Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'HPSG'

L'objectif de cette these est une description formelle du polonais, adaptee au traitement automatique. Les problemes linguistiques abordes concernent les clitiques (formes atones): les clitiques pronominaux (cp) (e. G. , go 'le', mu 'lui'), le clitique reflechi (cr) si@ 'se' - et le dit marquer negatif (mn) nie 'ne pas'. Leur statut grammatical, l'ordre des cp, le comportement des clitiques dans les phrases infinitives (dite 'monte des clitiques'), les constructions avec cr, l'omission du cr dans certains contextes verbaux (dite haplologie) ainsi que des proprietes morpho-syntaxique du mn ont ete etudie. On montre que les cp et le cr sont des unites syntagmatiques alors que le mn est un prefixe verbal. La description theorique est formalisee dans le cadre hpsg (head-driven phrase structure grammar, une grammaire syntagmatique guidee par la tete. Cf. Pollard et sag (1994)). Pour l'analyse de clitiques polonais ; on a besoin de modifier et de generaliser de principes syntagmatiques proposes par pollard et sag mais aussi d'introduir des regles specifiques ; e. G. , des regles d'ordre sur les clitiques syntaxiques. Le cr a certaines proprietes differentes de cp. On montre que c'est la semantique lexicale des verbes qui autorise le cr et non pas seulement la syntax comme dans le cas des cp. Le mn est un prefix verbal et on propose une analyse morpho-syntaxique de verbes nies. Pour obtenir de formes nies, on utilise des contraintes et une sous-specification lexicale a la place des regles lexicales mions efficaces. Le noyau de l'analyse formelle sert comme base pour creer un simple analyseur automatique en ale (the attributte logic engine), un systeme informatique pour le traitement automatique de grammaires de type hpsg. L'implementation comprend le monte des clitiques et malgre les regles syntagmatiques rigides d'ale, les differents ordres post-verbaux des clitiques et non-clitiques.

In this thesis I discuss negation in Standard Arabic and Libyan Arabic. The purpose of this thesis is to provide analyses for negation in these two Arabic varieties within HPSG as an alternative to the Minimalist analyses in the literature. Thus, 1 provide a critical discussion of the previous analyses within the framework of Minimalism and then show how these negative elements in both Standard Arabic and Libyan Arabic can be analyzed within the framework of HPSG. There is nothing in the Literature of Minimalism on Libyan Arabic negation Therefore, I discuss the literature of negation on other Arabic dialects which express negation with the same negative elements as Libyan Arabic. In Standard Arabic I discuss five negative elements: Jaa, lam, lan, Jaysa and maa. I argue that within HPSG the negative elements laa, lam and lan can be analyzed as negative verbal prefixes. In this analysis they are considered to be morphologically part of the verb. The negative verb then is obtained via a derivational1exical rule. I also propose a second analysis for these negative elements in which they are heads of complex verbs. In this analysis laa, lam and Ian take a verb as their first complement as well as whatever complements this verb requires. Although both analyses capture the main facts of these negative elements, there are few arguments against the prefix analysis which is why I reject it and favour the complex verb analysis. The negative element Iaysa behaves in a similar way as the past tense copula kaan. Thus, I analyze it as a negative copula. As for the negative element maa, I analyze it as a complementizer and I assume following Kathol (2000) that the constituents which occur following maa are organized in terms of order domain. For Standard Arabic among other features, I make a crucial use of the feature POL with the values pos and neg. In Libyan Arabic, which could also be seen as an example of all Arabic dialects which express negation with the same negative elements, I argue that it has three negative elements. These are ma- and -s, mis and what looks like ma- and -$ combined with a pronoun. Negation with ma- and -5 can be marked on verbs, criticised prepositions and the expletive fiih. To distinguish these lexical items from other words which cannot be negatively marked, I use the feature NEGATABLE. When negation is marked by both ma- and -$ we have strong negation. When there is an n-word or NPI in the clause, negation is marked with ma- only and thus we have weak negation. I analyze mis and what looks like ma- and -s combined with a pronoun as negative copulas. Mis is an invariant negative copula and ma-pronoun-s is an inflected present tense negative copula. I make crucial use of the feature POL with the values pos and neg which has the sub values strong-neg and weak-neg. I also make crucial use of the features I-FORM and FORM as used in Miller and Sag (1997).

The aim of this thesis is to provide a description of comparative constructions in Modern Standard Arabic (henceforth MSA) and develop an analysis for some of the facts framed within Head - driven Phrase Structure Grammar (henceforth, HPSG). To the best of my knowledge, MSA comparative constructions have not been addressed before but present an interesting challenge for Arabic and general linguistics. MSA has simple and complex comparatives, which look rather like their counterparts in many other languages. Simple comparatives are indeed like those of other languages, in that it involves adjectives with a distinctive form and semantics and an extra PP complement. Complex comparatives, however, are quite different. They involve an adjective with a nominal complement, which may be an adjectival maṣdar (known in English as adjectival noun) or an ordinary noun, and are rather like so-called 'adjectival constructs'. Complex comparatives in English and many other languages might be analysed as involving periphrasis, where a slot in a paradigm is filled not by a single word but by a pair of words. My analysis, however, argues that MSA complex comparative construction is not a case of periphrasis. Instead, it is an independent construction that expresses the meaning that would otherwise be expressed by certain missing forms. Simple comparatives, complex comparatives, and adjectival constructs can all be analysed with lexical rules within HPSG. With a 'real' nominal comparative that quantifies a noun, the thesis shows that in MSA kutubun ʔakṯar 'more books' and kutubun ʔaḥsan 'better books' are syntactically essentially the same in which we have nouns with an attributive adjective. The thesis also shows that MSA has both ordinary clausal comparatives and phrasal comparatives. The former is introduced only by maa and involves adjectival and nominal gaps and adverbial gaps in subcomparative cases and the latter is introduced by free relatives maa , man and allḏai and have either nominal gaps or resumptives. It was also shown that maa comparatives with nominal gaps are ambiguous and can be either a clausal or a phrasal complement.

This thesis provides a theory-neutral description of restrictive relative and free relative constructions in Modern Standard Arabic (henceforth, MSA) and Hijazi Arabic (henceforth, HA) and attempts to outline analyses for some of the facts within two theoretical frameworks: Minimalism and Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (henceforth. HPSG). There are some previous discussions of restrictive and free relatives in MSA within transformational grammar. However, this thesis has a novel contribution with regards to the discussion of restrictive and 'free relatives in HA as well as the HPSG analyses for them in both MSA and HA. Both MSA and HA has two types of restrictive relative constructions: definite and indefinite. The definite relative construction modifies a definite antecedent and has a relative marker whereas the indefinite relative construction modifies an indefinite antecedent and has no overt relative marker. This thesis argues that the relative marker that introduces restrictive relatives is a relative complementizer and not a relative pronoun or a definite article. This relative complementizer can be overt in the case of the definite relatives or phonologically empty in the case of the indefinite relatives. Both definite and indefinite relative clauses in MSA and HA contain either a gap or a resumptive clitic. Within Minimalism, both relative clauses that contain gaps and those containing resumptive clitics can be accounted for by an operator-movement (Wh-movement analysis) on the basis of the similarities attested between gaps and resumptive clitics with respect to Coordinate Structures and Parasitic Gaps. The thesis argues that a Raising Analysis is not appropriate for MSA and HA relative clauses. Within HPSG, MSA and HA relative clauses can be best analyzed along the lines of Pollard and Sag's (1994) analysis of English relatives in which they assume empty heads. Thus, definite relative clauses in MSA and HA are headed by an overt complementizer whereas indefinite relatives are headed by a phonologically empty counterpart. Gaps and resumptive clitics involve the same mechanism within HPSG (i.e. both are analyzed as the realization of the SLASH feature) . Free relative constructions in MSA and HA are introduced by different markers which I argue that they are all complementizers. The obvious analysis for Arabic free relatives within Minimalism is similar to that of restrictive relatives but with a null antecedent. However, this approach faces a number of problems which do not appear in a framework like HPSG in which free relatives are analyzed in term of a unary-branching structure (as NPs consisting just of a CP)

This thesis is concerned with a presentation of Classification-based Phrase STructure Grammar (or CPSG), a grammatical theory that has grown out of extensive revisions of, and extension to, HPSG. The fundamental difference between this theory and HPSG concerns the central role that classification plays in the grammar: the grammar classifies strings, according to their feature structure descriptions, as being of various types. Apart from the role of classificaion, the theory bears a close resemblance to HPSG, though it is by no means a direct translation, including numerous revisions and extensions. A central goal in the development of the theory has been its computational implementation, which is included in the thesis. The second part concerns syntactic issues. In the third part, chapters 6, 7 and 8, we turn to semantic issues. The final part, Chapter 9, concerns the actual computational implementation of theory. A concluding chapter summarises the arguments of the thesis and outlines some avenues for future research.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística.
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O propósito deste trabalho é formalizar a noção de argumento como uma estrutura de traços interfacial entre fonologia, sintaxe e semântica, bem como mostrar que argumento, sintagma e saturador são entidades distintas entre si, ainda que possam estar relacionadas. Para a realização dessa tarefa, dois modelos de processamento de língua natural serviram de arcabouço: a HPSG de Sag et al. (2003) e o Léxico Gerativo de Pustejovsky (1995a). O primeiro é um modelo de gramática gerativa fortemente lexicalista, orientado pela superfície e que, além da componente sintática, vale-se também da fonológica e da semântica. O segundo modelo, o Léxico Gerativo, também é uma teoria gerativa, porém especificamente de semântica lexical. Devido à compatibilidade entre os dois modelos, já que ambos são formulados através de estruturas de traços, o Léxico Gerativo foi utilizado com o intuito específico de enriquecer a HPSG em termos semânticos para que então fosse possível explicitar um maior leque de informações semânticas, a fim de se atingir a formalização e distinção acima mencionadas. Na análise, após a incorporação da classificação argumental do Léxico Gerativo na HPSG, a pertinência de se reconhecer a distinção entre argumento, sintagma e saturador foi corroborada por dados translingüísticos de sentenças cujo núcleo possui um ou mais argumentos insaturados, ou seja, sentenças cujo núcleo possui um argumento para o qual não há um sintagma que seja seu saturador, o que é muito comum nas sentenças imperativas, mesmo em línguas de sujeito obrigatório. A análise apontou a necessidade de se reformular a condição raiz da HPSG para que a gramática possa, então, reconhecer também como gramaticais e independentes sentenças cujo núcleo tenha argumentos insaturados, desde que estes argumentos sejam defaults ou sombreados. Essa reformulação, vale ressaltar, segundo os dados analisados, torna a condição raiz aplicável a qualquer língua.

La thèse rend compte de la grammaire des constructions phrastiques introduites par "comme" comparatif et propose une formalisation des analyses dans le cadre théorique HPSG (Pollard et Sag 1994, Sag 1997). L'analyse met au jour l'unité catégorielle, syntaxique et sémantique de ces constructions: ce sont des AdvP, leur structure interne est analysée comme une relative sans antécédent (RSA) dont la tête est "comme", un adverbe "qu-", lequel est modifié par une phrase comportant l'extraction d'un adverbe de manière. Ces syntagmes forment des comparatives de qualité: la phrase introduite par "comme" peut contenir une ellipse, mais quelle que soit la réalisation syntaxique du syntagme, quels que soient le constituant hôte auquel il s'adjoint (V/SV ou S, A/SA, N/SN) et son mode de contribution (ajout modifieur ou incident au sens de Marandin 1999), son fonctionnement sémantique est constant : la relation sémantique associée à "comme-S" est une identité entre deux propriétés comparées. .
This dissertation gives an account for the Grammar of French sentential constructions introduced by the comparative adverb "comme" (translated by "as" or "like" in English), and a representation of the analyses in HPSG (Polard et Sag 1994, Sag 1997). "Comme"-phrases are analysed as free relative clauses: "comme"as a wh- word is the head of an AdvP, it is modified by an S that contains the extraction of a manner adverb. "Comme"-phrases are comparative phrases: they may contain ellipsis; but all realization shows the same semantics which is an identity between two properties of "quality". The modified phrase always provides the compared entity, and the phrase from which the manner adverb is extrated provides the comparee. Depending on the semantic type of the modified phrase, the of the comparison may vary: it applies on the quality of two events, two properties, two individuals in respective cases of a V/VP, A/AP, N/NP modification. .

The simple, canonical form of SVCs has been much studied (e.g. Lee, 1992; Chung, 1993; Kim 2010 for Korean, and Aikhenvald, 2006; Dixon, 2006 for various African languages). In this paper, I investigate a more complex form of SVCs (namely resultative SVCs) which are almost ignored in the literature. Specifically, I show that (i) the causing event and result state of a Korean change-of-state verb should be separately represented in the lexical information of the verb, (ii) the resultative SVCs are really a type of SVC by comparing the core concept of SVCs (i.e. serializing subevents and so non-cancellation of V1 result state or object) with the corresponding properties of the construction in question, and (iii) SVCs generally have the constraint that result state or object should be created after the event of V1 (with more evidence from light verb SVCs). Finally, I present an analysis of the resultative SVC and light verb SVC in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (Pollard and Sag, 1994; Sag et al., 2003).

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This study presents an analysis both syntactic and semantic of the verb poder in Brazilian Portuguese. To achieve this goal, we started with a literature review, which consisted of works dedicated to the study of auxiliarity and modality in order to determine what these issues imply and what is usually considered for classifying the verb under investigation as an auxiliary and/or modal verb. As foundations of this study, we used two theories, namely, HPSG (Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Gramática de Estruturas Sintagmáticas Orientadas pelo Núcleo), a model of surface oriented generative grammar, which consists of a phonological, a syntactic and a semantic component, and GL (The Generative Lexicon O Léxico Gerativo), a lexicalist model of semantic interpretation of natural language, which is proposed to deal with problems such as compositionality, semantic creativity, and logical polysemy. Because these models are unable to handle the verb poder of the Brazilian Portuguese as they were originally proposed, it was necessary to use the GL to make some modifications in HPSG, in order to semantically enrich this model of grammar, so that it can cope with the logical polysemy of the verb poder, its behavior as a raising and a control verb, the saturation of its internal argument, as well as to identify when it is an auxiliary verb. The analysis showed that: (a) poder has four meanings inherent to it, namely, CAPACITY, ABILITY, POSSIBILITY and PERMISSION; (b) to saturate the internal argument of poder, the phrase candidate to saturate that argument must be of type [proposition] and the core of that phrase must be of type [event]. In case those types are not identical, the type coercion is applied in order to recover the requested type for that verb; (c) poder is a raising verb when it means POSSIBILITY, in such case it selects no external argument. That is, it accepts as its subject whatever the subject of its VP-complement is; (d) poder is a control verb when it means CAPACITY, ABILITY and/or PERMISSION and in this case it requires that the saturator of its internal argument be of type [entity] when poder means CAPACITY, or of type [animal] when it means ABILITY and/or PERMISSION; (e) poder is an auxiliary verb only when it is a raising verb, because only in this situation it does not impose any selectional restrictions on the external argument and (f ) poder is considered a modal verb because it can express an epistemic notion possibility and at least three non-epistemic notions of modality capacity, ability and permission.
Este trabalho apresenta uma análise tanto sintática quanto semântica do verbo poder do português brasileiro. Para alcançar esse objetivo, partiu-se de uma revisão de literatura, a qual compreendeu trabalhos dedicados ao estudo da auxiliaridade e da modalidade, a fim de verificar o que essas questões implicam e o que geralmente é levado em consideração para classificar o verbo investigado como auxiliar e/ou modal. Como alicerces deste trabalho, foram utilizadas duas teorias, quais sejam, a HPSG (Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Gramática de Estruturas Sintagmáticas Orientadas pelo Núcleo), um modelo de gramática gerativa orientada pela superfície, a qual é constituída de um componente fonológico, um sintático e um semântico, e o GL (The Generative Lexicon O Léxico Gerativo), um modelo lexicalista de interpretação semântica de língua natural, que se propõe a lidar com problemas como a composicionalidade, a criatividade semântica e a polissemia lógica. Devido ao fato de esses modelos não conseguirem lidar com o verbo poder do português brasileiro como eles foram propostos originalmente, foi necessário utilizar o GL para fazer algumas modificações na HPSG, a fim de enriquecer semanticamente esse modelo de gramática, de modo que ele consiga dar conta da polissemia lógica do verbo poder, de seu comportamento como verbo de alçamento e de controle, da saturação de seu argumento interno, além de identificar quando ele é um verbo auxiliar. A análise mostrou que: (a) quatro são os significados inerentes ao verbo poder, quais sejam, CAPACIDADE, HABILIDADE, PERMISSÃO e POSSIBILIDADE; (b) para saturar o argumento interno do verbo poder, o sintagma candidato a saturador deve ser do tipo [proposição], e o núcleo desse sintagma deve ser do tipo [evento] e, não havendo essa identidade de tipos, recorre-se à aplicação da construção de coerção de tipo para recuperar o tipo solicitado por aquele verbo; (c) poder é verbo de alçamento quando significa POSSIBILIDADE e, nesse caso, não seleciona argumento externo. Ou seja, aceita como sujeito qualquer que seja o sujeito de seu VP-complemento; (d) poder é verbo de controle quando significa CAPACIDADE, HABILIDADE e/ou PERMISSÃO e, nesse caso, requer que o sintagma saturador de seu argumento interno seja ou do tipo [entidade], quando significa CAPACIDADE, ou do tipo [animal], quando significa HABILIDADE e/ou PERMISSÃO; (e) poder só é verbo auxiliar quando é um verbo de alçamento, pois só nessa situação não impõe restrições selecionais quanto ao argumento externo; e (f) poder é considerado um verbo modal porque pode expressar uma noção epistêmica possibilidade e pelo menos três noções não epistêmicas de modalidade capacidade, habilidade e permissão.

Le mauricien est un créole à base française avec un lexique d’origine française pour au moins 90%, sans statut officiel et de graphie récente (Hookoomsing 2004, Police-Michel et al 2011). À part l’étude générale de Baker (1972), les principales études syntaxiques portent sur le domaine nominal (Guillemin 2011, Alleesaib 2012) ou verbal (Henri 2010) ou sur les deux (Syea 2012). Cette thèse est consacrée aux adverbes qu’il convient de distinguer des autres catégories, dans une langue avec peu de morphologie flexionnelle et dont les autres catégories sont aussi invariables, à part les verbes qui peuvent avoir deux formes (forme longue (FL) et forme courte (FC))(Corne 1982, Henri & Abeillé 2008, Henri 2010) et certains noms qui peuvent agglutiner l’article (Bonami & Henri 2010). Nous montrons que les adverbes ont une syntaxe particulière qui se distingue de celle des adverbes du français: la plupart sont post verbales et certains se comportent syntaxiquement comme des compléments et non comme des ajouts, en déclenchant la FC du verbe. Du point de vue méthodologique, nous nous basons d’abord, sur le seul dictionnaire unilingue en mauricien, le DiksionerMorisien (Carpooran 2011) pour avoir une première base de données, puis sur les œuvres littéraires de Virahsawmy, sur le journal Lalit et sur les intuitions d’informateurs mauriciens pour tester nos hypothèses. Ensuite nous avons recours à des expériences de type psycholinguistique pour étudier les adverbes comparatifs en mauricien et en français. Dans un premier temps nous avons établi une liste de propriétés pour définir la catégorie Adverbe et pour la distinguer des autres catégories ; des prépositions (anba ‘sous’), des marqueurs TMA (ti [passé]), des pronoms (zordi ‘aujourd’hui’) et des adjectifs (agogo ‘en abondance’). Nous avons alors créé une autre base de données en ôtant de la première liste les mots que nous n’analysons pas comme adverbe et en ajoutant d’autres qui n’y figuraient pas. Ensuite, nous décrivons la formation lexicale des adverbes du mauricien qui sont majoritairement des hérités du français (vit ‘vite’). Il y a aussi des innovations du mauricien, créées par recatégorisation (mari qui vient du nom français ‘époux’ et qui est devenu l’adverbe ‘très’ en mauricien) ou par réduplication (anba-anba ‘sournoisement’). Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à une classification sémantique des adverbes; nous distinguons douze principales classes distinguables par des critères syntaxiques et sémantiques; les adverbes d’énonciations, modaux, connecteurs, évaluatifs, les adverbes d’habitude, aspectuels, temporels, les adverbes de domaine, locatifs, les adverbes de manière, les adverbes de degré et les adverbes sensibles au focus. Ensuite, nous faisons une étude syntaxique de ces classes. Nous montrons que les adverbes du mauricien peuvent avoir plusieurs fonctions: tête de phrase attributive, extrait, ajout à un verbe ou une autre catégorie et complément de verbe. En plus de la position des adverbes dans la phrase et de leur possibilité d’extraction dans les constructions clivées, l’alternance verbale en mauricien offre un critère supplémentaire pour déterminer la fonction des adverbes. Puis, nous consacrons les deux prochains chapitres à une étude approfondie de la classe des adverbes de degré (Kennedy & McNally 2005). Les adverbes de degré incluent aussi les adverbes comparatifs et nous avons réalisé une expérience avec des locuteurs natifs pour tester la distribution de pli et plis ‘plus’ en mauricien. Comme ces comparatifs de supériorité viennent du français plus prononcé /ply/ et /plys/ (sans compter la forme de liaison /plyz/), nous faisons aussi une étude expérimentale pour tester leur distribution en français. Nous concluons que la distribution de pli et plis en mauricien est en partie un héritage du français. Finalement, nous présentons la syntaxe des adverbes en mauricien dans le cadre HPSG qui est une théorie linguistique basée sur des contraintes (Sag et al. 2003)
Mauritian is a French-based creole with at least 90% of its lexicon inherited from French. It has no official status and a recent standardised written form (Hookoomsing 2004, Police-Michel, Carpooran & Florigny 2011). Apart form the general study of Baker (1972), most syntactic studies concern the nominal domain (Guillemin 2011, Allesaib 2012) or the verbal domain (Henri 2010) or both (Syea 2012).This dissertation is devoted to the study of adverbs, which is important to distinguish from other categories, especially in such a language with little morphology, and where the other categories are also invariable, apart from verbs that may have two forms (a long form and a short form) (Corne 1982, Henri & Abeillé 2008, Henri 2010) and nouns that may agglutinate the article (Bonami & Henri 2010). We also show that Mauritian adverbs have a particular syntax that differentiates them from French adverbs: most of the adverbs occur post-verbally and some are syntactic complements and not adjuncts, triggering the verb short form. On the methodological level, initially, we rely on the unique unilingual dictionary available in Mauritian, the Diksioner Morisien (Carpooran 2011) to obtain a first database of adverbs, and then on the literary works of the contemporary author Dev Virahsawmy, on articles from the online journal of the political party Lalit (www.lalitmauritius.org) and on the intuitions of Mauritian informants, to test our hypotheses. We also made use of more formal experimental methods to study and compare comparative adverbs in Mauritian and French.At first, we established a list of properties to define the category Adverb and to differentiate them from the other categories in Mauritian, namely prepositions (anba ‘under’), TMA markers (ti [past], pronouns (zordi ‘today’) and adjectives (agogo ‘in abundance’). Thereby, we created a new database of 428 adverbs after removing words that we do not analyse as adverbs, and adding others that were not in the list. Then, we described the lexical formation of Mauritian adverbs that are mostly French inheritances (vit ‘fast’). There are, however, some Mauritian innovations, created by recategorisation (for e.g. mari comes from the French noun mari ‘husband’ and has become a degree adverb ‘very’ in Mauritian) or by reduplication (anba-anba ‘sneakily’).The second chapter of the dissertation is devoted to a semantic classification of the adverbs; we distinguish twelve main semantic classes distinguishable by syntactic and semantic criteria; speech-act adverbs, modal adverbs, connectives, evaluatives, habitual adverbs, aspectual adverbs, domain adverbs, locatives, manner adverbs, degree adverbs and focus sensitive adverbs. Then, we studied these semantic classes of adverbs from a syntactic perspective. We show that Mauritian adverbs may function in several ways. They may be heads of copular sentences, fillers in sentence initial position, adjuncts to a verb or to another category or complements to a verb. In addition to the position of adverbs in a sentence and their possibility to be extracted in clefted constructions, the verbal alternation between a long form and a short form offers an additional criterion to determine the function of adverbs in Mauritian. The last two chapters are devoted to a detailed study of the class of degree adverbs (Kennedy & McNally 2005), including comparative adverbs (as…as, more, less). We developed experimental methods to test the distribution of pli and plis in Mauritian with native speakers. Then, since these superiority comparatives come from French plus pronounced /ply/ and /plys/ (apart from the liaison form /plyz/), we experimentally tested the distribution in French. We conclude that the distribution of Mauritian pli and plis is partly an inheritance of French. Finally, we sketch representations of the syntactic functions of Mauritian adverbs in HPSG, a formal constraint-based framework (Sag et al. 2003)

L'objectif de notre travail est d'etudier le traitement de l'accord dans differents modeles syntaxiques : gb, gpsg, hpsg et lfg. Ces modeles sont appliques a des langues presentant des variations morphologiques et structurales: le francais, l'italien, l'anglais, l'arabe, le gallois et autres. Quelles solutions ces modeles proposent-ils pour resoudre l'accord verbal, adjectival et participial? dans gb, le mouvement des constituants vers une position tete agr ou tns, selon les langues, regle l'accord alors que dans les grammaires d'unification, l'ordre des constituants n'est pas determine par des positions geometriques dans l'arbre syntagmatique mais par un trait syntaxique de poids leger ou non leger tel que dans hpsg. L'unification des structures de traits permet de realiser l'accord morphologique entre les constituants.

DANS CETTE THESE, NOUS EXAMINONS LES PROPRIETES SYNTAXIQUES ET INTERPRETATIVES DES COORDINATIONS SIMPLES (PAUL IRA À LONDRES ET À VENISE) ET DES COORDINATIONS À REDOUBLEMENT (PAUL IRA ET À LONDRES ET À VENISE) EN FRANÇAIS ET LEUR INCIDENCE SUR UNE THÉORIE GÉNÉRALE DE LA COORDINATION. LA PROPOSITION CENTRALE QUI EST DÉVELOPPÉE, SUR LA BASE DE LA COMPARAISON SYSTÉMATIQUE DES DEUX TOURS, EST QUE LA COORDINATION DOIT ÊTRE ANALYSÉE COMME UNE HIÉRARCHIE DE CONSTRUCTIONS DISTINCTE DE CELLE QUI CARACTÉRISE LES STRUCTURES DE DÉPENDANCE ORGANISÉES AUTOUR D'UNE TÊTE. CETTE HIÉRARCHIE PERMET DE DÉCRIRE SIMULTANÉMENT LES PROPRIÉTÉS GÉNÉRALES DES CONSTRUCTIONS COORDONNÉES, QUI JUSTIFIENT QU'ON DISTINGUE CELLES-CI DES STRUCTURES ENDOCENTRIQUES, ET LES PROPRIÉTÉS FINES DE NATURE SYNTAXIQUE, SÉMANTIQUE, DISCURSIVE ET CONTEXTUELLE QUI SÉPARENT LES COORDINATIONS SIMPLES DES COORDINATIONS À REDOUBLEMENT DANS LA GRAMMAIRE DU FRANÇAIS. L'ÉTUDE COMPARÉE DES DEUX TYPES DE COORDINATIONS FOURNIT PAR AILLEURS UN SUPPORT EMPIRIQUE EN FAVEUR D'UNE ANALYSE SANS ELLIPSE DES COORDINATIONS DE SÉQUENCES DE CONSTITUANTS (PAUL OFFRIRA (ET) UN DISQUE À MARIE ET UN LIVRE À JEAN) ET PLUS GÉNÉRALEMENT EN FAVEUR D'UNE ANALYSE SANS ELLIPSE DES DIVERSES COORDINATIONS DE CATÉGORIES DISSEMBLABLES (MARIE ADORE (ET) LE CINEMA ET FAIRE LES BOUTIQUES). NOS RÉSULTATS SONT EN PRINCIPE COMPATIBLES AVEC TOUS LES CADRES THÉORIQUES QUI PLACENT AU COEUR DU DISPOSITIF GRAMMATICAL LA NOTION DE CONSTRUCTION. NOUS PRÉSENTONS UNE MODÉLISATION DANS LE CADRE HPSG, QUI PERMET D'EXPLICITER LES ANALYSES SYNTAXIQUES DÉVELOPPÉES ET D'EN ASSURER LA COHÉRENCE D'ENSEMBLE.

This thesis documents the use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) and its contribution to the learning experience of students studying Arabic as a foreign language. The goal of this project is to build an Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning (ICALL) system that provides computational assistance to learners of Arabic by teaching grammar, producing homework and issuing students with immediate feedback. To produce this system we use the Parasite system, which produces morphological, syntactic and semantic analysis of textual input, and extend it to provide error detection and diagnosis. The methodology we adopt involves relaxing constraints on unification so that correct information contained in a badly formed sentence may still be used to obtain a coherent overall analysis. We look at a range of errors, drawn from experience with learners at various levels, covering word internal problems (addition of inappropriate affixes, failure to apply morphotactic rules properly) and problems with relations between words (local constraints on features, and word order problems). As feedback is an important factor in learning, we look into different types of feedback that can be used to evaluate which is the most appropriate for the aim of our system.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 193 p. : ill. Advisor: Carl Pollard, Dept. of Linguistics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 186-193).

Cette thèse se centre sur les discordances dans l’ellipse périphérique (RNR) et propose une analyse basée sur l’identité de lexème entre le matériel manquant et le matériel périphérique. Les analyses précédentes accordent de l’importance au syncrétisme, ou identité phonologique (Pullum & Zwicky (1986)). Dans cette thèse, nous contestons cette hypothèse. Nous avons analysé 5 types de discordance dans l’ellipse périphérique: discordances de polarité, de possessifs, de prépositions, de voix et de formes verbales. Nos études de corpus sur Internet, sur Frtenten 2012 (1.6 milliard de mots) (Baroni et al. (2009)) et sur le English Web 2013 (19 milliard mots) montrent l’existence des discordances dans l’ellipse périphérique en français et en anglais. Les discordances sont assez nombreuses même dans des écrits soignés. Dans tous les cas, les discordances sont résolues par la forme qui correspond au second conjoint. Les résultats des expériences de jugements d’acceptabilité et de mouvements oculaires permettent d’intégrer les discordances dans la grammaire. Les résultats sont compatibles avec les analyses qui postulent l’identité sémantique entre le matériel manquant et l’antécédent pour l’ellipse. Nous proposons une analyse formelle en HPSG.Nous comparons les résultats obtenus avec les cas de coordination lexicale. Nous montrons que l’accord de proximité s’applique (Villavicencio et al. (2005)) et nous proposons une analyse HPSG pour la coordination de verbes et de prépositions
This thesis focuses on mismatches in peripheral ellipsis (RNR) and proposes an analysis based on lexeme identity between the missing material and the peripheral material. Previous analyses put emphasis on syncretism, or phonological identity (Pullum & Zwicky (1986)). In this thesis, we challenge this hypothesis. We analyzed 5 types of mismatches in peripheral ellipsis: polarity mismatch, possessive mismatch, voice mismatch and verbal form mismatch. Our corpus studies on the Internet, on Frtenten 2012 (1.6 billion words) (Baroni et al. (2009)) and on English Web 2013 (19 billion words) shows the existence of mismatches in peripheral ellipsis in French and English. Mismatches are quite numerous even in careful writings. In all cases, the mismatches are resolved by the form that corresponds to the second conjunct. The results of acceptability judgment tests and eye tracking experiments allow the integration of these mismatches into the grammar. The results are compatible with analyses postulating semantic identity between the missing material and the antecedent for ellipsis. We formalize peripheral ellipsis with mismatch within HPSG.We finally compare our results with lexical coordination. We show that it obeys closest conjunct agreement (Villavicencio et al (2005)) and propose a HPSG analysis for coordination of verbs and prepositions

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise in the fields of drug development and regenerative medicine. If iPSCs reprogrammed from patient cells replicate what is seen in vivo they may be used as a model of disease. A process that is disrupted in many neurodegenerative diseases is mitochondrial biogenesis. One of these diseases is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which is characterized by loss of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Differentiation of hPSCs into motor neurons offers a way to study a previous unavailable cell type and may further our understanding of human motor neuron biology. The aims of the present study were to differentiate motor neurons from hESCs and iPSCs in low oxygen conditions and to explore mitochondrial biogenesis and electrical maturation during this process. After three weeks of treatment with retinoic acid and purmorphamine, a sonic hedgehog agonist, cells increased expression of post mitotic spinal motor neuron markers. One week later electrophysiological analysis revealed voltage-gated currents and action potential generation. Mitochondrial biogenesis signaling and expression of respiratory chain proteins increased with motor neuron differentiation. Respiration analysis revealed a decrease in glycolysis in motor neurons compared to neural stem cells. Interestingly, this was not accompanied by an increase in basal respiration or mitochondrial mass. These findings enhance our understanding of motor neuron mitochondrial biogenesis, a process impaired in ALS.

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) and –Gonadal (HPG) axes have been considered mutually inhibitory; however, emerging evidence supports the proposition that this might not necessarily be the case. This idea is termed “coupling,” in which the HPA-HPG axis are mutually activated or deactivated. Coupling is examined across three data sets with different time-courses of stress exposure, and results demonstrate HPA-HPG co-activation occurs. Furthermore, stress exposure influences this relationship. The discussion shows how it is physiologically possible to have positive coupling or co-activation between these axes according to complex regulatory feedback systems and overlapping neural structures. Findings are interpreted developmentally, because adolescence may be a critical time for this co-activation to occur. Finally, the discussion emphasizes an individual difference perspective because each individual differs in the duration and type of stress they experience, and these exerted individualized effects on HPA-HPG coupling.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica.
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Este trabalho apresenta conversores eletrônicos para o acionamento de lâmpadas de descarga com estabilização da corrente pulsada em alta freqüência. Utiliza-se um inversor de tensão em ponte completa com o controle por valores de pico da corrente ou um inversor meia ponte utilizando um elemento capacitivo. Esses conversores permitem implementar a variação da intensidade luminosa da lâmpada (dimerização), bem como variar a freqüência dos pulsos numa ampla faixa de freqüência, evitando o aparecimento da ressonância acústica. Ainda, permitem uma variação da potência em baixa freqüência, com a finalidade de melhorar as características calorimétricas da luz emitida por alguns tipos de lâmpadas de descarga, como a de vapor de sódio de alta pressão. Os conversores apresentam uma redução expressiva no volume do circuito de potência, em virtude da retirada do elemento magnético, sendo tanto mais atrativos quanto maior for a potência da lâmpada.

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Planejar em Saúde não é um tema que se restrinja a uma única matriz disciplinar. Para tratá-lo é necessário buscar em diversas áreas do conhecimento numa perspectiva “transdisciplinar”. Nesta pesquisa tentarei compreender e assimilar novas formas de gestão na saúde para o HPSM Mario Pinotti (Belém-Pará) que não estejam, em sua essência, apenas representando uma capitulação diante de uma conjuntura difícil, ou em outras palavras sucumbindo diante das dificuldades atuais dos problemas advindos de uma sociedade moderna e com interesses tão múltiplos quantos seus atores. Partimos da manifestação da necessidade de proximidade entre as pessoas, no contexto da humanização da relação de pesquisa, requer uma postura de valorização da vida acima de qualquer processo estrutural e/ou técnicocientífico. Por esse motivo escolhemos Bourdieu como principal referência para uma pesquisa etnográfica em um ambiente micropolítico, sob a perspectiva do estabelecimento de uma relação compreensiva com os atores sociais atuantes. Esta opção metodológica é fundamental para a compreensão do objeto proposto, o que dificilmente pode ser feito a partir da escolha de procedimentos simplificados, tais como entrevistas padronizadas e pontuais. O que se abstraiu dos resultados desta pesquisa é que existe um anseio por parte dos gestores e profissionais em adequar a demanda do hospital à capacidade do hospital e não o contrário. Entretanto, é necessário que haja um equilíbrio entre ambos para que o planejamento atinja o objetivo proposto que é o de ordenar os recursos financeiros e humanos com máxima eficiência possível. Políticas e estratégias devem ser consideradas sob a égide de um planejamento participativo promovendo um diálogo entre os que dependem do sistema e trabalham no/para o sistema.
Make plans in the area of health is not an issue that is confined to a single disciplinary matrix. To treat it is necessary to look at different areas of knowledge from a "transdisciplinary" perspective. In this research I will try to understand and assimilate new forms of management in health for HPSM Mario Pinotti (Belém-Pará) that it's not in its essence, merely representing a capitulation to a difficult economic situation, or in other words, succumbing before the current difficulties of the problems arising from a modern society with interests such as multiple than their actors. We started from need for proximity between people, in the context of the humanization of the relationship of research requires an attitude of valuing life above any structural process and / or technical-scientific. For this reason we chose as the main reference to Bourdieu's ethnographic research in an environment micro political from the perspective of establishing a comprehensive relationship with social actors acting. This methodological approach is fundamental to understanding the proposed object, which can hardly be made from the choice of simplified procedures like punctual interviews. What is abstracted from the results of this research is that there is a yearning on the part of managers and professionals in adapting to the demands to the hospital capacity of the hospital and not vice versa. However, there must be a balance between both that the proposed design achieves the goal that is the sort of financial and human resources with maximum efficiency possible. Policies and strategies must be considered under the aegis of a participatory planning by promoting a dialogue between those who depend on the system and work in / for the system.

The Heavy Photon Search (HPS) experiment at Jefferson Lab is designed to search for a hypothesized elementary particle called a dark (heavy) photon. Such a particle would behave as a mediator between dark matter and the Standard Model through a kinetic mixing with the Standard Model’s photon. The search is performed by scattering GeV-scale electrons off tungsten nuclei in a fixed target and looking for a resonance and/or displaced vertices amidst a background of radiative QED trident events. These background events are kinematically identical to the events in which dark photons are produced and decay into lepton pairs. Several other types of reactions take place in this experiment, such as Bethe-Heitler tridents, Moeller scattering, wide-angle bremsstrahlung and elastic scattering off the nucleus. Each of these types of background reactions are used for calibration of the detector. For one of these calibration studies, we have measured the form factors for electrons scattering elastically and nearly-elastically off a carbon target and compared these to predicted values. A resonance search, performed on 10% of the dataset taken in 2016 with a 2.306 GeV beam, shows no sign of a dark photon in the mass range 45-200 MeV. Preliminary upper limits on the square of the dark-photon’s kinetic coupling to the Standard Model photon have been set in the 10−6 − 10−5 range at 95% confidence for every mass hypothesis in this mass range.

L'expérience HPS (Heavy Photon Search) au Jefferson Lab (USA)recherche un nouveau boson de jauge vecteur, nommé "photon lourd" ou "photon sombre", dans une fourchette de masse allant de 20 à 1000 MeV. Une telle particule couplerait avec le photon du modèle standard par effet de "kinetic mixing" et pourrait ainsi être émis par l'intermédiaire d'électrons. En utilisant un faisceau d'électron de haute intensité d’un à six GeV envoyé sur une cible de tungstène, HPS cherche à détecter une fine résonance dans le bruit de fond produit par les processus QED qui serait la signature d'un photon lourd. HPS exploitera aussi le fait qu'à très petit couplages, le photon lourd se désintègrera après une distance détectable, fournissant ainsi une seconde signature sous la forme d'un vertex éloigné de la cible. Dans cette thèse, je présente les motivations pour une telle recherche de photon lourd dans ce domaine spécifique de l'espace de phase, puis je présente le spectromètre HPS, en détaillant en particulier le calorimètre électromagnétique qui a été l'un de mes sujets d'étude. Ensuite, je présente mon travail utilisant une intégration Monte-Carlo pour calculer la section efficace des processus QED attendus dans l'expérience HPS. Finalement, je présente dans cette thèse mon analyse de donnée pour la recherche d'un pic sur le bruit de fond QED dans les données acquises au printemps 2015
The heavy photon search (HPS) experiment in Jefferson Lab (USA) is looking for a new vector gauge boson, called "heavy photon" or "dark photon", in a mass range of 20 MeV to 1000 MeV. Such particle can couple to the standard model photon through kinetic mixing and therefore can be radiated in electron scatterings. Using a high intensity, one to six GeV electron beam sent onto a tungsten target, HPS will look for a narrow resonance above the QED background that would be a signature of a dark photon. HPS will also exploit the fact that for small couplings, this dark photon would also travel a detectable distance before decaying, providing a second signature in the form of a vertex away from the target. In this thesis, I will present the motivations to look for such a dark photon in this particular domain of phase space, then present the HPS spectrometer, with a particular focus on the electromagnetic calorimeter which was a focus of my work. Then, I will present my work using a Monte-Carlo integration to calculate the cross section of the expected background QED processes for the HPS experiment. The final part of my work presented in this thesis will be focused on my data analysis, looking for a bump on the QED background, I carried out using data taken in Spring 2015

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2004.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 168 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-168).

In recent years power generation from renewable energy has grown substantially both in South Africa and around the world. This growth is set to continue as there is more pressure to reduce the burning of fossil fuels. However, renewable energy power generation suffers from unpredictability, which causes problems when it comes to managing power grids. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants offer a practical solution to store power in the form of thermal energy storage (TES). Thus, the plant can run when there is no solar energy available, leading to a more stable power supply. Unfortunately, CSP plants cost more than other renewables such as photovoltaic and wind power. Thus, there is a need for research into how to bring down the cost of CSP plants. One of the most proven types of CSP is the parabolic trough plant. The most recent innovation is to try and use molten salt as the heat transfer fluid which would reduce the cost of the plant. However, this new technology has not been implemented on a full scale CSP plant and little testing has been done to prove the technology. The HPS2 is a test facility aimed at testing the use of molten salt as a heat transfer fluid (HTF). This test facility, located in Evora Portugal, is being developed by an international consortium led by the German DLR institute of Solar Research. It is one of the first test facilities of its kind where experiments will be conducted to demonstrate the validity of using molten salt as a HTF and a storage medium in a parabolic trough CSP plant. The HPS2 test facility is not yet operational and there is a need for a dynamic thermofluid process model to better understand and predict both its steady state and transient operational behaviour. This dissertation reports on the development of such a dynamic thermofluid process model and the results obtained from it. The process model developed primarily focuses on the steam cycle with the TES incorporated into the model. The physical geometry of each of the components are employed to construct discretized elements for which the conservation of mass, energy, and momentum are applied in a one-dimensional network approach. The economizer and evaporator combined has a helical coil geometry and uses molten salt as a heat transfer fluid, which is unique. Thus, correlations had to be adjusted for the flow characteristics found in the economizer/evaporator. Results from the steady state simulations of the steam cycle show that the molten salt mass flowrate through the steam generation system will have to be reduced from the initially expected value to meet operational requirements. Results of the dynamic simulations show that the test facility will be able to produce a constant power supply despite transient solar conditions and highlights key dynamic responses for operators to be aware of.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o nível de organização dos cristalitos de surfactantes aniônico, catiônico e zwiteriônico com o aumento na densidade destas moléculas sobre um cristal de germânio. As análises foram realizadas por espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier acoplada à técnica de reflexão total atenuada (FTIR-ATR). Este estudo apresenta importantes aspectos na organização do dodecilsulfato de sódio (SDS), do N-hexadecil-N,N-dimetil-3-amônio-1-propanosulfato (HPS), do brometo de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (CTAB) e do brometo de dodeciltrimetilamônio (DTAB). No SDS é observado um deslocamento de 1.7 cm-1 para valores de maior frequência na banda de estiramento assimétrico do CH2, vass (CH2), enquanto que é observado um deslocamento de 0.9 cm-1 na banda de estiramento simétrico, vsim (CH2). Este deslocamento para valores de maior frequência nas bandas de estiramento está associado com um aumento na desorganização da cadeia alifática com o aumento na densidade de moléculas sobre o elemento de ATR. A banda de deformação angular do CH2, δ(CH2), apresenta um valor em 1468 cm-1 que é também um indicativo de desorganização. No CTAB não é observado variações acentuadas nos valores das frequências vibracionais. Na banda vass (CH2) do DTAB é observado um deslocamento de 4.5 cm-1 para valores de menor frequência. Embora seja observado valores próximos de 2920 cm-1 para a banda vass (CH2), que é um indicativo do estado líquido de surfactantes, o que é observado nesse estudo são cristalitos de DTAB. O deslocamento da banda vsim (CH2) do DTAB é da ordem de 2 cm-1. Estas mudanças nas bandas vass (CH2) e vsim (CH2) são um indicativo da diminuição nas conformações gauche e um aumento nas conformações trans ao longo da cadeia alifática. O valor da freqüência em torno de 1472 cm-1 para a banda δ(CH2) é também um indicativo de uma maior organização na cadeia de CH2 do DTAB. Para o HPS é observado um deslocamento de 2.6 e 2.7 cm-1 para valores de maior frequência nas bandas vass (CH2) e vsim (CH2), respectivamente. A banda δ(CH2) do HPS apresenta um deslocamento de 4 cm-1 para valores de maior frequência. A variação nas bandas vass (CH2), vsim (CH2), e δ(CH2) ressalta o aumento na desorganização da cadeia alifática com o aumento na densidade de moléculas de HPS sobre o germânio.
The objective of this work is study the order level of anionic, cationic and zwitterionic surfactants with the increase of their density packing on the surface of a germanium element. The analyses were performed by a Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection spectroscopy. This study shows important insights on the conformational order of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), N-hexadecyl-N-N -dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propane-sulfonate (HPS), hexadecyl-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide (DTAB). It is observed a shift of 1.7 and 0.9 cm-1 to higher frequency values of the CH2 asymmetric (vass (CH2)) and symmetric (vsim(CH2)) stretching bands for the SDS molecules, respectively. The latter shift to higher frequency values is associated with the disorder of the aliphatic chain due to the increase of density packing of SDS molecules on the germanium element. The CH2 scissoring band [δ (CH2)] shows a value in 1468 cm-1, which is also an indicative of conformational disorder. It is not observed any accentuated change on the vibrational frequency values of the CTAB molecules. The vass (CH2) band of the DTAB molecules is shifted 4.5 cm-1 to lower frequency values. Although it is observed values near 2920 cm-1 for the vass(CH2) band, indicating a surfactant liquid phase, it is shown in this study that there are indeed DTAB crystallites. The shift of DTAB vsim(CH2) band is around 2 cm-1. These changes in vass(CH2) and vsim(CH2) band are an indicative of a decrease in gauche conformations and an increase in all-trans conformations over the aliphatic chain. The frequency value around 1472 cm-1 for the δ(CH2) band is also an indicative of the order in CH2 chain of DTAB. It is observed a shift of 2.6 and 2.7 cm-1 to higher frequency values of vass (CH2) and vsim(CH2) bands of the HPS molecule, respectively. The δ(CH2) band of the HPS molecule presents a shift of 4 cm-1 to higher frequency values. These variations in vass (CH2), vsim(CH2), and δ(CH2) bands stand out the disorder of the aliphatic chain due to the increase of the density packing for the HPS molecules on the germanium surface.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a expressão do gene HPS no tegumento de quatro genótipos de soja, em épocas distintas de coleta após a antese. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da Estação Terras Baixas da Embrapa Clima Temperado e no Laboratório de Sementes e Biotecnologia (UFPel/FAEM), em delineamento completamente casualizado, com três repetições. Utilizou-se duas cultivares de tegumento amarelo, COODETEC 202 e BMX Potência RR (POT) e duas linhagens de tegumento preto, Tegumento Preto (TP) e IAC 222. Efetuou-se sete coletas dos tegumentos, em intervalos de 5 dias cada, durante o desenvolvimento das sementes de soja entre os períodos de 25 a 55 dias após a antese. Procedeu-se a extração de RNA dos tegumentos, seguido da obtenção do cDNA para posterior análise de qRT-PCR, visando quantificar o acúmulo relativo do gene HPS. A cultivar IAC 222 apresentou valores de quantificação relativa superior em todas as épocas avaliadas, sendo o maior valor encontrado na coleta de 35 dias após a antese. O acúmulo relativo de transcritos do gene HPS no tegumento de sementes de soja difere entre as épocas avaliadas, bem como entre os genótipos estudados.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the gene expression of HPS in the seed coat of four soybean genotypes at different sampling times after anthesis. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse at Estação Terras Baixas of Embrapa Clima Temperado and Laboratório de Sementes e Biotecnologia (UFPel / FAEM) in Capão do Leão city - RS, in a randomized complete block design with three replicates, and treatments arranged in a factorial model. Were used four contrasting genotypes, two cultivars of yellow coat (COODETEC 202 and BMX Potência RR) and two genotypes of black coat (Tegumento Preto and IAC). Seed coat samples were collected along the developing soybean seed, intervals for 5 days, between the periods 25-55 days after anthesis. Proceeded the RNA extraction from the seed coats, followed by obtaining the cDNA for further analysis of qRT-PCR, to quantify the relative accumulation of gene transcripts HPS. IAC 222 showed higher values of relative quantification in all periods, with the highest value found in the collection of 35 days after anthesis. The relative accumulation of transcripts of the HPS gene in the seed coat of soybean differs between the periods evaluated, as well as between genotypes.

La réforme « Hôpital, patients, santé et territoires » (HPST) de 2009 a positionné l’agence régionale de santé en tant que chef de file de la santé à l’échelle régionale. En mobilisant une approche par les instruments, notre thèse pose la question de la réalité de ce rôle de pilotage lors de la phase de sa mise en œuvre. En toile de fond, ce questionnement fait écho à une interrogation plus globale, à savoir : qui dirige la politique de santé au niveau local ? En investissant le secteur de la santé de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur par l’angle original du secteur médico-social, notre analyse démontre que les instruments qui devraient être aux mains de l’ARS ne le sont qu’à la marge. Ainsi, chaque instrument, qu’il s’inscrive dans le sillon ancien de la planification ou qu’il relève d’une idéologie plus libérale nous donne à voir une répartition des compétences différente de celle initialement annoncée et légalement prévue. Concernant les instruments de la planification, une distinction s’opère entre ceux non financiers et ceux relevant de la répartition des crédits. Nous démontrons que, lorsque les instruments de planification à disposition de l’ARS présentent uniquement des aspects cognitifs, les organes de démocratie sanitaire créés par la Loi dispose d’une véritable marge de manœuvre à même d’influer sur son contenu. Les instruments adoptés de la sorte par l’ARS sont donc à la fois le fruit de la concertation entre acteurs de santé à l’échelle locale et témoignent d’une véritable capacité à agir de l’ARS sur ceux-ci. A contrario, dès lors que les instruments de planification revêtent une dimension financière, ils échappent à tout contrôle du niveau régional, l’ARS s’avère finalement inféodée au niveau national en la matière. Quant aux instruments au design proche de ceux du « new public management » (Appels à projets et contrats pluriannuel d’objectifs et de moyens notamment), la démonstration met en évidence une triple désubstantialisation de l’ARS. Par le haut, c’est-à-dire par un contrôle systématique et direct des instances nationales ; par le bas, l’ARS devant composer avec la fragmentation des institutions locales existantes sans disposer du dernier mot ; et par le musellement de la démocratie sanitaire locale dont les capacités sur ses instruments sont légalement et dans les faits réduites au minimum
The 2009 reform “Hôpital, patients, santé, territoires” (HPST) made the « Agence Régionale de Santé » the leading health organism on a regional level. By using an instrument approach, our thesis exanimates the reality of this role during its application. This question echoes a more global issue: namely, who are health policies decided by, on a local level?By investigating the health field within the PACA region, through the lenses of the medico-social area, our work demonstrate that the instruments supposedly in the hands of the ARS are only barely so. Each instrument, whether it finds its origins in the old healthcare planning ideal or in a more liberal ideology, let us discover a distribution of competences different from what is legally intended

La simulació paral·lela i distribuïda és una potent eina per al desenvolupament realista de models basats en agents i la seva simulació (ABMS). Aquesta eina permet que científics de diferents àrees puguin realitzar conclusions i adquirir coneixements sobre el sistema sota estudi. Tanmateix, això solament és possible si les simulacions realitzades ofereixen resultats realistes; és a dir, si els resultats s’assemblen a la realitat i si aquestes simulacions poden ser utilitzades per a la predicció o per a explicar algun tipus de fenomen emergent. Per això, aquestes simulacions requereixen resultats confiables mitjançant mètodes estadístics i presenten una alta complexitat computacional pel fet que milers d’ agents independents s’utilitzen per a modelar el sistema. Per aquesta raó, aquest tipus de simulació requereix de llargs temps d’execució i de gran potència de computació. Una possible solució per a resoldre aquest tipus de simulacions és la utilització de sistemes paral·lels i distribuïts que aprofiten la potència de l’arquitectura subjacent disponible en les infraestructures actuals i és important, per l’avanç de la ciència de la computació, el desenvolupament de tècniques, algoritmes i enfocaments que permetin analitzar aquests sistemes executant-se sobre infraestructures de computació d’altes prestacions. En la literatura, es poden trobar algunes eines que permeten el modelatge basat en agents i que utilitzen HPC però cap d’aquestes eines estan dissenyades per executar experiments amb el fi d’incloure i analitzar nous enfocaments, tècniques i solucions per a ABMS que requereixin un alt rendiment i poc esforç de programació. En el present treball, s’introdueix una metodologia per a realitzar investigacions en models complexos basats en agents que demanen solucions d’alt rendiment (HPC). Aquesta metodologia, anomenada Care High Performance Simulation (HPS) permet als investigadors: 1) desenvolupar tècniques i solucions d’alt rendiment i simulacions distribuïdes per a models basats en agents; i, 2) permet l’estudi, disseny i implementació de models complexos basats en agents que requereixen solucions de computació d’alt rendiment. Aquesta metodologia ha sigut dissenyada per desenvolupar de forma fàcil i ràpida nous ABM, així com per a estendre i aplicar noves solucions als diferents mòduls funcionals que afecten a una simulació paral·lela i distribuïda, tals com la sincronització, la comunicació, la carrega i el balanç de la computació i/o els algoritmes de partició de dades. Dintre del present treball, i com a prova de concepte, s’han desenvolupat a més en Care HPS diferents models basats en agents i tècniques/algoritmes que poden ser utilitzats per als investigadors en ABMS i que requereixen solucions HPC per a realitzar les seves investigacions. Per a validar la proposta s’han realitzat un conjunt d’experiments amb l’objectiu de mostrar la completitud i funcionalitat d’aquesta metodologia i avaluar la bondat dels resultats obtinguts. Aquests experiments es centren en: 1) validar els resultats de les tècniques proposades i enfocaments que s’utilitzen en Care HPS; 2) mostrar que les característiques de disseny de Care HPS satisfacin els objectius proposats; i finalment, 3) verificar els resultats d’escalabilitat de Care HPS com infraestructura de simulació distribuïda per a models basats en agents. En conclusió, Care HPS pot ser utilitzat com a instrument científic en el desenvolupament de models basats en agents i en l’àrea de simulacions distribuïda en arquitectures HPC.
La simulación paralela y distribuida es una potente herramienta para el desarrollo realista de modelos basados en agentes y su simulación (ABMS). Esta herramienta permite que científicos de diferentes áreas puedan realizar conclusiones y adquirir conocimientos acerca del sistema bajo estudio. Sin embargo, esto sólo es posible si las simulaciones realizadas ofrecen resultados realistas, es decir si los resultados se asemejan a la realidad y si estas simulaciones pueden ser utilizadas para la predicción o para explicar algún tipo de fenómeno emergente. Por ello, estas simulaciones requieren resultados confiables a través de métodos estadísticos y presentan una alta complejidad computacional debido a que miles de agentes independientes se utilizan para modelar el sistema. Por estas razónes, este tipo de simulación requiere de largos tiempos de ejecución y de gran potencia de cómputo. Una posible solución para resolver este tipo de simulaciones es la utilización de sistemas paralelos y distribuidos que aprovechan la potencia de la arquitectura subyacente disponible en las infraestructuras actuales y es importante, para el avance de la ciencia de la computación, el desarrollo de técnicas, algoritmos y enfoques que permitan analizar estos sistemas ejecutándose sobre infraestructuras de cómputo de altas prestaciones. En la literatura, se pueden encontrar algunas herramientas que permiten el modelado basados en agentes y que utilizan HPC pero ninguna de estas herramientas están diseñadas para ejecutar experimentos con el fin de incluir y analizar nuevos enfoques, técnicas y soluciones para ABMS que requieran un alto rendimiento y poco esfuerzo de programación. En el presente trabajo, se introduce una metodología para realizar investigaciones en modelos complejos basados en agentes que demandan soluciones de alto rendimiento (HPC). Esta metodología, llamada Care High Performance Simulation (HPS) permite a los investigadores: 1) desarrollar técnicas y soluciones de alto rendimiento y simulaciones distribuidas para modelos basados en agentes; y, 2) permite el estudio, diseño e implementación de modelos complejos basados en agentes que requieren soluciones de computación de alto rendimiento. Esta metodología ha sido diseñada para desarrollar de forma fácil y rápida nuevos ABM, así como para extender y aplicar nuevas soluciones a los diferentes módulos funcionales que afectan a una simulación paralela y distribuida, tales como la sincronización, la comunicación, la carga y el balance de la computación y/o los algoritmos de partición de datos. Dentro del presente trabajo, y como prueba de concepto, se han desarrollado además en Care HPS diferentes modelos basados en agentes y técnicas/algoritmos que pueden ser utilizados por los investigadores en ABMS y que requieran soluciones HPC para realizar sus investigaciones. Para validar la propuesta se han realizado un conjunto de experimentos con el objetivo de mostrar la completitud y funcionalidad de esta metodología y evaluar la bondad de los resultados obtenidos. Estos experimentos se centran en: 1) validar los resultados de las técnicas propuestas y enfoques que se utilizan en Care HPS; 2) mostrar que las características de diseño de Care HPS satisfacen los objetivos propuestos; y finalmente, 3) verificar los resultados de escalabilidad de Care HPS como infraestructura de simulación distribuida para modelos basados en agentes. En conclusión, Care HPS puede ser utilizado como instrumento científico en el desarrollo de modelos basado en agentes y en el área de simulaciones distribuida en arquitecturas HPC.
Parallel and distributed simulation is a powerful tool for developing realistic agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS). ABMS can allow scientists to reach conclusions and gain knowledge about the system under study. But this is only possible if these simulations offer realistic results, meaning simulations whose results are validated in reality and that can be used for prediction or to explain some phenomenon. These simulations require reliable results through statistical approaches. In addition, they have a high computational complexity because thousands of agents are used in order to model them. For these reasons, this kind of simulation requires a long execution time. Consequently, one possible solution to solve these simulations is to use parallel and distributed simulations that take advantage of the powerful architecture available nowadays. Thus, for the advance of computing science, it is important that High Performance Computing (HPC) techniques, solutions and approaches be proposed and studied. In the literature, we can find some agent-based model tools that use HPC to execute agent-based modeling and simulations. However, none of these tools are designed to execute HPC experiments in order to propose new approaches, techniques and solutions for ABMS that required high performance solutions without great programming effort. In this thesis, we introduce a methodology to do research on HPC for complex agentbased models that demand high performance solutions. This methodology, named Care High Performance Simulation (HPS), enables researchers to: 1) develop techniques and solutions of high performance parallel and distributed simulations for agent-based models; and, 2) study, design and implement complex agent-based models that require high performance computing solutions. This methodology was designed to easily and quickly develop new ABMs, as well as to extend and implement new solutions for the main issues of parallel and distributed simulations such as: synchronization, communication, load and computing balancing, and partitioning algorithms in order to test and analyze. Also, we developed in Care HPS some agent-based models and HPC approaches and techniques which can be used by researchers in HPC for ABMs that required high performance solutions. We conducted some experiments with the aim of showing the completeness and functionality of this methodology and evaluate how the results can be useful. These experiments focus on: 1) presenting the results of our proposed HPC techniques and approaches which are used in Care HPS; 2) showing that the features of Care HPS reach the proposed aims; and, 3) presenting the scalability results of Care HPS. As a result, we show that Care HPS can be used as a scientific instrument for the advance of the agent-based parallel and distributed simulations field.