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1
Hamdi, Dalia S., Masar B. M. Mohamed, and Saja M. Mansour. "Preparation and Characterization of Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose Gastroretentive Film using Metoclopramide HCl." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 12, no. 04 (2022): 1831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.12.4.57.
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This study aimed to formulate a gastro retentive slow release dosage form based on oral film for metoclopramide hydrochloric acid (HCl), a medication with a narrow absorption window. The gastroretentive film was made using a solvent casting method with varying ratios of primary polymers (HPMC 15000 cps and HPMC K4M), secondary polymer (carbopol 934), and PEG-400 as a plasticizer. The film of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K4M-3 (50:50) (HPMC K4M: carbopol) was buoyant for 20 minutes. The 52 wt % of metoclopramide HCl (metclo) was released from the HPMC K4M-3 film after 24 hours, and its swelling index was (46.5%). The mucoadhesive strength of the HPMC K4M-3 was 18 gm, and the film showed no effect on the rat’s stomach tissue compared to normal rat tissue histologically. The HPMC K4M-3 produced modest values of percent elongation of 77.6%. To conclude, the optimized film appeared to be a promising mucoadhesive gastro retentive oral film with the ease of administration and controlled release.
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Amul, Mishra, Kumar Mangal Rinkesh, Marothiya Deepak, and Singh Harshvardhan. "Formulation and Evaluation of Gastroretentive Tablet of Ondansetron hydrochloride Using 32 Factorial Design." Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal 2, no. 1 (2015): 51–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13694572.
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The purpose of this research was to formulate and optimize an effervescent Gastro retentive tablet formulation of Ondansetron hydrochloride using 3<sup>2</sup> factorial design. Gastroretentive tablets were prepared by direct compression method by incorporating HPMC K4M, HPC, Carbopol 934P, sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. A 3<sup>2</sup> Factorial design was applied systemically; the amount of HPMC K4M <em>(X<sub>1</sub>)</em> and Carbopol 934P <em>(X<sub>2</sub>) </em>were selected as independent variables. The time required for 50% drug release (<em>T<sub>50%</sub></em>), release rate (<em>K<sub>o</sub></em>) and floating lag time (FLT) were selected as dependent variables. It was found that HPMC K4M, Carbopol 934P and their interaction had significant influence on the <em>T<sub>50%</sub>,</em> release rate (<em>K</em><sub>o</sub>) and floating lag time of the delivery system. The decrease in the release rate was observed with an increase in the concentration of the polymer system. Polymer with lower concentration HPMC K4M was shown to be beneficial than the absence of polymer Carbopol 934P in improving the floating properties of gastroretentive tablet. The observed difference in the drug release and the floating capacity of gastroretentive drug delivery system could be attributed to the difference in the water uptake capacity of the selected polymer.
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Nurfitriyana, Nurfitriyana, Najma Annuria Fithri, Fitria, and Rini Yanuarti. "ANALISIS INTERAKSI KIMIA FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED (FTIR) TABLET GASTRORENTIF EKSTRAK DAUN PETAI (Parkia speciosa Hassk) DENGAN POLIMER HPMC-K4M DAN KITOSAN." ISTA Online Technologi Journal 3, no. 2 (2022): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.62702/ion.v3i2.69.
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Ekstrak etanol daun petai (EDP) mengandung senyawa flavonoid, tanin, dan terpen yang berkhasiat untuk terapi tukak lambung. Formulasi sediaan gastroretentif EDP sistem gastrorentif bertujuan untuk memperlama waktu tinggal obat di lambung sehingga meningkatkan bioavalabilitas obat menggunakan polimer HPMC-K4M dan Kitosan. Penelitian ini berujuan untuk mengetahui interaksi kimia antara polimer HPMC-K4M dan kitosan dengan ekstak. Preparasi sediaan dilakukan dengan granulasi basah dengan perbedaan konsentrasi HPMC-K4M dan kitosan untuk F1 (10% : 5%), FA (25% : 5%), FB (10% : 20%), dan FAB (25% : 20%). Interaksi kimia menggunakan FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) dan anilis kandungan senyawa menggunakan KLT (Kromatografi lapis tipis). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Tablet dan ekstrak mengandung senyawa flavonoid, tanin dam terpen. Tidak terjadi interaksi kimia antara polimer HPMC-K4M dan kitosan dengan ekstrak yang dibuktikan dengan tidak terbentuknya gugus fungsi baru antara ekstrak dan polimer.
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Bimlendra, Kumar Singh, Kumar Deepak, Parween Rukhshar, et al. "A Review on Sustained Release Tablets of Theophylline." Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal 12, no. 3 (2025): 14–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15606975.
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The aim of present work was to develop theophylline sustained release tablets which could improve patient compliance towards the effective management of asthma The polymers, HPMC (Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose) K4M, HPMC K100M, Eudragit, Chitosan in blending and granulation stage of processing and evaluate their physico-chemical properties. The precompression limits of the powder blends used for the preparation of sustained-release tablets were in an acceptable range of pharmacopeial specification with excellent flow and good compressibility. Wet granulation method prepared tablets using different grades of polymers HPMC K100, HPMC K4M, Eudragit, Chitosan. The active ingredient, release retardants, diluents, fraction of polymer are mixed to make wet mass for granulation. The in- vitro release was prolonged to 12 hours using HPMC K4M, HPMC K100M, Chitosan, Eudragit. F9 formulation prolonged the theophylline release in 12 hours. The effect of polymer on drug release was studied.
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M.Sudharshan, M. Sudharshan, Dr S. K. Senthil Kumar, M. Anandhi M.Anandhi, et al. "Formulation and Evaluation of Fenugreek Gel as a Topical AntiInflammatory Agent." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications 10, no. 1 (2025): 1151–53. https://doi.org/10.35629/4494-100111511153.
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This study focused on the development and evaluation of a topical gel containing Trigonella foenumgreacum seed extract, formulated with carbopol-934 and HPMC K4M as gelling agents, to explore its anti-inflammatory potential. Gel formulations containing carbopol-934 and HPMC K4M were prepared, evaluated for their physicochemical properties, and subjected to in vitro permeation studies to determine the optimal formulation. The gel formulation prepared with a combination of carbopol-934 and HPMC K4M demonstrated the highest drug release rate, with 88.02±0.06% of the drug released after 8 hours in the in vitro release study. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of the fenugreek gel formulation containing a combination of carbopol-934 and HPMC K4M was evident from its ability to reduce paw edema by 57.78% relative to the control group 3 hours post-carrageenan injection. The results indicate that fenugreek, when formulated as a topical gel, has considerable antiinflammatory potential, suggesting its utility as an effective treatment for acute inflammatory disorders.
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Reddy, P. Srikanth, V. Alagarsamy, and P. Subhash Chandra Bose. "Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Amlodipine Besylate Floating Tablets Using Different Polymers." International Journal of Research and Review 10, no. 9 (2023): 500–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20230951.
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Gastric-retentive amlodipine besylate effervescent tablets have been developed using a variety of hydrophilic polymers. Formulations were developed using different grades of different concentrations of polymer. H. HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M, HPMC K100 and xanthan gum were used as polymeric substances. The formulated mixtures have been subjected to various pre-formulation studies and flow properties, and all formulations show that the powder mixtures have good flow properties. Among all formulations, drug release was delayed for the desired period, H. 12 hours, for the HPMC K100 formulation as a polymer. The dissolution data showed that formulations made with HPMC K100M and xanthan gum as the polymer sustained drug release for the desired period. H. 12 hours at a concentration of 150 mg. On the other hand, in formulations containing HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M as polymer failed to produce the desired drug release. Therefore, the floating drug delivery system of amlodipine using the appropriate amount of appropriate polymer can increase the activity of the drug by prolonging the gastric residence time or decreasing the floating lag time. Keywords: Gastric-retentive, amlodipine besylate, effervescent tablets, HPMC K4M
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Vydehi, Maheshwaram* Alekya Muduthanapally. "PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF EXTENDED RELEASE TABLETS OF VENLAFAXINE HYDROCHLORIDE." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IAJPS) 03, no. 09 (2016): 1043–48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.157816.
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The present investigation is aimed at formulating and evaluating Extended release tablets of Venlafaxine Hcl using different polymers such as HPMC K4M, Eudragit RL-100.Venlafaxine Hydrochloride used for the management of major depressive disorder. Different concentrations of the polymers were taken. The physical mixture was evaluated prior to compression for determining the flow properties. These tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, content uniformity and in-vitro drug release profile. It was found that the formulation F3 containing HPMC K4M Polymer release 99% of drug In 24 hours time period and it is selected as a optimized formulation. Drug –Excipient interactions of pure drug and optimized formulations was carried out by using FTIR Study. Key words: Venlafaxine HCl, HPMC K4M,Eudragit RL-100.
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Patel, B. P., and D. M. Patel. "DESIGN OF DUAL RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF ROXYTHROMYCIN AND AMBROXOL HYDROCHLORIDE." INDIAN DRUGS 53, no. 10 (2016): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.53.10.10582.
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Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are illnesses caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx. Roxithromycin (macrolide antibiotic) and ambroxol HCl (mucolytic) are used for this treatment. The dual release system of roxythromycin and ambroxol HCl was successfully prepared by bi-layer tablet approach for management of URTI. Quick release of roxithromycin was achieved by using disintegrants and slow release of ambroxol HCl was achieved by using matrix formulation of drug with HPMC K4M and ethyl cellulose. The 32 full factorial design was adopted for optimization of polymer concentration to achieve identical drug release with theoretical dissolution profile. The amount of HPMC K4M and ethyl cellulose were selected as independent variable and the similarity factor with theoretical dissolution profile and percentage drug release at 10th hr was selected as dependent variables. The prepared dual release tablets were evaluated for physical parameters, drug content, in vitro drug release study, etc. All the parameters were found to be acceptable in range. As the concentration of HPMC K4M is increased, the drug release decreases and the effect of ethyl cellulose was found to be less compared to HPMC K4M.
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Apridamayanti, Pratiwi, Nora Nurlina Sinaga, and Rise Desnita. "Comparison Ability of Polymers Acrycoat S100 And HPMC K4M to Entrapment Efficiency Domperidone in Microspheres." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology 7, no. 1 (2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/ijpst.v7i1.18461.
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Domperidone is a prokinetic and antiemetic agent which has low bioavaibility. To increase the bioavaibility of drug, it can be modified into microsphere that can hold drug more longer in gastric to improve the bioavaibility. The microsphere preparation requires a polymer that can make matrix system to protect and deliver the drugs. Acrycoat S100 and HPMC K4M are the usual polymers that used for encapsulation and have biodegradable characteristic. The aim of this research is to know the comparison ability of two different polymers to entrapment the drug in microsphere. Microsphere domperidone made by solvent evaporation method in 6 formula. F1, F2 and F3 using 50 mg, 100 mg and 150 mg Acrycoat S100 polymer, while F4, F5 and F6 using 50 mg, 100 mg and 150 mg HPMC K4m polymer. The tests were conducted by the determination of the percentage of entrapment efficiency using UV spectrophotometer and evaluation of organoleptic, particle measurement and surface microsphere morphology. The results showed that F3 with Acrycoat S100 polymer has a greater entrapment efficiency of 78,712% ± 4,260% compared to the highest percentage efficiency of HPMC K4M polymer of 4,734±0,390.Key words: Acrycoat S100, domperidone, entrapment efficiency, HPMC K4M, microsphere
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Hasnain, M. Saquib, Poonam Rishishwar, and Sadath Ali. "FLOATING-BIOADHESIVE MATRIX TABLETS OF HYDRALAZINE HCL MADE OF CASHEW GUM AND HPMC K4M." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 7 (2017): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i7.18945.
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Objective: The objective of this paper was to prepare and evaluate floating-bioadhesive cashew gum-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M) matrix tablets for the gastro-retentive release of hydralazine HCl.Methods: The cashew gum-HPMC K4M matrix tablets of hydralazine HCl were prepared by direct compression method with the incorporation of sodium bicarbonate and citric acid as effervescent agents. Drug contents, weight variations, hardness, friability, in vitro swelling, in vitro floatation, ex vivo mucoadhesion and in vitro drug release of these matrix tablets were evaluated.Results: Drug contents, weight variations, hardness and friability of these matrix tablets were within the compendia limits. These tablets were floated well in vitro over 12 h in simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) with minimum lag time. The ex vivo adhesion of these matrix tablets with goat intestinal mucosa exhibited good bioadhesion in a wash off test. All these cashew gum-HPMC K4M floating-bioadhesive matrix tablets of hydralazine HCl showed in vitro sustained releases of hydralazine HCl over 12 h in SGF, pH 1.2. The in vitro hydralazine HCl followed Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model and anomalous (non-Fickian) diffusion mechanism. The drug-polymer compatibility analysis by FTIR spectroscopy indicated the absence of any drug-polymer interaction within this cashew gum-HPMC K4M floating-bioadhesive matrix tablets of hydralazine HCl.Conclusion: The results clearly indicate a promising potential of the use of cashew gum as matrix forming a material with HPMC K4M to prepare matrix tablets for gastro retentive delivery of hydralazine HCl through the combined approach of floatation and bioadhesion to reduce the dosing rate with better patient compliances.
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Mali, Audumbar Digambar, and Ritesh Suresh Bathe. "DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF GASTRORETENTIVE FLOATING TABLETS OF A QUINAPRIL HCL BY DIRECT COMPRESSION TECHNIQUE." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 8 (2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i8.12463.
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Objective: The present study was undertaken with an objective to design, develop and evaluate gastro retentive floating tablets of an antihypertensive drug, quinapril HCl, which release the drug in a sustained manner over a period of 12 h.Methods: In this research work, we used hydrophilic polymer hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M), the gas generating agent sodium bicarbonate and citric acid at different ratios for the preparation of tablets. A 32 factorial design was applied systematically; the amount of HPMC K4M (X1) and the amount of citric acid (X2) were selected as independent variables. The dependent variables chosen were percentage drug release at 6 h (Q6), percentage drug release at 12 h (Q12) and floating lag time. The high concentration of HPMC K4M and citric acid gives a sustained release for quinapril HCl floating tablets. The tablets were prepared by direct compression technique and evaluated for tablet thickness, hardness, weight variation, friability, floating lag time and In vitro drug release.Results: The In vitro drug release indicated the floating dosage forms showed slower release when the concentration of HPMC K4M increases. Formulation F4 having ratio 25:8 (HPMC K4M: citric acid) was considered as an optimised formulation which shows satisfactory sustained drug release and remained buoyant on the surface of the medium for more than 12 h. It can also conclude that floating drug delivery system of quinapril HCl can be successfully formulated as an approach to increase gastric residence time and thereby improving its bioavailability.Conclusion: The developed effervescent based floating tablets are a promising floating drug delivery system for oral sustained administration of quinapril HCl.
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Davydova, I. O., O. A. Ruban, H. D. Slipchenko, I. V. Zupanets, and O. I. Ivaniuk. "Substantiation of the composition of sublingual tablets for the treatment of CNS disorders." News of Pharmacy 108, no. 2 (2024): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/nphj.24.145.
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Aim. To develop the composition of sublingual tablets with L-tryptophan, glycine and a dry peony extract. Materials and methods. L-tryptophan, glycine and a dry peony extract were used as active pharmaceutical ingredients; Lactose GranuLac 200, MCC 102, HPMC methocel K4M CR Premium, HPMC methocel E4M CR Premium, aspartame, maltodextrin, sorbitol, sucralose, Mint cloroph FLV PDR, Strawberry FLV PDR, Apple FLV PDR, Plasdone K-25, crospovidone XL-10, nonessylin and calcium stearate were used as excipients. The pharmacotechnological studies were conducted in accordance with the methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. Results and discussion. The studies of the pharmacotechnological properties of APIs showed unsatisfactory results (poor fluidity, poor cohesive properties; high hygroscopicity of the peony extract), so it was decided to improve the technological properties of the active substances by wet granulation. Plasdone K-25 (15% aqueous solution) was chosen as a binder. The next step was to select a flour adhesive to improve the bioavailability of the active ingredients. According to the literature, HPMC was included in the composition of the test samples: HPMC methocel E4M CR Premium and HPMC methocel K4M CR Premium. According to the research results, HPMC methocel K4M CR Premium was included in the composition. The tablets developed had a bitter taste due to the presence of tryptophan and the peony extract. To correct the taste and odor, aspartame and Mint cloroph FLV PDR were used. Their optimal content in the formulation was experimentally determined. Conclusions. As a result of the studies conducted, the following substances have been selected: the binder for granulating the tablet mixture – Plasdone K-25; the flour adhesive to improve bioavailability – HPMC methocel K4M CR Premium; flavors for taste and odor to mask the bitter taste of sublingual tablets – aspartame and Mint cloroph FLV PDR.
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R. Nagaraju and Rajesh Kaza. "Formulation and Evaluation of Bilayer Sustained Release Tablets of Salbutamol and Theophylline." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 2, no. 3 (2009): 638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2009.2.3.7.
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Salbutamol and theophylline are available in conventional dosage forms, administered four times a day, leading to saw tooth kinetics and resulting in ineffective therapy. The combination of these two drugs in a single dosage form will enhance the patient compliance and prolong bronchodilation. Various polymers, such as hydroxy propyl methylcellulose K4M (HPMC- K4M), hydroxy propyl methylcellulose K100M (HPMC- K100M), xanthan gum, ethyl cellulose and hydroxy propyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMC-P) were studied. HPMC-P and HPMC- K4M were found to be best in controlling the release. In-vitro dissolution studies were carried out for all the bi-layered tablets developed using USP dissolution apparatus type 2 (paddle). It was found that the tablet FB15-FW3 showed 50% release of salbutamol in first hour and the remaining was released for eight hours. However, theophylline was found to be released as per the USP specifications. The IR spectrum was taken for FB15-FW3 formulation and it revealed that there is no disturbance in the principal peaks of pure drugs salbutamol and theophylline. This further confirms the integrity of pure drugs and no incompatibility of them with excipients. Also, formulation of FB15-FW3 has shown required release pattern and complies with all the evaluated parameters and comparable to the marketed formulation.
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Pradeep Kumar, M., Goparaju Suryanarayana Murthy, Annamdasu Lakshmi Poojitha, P. Sindhuri, A. Sreekanth, and Yerikala Ramesh. "Formulation and Evaluation of Colchicine Sustained release tablet by using factorial designs." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 5-S (2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i5-s.5028.
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The study on the effect of polymer concentration on in vitro drug release profile revealed that there is a change in vitro drug release parameters (t50, t80, and MDT) with a change in polymer concentration. Fraction of HPMC K4M, HPMC K 100 M, and Ethyl Cellulose were required to be 15, 10, and 7 mg respectively for designing optimized batch F7. The release rate of Colchicine decreased proportionally with an increase in the concentration of ethyl Cellulose and HPMC K100 M. Also the high amount of HPMC K4M leads to the less initial release and sustain effect. A theoretical drug release profile was generated using pharmacokinetic parameters of Colchicine. The value of t50 and t80 of theoretical drug release profile was found to be 242 min and 529 min respectively. The similarity factor f2 was applied between the in vitro drug release profile of optimizing batches and theoretical profile, which indicate a decent similarity between all in vitro drug release profiles (f2 = 68.28 for F7). All the batches except F1shows the value of f2 value within a range. Batch F7 showed the highest f2 (f2 = 68.28) among all the batches and this similarity was also reflected in t50 (≈ 256 min) and t80 (≈ 554 min) values. A 23 full factorial design was applied to systemically optimize in vitro drug release profile. The HPMC K4M (X1), Concentration of HPMC K100 M (X2), and concentration of EC (X3) were selected as independent variables. The time required for 50% drug released (t50), the time required for 80% drug release (t80), similarity factor f2, and mean dissolution time (MDT) were selected as dependent variables. The results of full factorial design indicate that the HPMC K4M (X1), Concentration of HPMC K100 M (X2), and concentration of EC (X3) have a significant effect on in vitro drug release profile. To find out the release mechanism the in vitro release data were fitted in the Korsmeyer-Peppas equation. All Batches except F1 and F3 show Anomalous diffusion-controlled release (combined mechanism of diffusion and case II transport).
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Shaikh, Naumaan Naeem1* Pradnya Palekar Shanbhag2 Akshaya Aravamudhan3 Samiksha Shinde4 Sanjana Jadhav5. "Formulation And Development Of Bilayer Tablets Of Cimetidine And Ciprofloxacin HCL For Targeted Delivery." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 9 (2024): 1478–500. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13857486.
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For researchers, creating floating tablets with the necessary buoyancy, lag time, and drug release behavior control at the target spot is an incredibly intriguing and difficult challenge. The goal of this study is to develop effervescent floating controlled release tablets containing Cimetidine and Ciprofloxacin HCl to treat peptic ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections. Nine formulations (F1–F9) were created. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K100M, HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M and sodium bicarbonate were used as the swelling and floating agents, respectively, during the direct compression method's preparation of these tablets. To guarantee the quality of the produced tablets, qualitative tests including thickness, hardness, weight fluctuation, friability, and content consistency were carried out. Every formulation had a floating lag time that varied between 14 and 20 seconds. While the tablets made with HPMC K100M had a total floating duration of less than 7 hours, the effervescent floating tablets with HPMC K4M had a total floating time of more than 12 hours. The disparity in the polymers' compaction and flow characteristics may be the cause of this discrepancy in floating behavior. When compared to formulations F1, F3, and F4 that use HPMC K4M as swelling and floating polymer, formulations F7,F8 and F9 with HPMC K100M show somewhat more sustained drug release qualities. This may be explained by HPMC K100M's improved compaction. The produced tablets exhibit diffusion kinetics that are non-Fickian. All in all, these effervescent bilayers with floating controlled release and plain tablets may enhance the compliance and therapeutic outcomes of clarithromycin and famotidine in treatment of H. pylori.
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Yenny Harliantika and Noval. "Formulasi dan Evaluasi Hidrogel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Gaharu (Aquilaria malacensis Lamk.) dengan Kombinasi Basis Karbopol 940 dan HPMC K4M." Journal of Pharmacy and Science 6, no. 1 (2021): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53342/pharmasci.v6i1.208.
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Hidrogel merupakan sediaan topikal dengan cara dioleskan pada kulit. Ekstrak daun gaharu terbukti mengandung senyawa flavonoid yang berperan dalam membantu proses penyembuhan luka. Kombinasi karbopol dan HPMC bertujuan untuk menutupi kekurangan karbopol saat digunakan pada konsentrasi tinggi dan memberikan pH asam. Mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi basis karbopol 940 dan HPMC K4M dan hasil stabilitas evaluasi terhadap formulasi hidrogel ekstrak etanol daun gaharu yang optimal. Metode yang digunakan ekperimental dengan rancangan true-eksperimental. Sampel yang digunakan daun gaharu di Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu. Determinasi, preparasi, ekstraksi, pembuatan hidrogel dan evaluasi. Data dianalisis dengan statistik ANOVA dan Kruskal-Wallis. Formulasi hidrogel dengan kombinasi basis karbopol 940 dan HPMC K4M memberikan pengaruh terhadap formulasi hidrogel ekstrak daun gaharu dengan uji stabilitas evaluasi organoleptik, homogenitas, pH, viskositas, daya sebar dan daya lekat. Hasil formulasi yang dapat mempertahankan stabilitas evaluasi selama penyimpanan 28 hari pada suhu ruangan adalah F2. Hasil uji statistik pH, viskositas, daya sebar dan daya lekat <0,05, p-value <0,05 menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada tiap formula. Adanya pengaruh kombinasi basis karbopol 940 dan HPMC K4M terhadap formulasi hidrogel ekstrak daun gaharu dan formulasi yang baik terdapat pada F2.
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Shahzad, Yasser, Namra Ibrar, Talib Hussain, Abid Mehmood Yousaf, Ikram Ullah Khan, and Syed A. A. Rizvi. "Relevancy of Nizatidine’s Release from Floating Tablets with Viscosity of Various Cellulose Ethers." Sci 3, no. 2 (2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci3020022.
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Nizatidine is a gastroprotective drug with a short biological half-life and narrow absorption window. This study aimed at developing floating tablets of nizatidine using various HPMC viscosity grades, namely K4M, E4M, K15 and K200M. Directly compressed tablets revealed an excellent uniformity in hardness, thickness and weight and nizatidine was evenly distributed within the matrix floating tablets. Buoyancy study revealed floating lag time as low as 18–38 s, and tablets remain buoyant for upto 24 h. However, the later depended upon viscosity grade of HPMC and that the higher the viscosity, the less was the total floating time. In vitro dissolution indicated viscosity dependent nizatidine release from the floating tablets. HPMC K4M and E4M based floating tablets released almost 100% drug in 12 h, whilst higher viscosity polymers such as K15 and K200M only released 81.88% and 75.81% drug, respectively. The drug release followed non-Fickian diffusion from tablets formulated with K4M, K15 and K200M, whilst super case II transport was observed with E4M based tablets. More interestingly, K4M and E4M polymers have similar viscosity yet exhibited different drug release mechanism. This was attributed to the difference in degree of substitution of methoxyl- and hydroxypropoxyl- groups on polymer backbone.
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Shahzad, Yasser, Namra Ibrar, Talib Hussain, Abid Mehmood Yousaf, Ikram Ullah Khan, and Syed A. A. Rizvi. "Relevancy of Nizatidine Release from Floating Tablets with Viscosity of Various Cellulose Ethers." Sci 1, no. 1 (2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci1010022.
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Nizatidine is a gastroprotective drug with a short biological half-life and narrow absorption window. This study aimed at developing floating tablets of nizatidine using various HPMC viscosity grades, namely K4M, E4M, K15 and K200M. Directly compressed tablets revealed an excellent uniformity in hardness, thickness and weight and nizatidine was evenly distributed within the matrix floating tablets. Buoyancy study revealed floating lag time as low as 18–38 s, and tablets remain buoyant for upto 24 h. However, the later depended upon viscosity grade of HPMC and that the higher the viscosity, the less was the total floating time. In vitro dissolution indicated viscosity dependent nizatidine release from the floating tablets. HPMC K4M and E4M based floating tablets released almost 100% drug in 12 h, whilst higher viscosity polymers such as K15 and K200M only released 81.88% and 75.81% drug, respectively. The drug release followed non-Fickian diffusion from tablets formulated with K4M, K15 and K200M, whilst super case II transport was observed with E4M based tablets. More interestingly, K4M and E4M polymers have similar viscosity yet exhibited different drug release mechanism. This was attributed to the difference in degree of substitution of methoxyl- and hydroxypropoxyl- groups on polymer backbone.
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Buccoadhesive, Patches Polymer. "Design And Characterization of Buccoadhesive Drug Delivery System." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 5 (2025): 4264–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15513171.
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The study demonstrated the feasibility of using a buccal patch system for sustained Metoprolol Succinate release, with F5 being the most optimized patch. The polymer ratio plays a crucial role in determining release characteristics and mechanical performance. The optimal combination of HPMC K4M and ethyl cellulose offers improved patient compliance and sustained therapeutic effect. The release of Metoprolol Succinate from patches over 10 hours is influenced by polymer composition, with formulations with higher ethyl cellulose content showing slower drug release, while higher HPMC K4M content shows faster release.
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Shaikh, Naumaan Naeem1* Pradnya Palekar2 Shanbhag Sanjana Jadhav3 Samiksha Shinde4 Akshaya Aravamudhan5. "Formulation And Development Of Bilayer Tablets Of Cimetidine And Sucralfate For Targeted Delivery." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 9 (2024): 1103–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13824959.
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For researchers, creating floating tablets with the necessary buoyancy, lag time, and drug release behavior control at the target spot is an incredibly intriguing and difficult challenge. The goal of this study is to develop effervescent floating controlled release tablets containing Cimetidine and Sucralfate to treat peptic ulcers. Nine formulations (F1–F9) were created, which were for bi-layered tablets. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K100M, HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M and sodium bicarbonate were used as the swelling and floating agents, respectively, during the direct compression method's preparation of these tablets. To guarantee the quality of the produced tablets, qualitative tests including thickness, hardness, weight fluctuation, friability, and content consistency were carried out. Every formulation had a floating lag time that varied between 14 and 20 seconds. While the tablets made with HPMC K4M (F1 & F3) had a total floating duration of less than 7 hours, the effervescent floating tablets with HPMC K100M (F7, F8, & F9) had a total floating time of more than 12 hours. The disparity in the two polymers' compaction and flow characteristics may be the cause of this discrepancy in floating behavior. When compared to formulations F1, F3, and F4 that use HPMC K4M as swelling and floating polymer, formulations F7 and F9 with HPMC K100M show somewhat more sustained drug release qualities. This may be explained by HPMC K100M's improved compaction. The produced tablets exhibit diffusion kinetics that are non-Fickian. All in all, these effervescent bilayers with floating controlled release and plain tablets may enhance the compliance and therapeutic outcomes of Cimetidine and Sucralfate in treatment of peptic ulcers
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Permata Hati, Melati, Yandi Syukri, and Bambang Hernawan Nugroho. "Pengaruh Kombinasi Matriks terhadap Karakter Tablet Metformin HCl Lepas Lambat Sistem Floating Effervescent." Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia 7, no. 2 (2022): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji.2022.007.02.3.
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The research aimed to prepare and evaluate of sustained release metformin HCl tablet with floating system. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation using HPMC K4M and chitosan as matrixes with proportions (w/w) 17.78%:4.44%; 14.44%:7.78%; 11.11%:11.11% ;7.78%;14.44%; 4.44%:17.78%. The tablets were evaluated of weight variation, drug content, hardness, friability, and in vitro floating and drug release studies. The dissolution study had been carried out for 6 hours using USP dissolution apparatus II (paddle) in 900 ml HCl pH 3.0 media at 37±0.50C. All tablet formulas showed closed similarity with the requirement physical tablet of United State Pharmacopea (USP) and Farmakope Indonesia reference. The matrixes containing higher HPMC K4M, and lower chitosan showed floating lag time decreased and duration time increased. Meanwhile, tablet disintegration was the lowest. The release test showed that all formulas did not meet the requirements dissolution metformin HCl sustained release tablet. The result of this study is sustained release tablet metformin HCl with matrixes HPMC K4M and chitosan able to float, but it did not form sustained release.
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Sonawane, T. D., and S. P. Pawar. "Innovation and optimization of Rizatriptan Benzoate Oromucosal Tablets by Using Design of Experiment (DoE)." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 2 (2022): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i2.5308.
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The present study deals with the formulation and study of oromucosal tablets of Rizatriptan Benzoate (RB) using different bioahdesive polymer. Nine formulations were prepared by using direct compression method. Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M), Gum acacia and Sodium Alginate were used as buccal mucoadhesive polymer. Ethyl cellulose (EC) used as an impermeable backing layer. FTIR Studies showed no interaction with drug, polymer and excipients. 32 full factorial design was used to optimize the effect of independent variable such as concentration of HPMC K4M (X1) and concentration of Sodium Alginate (X2) on dependent variables such as % drug release (Y1), Mucoadhesive strength (Y2), Swelling Index (Y3). The prepared buccal mucoadhesive tablets were evaluated for weight variation, Hardness, Surface pH and drug content, content uniformity, swelling index, In-vitro drug release study and mucoadhesive strength. In-vitro drug release study showed sustained drug released for 9 hours. The In-vitro release kinetics reveals that formulation DE5 follows Higuchi model for drug release.
 Keywords: Buccal Mucoadhesion, HPMC K4M, Sodium alginate, Design of experiments.
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Sonawane, T. D., and S. P. Pawar. "Innovation and optimization of Rizatriptan Benzoate Oromucosal Tablets by Using Design of Experiment (DoE)." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 2 (2022): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i2.5308.
Full textAbstract:
The present study deals with the formulation and study of oromucosal tablets of Rizatriptan Benzoate (RB) using different bioahdesive polymer. Nine formulations were prepared by using direct compression method. Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M), Gum acacia and Sodium Alginate were used as buccal mucoadhesive polymer. Ethyl cellulose (EC) used as an impermeable backing layer. FTIR Studies showed no interaction with drug, polymer and excipients. 32 full factorial design was used to optimize the effect of independent variable such as concentration of HPMC K4M (X1) and concentration of Sodium Alginate (X2) on dependent variables such as % drug release (Y1), Mucoadhesive strength (Y2), Swelling Index (Y3). The prepared buccal mucoadhesive tablets were evaluated for weight variation, Hardness, Surface pH and drug content, content uniformity, swelling index, In-vitro drug release study and mucoadhesive strength. In-vitro drug release study showed sustained drug released for 9 hours. The In-vitro release kinetics reveals that formulation DE5 follows Higuchi model for drug release.
 Keywords: Buccal Mucoadhesion, HPMC K4M, Sodium alginate, Design of experiments.
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Sonawane, T. D., and S. P. Pawar. "Innovation and optimization of Rizatriptan Benzoate Oromucosal Tablets by Using Design of Experiment (DoE)." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 2 (2022): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i2.5308.
Full textAbstract:
The present study deals with the formulation and study of oromucosal tablets of Rizatriptan Benzoate (RB) using different bioahdesive polymer. Nine formulations were prepared by using direct compression method. Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M), Gum acacia and Sodium Alginate were used as buccal mucoadhesive polymer. Ethyl cellulose (EC) used as an impermeable backing layer. FTIR Studies showed no interaction with drug, polymer and excipients. 32 full factorial design was used to optimize the effect of independent variable such as concentration of HPMC K4M (X1) and concentration of Sodium Alginate (X2) on dependent variables such as % drug release (Y1), Mucoadhesive strength (Y2), Swelling Index (Y3). The prepared buccal mucoadhesive tablets were evaluated for weight variation, Hardness, Surface pH and drug content, content uniformity, swelling index, In-vitro drug release study and mucoadhesive strength. In-vitro drug release study showed sustained drug released for 9 hours. The In-vitro release kinetics reveals that formulation DE5 follows Higuchi model for drug release.
 Keywords: Buccal Mucoadhesion, HPMC K4M, Sodium alginate, Design of experiments.
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Rajguru, Shreya Ajay, Maimuna Fatima, Hemanth kumar Bandaru, Shaik Farooq Ahmed Ahmed, VIPANCHI Veeranti, and Prasanthi Domaraju. "Pulsatile Tablet of Famotidine Using Core in Cup Method." Journal of Pharmacy 3, no. 1 (2023): 27–37. https://doi.org/10.31436/jop.v3i1.190.
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Introduction: The present work aims to formulate pulsatile delivery system using “core-in-cup” system for Famotidine, a H2 receptor antagonist used for duodenal ulcer, benign gastric ulcers, GERD and nocturnal acid breakthrough (A physiological condition where there is sudden surge of gastric acidity at midnight). In such situation, pulsatile release of drug is preferable having lag time of 3-4 hrs. Materials and method: Core tablets were prepared by employing direct compression method using HPMC K4M, sodium bicarbonate and MCC. Ethyl cellulose, HPMC K4M and Xanthan gum were used for preparation of Core-in-cup tablets. Results: Pre-compression parameters were within acceptable limits. In-vitro studies indicated core tablet with 40% HPMC K4M showed 85.4± 0.15% drug release at the end of 3hrs. and in-vitro buoyancy indicated formulation remained floating for >3hrs. Thus, 40% HPMC K4M was selected. Drug excipient compatibility studies indicated drug and excipients to be compatible. Prepared core-in-cup tablets were evaluated for hardness (6.0±0.12-7.0±0.12kg/cm2), thickness (3.0±0.15-3.5±0.13mm), weight variation (285±0.20-314±1.06mg), friability (0.53±0.14-0.65±0.12%), floating lag-time (99±0.42-120±0.84sec), swelling index (120±0.56-030±0.60%). In-vitro studies indicated formulations with xanthan gum (F1 & F2) showed lag time of 2±0.12-2.4±0.15hrs and %drug release at the end of 7th hour was 97±0.90% and 90±0.12% respectively. Formulations with HPMC K4M (F3 & F4) showed lag time of 3.5±0.10-4.2±0.18hrs and %drug release at the end of 7th hour was 86±0.34% and 83±0.20% respectively. Model dependent kinetics depicted, F4 follows zero-order release kinetics, ‘n’ value of korsmeyer-peppas model indicated anomalous transport mechanism, release process being swelling controlled. Optimized formulation was found to be stable for a period of one month. Conclusion: Conventional drug delivery systems of famotidine, cannot be administered when the symptoms start showing. So, oral pulsatile release dosage form i.e., “Core-in-Cup” system possessing gastric retention capabilities was successfully designed such that when given at bed time drug release is seen in morning.
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Noval, Noval, and Yenny Harliantika. "Formulation and Evaluation Hydrogel of Agarwood Leaf (Aquilaria malacensis Lamk.) Extract Ethanol with Combination Carbopol 940 and HPMC K4M." Journal of Pharmaceutical Care Anwar Medika 3, no. 2 (2021): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36932/jpcam.v3i2.41.
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Hydrogel is a topical preparation by applying it to the skin. Agarwood leaf extract is proven to contain flavonoid compounds which play a role in helping the wound healing process. The combination of carbopol and HPMC intend to cover the deficiency of carbopol when used at high concentrations and to provide an acidic ph. Know the influence combination of carbopol base 940 and HPMC K4M and the results of the evaluation of the optimal stability of the hydrogel extract of agarwood leaves. The method used is experimental with true-experimental design. The sample used is agarwood leaves in Tanah Bumbu Regency. Determination, preparation, extraction, hydrogel production and evaluation. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis statistics. Hydrogel formulation with a combination of carbopol base 940 and HPMC K4M gives an influence on the hydrogel formulation of agarwood leaf extract by evaluating the stability of organoleptic evaluation, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability and adhesion. The result of the formulation that can maintain the stability of evaluation during storage for 28 days at room temperature is F2. Statistical test results of pH, viscosity, spreadability and adhesion <0.05, p-value <0.05 showed a significant difference in each formula. The influence of a combination of carbopol base 940 and HPMC K4M to the hydrogel formulation of agarwood leaf extract and a good formulation is found in F2.
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Sungthongjeen, Srisagul, Pornsak Sriamornsak, and Satit Puttipipatkhachorn. "Design of Floating HPMC Matrix Tablets: Effect of Formulation Variables on Floating Properties and Drug Release." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 1140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.1140.
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Floating matrix tablets were designed and evaluated. Theophylline was used as a model drug. The system was prepared by mixing drug, matrix-forming polymer (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC) and fillers together. The blended powder was compressed by hydraulic press. The effect of formulation variables such as type of matrix forming polymer (HPMC K100LV, HPMC K4M, HPMC K100M), amount of effervescent agent (0, 20, 30, 40% w/w) and compression force (0.5, 1 ton) on floating properties and drug release of floating matrix tablets were investigated. The results demonstrated that type of polymer affected floating properties of the floating matrix tablets. The floating matrix tablets prepared from lower viscosity HPMC (HPMC K100LV) showed faster drug release than those prepared from higher viscosity HPMC (HPMC K4M, HPMC K100M). Increasing amount of effervescent agent decreased time to float and increased drug release from the floating matrix tablets. Higher compression force did not affect time to float but decreased drug release from the floating matrix tablets. According to these results, floating properties and drug release of the floating matrix tablets could be modified by formulation variables. Some floating tablet formulations developed in this study showed good floating properties (time to float less than 15 minutes, floating time more than 8 hours) with sustained release as required. The system is promising as a carrier for gastroretentive drug delivery systems.
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Malik, Prashant, Upendra Nagaich, Raj Kaur Malik, and Neha Gulati. "Pentoxifylline Loaded Floating Microballoons: Design, Development and Characterization." Journal of Pharmaceutics 2013 (May 9, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/107291.
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The floating microballoons have been utilized to obtain prolonged and uniform release in the stomach. The objective of the present study involves design, development, and characterization of pentoxifylline loaded floating microballoons to prolong their gastric residence time. Pentoxifylline (trisubstituted xanthine derivative) loaded microballoons were prepared by the solvent evaporation technique using different concentrations of polymers like HPMC K4M and ethyl cellulose (EC) in ethyl alcohol and dichloromethane organic solvent system. Microballoons were characterized for their particle size, surface morphology, production yield, loading efficiency, buoyancy percentage, and in vitro drug release studies. From the characterization it was observed that increases in amount of polymers (HPMC K4M and EC) led to increased particle size, loading efficiency, and buoyancy percentage, and retarded drug release. The particle size, particle yield, loading efficiency, buoyancy percentage and in vitro drug release for optimized formulation (F3) were found to be 104.0±2.87 µm, 80.89±2.24%, 77.85±0.61%, 77.52±2.04%, and 82.21±1.29%, respectively. The data was fitted to different kinetic models to illustrate its anomalous (non-Fickian) diffusion. The in vitro result showed that formulations comprised of varying concentrations of ethyl cellulose in higher proportion exhibited much retarded drug release as compared to formulations comprised of higher proportion of varying concentrations of HPMC K4M.
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Martinah, Martinah, and Noval Noval. "Floating System Tablet Ekstrak Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) Kombinasi Matriks HPMC K4M dan Na CMC." Jurnal Farmasi & Sains Indonesia 5, no. 1 (2022): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52216/jfsi.vol5no1p20-29.
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Tablet floating system dibuat menggunakan kombinasi matriks HPMC K4M dan Na. CMC dan zat aktif ekstrak daun pepaya (Carica papaya L.), dengan cara mengapung di lambung dalam waktu lama serta dapat melepaskan zat aktif dari ekstrak daun papaya untuk mengatasi tukak pada lambung selama waktu tertentu sehingga meningkatkan mekanisme kerjanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan analisis bivariat. Tablet dibuat dengan metode kempa langsung dan evaluasi meliputi evaluasi serbuk, evaluasi sifat fisik tablet dan evaluasi floating system dibuat dalam lima formulasi dengan perbedaan konsentrasi matriks HPMC K4M dan Na. CMC. Hasil evaluasi serbuk, LOD, sifat alir dan sudut diam pada semua formulasi memenuhi persyaratan, sedangkan uji kompresibilitas pada F4 tidak memenuhi persyaratan. Tablet yang dihasilkan memiliki warna coklat, pahit, berbau khas ekstrak dan berbentuk bulat-memanjang. Tablet pada semua formulasi memiliki keseragaman bobot sesuai persyaratan. Hasil uji kekerasan menunjukkan tidak ada formulasi yang memenuhi persyaratan, sedangkan pada uji kerapuhan semua formulasi memenuhi persyaratan. Pada uji lag time semua formulasi memenuhi persyaratan yaitu 1 detik, sedangkan hasil floating time menunjukkan semua formulasi tidak memenuhi persyaratan. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan formulasi yang optimal adalah F5. Kombinasi matriks HPMC K4M dan Na. CMC berpengaruh terhadap evaluasi LOD, sudut diam, kompresibilitas, kerapuhan, kekerasan dan floating time.
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Mehetre, Gautam D., Raju R. Thenge, Pavan P. Chinchole, Mahesh B. Narkhede, and Mukesh W. Babhulkar. "A study on Formulation and Evaluation of Gastroretentive tablet incorporating Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 4-S (2022): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i4-s.5501.
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Ciprofloxacin is a broad spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic effective in a broad range of infections including some difficult to treat ones. Because of wide-spectrum bactericidal activity, oral efficacy and good tolerability, it is used in Urinary tract infection, Gonorrhea, Bacterial gastroenteritis, Typhoid, Bone, soft tissue and gynecological infection, Respiratory infection and tuberculosis. The main objective of formulating the floating system was to reduce the frequency of administration, to improve patient compliance and improve bioavailability of drug by preparing a gastroretentive drug delivery system. Floating tablets of Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride were prepared by employing two different grades of control releasing polymers HPMC K4M and HPMC K100M in different concentration. Sodium bicarbonate was incorporated as a gas-generating agent. The tablets were evaluated for uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, drug content, floating behavior, swelling studies and dissolution studies. Among tablet formulations, formulation F3 showed maximum drug release i.e. 92.25% at the end of 12 h compared with other formulations and was concluded as optimized one.
 Keywords: Ciprofloxacin HCl, floating tablets, HPMC K4M, HPMC K 100M, FTIR.
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K., Ramanji Reddy* Dr. S. Jaya M.Kavya Dr. Chandaka Madhu. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MUCOADHESIVE BUCCAL TABLETS OF KETOROLAC TROMETHAMINE." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 02 (2018): 938–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181848.
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Among the various routes of drug delivery, the oral route is perhaps the most preferred by patients and clinicians alike. Ketorolac is currently administered intramuscularly (30 mg) and orally as conventional tablet (10 mg) for short-term management of post-operative pain and moderate to severe pain. It is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory cyclooxygenase inhibitor. It acts by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins. The major side effects of Ketorolac are gastric mucosal erosions, ulcers and gastric bleeding. The aim of this study was to prepare a new mucoadhesive tablet formulation of Ketorolac Tromethamine in view of attaining prolonged effect of drug for better therapy with reduced dosing frequency. In present work, an attempt has been made to formulate buccoadhesive tabletof model drug and preparation of tablets using hydrophilic polymers like HPMC K15M, HPMC K4M and carbopol934. The buccal tablets were characterized on the basis of their physical parameters (hardness, thickness, weight variation) drug content, surface pH, swelling index, mucoadhesive strength, in vitro drug release were studied. Key words: Ketorolac Tromethamine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, mucoadhesive tablet, HPMC K15M, HPMC K4M and carbopol934.
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Charyulu, R. Narayana, Amit B. Patil, Lakshmi Deepika C.H, Prabhakar Prabhu, and Shastry C.S. "DEVELOPMENT OF GASTRO RETENTIVE FLOATING MATRIX TABLETS OF DILTIAZEM HYDROCHLORIDE." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 01, no. 01/03 (2011): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703518.
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AbstractThe objective of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate hydrodynamically balanced floating matrix controlled drug delivery system of diltiazem hydrochloride. Floating matrix tablets are associated with advantages of increased bioavailability and minimizing the dosing frequency. Diltiazem hydrochloride is a calcium channel blocker, an anti-hypertensive and anti-anginal drug, which undergoes extensive firstpass metabolism and display poor bioavailability. It has an elimination half-life of 3 to 4.5 h and an absorption zone from the upper intestinal tract. Gastric floating of diltiazem hydrochloride tablets results from effervescence produced by the reaction between sodium bicarbonate and hydrochloric acid in stomach. Seven formulations of floating tablets were prepared using direct compression technique with low viscosity polymer such as HPMC K100LV, high viscosity polymers such as HPMC K4M, K15M, and carbopol in different ratios. The evaluation results revealed that all formulations comply with the specification of official pharmacopoeias and/or standard reference with respect to general appearance, content uniformity, hardness, friability and buoyancy. Accelerated stability studies carried out at different temperatures, 27 ± 2 °C, 40 ± 2 °C and 7 ± 2 °C did show no changes in physicochemical properties at the end of 8 weeks indicating all the formulations are stable. Out of all the formulation developed, formulation F6 containing equal ratio of HPMC K4M and K100LV showed optimum floating time and in vitro drug 6 release of 82.19% at the end of 8 h. Thus it is summarized; high viscosity grade polymer HPMC K4M, low viscosity grade polymer HPMC K100LV and carbopol can be successfully used in formulation of sustained release gastro retentive floating drug delivery system.
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D. V. R. N., Bhikshapathi, Chenna Madipalli Shalina, Vishnu Pulavarthy, and Viswaja Medipally. "Design and in vivo Evaluation of Gastro-retentive Floating Capsules of Amlodipine Besylate in Healthy Human Volunteers." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 10, no. 6 (2017): 3891–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2017.10.6.3.
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The aim of this study was to explore the application of Gelucire 43/01 for the design of sustained release gastro retentive drug delivery system of Amlodipine besylate. Gelucire 43/01 has been used in floating sustained release formulations to prolong gastric residence time and increase its bioavailability. Gelucire 43/01 in combination with HPMC and Polyox was used as a release retarding polymer. HPMC of various viscosity grades HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M and HPMC K100M in combination of Gelucire were tested to obtain optimal total floating time as well as controlled drug release for prolonged period. Melt granulation technique has been used to prepare gastro retentive Amlodipine besylate formulations. All the formulations were evaluated in vitro for their floating ability and drug release. The floating times of all tablet formulations were greater than 12h. HPMC K4M in combination with Gelucire as polymeric matrix enhanced the drug release due to addition of hydrophilic polymer facilitated the swelling and erosion of the tablets. Incorporation of low viscosity polymer HPMC K100 M resulted in optimal floating as well as drug release for longer time. In vivo studies of optimized formulation show floating ability for 6 h in stomach. The results indicate that Gelucire 43/01 in combination with dissolution enhancers HPMC increase the permeability of the wax matrix, which provides improved dissolution thereby bioavailability of Amlodipine besylate and can be considered as a carrier for the development of sustained release floating drug delivery systems.
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Pakhale, Nilesh V., S. B. Gondkar, and R. B. Saudagar. "Formulation Development and Evalua Tion of Fluoxetine Effervescent Floating Tablet." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 4-A (2019): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4-a.3490.
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The objective of the present study was to formulate and evaluate Effervescent Floating Tablet of Fluoxetine for the treatment of antidepressant agent. Tablets were prepared by direct compression using directly compressible polymers such as HPMC K4M, and Carbopol 934 were evaluated for drug-excipient compatibility, density, buoyancy test, swelling study, drug content and In-Vitro release profile. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were used producing effervescent base for buoyancy of tablets. Analysis of drug release from tablet indicates drug release by zero order, first order rate kinetics. No significant change was observed in physical appearance, drug content, floatability or in-vitro dissolution pattern after storage at 450C/750C RH for three months.
 Keywords: Floating effervescent tablet, GIT, Fluoxetine , HPMC K4M, Carbopol 934.
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Chavan, Ghanshyam M., Jyothirmayee Devineni, Dhruv Dev, Abhay R. Shirode, and P. S. Minhas. "Formulation Development of Mucoadhesive Tablets for Treatment of Hypertension using Losartan Potassium." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 04 (2023): 1483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.13.4.55.
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Controlled-release losartan potassium incorporated bucccoadhesive tablets were prepared using guar gum and hydroxy propyl methylcellulose K4M (HPMC K4M). The polymers had demonstrated considerable influence for all reactions. Ethylcellulose, a naturally impermeable material, was employed as a backing layer. The direct compression approach was used to create nine distinct losartan potassium formulations. Drug and polymer compatibility was determined through preformulation research utilizing fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Buccoadhesive tablets were evaluated by swelling, bioadhesive characteristics, pH and in-vitro drug dissolution. The bioadhesive strength of guar gum was found to be greater than that of HPMC K4M. The swelling effect provided by both polymers was adequate. All formulations were judged to have an adequate surface pH, with values falling between 7 and 5, suggesting no discomfort to the buccal cavity. Ex-vivo residence times ranging from 7.2 to >10 hours for all tablets tested demonstrated a high degree of adhesion. The improved formulation follows Fickian diffusion release process. The optimized formulation underwent a stability investigation in accordance with International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) criteria, and no significant changes were found.
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Gaurav, Bhardwaj, Tak Kapil, Tanwar Y.S., Rathore R.P.S., and Choudhary Kuldeep. "Development and Evaluation of Extended Release Matrix Tablet of Metoprolol Succinate." Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal 2, no. 3 (2015): 47–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13730216.
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The objective of this study was to design and evaluate oral sustained drug delivery system for metoprolol succinate using hydrophilic polymers such as HPMC K4M and HPMC K100M batches. Four batches were prepared by using HPMC K4M in drug: polymer ratio of 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2, 1:3 and five batches using HPMC K100M in ratios of 1:1, 1:1.25, 1:1.5, 1:1.75, 1:2. Further formulation F9 was modified by varying the ratios of diluents i.e. F10, F11, F12, F13 to check the effect of diluents on drug release. Matrix tablets were prepared by wet granulation method and were evaluated for weight variation, content uniformity, friability, hardness, thickness and in vitro dissolution. Among the formulations studied, formulation F9 containing HPMC K100M (1:2) showed sustained release of drug for 20 h with cumulative percent release of 88% similar to that of the research listed drug. The kinetic treatment showed that the optimized formulation follow first order kinetic with release exponent (n) 0.579 and having good stability as per ICH guidelines. No chemical interaction between drug and gums was seen as confirmed by DSC studies. The matrix formulation F9 showed sustained release of metoprolol succinate by the diffusion mechanism.
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B., MOUNIKA and I. BALA TRIPURA SUNDARI. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF EMULGEL USING HIBISCUS LEAF EXTRACT." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 12 (2018): 16766–85. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2525360.
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<strong><em>Aim: </em></strong><em>The study was formulation and evaluation of emulgel using leaf extract of Hibiscus.</em> <strong><em>Methods:</em></strong><em> The emulsions were prepared by using different oils like light liquid paraffin, coconut oil, olive oil and by using varying concentrations of Tween80 and Span80. The best selected emulsion was formulated into emulgel by using different gelling agents like Carbopol934, HPMC K4M, HPMC E15, NaCMC in different ratios. All the formulations were evaluated for their physicochemical parameters and percentage drug release.</em> <strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>The % drug release of the final optimized emulgel (OEG 4) was found to be 82.52% within 5 hours. The stability studies were performed as per ICH guidelines two different temperatures for 3months i.e., room temperature (25±2<sup>0</sup>C/60+5%RH) and (40±2̊C/75+5%RH). The drug content of the optimized formulation OEG4 was monitored for a period of 90days.</em> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong><em>The present study revealed Hibiscus emulgel as an efficient drug delivery system for herbal extract.</em> <strong>Key words:</strong> <em>Carbopol934, HPMC E15, HPMC K4M, NaCMC, Hibiscus, Emulgel, emulsion.</em>
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Singh, Km Akancha, Vivek Kumar Patel, and Abhishek Rai. "Formulation and Evaluation of Famotidine Gastroretentive Floating Tablet by Using Biopolymer." International Journal of Research and Review 9, no. 8 (2022): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20220803.
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HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M, and HPMC K100M polymers are used in this study to make floating tablets of famotidine hydrochloride. Drug Delivery systems that are floating in the stomach have a lower bulk density than gastric fluids, therefore they stay buoyant in the stomach for a lengthy period of time without impacting gastric emptying rate. In the treatment of gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD) and peptic ulcer (PUD). Famotidine is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist (GERD). Famotidine is an excellent option for a floating drug delivery system because of its short half-life, brief time in the stomach, and repeated doses. Melt-granulation technique was used to make famotidine floating tablets using HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M, and HPMC K100M. In vitro buoyancy, drug polymer compatibility (IR Research), weight fluctuation, hardness, friability, thickness, drug content and invitro dissolution experiments were all performed on the floating tablets. Using in vitro buoyancy and dissolvability experiments, we were able to establish that the micromeritic characteristic were excellent. HPMC K100M-based formulation F4 has an excellent in vitro buoyancy lag time and floating time, and in vitro dissolution investigations demonstrate a 96.78 percent release for 12 hours. As a result of the findings of this research, it can be concluded that famotidine floating tablets provide the potential for longest- term drug delivery and a consequent reduction in dosage frequency. Keywords: Gastroretentive floating tablet, Famotidine, Formulation and Evaluation, Biopolymer
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Gopaiah, K. Venkata, Ramya Teja Medarametla, J. N. Suresh Kumar, et al. "Advanced Granulation and Formulation Strategies for Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonists in Peptic Ulcer Disease Management." Journal of Neonatal Surgery 14, no. 10S (2025): 1000–1013. https://doi.org/10.63682/jns.v14i10s.6812.
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Present work seeks to formulate floating tablets of famotidine Hydrochloride employing HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M and HPMC K100M polymers. The bulk density of the floating drug delivery systems is lower than the gastric fluid density and therefore has the potential to be suspended in the gastric cavity for long durations of time although the rate of gastric emptying is unaffected. Famotidine is classified as a histamine H2 receptor antagonist and it is on the World Health Organization's Model List of Essential Medicines used for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastro oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Due to its short half-life, short gastric resorption time and multiple dosages any formulator may suggest famotidine as an exceptional drug for formulating floating drug delivery systems. Famotidine floating tablets were developed by using HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M and HPMC K100M by melt granulation technique. The floating tablets were evaluated for following parameters: weight variation, hardness, friability, thickness, drug content, in-vitro buoyancy, drug polymer compatibility (IR study), and in-vitro dissolution studies of tablets. The micromeritic properties were observed to be satisfactory, the tablets were able to remain buoyant in the dissolution medium and the in vitro release studies indicated a good and rapid release nature of the tablets. Formulation F4 of HPMC K100M exhibited good in-vitro buoyancy lag time & floating time in which in lowering the density of all the formulations and in-vitro dissolution showed 96.78% drug release in 12 hrs
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Yamsani, Vamshi, Ramesh Gannu, Chandrasekhar Kolli, M. Rao, and Madhusudan Yamsani. "Development and in vitro evaluation of buccoadhesive carvedilol tablets." Acta Pharmaceutica 57, no. 2 (2007): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10007-007-0015-7.
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Development andin vitroevaluation of buccoadhesive carvedilol tabletsBuccoadhesive tablets of carvedilol were prepared using HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M and Carbopol 934 as mucoadhesive polymers. Fifteen formulations were developed with varying concentrations of polymers. Formulations of the BC or BD series were composed of HPMC K4M or HPMC K15M in ratios of 1:1 to 1:5 whereas in the BE series Carbopol 934 was used (1:0.25 to 1:1.50). The formulations were tested forin vitrodrug release,in vitrobioadhesion, moisture absorption andin vitrodrug permeation through porcine buccal mucosa. Formulation BC3 showed maximum release of the drug (88.7 ± 0.4%) with the Higuchi model release profile and permeated 21.5 ± 2.9% of the drug (flux 8.35 ± 0.291 μg h-1cm-2) permeation coefficient 1.34 ± 0.05 cm h-1) through porcine buccal membrane. BC3 formulation showed 1.62 ± 0.15 N of peak detachment force and 0.24 ± 0.11 mJ of work of adhesion. FTIR results showed no evidence of interaction between the drug and polymers. XRD study revealed that the drug is in crystalline form in the polymer matrix. The results indicate that suitable bioadhesive buccal tablets with desired permeability could be prepared.
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Tania, Alinda, Fitrya Fitrya, and Najma Fithri. "FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI TABLET SISTEM GASTRORETENTIF EKSTRAK DAUN PETAI (Parkia speciosa Hassk.) MENGGUNAKAN HPMC-K4M DAN CARBOPOL® 934P." ISTA Online Technologi Journal 4, no. 2 (2023): 01–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.62702/ion.v4i2.85.
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Tukak peptik adalah luka yang dapat terjadi pada lambung dan usus halus bagian atas dengan prevalensi 6 – 15% terutama pada usia 20 – 50 tahun. Obat-obatan sintetis masih menjadi pilihan utama dalam pengobatan, namun ada banyak tanaman yang diketahui berkhasiat sebagai obat antitukak. Salah satu tanaman yang berkhasiat sebagai antitukak adalah petai (Parkia speciosa). Daun petai dapat diformulasi menjadi tablet floating-mucoadhesive dengan polimer HPMC-K4M dan Carbopol®934P, sehingga pelepasan obat tertarget di saluran pencernaan atas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh komposisi polimer terhadap kekerasan, kerapuhan, floating lag time, floating time, swelling index dan mucoadhesion time. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi HPMC-K4M dan Carbopol®934P menurunkan indeks kerapuhan, floating lag time, dan mucoadhesion time, namun meningkatkan nilai kekerasan, floating time, dan swelling index tablet.
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Kukkdapu, Pavan Kumar* Konda Mayuri Bandigari Parijatha Eslavath Ravindar Naik Kamatam Prashanthi. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CIMETIDINE GASTRORETENTIVE DRUG DELIVERY TABLETS." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 05 (2018): 4651–61. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1258050.
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<em>Gastroretentive drug delivery systems are the systems which are retained in the stomach for a longer period of time and thereby improve the bioavailability of drugs. Cimetidine, an anti-ulcer drug, suffers from poor bioavailability (50%), as cimetidine is very less soluble in alkaline P<sup>H</sup>. cimetidine used in combination with antacids promotes local delivery of these drugs to the receptor of the parietal cell wall. Local delivery also increases bioavailability at the stomach wall receptor site and increases the efficacy of drugs to reduce acid secretion. Thus, the present work is aimed to formulate floating tablets of cimetidine using an effervescent approach for gastroretentive drug delivery system.Floating tablets were prepared using directly compression technique using polymers like HPMC K4M and HPMCK100M for their gel-forming properties. The HPMC alone polymer unable to controlled on release rate it release drug >90% in 4-6 hrs while in combination with Xanthan gum it release >90% in 8 hrs. The results indicate that gas powered gastroretentive floating Tablets of cimetidine containing 40mg HPMCK100M and Xanthan gum provides a better option for controlled release action and improved bioavailability. </em> <strong>Key words: </strong><em>Cimetidine,</em><em> HPMC K4M, HPMC K100M, Gastric residence time, Swelling index.</em>
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P.Umadevi, *. I.Nagaraju and K. Ravi kumar. "DESIGN AND INVITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF RIVASTIGMINE TRANSDERMAL PATCHES." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 09 (2017): 3210–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.936460.
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In present study transdermal drug delivery of Rivastigmine was developed to overcome the first pass metabolism and to reduce frequency of dosing compared to oral route. Matrix type of transdermal patches was developed by using polymers HPMCk4M and HPMCk15M.Transdermal patches were prepared by employing solvent casting method. Propylene glycol and Tween80 were selected as permeation enhancer and plasticizer. Formulations were prepared with the varying concentrations polymers ranging from F1-F12.Moisture content and Swelling study and all the results were found to be were found to be with in the pharmacopeial limits, invitro drug release studies by using dialysis membrane. Among all the 12 formulations F6 formulation which contain HPMC K4M 300mg and Eudragit L-100 60mg had shown 94% cumulative drug release with in 12 hours. And compared to HPMC K15M, HPMC K4M showed better drug release profile. For F6 formulation release kinetics were plotted and the Regression coefficient value was found to be high for Korsmeyer-peppas release model i.e., 0.9892. Key words: Rivastigmine, transdermal patches, HPMCk4M and HPMCk15M
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Shiny, pauline. "FORMULATION AND INVITRO EVALUATION OF BUCCAL FILMS OF BISOPROLOL FUMARATE." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES o6, no. 07 (2019): 13782–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3270504.
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<em>Bisoprolol is a drug belonging to the group of beta-blockers, a class of medicines used primarily in cardiovascular diseases. More specifically, it is a selective type β1 adrenergic receptor blocker. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an application by Duramed Pharmaceutical for Zebeta Oral Tablets (bisoprolol fumarate) as a new molecular entity on July 31, 1992. In current work buccal drug delivery of Bisoprolol was developed to overcome the first pass metabolism and to reduce frequency of dosing compared to oral route. buccal patches were prepared by using polymers Eudragit-L100, HPMCk<sub>4</sub>M and HPMCk15M. by employing solvent casting method. Propylene glycol and Tween80 were selected as permeation enhancer and plasticizer. all the formulations prepare (F1-F9)were evaluated for various physical parameters Physical appearance, Flatness, Weight variation, Thickness, Folding endurance, Drug content, Moisture uptake, Moisture content and Swelling study and all the results were found to be were found to be with in the pharmacopeial limits, invitro drug release studies by using dialysis membrane. Among all the 9 formulations F6 formulation which contain HPMC K4M 300mg and Eudragit L-100 60mg had shown 94% cumulative drug release with in 12 hours. And compared to HPMC K15M, HPMC K4M showed better drug release profile. Drug excipient compatibility studies were carried out by using FTIR, and it was observed that there were no interactions.</em> <strong><em>Key words: Beta-blockers, Patches, Buccal delivery, Bisoprolol.</em></strong>
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Niranjan, Abadhesh Kumar, and Alka Singh. "Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Bilayer Floating Tablets of Antihypertensive Drug Bosentan." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 6 (2021): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i6.5113.
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Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a major public health concern around the world because of its large contribution to the global health burden and its function as a major risk factor for a variety of disease processes. Bosentan SR Floating Bilayer Tablets were made with HPMC K4M, HPMC E-15, and HPMC E-15 alone (80%) and in combination with varying percentages of polymer (20&60 percent, 40&40 percent, and 60&20 percent ). The hydrophilic polymer HPMC is used to make three different formulations (M4, M8, and M12) of floating Bosentan SR tablets, each with a viscosity grade of 80 percent. M12 formulation was shown to be suitable for SR tablet formulation. From the M12 formulation. It's based on the M12 formula. The fraction of high viscosity polymer can be lowered by adding low viscosity polymer, as demonstrated in the C3 formulation. It was clear from the dissolution profile of formulation C3 that by mixing the low and high viscosity polymers, the drug release from the formulation may be improved as compared to manufacturing M12 high viscosity polymer alone. According to the findings of this investigation, as floating duration increases, the release rate drops. As a result, it's appropriate for long-term formulation.
 Keywords: Bosentan, Floating Bilayer Tablets, Hypertension, SR Tablets, HPMC K4M, E-15
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D. V. R. N., Bhikshapathi, Haarika B, Jyothi Sri S, and K. Abbulu. "Preparation and Evaluation of Gemifloxacin Mesylate Floating Matrix Tablets in Healthy Human Volunteers." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 10, no. 1 (2017): 3623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2017.10.1.8.
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The purpose of present investigation was to develop floating matrix tablets of gemifloxacin mesylate, which after oral administration could prolong the gastric residence time, increase the drug bioavailability and diminish the side effects of irritating drugs. Tablets containing drug, various viscosity grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose such as HPMC K4M and HPMC K15M as matrix forming agent, Sodium bicarbonate as gas-forming agent and different additives were tested for their usefulness in formulating gastric floating tablets by direct compression method. The physical parameters, in vitro buoyancy, release characteristics and in vivo radiographic study were investigated in this study. The gemifloxacin mesylate floating tablets were prepared using HPMC K4M polymer giving more sustained drug release than the tablet containing HPMC K15M. All these formulations showed floating lag time of 30 to 47 sec and total floating time more than 12 h. The drug release was decreased when polymer concentration increases and gas generating agent decreases. Formulation that contains maximum concen-tration of both HPMC K15M and sodium bicarbonate (F9) showing sufficiently sustained with 99.2% of drug release at 12 h. The drug release from optimized formulation follows Higuchi model that indicates the diffusion controlled release. The best formulation (F9) was selected based on in vitro characteristics and used in vivo radiographic studies by incorporating barium sulphate as a radio-opaque agent and the tablet remained in the stomach for about 6 h. 
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G., Mahesh *. "FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF MATRIX TABLETS OF PROPRANOLOL HCL BY USING RELEASE RETARDING AGENTS." Journal of Pharma Research 7, no. 3 (2018): 31–36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1209341.
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<strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong> <strong><em>T</em></strong><em>he main aim of the present work is to formulate and develop matrix tablets of Propranolol HCl. Selected suitable method for preparation process of Direct compression method for matrix tablets of Propranolol HCl by using varying concentrations of HPMC K4M, HPMC K100M, sodium alginate and Xanthan gum as a release retarding agents, dibasic calcium phosphate, Microcrystalline cellulose as diluents, talc and magnesium stearate as glidant and lubricant. Excipients compatibility studies were carried out by Stability studies and FT-IR studies between API and selected excipients. All the matrix tablets of Propranolol HCl formulations were evaluated for Pre-compression and post-compression parameters. All the formulations were evaluated for the hardness, friability, thickness, weight variation, drug content uniformity, and in-vitro drug release studies. Based on in-vitro drug release the polymer Xanthan gum showed better dissolution control compared to the other polymers like HPMC K4M and HPMC K100M and sodium alginate. Release of Propranolol HCl from the tablets formulated by employing 25mg of Xanthan gum and 77 mg dibasic calcium phosphate showed that more drug release So, the formulation F- 10 was the optimized formula.</em> <strong><em>KEYWORDS</em></strong><em>: Propranolol HCl, HPMC, Sodium Alginate, Xanthangum, Dibasic Calcium Phosphate, Release Retarding agents, Diluents, Glidant, Release Kinetics.</em>
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Kumar, Vinesh, Rakesh Kumar Sodavat, and Garvendra Singh Rathore. "Formulation and Evaluation of Gastroretentive Floating Tablets of Lovastatin Using Natural Polymers." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 15, no. 7 (2025): 71–79. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v15i7.7280.
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Background: Lovastatin, a lipid-lowering agent, suffers from low bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism and limited absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. A gastroretentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) offers a promising solution to enhance its therapeutic effectiveness. Objective: The present study aims to formulate and optimize gastroretentive floating tablets of Lovastatin using various grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and natural polymers to achieve sustained drug release. Methods: Floating tablets were prepared by direct compression using HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M, and guar gum in varying ratios. The tablets were evaluated for pre-compression (bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, Hausner ratio) and post-compression (thickness, hardness, friability, drug content, buoyancy) parameters. In vitro dissolution studies were conducted for 12 hours, and the data were fitted into kinetic models to determine the release mechanism.Results: All formulations exhibited acceptable physicochemical characteristics. The optimized batch (F8) demonstrated more than 12 hours of buoyancy, high drug content (99.23%), and sustained release of 99.45% over 12 hours. Drug release followed first-order kinetics with Higuchi diffusion and non-Fickian transport mechanisms. Conclusion: Floating tablets of Lovastatin prepared with HPMC K4M, K15M, and guar gum can effectively sustain drug release over 12 hours and improve gastric retention. This system holds potential for enhanced therapeutic efficiency in hyperlipidaemia treatment. Keywords: Lovastatin, gastroretentive tablet, floating drug delivery, HPMC, sustained release, in vitro kinetics
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Prajapati, Shailesh T., Amit N. Patel, and Chhagan N. Patel. "Formulation and Evaluation of Controlled-Release Tablet of Zolpidem Tartrate by Melt Granulation Technique." ISRN Pharmaceutics 2011 (June 27, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/208394.
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The present investigation describes the influence of the concentration of PEG 6000 as a melt binder and ratio of HPMC K4M : PVP on Zolpidem tartrate controlled-release tablet formulations using 32 full factorial design. The ratio of HPMC K4M and PVP K30 () and the concentration of melt binder () were selected as independent variables, and drug release at 1 hr (), 4 hr (), 8 hr (), diffusion coefficient (), and release rate constant () were selected as a dependent variable. Tablets were prepared by melt granulation technique and evaluated for various evaluation parameters. It was observed that concentration of melt binder had significant effect on , , , and Binder concentration 25% w/w was found optimum. Optimized formulation () showed good similarity with theoretical profile of drug. The variable had a significant effect on dependent variables, and the variable had no significant effect on dependent variables.
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Akash, Nanaware* Pooja Shah. "Preparation And Evaluation Of Thermoreversiblle Ocular In Situ Hydrogel Of Chloramphenicol." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 8 (2024): 3666–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13368569.
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This study focuses on the preparation and evaluation of a thermoreversible ocular in situ hydrogel of chloramphenicol, aimed at achieving sustained drug delivery in the eye. Chloramphenicol, known for its high lipid solubility and effective prophylaxis against ocular surgery infections, was formulated using poloxamer 407 as a thermoreversible polymer, with HPMC K4M and carbopol 940 as viscosity enhancers. The formulation process utilized the cold method, ensuring ease of preparation and cost-effectiveness. Characterization of the drug and excipients confirmed their purity and compatibility. The formulated in situ hydrogel exhibited satisfactory physical properties, drug release profiles, and stability over time, with HPMC K4M proving to be a superior viscosity enhancer compared to carbopol. Stability studies revealed that the gel maintained its properties at 4°C over 60 days, making it a promising option for ocular drug delivery.