efficacy (intrinsic and extrinsic self-efficacies). Similarly, a statistically significant increase of 0.38 points (95% CI 0.06-0.70) from 5.94 points at baseline in motivation to quit was found at the end of the study. Gender, age, and nicotine dependence were not statistically significantly associated with changes in self-efficacy and motivation to quit. Conclusions The assessed mobile apps positively impacted the self-efficacy and motivation to quit of smokers making quit attempts. This has important implications on the possible future use of digitalized interventions and how they could influence important psychological factors for quitting such as self-efficacy and motivation. However, further research is needed to assess whether digital interventions can supplement or replace traditional forms of therapy.

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Britton, Maggie, Sana Haddad, and Jaye L. Derrick. "Prospective and Daily Effects of Cannabis Use on Smoking Outcomes During a Self-Guided Quit Attempt." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 8 (May 12, 2020): 1399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa083.

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Abstract Introduction Past research suggests that cannabis use is a risk factor for relapse in people trying to quit smoking. Most people attempt to quit smoking without any assistance (ie, self-guided quitters), yet no one has examined the association between cannabis use and relapse among self-guided quitters. The current study examines how cannabis use might contribute to poorer smoking outcomes in a sample of self-guided quitters. Aims and Methods Data were taken from a study of unaided smoking cessation in 62 single-smoker couples. Quitters and their Partners completed baseline questionnaires and a 21-day ecological momentary assessment. This article examines Quitters’ and Partners’ past-year cannabis use reported at baseline and daily cannabis use during the ecological momentary assessment as predictors of prospective and daily smoking outcomes. Results We found very little evidence that past-year cannabis use was associated with poorer smoking outcomes. However, Quitters reported greater smoking on days when they or their Partners reported cannabis use. Conclusions This study produced evidence to support daily Quitter and Partner cannabis use as a risk factor for poor smoking outcomes. Smoking cessation programs might benefit from targeting cannabis use as well as taking a couples-oriented approach to treatment. Implications This article examined how cannabis use impacts smoking outcomes in a sample of self-guided quitters using prospective and daily diary analyses. We found very little evidence that past-year cannabis use was associated with poorer smoking outcomes. However, Quitters reported greater smoking on days when they or their Partners reported cannabis use. Findings suggest that smoking cessation programs might benefit from targeting cannabis use, as well as taking a couples-oriented approach to treatment.

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Wysota, Christina N., Marina Topuridze, Zhanna Sargsyan, Ana Dekanosidze, Lela Sturua, Michelle C. Kegler, Varduhi Petrosyan, Arusyak Harutyunyan, Varduhi Hayrumyan, and Carla J. Berg. "Psychosocial Factors, Smoke-Free Restrictions, and Media Exposure in Relation to Smoking-Related Attitudes and Behaviors among Adults in Armenia and Georgia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 11, 2021): 4013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084013.

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Background: Perceived harm, social influences, smoke-free policies, and media exposure have been understudied in relation to tobacco-related attitudes/behaviors in aggregate or in low and middle-income countries; thus, this study examined these factors collectively in relation to smoking-related outcomes among Armenian and Georgian adults. Methods: Using 2018 cross-sectional survey data (n = 1456), multivariable regression analyses examined these factors in relation to smoking status, perceived harm among nonsmokers, and readiness to quit and past-year quit attempts among smokers. Results: Significant predictors (p < 0.05) of current smoking (27.3%) included lower perceived harm, more smoking friends, and fewer home and vehicle restrictions. Among nonsmokers, more home and restaurant/bar restrictions, fewer vehicle restrictions, greater anti-tobacco media exposure, and less pro-tobacco media exposure predicted greater perceived harm. Among smokers, greater perceived social acceptability of smoking, less anti-tobacco media exposure, and greater pro-tobacco media exposure predicted readiness to quit (12.7% of smokers). More smoking friends, more home restrictions, less anti-tobacco media exposure, and greater pro-tobacco media exposure predicted past-year quit attempts (19.2%). Conclusions: Findings support the importance of smoke-free policies but were counterintuitive regarding the roles of social and media influences, underscoring the need to better understand how to address these influences, particularly in countries with high smoking rates.

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Wang, Chia Yin, Hsin-Tzu Li, Chi-Ho Hsu, Yu-Lan Lin, and Su-Chen Kuo. "The experiences of women who quit smoking during pregnancy and how they dealt with their spouses' continued smoking." Midwifery 30, no. 3 (March 2014): e64-e71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.10.016.

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Lee, Stella J., Ashley Sanders-Jackson, and Andy S. L. Tan. "Effects of Current and Enhanced Tobacco Corrective Messages on Smokers’ Intention to Quit Smoking and Intention to Purchase Cigarettes." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 4 (May 2, 2019): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz063.

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Abstract Introduction A federal court has ordered tobacco companies to issue corrective messages to address tobacco-related misperceptions. This study examined the effects of viewing current versus two enhanced versions of tobacco corrective messages on smokers’ intention to quit smoking and intention to purchase cigarettes. Methods US adult smokers (N = 803) were randomly assigned to view (1) two current tobacco corrective messages (Current), (2) two corrective messages that include an industry deception statement (Industry Deception), or (3) two corrective messages with an industry deception statement and testimonials of people harmed by smoking (Industry Deception + Testimonial). Outcomes were pretest–posttest change in intentions to quit smoking and posttest intention to purchase cigarette measures. Results Intention to quit smoking increased significantly after viewing the Current corrective messages versus baseline. In addition, viewing the Industry Deception + Testimonial messages increased intention to quit smoking compared with the Current corrective condition and the Industry Deception condition. Hispanic smokers had increased intention to quit smoking and decreased intention to purchase cigarettes to a greater degree than non-Hispanic smokers in response to Industry Deception + Testimonial messages. There was no significant difference in intention to purchase cigarettes across conditions. Conclusions Enhancing the current corrective statements by including an industry deception statement and testimonials may strengthen effects and contribute to remedying the effects of tobacco misinformation. Implications Previous research has found that draft or proposed versions of tobacco industry corrective messages are effective in correcting beliefs and knowledge. However, studies have not examined how the current court-ordered corrective messages could change intention to quit smoking and intention to purchase cigarettes nor whether enhanced messages could perform better. Study findings suggest that the current corrective messages can increase smokers’ intention to quit smoking beyond their baseline intention. More importantly, enhancing corrective messages by including an industry deception statement and testimonial was found to be more effective than current corrective messages. Findings can inform future iterations of tobacco correctives and strategies to reverse the effects of tobacco misinformation.

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Beard, Emma, Sarah E. Jackson, Robert West, Mirte A. G. Kuipers, and Jamie Brown. "Trends in Attempts to Quit Smoking in England Since 2007: A Time Series Analysis of a Range of Population-Level Influences." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 9 (August 16, 2019): 1476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz141.

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Abstract Aim To quantify population-level associations between quit attempts and factors that have varied across 2007–2017 in England. Methods Data from 51 867 past-year smokers participating in the Smoking Toolkit Study (a monthly cross-sectional survey of individuals aged 16+) were aggregated over an 11-year period. Time series analysis was undertaken using ARIMAX modeling. The input series were: (1) prevalence of smoking reduction using (a) e-cigarettes and (b) nicotine replacement therapy; (2) prevalence of roll-your-own tobacco use; (3) prevalence of (a) smoking and (b) non-daily smoking; (4) mass media expenditure; (5) average expenditure on smoking; (6) characteristics in the form of (a) prevalence of high motivation to quit, (b) average age, (c) proportion from lower social grades, and (d) average number of cigarettes smoked; and (7) implementation of tobacco control policies. Results There was a decline in the prevalence of quit attempts from 44.6% to 33.8% over the study period. The partial point-of-sale ban was associated with a temporary increase in quit attempt prevalence (Badjusted = 0.224%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.061 to 0.388). Quit attempts were positively associated with the prevalence of high motivation to quit (Badjusted = 0.165%;95% CI 0.048 to 0.282) and negatively associated with the mean age of smokers (Badjusted = −1.351%; 95% CI −2.168 to −0.534). All other associations were nonsignificant. Conclusion Increases in the prevalence of high motivation to quit was associated with higher prevalence of attempts to quit smoking, while an increase in the mean age of smokers was associated with lower prevalence. The introduction of the partial point-of-sale ban appeared to have a temporary positive impact. Implications This study provides insight into how monthly changes in a wide range of population-level factors are associated with changes in quit attempts over an extended time period in a country with a strong tobacco control climate. The findings suggest a need for intervention or policy to stimulate quit attempts in older smokers. Otherwise, increases in the mean age of a smokers appears likely to undermine wider efforts to promote quit attempts in a population.

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Alexis-Garsee, Camille, Hazel Gilbert, Martha Burton, and Olga van den Akker. "Difficulties Quitting for Smokers with and without a Respiratory Disease and Use of a Tailored Intervention for Smoking Cessation – A Qualitative Study." Journal of Smoking Cessation 13, no. 2 (March 27, 2017): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2017.5.

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Introduction: Smokers with respiratory diseases are less likely to quit than those without impaired lung function, yet few studies have investigated the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions with this population, and none have used a computer-tailored approach.Aims: This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by exploring smokers’ experiences when trying to quit and their perceptions of a computer-tailored intervention.Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 smokers recruited from six general practises in North London. Thematic analysis was conducted to examine participants’ previous experiences of quitting and their perceptions of receiving personal tailored feedback reports to aid smoking cessation.Results: Participants discussed how their positive smoking experiences coupled with their negative cessation experiences led to conflicts with quitting smoking. Although the computer-tailored intervention was key in prompting quit attempts and participants valued its personal approach; it was not sufficient as a stand-alone intervention.Conclusions: The results highlight the difficulties that smokers experience when quitting and the need for a more personalised stop smoking service in smokers with respiratory diseases. The study also demonstrates the application and potential for computer-tailored intervention as part of a wider programme of long-term smoking cessation.

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Cooper, Sue, Sophie Orton, Jo Leonardi-Bee, Emma Brotherton, Laura Vanderbloemen, Katharine Bowker, Felix Naughton, et al. "Smoking and quit attempts during pregnancy and postpartum: a longitudinal UK cohort." BMJ Open 7, no. 11 (November 2017): e018746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018746.

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ObjectivesPregnancy motivates women to try stopping smoking, but little is known about timing of their quit attempts and how quitting intentions change during pregnancy and postpartum. Using longitudinal data, this study aimed to document women’s smoking and quitting behaviour throughout pregnancy and after delivery.DesignLongitudinal cohort survey with questionnaires at baseline (8–26 weeks’ gestation), late pregnancy (34–36 weeks) and 3 months after delivery.SettingTwo maternity hospitals in one National Health Service hospital trust, Nottingham, England.Participants850 pregnant women, aged 16 years or over, who were current smokers or had smoked in the 3 months before pregnancy, were recruited between August 2011 and August 2012.Outcome measuresSelf-reported smoking behaviour, quit attempts and quitting intentions.ResultsSmoking rates, adjusting for non-response at follow-up, were 57.4% (95% CI 54.1 to 60.7) at baseline, 59.1% (95% CI 54.9 to 63.4) in late pregnancy and 67.1% (95% CI 62.7 to 71.5) 3 months postpartum. At baseline, 272 of 488 current smokers had tried to quit since becoming pregnant (55.7%, 95% CI 51.3 to 60.1); 51.3% (95% CI 44.7 to 58.0) tried quitting between baseline and late pregnancy and 27.4% (95% CI 21.7 to 33.2) after childbirth. The percentage who intended to quit within the next month fell as pregnancy progressed, from 40.4% (95% CI 36.1 to 44.8) at baseline to 29.7% (95% CI 23.8 to 35.6) in late pregnancy and 14.2% (95% CI 10.0 to 18.3) postpartum. Postpartum relapse was lower among women who quit in the 3 months before pregnancy (17.8%, 95% CI 6.1 to 29.4) than those who stopped between baseline and late pregnancy (42.9%, 95% CI 24.6 to 61.3).ConclusionsMany pregnant smokers make quit attempts throughout pregnancy and postpartum, but intention to quit decreases over time; there is no evidence that smoking rates fall during gestation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'How to quit smoking'

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