Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'HS-SPME'
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Pavarini, Daniel Petinatti. "Investigação multidisciplinar da biossíntese de sesquiterpenos bioativos de Lychnophora ericoides (Vernonieae: Asteraceae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60138/tde-17042015-104826/.
Full textLychnophora (Vernonieae: Asteraceae) is micro endemic to \"campus rupestris\" from Brazilian \"Cerrado\". Leaves extracts of Lychnophora ericoides (\"Arnica-da-serra\") are used as folk medicine and mainly as wound healer. Its essential oils were chemically profiled as sesquiterpene-rich. Such sesquiterpenes, both bisabolene-like and cadinane-like carbon skeletons, are derivatives of the nerolidyl cation. L. ericoides leaves essential oils are bioactive against invertebrate Acari. An anti-hypernociceptive ability of its component orto-acetoxy bisabolol was also displayed in vitro. Terpenes are valuable in fine chemistry industry, e.g. Taxol® and Acheflan®. Our phytochemical and pharmaceutical goals are aligned to such an interest. Terpene synthases (TerpS) behind their biosynthesis are target of researches in plant sciences and biochemistry. Identification of TerpS often led to conclusions with diverse impacts. Fundamental concepts on time-dependent shifts of terpene productions in wild type species and advances towards plant metabolites bioengineering are examples. Facing such a frontier field we share here an abstract for the investigation aimed to determine whether there were many isoforms of sesquiterpene synthases operating at leaves tissues in Lychnophora ericoides shift-able production of bioactive sesquiterpenes or whether there were not. We have accessed different in situ samples of L. ericoides. Efforts to answer the above question were sectioned as follows: (1) \"Green-Analytical-Chemistry\" oriented profiling of sesquiterpene-rich fraction; (2) MALDI imaging of proteins in leaves; (3) Combined \"omics\" approaches towards identifying TerpS and gene cloning. We visited both known and novel L. ericoides sites of occurrence (SoO). The development of a quantitative Headspace-Solid Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME) method enabled a rapid and solvent-free comparison of minimized samples (10mg). Separation and identification were carried out using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Samples harvested in Diamantina, Northern Most SoO, accumulate the highest amount of bisabolene-like derivatives. Hydrodistillation of leftovers material from HS-SPME yield essential oils used to purify unknown compounds. Based on a diverse spectra collection we report a novel cadinane-like derivative, one 11dehydro Cadinol. MALDI imaging has been determined as suitable for imaging proteins in L. ericoides. In a prospective fashion we generate sub-epidermal images of ions within the m/z frame comprising reported isoforms of both cadinane and bisabolane synthases (CadS and BS). The limitation to its use is the awareness of molecular weight of targeted native proteins. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (1D-PAGE) protein mapping determined broad bands of protein distribution in different mass ranges (A, B, C, and D) (30KDa> m/z <80KDa). Bands tryptic digestion, followed by sample clean up, generated peptide pools feasible for MS. The output ions data feed MASCOT algorithm. A germacrane synthase could have been identified. When prospecting encoding genes, viable cDNA (Ubiquitin +) was used. A BS, lengthened 1600bp, was amplified with BS primers designed for Helianthus spp. genes. BS presented in L. ericoides was successfully cloned. In conclusion we headline two topics. (1) Hypothetical enzymatic control of the sesquiterpenes production can now be further investigated at transcriptome level. (2) The seek of a platform that guarantee natural products production in a controlled system has been moved forward. Future production of valued compounds can slightly rely in our humble contribution to support biodiversity conservation.
Pavarini, Daniel Petinatti. "Variabilidade temporal e intraespecífica dos constituintes voláteis das folhas de Lychnophora ericoides Mart." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60138/tde-28032012-155624/.
Full textLiterature does report spatial and time-scale shifting on several secondary metabolites, despite such data are relevant just for those species which occurs within a temperate clime region. Lychnophora ericoides Mart. has been widely used as a folk medicine against pain and inflammation process. Off the region where is located L. ericoidess habitat there is an evident and extensive use of its aerial parts by the people which live there in order to treat several types of skin wound. In Brazilian Cerrado, tropical savanna, there a large numbers of endemic Asteraceae species, including L. ericoides, which are capable of biosynthesizing a wide variety of terpenoids. Considering the poor number of studies carried out concerning the L. ericoides volatile fraction it can be said that this fraction is quite formed by different classes of terpenes. This work aims to find the chemical composition of L. ericoides volatile fraction by using soft pre concentration techniques of compounds and investigate the chemical variability at time-scale and intraspecific levels. Thus, harvests were done throughout a 15 months period and HS-SPME & GC-MS were used to analyze the samples. A pre concentration method was developed by reaching optimum values for parameters involving the ideal thermodynamic equilibrium in HSSPME. The chromatograms acquisition, relative retention index calculations and electron ionization mass spectra acquisition, combined, made possible the identification of 7 monoterpenoids and 1 sesquiterpenoid. A particular sesquiterpene could have been identified only by using HS-SPME pre concentration and not by essential oils analysis. Using prep-TLC of the essential oils, 3 sesquiterpenes were isolated. The ESI-MS, ESI-MS/MS as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectra of two of these three isolated terpenes were acquired. One new sesquiterpene, bisabolyl acetate, had his structure elucidated at the end of this process. This sesquiterpene is displayed in hydro alcoholic extracts used in folk medicine. Bioassays for in vitro antinociceptive investigations using peritoneal macrophages isolated of Wistar rats were done using the bisabolyl acetate. Results on this investigation may suggest that a pain relief effect could be described for this compound, every since it was possible to notice a reducing on IL-1X and TNF-Y levels. These two cytokines are involved in inflammatory pain. A regular pattern on volatile levels within the samples couldve been noticed, and it is what could be called an intraspecific uniformity. A trend on both intraplant and circadian investigations couldve been observed and what tends to happen is a rising on sesquiterpenes level by the period of year which the rainy and warm summer is governing the weather. In an opposite way these levels tend to diminish by the period in which the lower temperatures are registered (throughout the night time). Among the younger leaves there is also a trend on higher sesquiterpenes levels to occur.
Favreto, Wagner Alex Jann. "Fibra de vidro recoberta com ZnO como suporte para análise de trihalometanos por HS-SPME-CG." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2008. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1884.
Full textIn the present work we describe the methodology to obtain and modify the surface of glass fibers composed by Li2O - ZrO2 - BaO - SiO2 with zinc oxide. The glass fibers were obtained by classical fusion followed by the stretch of the vitreous fused mass, where the diameter of the fibers was controlled by the stretching velocity. They were recovered with ZnO by dip-coating and sol-gel processing of deposition, using both inorganic and organic polymeric gel methods, where the zinc acetate dihydrate was the zinc oxide precursor. The superficial morphology of the fiber was verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the zinc oxide layer was characterized by mapping of Kα and Lα lines of the zinc by EDX analyses. The results of the SEM characterization pointed out the deposition of ZnO by inorganic polymeric gel method results in a thick layer of the oxide without apparent porosity, while by the organic polymeric gel method results a dip homogeneous and porous layer of ZnO over the glass fiber surface. The glass fibers recovered with ZnO by organic polymeric gel were used to develop an analytical methodology to simultaneous determination of trihalomethanes (THM´s) in drinking water using headspace-SPME-Gas Chromatography. The study was based on the selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision and recovery of the analytical method using the glass fiber/ZnO. The effect of the salt addition, extraction temperature and extraction, desorption and incubated time on the analytical response were evaluated too. Good linear dynamic range was observed from the method quantification limits with correlation coefficients better than 0.9900 for all compounds. The method was accurate with recoveries ranging from 95,00 to 105,00%. and the range of linearity observed was 30 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL to trichloromethane, 20 ng/mL to 250 ng/mL to dichlorobromomethane and dibromochloromethane and 10 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL to tribromethane. The method is also robust and has great potential to be used in a trihalomethane determination.
No presente trabalho encontram-se descritas a metodologia para obtenção, e para a modificação da superfície de fibras de vidro de composição Li2O - ZrO2 - BaO - SiO2 com óxido de zinco. As fibras de vidro foram obtidas pelo método de fusão clássico, seguido do estiramento da massa vítrea fundida, controlando-se o diâmetro através da velocidade de estiramento. Estas foram recobertas com ZnO, utilizando-se da técnica sol-gel em dip-coating controlado, usando-se os métodos de deposição do gel polimérico inorgânico e do gel polimérico orgânico, onde o acetato de zinco di-hidratado foi empregado como reagente precursor do óxido de zinco. Utilizou-se a técnica de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) para avaliar a morfologia das fibras sem recobrimento e das fibras recobertas. O recobrimento com óxido de zinco sobre a superfície das fibras, foi mapeado através das linhas Kα e Lα do zinco, por Microssonda de Energia Dispersiva (EDS), sendo observado uma camada regular de ZnO sobre a superfície do suporte. Através dos resultados obtidos por MEV, verificou-se que pela técnica de deposição do gel polimérico inorgânico as fibras apresentam recobrimento bastante espesso, mas sem porosidade aparente. Quanto à técnica de deposição do gel polimérico orgânico, obtem-se fibras com um recobrimento mais homogêneo, espesso e poroso. Desta forma utilizaram-se as fibras recobertas pelo método do gel polimérico orgânico, para o desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica para determinações cromatográficas de trihalometanos (THM s) em solução aquosa. Utilizou-se da técnica de extração em head-space (HS) por Microextração em Fase Sólida (SPME) (HS-SPME) conjugada a Cromatografia Gasosa (CG). O estudo foi baseado na seletividade, linearidades, exatidão, precisão e na recuperação do método analítico usando a fibra de vidro/ZnO. O efeito da adição de sal, temperatura e tempo de extração, tempo de dessorção e o tempo de incubação na resposta analítica. O bom alcance dinâmico linear, foi observado nos limites da quantificação do método com coeficientes de correlação maiores que 0,99 observados para todos os compostos. O método demonstrou-se exato e com a recuperações que variam de 95,00 a 105,00% com escala de linearidades observadas entre 30 ng/mL a 500 ng/mL para o triclorometano, 20 ng/mL a 250 ng/mL ao diclorobromometano e o dibromoclorometano e 10 ng/mL a 100 ng/mL para o tribromometano. O método apresentou-se robusto, e possui grande potencial para ser usado em determinações de trihalometanos.
Hartmann, Peter J. "The Effect of Wine Matrix Ingredients on 3-Alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines Measurements by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME)." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31616.
Full textMaster of Science
Sousa, Paulo Herbesson Pereira de. "Ecologia química como um mediador na atratividade de fêmeas Centris analis (Hymenoptera, Apidae) para colonização de ninhos, criação e manejo." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/23896.
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Raising and managing Centris analis bees is facilitated by the use of trap nests, however, there is few number of research regarding factors that may influence the process of attracting nest-founding females. The present study aimed to identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) existing in nests of C. analis, by employing the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in order to learn about those compounds and variations of their chemical composition. This study also intended to optimize an extraction method for VOCs in food samples of immature C. analis. We made use of three types of fiber: apolar PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane), bipolar CAR/PDMS (Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane), and bipolar DVB/CAR/PDMS (Divinylbenzene/Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane). We identified 27 compounds bellowing to those chemical classes. Among the compounds; trans-nerolidol (67,15%), detected by the PDMS fiber; hexanal (12,72%) and 3-methyl-1-butanol acetate (10,95%), detected by CAR/PDMS fiber; were the most representative for this sample. CAR/PDMS fiber was more selective extracting 20 compounds, DVB/CAR/PDMS and PDMS, 17 and 10 respectively. CAR/PDMS proved to be the most suitable for the extraction of VOCs in nests of Centris analis. When using CAR/PDMS fiber, we identified 40 VOCs belonging to nine chemical classes in food samples, oil and resin, used nest, and larvae. The major compounds cis-β-ocimene (35,7%), 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol (30,24%), p-xylene (24,59%) and 1-Octanol (20,63%), were detected in samples of oil, resin, used nest, and larvae, respectively. We noticed an existing variation in the diversity of volatile compounds according to larval and nest development, besides, certain compounds linger in the nest after emergence.
A criação e o manejo de abelhas Centris analis é facilitada pela utilização de ninhos armadilha, porém há poucas pesquisas sobre os fatores que possam influenciam no processo de atração de fêmeas fundadoras. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar os compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs) presente no ninho de C. analis, utilizando a microextração em fase sólida (SPME) a fim de conhecer tais compostos e as variações na sua composição química. Este estudo buscou também, otimizar um método para extração dos COVs a partir de amostras do alimento de imaturos de C. analis. Utilizou-se três tipos de fibras: PDMS (Polidimetilsiloxano) apolar, CAR/PDMS (Carboxen/Polidimetilsiloxano)bipolar e DVB/CAR/PDMS (Divinilbezeno/Carboxen/Po lidimetilsiloxano) bipolar. Foram identificados 27 compostos pertencentes a cinco classes químicas. Entre os compostos, trans-nerolidol (67,15%) detectado pela fibra PDMS, hexanal (12,72%) e acetato de 3-metil-1-butanol (10,95 %) detectados pela fibra CAR/PDMS, foram os compostos de maior representatividade para esta amostra. A fibra CAR/PDMS foi mais seletiva, extraindo 20 compostos, DVB/CAR/PDMS e PDMS, 17 e 10 respectivamente. A fibra CAR/PDMS mostrou-se como mais indicada para extração de COVs em ninhos de Centris analis. Utilizando-se a fibra CAR/PDMS, foram identificados 40 COVs pertencentes a nove classes químicas em amostra de alimento, óleo e resina, ninho usado e lavas. Os compostos majoritários cis-β-ocimeno (35,7%), 2-Etil-1-hexanol (30,24%), p-xileno (24,59%) e 1-Octanol (20,63%), foram detectados em amostra de óleo e resina, ninho usado e lavas respectivamente. Verificamos que há uma variação na diversidade de composto voláteis segundo o desenvolvimento larval e do ninho e que determinados compostos permanecem no ninho após a emergência.
Jakubčeková, Kristína. "Využití různých extrakčních technik pro analýzu výluhů z biouhlu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-449333.
Full textRocha, Renier Felinto JuliÃo da. "Flavoromics de genÃtipos melhorados de mamÃo grupo solo: correlaÃÃo entre o perfil de compostos volÃteis e a qualidade sensorial." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16815.
Full textAs variedades do mamÃo grupo Solo sÃo susceptÃveis a vÃrias doenÃas que restringem o mercado dos frutos in natura. A Embrapa vem desenvolvendo genÃtipos resistentes buscando caracterÃsticas agronÃmicas e sensoriais desejÃveis. Assim, objetivou-se caracterizar o perfil de volÃteis, compostos responsÃveis pelo aroma e sabor dos alimentos, e a qualidade sensorial de genÃtipos do grupo Solo, visando identificar novos cultivares com potencial para lanÃamento no mercado. Foram analisados quatro genÃtipos melhorados (CPMF L47-P8, CPMF L60-08, CPMF L47-P5 e CPMF H54-78) e uma variedade comercial (Sunrise). Para tanto, as condiÃÃes de extraÃÃo dos compostos pela tÃcnica HS-SPME foram otimizadas usando um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR), baseado em Metodologia de SuperfÃcie de Resposta, com duas variÃveis: tempo de equilÃbrio (0 a 30 min) e tempo de exposiÃÃo da fibra (20 a 60 min). As variÃveis dependentes foram nÃmero de picos, Ãrea total e intensidade do aroma. Os volÃteis foram extraÃdos com a fibra DVB/CAR/PDMS, separados e identificados por GC-MS. A anÃlise sensorial foi realizada com consumidores de mamÃo, por meio de testes afetivos de aceitaÃÃo global e aparÃncia, diagnÃstico de atributos (cor da polpa, aroma, sabor e textura) e intenÃÃo de compra. Os dados das anÃlises de compostos volÃteis foram submetidos à AnÃlise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e AnÃlise de Agrupamento HierÃrquico (clusters), e os da anÃlise sensorial foram submetidos à ANOVA e teste de Tukey. As duas matrizes de dados foram correlacionadas pela RegressÃo por MÃnimos Quadrados Parciais (PLS). As melhores condiÃÃes para a extraÃÃo dos volÃteis do mamÃo por HS-SPME foram 15 min de equilÃbrio e 60 min de exposiÃÃo da fibra. Nessas condiÃÃes foram identificados 70 compostos volÃteis, sendo os aldeÃdos os mais abundantes (em Ãrea), seguidos dos terpenos, Ãsteres, Ãlcoois e lactonas. Os genÃtipos CPMF L60-08 e CPMF L47-P5 apresentaram perfis de volÃteis semelhantes entre si e à variedade Sunrise, mas os genÃtipos CPMF H54-78 e CPMF L47-P8 apresentaram perfis de volÃteis Ãnicos. Quanto Ãs caracterÃsticas sensoriais, os genÃtipos CPMF L47-P8 e CPMF L47-P5 apresentaram-se semelhantes entre si, com textura mais firme e menor intensidade da cor da polpa, aroma e sabor que Sunrise, com menor aceitabilidade. O genÃtipo CPMF H54-78 apresentou boas caracterÃsticas sensoriais na degustaÃÃo, porÃm foi rejeitado quanto à aparÃncia externa. O genÃtipo CPMF L60-08 apresentou alta similaridade com a variedade comercial e mesma aceitabilidade, apesar da cor da polpa menos intensa. Os resultados da correlaÃÃo multivariada confirmam a superioridade do genÃtipo CPMF L60-08, o qual apresentou alta correlaÃÃo com a variedade Sunrise e com os atributos sensoriais. O presente trabalho recomenda o genÃtipo CPMF L60-08 como o promissor para substituir a variedade Sunrise (nÃo resistente a pragas e doenÃas), preservando o sabor e aroma caracterÃstico de mamÃo.
As variedades do mamÃo grupo Solo sÃo susceptÃveis a vÃrias doenÃas que restringem o mercado dos frutos in natura. A Embrapa vem desenvolvendo genÃtipos resistentes buscando caracterÃsticas agronÃmicas e sensoriais desejÃveis. Assim, objetivou -se caracterizar o perfil de volÃteis, compostos responsÃveis pelo aroma e sabor dos alimentos, e a qualidade sensorial de genÃtipos do grupo Solo, visando identificar novos cultivares com potencial para lanÃamento no mercado. Foram analisados quatro genÃtipos melhorados (CPMF L47-P8, CPMF L60-08, CPMF L47-P5 e CPMF H54- 78) e uma variedade comercial (Sunrise).Para tanto, as condiÃÃes de extraÃÃo dos compostos pela tÃcnica HS-SPME foram otimizadas usando um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR), baseado em Metodologia de SuperfÃcie de Resposta, com duas variÃveis: tempo de equilÃbrio (0 a 30 min) e tempo de exposiÃÃo da fibra (20 a 60 min). As variÃveis dependentes foram nÃmero de picos, Ãrea total e intensidade do aroma. Os volÃteis foram extraÃdos com a fibra DVB/CAR/PDMS, separados e identificados por GC-MS. A anÃlise sensorial foi realizada com consumidores de mamÃo, por meio de testes afetivos de aceitaÃÃo global e aparÃncia, diagnÃstico de atributos (cor da polpa, aroma, sabor e textura) e intenÃÃo de compra. Os dados das anÃlises de compostos volÃteis foram submetidos à AnÃlise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e AnÃlise de Agrupamento HierÃrquico (clusters), e os da anÃlise sensorial foram submetidos à ANOVA e teste de Tukey. As duas matrizes de dados foram correlacionadas pela RegressÃo por MÃnimos Quadrados Parciais (PLS). As melhores condiÃÃes para a extraÃÃo dos volÃteis do mamÃo por HS-SPME foram 15 min de equilÃbrio e 60 min de exposiÃÃo da fibra. Nessas condiÃÃes foram identificados 70 compostos volÃteis, sendo os aldeÃdos os mais abundantes (em Ãrea), seguidos dos terpenos, Ãsteres, Ãlcoois e lactonas. Os genÃtipos CPMF L60-08 e CPMF L47-P5 apresentaram perfis de volÃteis semelhantes entre si e à variedade Sunrise, mas os genÃtipos CPMF H54-78 e CPMF L47-P8 apresentaram perfis de volÃteis Ãnicos. Quanto Ãs caracterÃsticas sensoriais, os genÃtipos CPMF L47-P8 e CPMF L47-P5 apresentaram-se semelhantes entre si, com textura mais firme e menor intensidade da cor da polpa, aroma e sabor que Sunrise, com menor aceitabilidade. O genÃtipo CPMF H54-78 apresentou boas caracterÃsticas sensoriais na degustaÃÃo, porÃm foi rejeitado quanto à aparÃncia externa. O genÃtipo CPMF L60-08 apresentou alta similaridade com a variedade comercial e mesma aceitabilidade, apesar da cor da polpa menos intensa. Os resultados da correlaÃÃo multivariada confirmam a superioridade do genÃtipo CPMF L60-08, o qual apresentou alta correlaÃÃo com a variedade Sunrise e com os atributos sensoriais. O presente trabalho recomenda o genÃtipo CPMF L60-08 como o promissor para substituir a variedade Sunrise (nÃo resistente a pragas e doenÃas), preservando o sabor e aroma caracterÃstico de mamÃo.
Rocha, Renier Felinto Julião da. "Flavoromics de genótipos melhorados de mamão grupo solo: correlação entre o perfil de compostos voláteis e a qualidade sensorial." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2016. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/18150.
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As variedades do mamão grupo Solo são susceptíveis a várias doenças que restringem o mercado dos frutos in natura. A Embrapa vem desenvolvendo genótipos resistentes buscando características agronômicas e sensoriais desejáveis. Assim, objetivou -se caracterizar o perfil de voláteis, compostos responsáveis pelo aroma e sabor dos alimentos, e a qualidade sensorial de genótipos do grupo Solo, visando identificar novos cultivares com potencial para lançamento no mercado. Foram analisados quatro genótipos melhorados (CPMF L47-P8, CPMF L60-08, CPMF L47-P5 e CPMF H54- 78) e uma variedade comercial (Sunrise).Para tanto, as condições de extração dos compostos pela técnica HS-SPME foram otimizadas usando um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR), baseado em Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta, com duas variáveis: tempo de equilíbrio (0 a 30 min) e tempo de exposição da fibra (20 a 60 min). As variáveis dependentes foram número de picos, área total e intensidade do aroma. Os voláteis foram extraídos com a fibra DVB/CAR/PDMS, separados e identificados por GC-MS. A análise sensorial foi realizada com consumidores de mamão, por meio de testes afetivos de aceitação global e aparência, diagnóstico de atributos (cor da polpa, aroma, sabor e textura) e intenção de compra. Os dados das análises de compostos voláteis foram submetidos à Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e Análise de Agrupamento Hierárquico (clusters), e os da análise sensorial foram submetidos à ANOVA e teste de Tukey. As duas matrizes de dados foram correlacionadas pela Regressão por Mínimos Quadrados Parciais (PLS). As melhores condições para a extração dos voláteis do mamão por HS-SPME foram 15 min de equilíbrio e 60 min de exposição da fibra. Nessas condições foram identificados 70 compostos voláteis, sendo os aldeídos os mais abundantes (em área), seguidos dos terpenos, ésteres, álcoois e lactonas. Os genótipos CPMF L60-08 e CPMF L47-P5 apresentaram perfis de voláteis semelhantes entre si e à variedade Sunrise, mas os genótipos CPMF H54-78 e CPMF L47-P8 apresentaram perfis de voláteis únicos. Quanto às características sensoriais, os genótipos CPMF L47-P8 e CPMF L47-P5 apresentaram-se semelhantes entre si, com textura mais firme e menor intensidade da cor da polpa, aroma e sabor que Sunrise, com menor aceitabilidade. O genótipo CPMF H54-78 apresentou boas características sensoriais na degustação, porém foi rejeitado quanto à aparência externa. O genótipo CPMF L60-08 apresentou alta similaridade com a variedade comercial e mesma aceitabilidade, apesar da cor da polpa menos intensa. Os resultados da correlação multivariada confirmam a superioridade do genótipo CPMF L60-08, o qual apresentou alta correlação com a variedade Sunrise e com os atributos sensoriais. O presente trabalho recomenda o genótipo CPMF L60-08 como o promissor para substituir a variedade Sunrise (não resistente a pragas e doenças), preservando o sabor e aroma característico de mamão.
As variedades do mamão grupo Solo são susceptíveis a várias doenças que restringem o mercado dos frutos in natura. A Embrapa vem desenvolvendo genótipos resistentes buscando características agronômicas e sensoriais desejáveis. Assim, objetivou-se caracterizar o perfil de voláteis, compostos responsáveis pelo aroma e sabor dos alimentos, e a qualidade sensorial de genótipos do grupo Solo, visando identificar novos cultivares com potencial para lançamento no mercado. Foram analisados quatro genótipos melhorados (CPMF L47-P8, CPMF L60-08, CPMF L47-P5 e CPMF H54-78) e uma variedade comercial (Sunrise). Para tanto, as condições de extração dos compostos pela técnica HS-SPME foram otimizadas usando um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR), baseado em Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta, com duas variáveis: tempo de equilíbrio (0 a 30 min) e tempo de exposição da fibra (20 a 60 min). As variáveis dependentes foram número de picos, área total e intensidade do aroma. Os voláteis foram extraídos com a fibra DVB/CAR/PDMS, separados e identificados por GC-MS. A análise sensorial foi realizada com consumidores de mamão, por meio de testes afetivos de aceitação global e aparência, diagnóstico de atributos (cor da polpa, aroma, sabor e textura) e intenção de compra. Os dados das análises de compostos voláteis foram submetidos à Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e Análise de Agrupamento Hierárquico (clusters), e os da análise sensorial foram submetidos à ANOVA e teste de Tukey. As duas matrizes de dados foram correlacionadas pela Regressão por Mínimos Quadrados Parciais (PLS). As melhores condições para a extração dos voláteis do mamão por HS-SPME foram 15 min de equilíbrio e 60 min de exposição da fibra. Nessas condições foram identificados 70 compostos voláteis, sendo os aldeídos os mais abundantes (em área), seguidos dos terpenos, ésteres, álcoois e lactonas. Os genótipos CPMF L60-08 e CPMF L47-P5 apresentaram perfis de voláteis semelhantes entre si e à variedade Sunrise, mas os genótipos CPMF H54-78 e CPMF L47-P8 apresentaram perfis de voláteis únicos. Quanto às características sensoriais, os genótipos CPMF L47-P8 e CPMF L47-P5 apresentaram-se semelhantes entre si, com textura mais firme e menor intensidade da cor da polpa, aroma e sabor que Sunrise, com menor aceitabilidade. O genótipo CPMF H54-78 apresentou boas características sensoriais na degustação, porém foi rejeitado quanto à aparência externa. O genótipo CPMF L60-08 apresentou alta similaridade com a variedade comercial e mesma aceitabilidade, apesar da cor da polpa menos intensa. Os resultados da correlação multivariada confirmam a superioridade do genótipo CPMF L60-08, o qual apresentou alta correlação com a variedade Sunrise e com os atributos sensoriais. O presente trabalho recomenda o genótipo CPMF L60-08 como o promissor para substituir a variedade Sunrise (não resistente a pragas e doenças), preservando o sabor e aroma característico de mamão.
Elouma, Ndinga Arnold Murphy. "Inventaire et analyse chimique des exsudats des plantes d'utilisation courante au Congo-Brazzaville." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112023/document.
Full textPlant exudates are natural complex substances. They are used by several populations in Africa and have many applications: in therapeutics, in galenic pharmacy, in perfumery, etc. In Congo, a great majority of these substances are not yet well known. This thesis work aimed to make an inventory of plant exudates from Congo and to develop a methodology for performing physico-chemical analysis which may enable characterization of exudates from botanical certified trees.Through the methodology that we developed, 135 plant exudates belonging 87 genera were registered. It was observed in this study that these exudates are used for many purposes (glue, insect repellent, making fire, anti-pain, etc).The strategy implemented for characterizing the exudates included several analytical (SNIR, SMIR, GC-MS, GCxGC-MS) and sample processing (Hs-SPME, hydrodistillation, extraction using the Soxhlet, silylation, methylation pyrolyse) techniques. With regard to this work, two exudates were characterized. The exudates from D. edulis (G. Don) K.J. Lam which contained monoterpene hydrocarbons and triterpenes, with the major constituents being: 3-epi-α and -β-amyrine. The exudates from G. Demeusei (Harms) J. Léonard was found to have the sesquiterpenes as major constituents of the volatile fraction and the labdane-type diterpenes (eperuique acide, cativique acid, copalique acid, ozique acid, etc) as major constituents of the poor-volatile fraction.To explore the efficacy of elevated separation of the GCxGC-MS, we faced some problems related to the non-repeatability of chromatographic cards obtained in 2D. Therefore, we put in place a methodology which enables us to verify the film thickness and homogeneity of layers of stationary phases in order to select identical short columns for GCxGC. However, the preliminary results have shown that even using second identical dimension columns, we could observed differences in 2D cards
Albonetti, Denise. "Studio del profilo aromatico della pesca. Stato dell'arte sulla caratterizzazione della composizione in volatili di pesche bianche e gialle." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/12790/.
Full textSouza, Francisco Thiago Correia de. "ValidaÃÃo e determinaÃÃo de carbofurano e carbaril em plasma sanguÃneo de agricultores do perÃmetro irrigado do baixo Jaguaribe-CE por MEFS-HS/CG-EM." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13397.
Full textThe presence of pesticides is increasing concern in Brazil since 2007 to 2012, the volume of pesticides (considering only the active ingredient) applied to the crops grew 14 %. The uncontrolled use of these compounds has offered risks to workers and residents of the areas of agribusiness. A survey conducted by a group of Federal University of CearÃ, showed that in 23 samples of water from the irrigated perimeter region of low Jaguaribe, collected at different locations and analyzed by liquid chromatography, all showed the presence of some pesticides, highlighting the carbaryl and carbofuran as the most detected. One study found chromosomal abnormalities in bone marrow cells of individuals exposed to pesticides in the region, which reinforces the need to develop bioanalytical methods able to detect pesticides in biological samples, for which exposure can be monitored by competent authorities. Based on that a method was developed for analysis of carbaryl and carbofuran, using a gas chromatograph equipped with mass detector, it was monitored the analytical signal of pesticides and their respective products of thermal degradation, degradation that occurred gun chromatograph. A study to determine the appropriate line speed for the method was carried out with the construction of the Van Deemter diagram, being determined as great as the speed of 50.5 cm s-1. Sample preparation was carried out with the precipitation of the plasma proteins microextraction followed by solid phase in the headspace (HS-SPME) of the supernatant; to extract optimization was performed factorial design with central component 22 in three fibers having different characteristics. The Polydimethylsiloxane/Divinylbenzene fiber (PDMS/DVB) of 65 μm showed a higher affinity for analytes and determined as optimum conditions the time of 40 min. extraction with NaCl 30 % w/v of ionic strength and temperature of 110 ÂC; pH 5.5, stirring speed of 1000 rpm and 40 ml vial were kept constant. A method for quantitative determination has been validated only for carbaryl, making monitored by signal 1-naphthol. The % 1-naphthol produced by thermal degradation of carbaryl in the conditions of SPME and GC-MS were respectively determined by NMR 8 % and 94 % as determined by the generated signal detector. The selectivity was evaluated in blood plasma matrix for normal, hemolyzed, and lipemic samples, the highly selective method. The linear response range was 12-180 μg L-1; using the matrix method of superposition using the substitute pattern as pirimicarb, the linearity of calibration curve was determined by the value of the correlation coefficient (R = 0.999), being conducted further study of the linearity. The values of detection and limit of quantification were 3.0 and 12.0 μg L-1, demonstrating that small concentrations can be analyzed by the method; the precision and accuracy intra and inter race were all within the recommended resolution by the National Sanitary Surveillance Agency No. 27/2012, less than 15% for medium to high concentrations and lower than 20 % for low concentrations. Samples of 10 workers in the region were analyzed, but was not detected presence of carbaryl and carbofuran in plasma of these individuals.
Abou, Mrad Ninette. "Développements méthodologiques pour l’échantillonnage et l’analyse des hydrocarbures dans les systèmes aquatiques : application dans des expérimentations en conditions semi-contrôlées et dans le milieu environnemental." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14423/document.
Full textHydrocarbons originating from telluric discharges and accidental spills constitute a major source of pollution in the aquatic systems. These compounds are present at trace levels in the dissolved phase due to their hydrophobicity and/or their volatility, and are characterized by variable concentrations in the water body depending on discontinuous inputs, dilution phenomena, tidal cycles…Therefore, in order to raise the analytical and environmental challenges generated by the hydrocarbons in the aquatic systems, the present phD work focused on: i) methodological developments for the extraction and analysis of volatile petroleum hydrocarbons (aromatics and aliphatics) for both the dissolved and the sedimentary phases, in order to characterize the presence and fate of a petroleum contamination in these media, and ii) developments of new passive sampling tools for the sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which have proved their toxic character, while integrating the variability in the contaminant concentrations in the dissolved phase
Lorenz, Juliana Goulart. "Otimização e validação dos métodos QuEChERS-CG/ECD e SPME-HS-CG/MS para análise de pesticidas em maçã, morango e tomate." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2015. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/158904.
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Este trabalho apresenta a otimização e validação dos métodos QuEChERS-CG/ECD e SPME-HS-CG/MS para a determinação de resíduos de agrotóxicos clorpirifós, dimetoato, malationa, mevinfós, pendimetalina, simazina e trifluralina em maçãs, morangos e/ou tomates. Os métodos foram otimizados através de processos de otimização multivariada buscando alcançar a melhoria das respostas analíticas e, consequentemente, da eficiência de extração. No método QuEChERS as variáveis quantidade de amostra, volume de solvente, pH e temperatura foram avaliadas através de um planejamento fatorial 24. Neste planejamento as variáveis significativas para o método foram identificadas como sendo a quantidade de amostra e o volume de solvente. Estas foram submetidas a um planejamento Doehlert para determinação do ponto ótimo. O método QuEChERS otimizado consistiu em 18 g de amostra, 10 mL de solvente, pH 5 e temperatura de 10 ºC. No método SPME, uma otimização univariada para definir o tipo de fibra mais adequado foi primeiramente realizada. Na sequência um planejamento fatorial fracionado 25-1 foi utilizado para a otimização multivariada das variáveis pH, concentração de sal, quantidade de co-solvente, temperatura e tempo. Nesta etapa da otimização, temperatura e tempo de extração mostraram possuir influência significativa na resposta analítica do método, sendo portanto seu ponto ótimo determinado a partir do planejamento Doehlert. O método SPME otimizado consistiu na utilização da fibra PDMS 100 µm, amostra com pH 5, concentração de sal 5%, volume de co-solvente 0%, temperatura 60 ºC e 25 min de extração. Os métodos foram validados em função dos principais parâmetros analíticos de mérito. Os resultados dos processos de validação mostraram que ambos os métodos avaliados apresentaram excelentes faixas de linearidade, limites de detecção e quantificação, exatidão e precisão intra laboratorial. QuEChERS-CG/ECD foi ainda aplicado em 91 amostras de maçã, morango e tomate produzidas e comercializadas no Estado de Santa Catarina. Resíduos de pelo menos um agrotóxico (= LOQ) foram encontrados em 8 (27,6%) amostras de maçãs, 12 (40,0%) de morangos e 17 (53,1%) de tomates. Estes resultados salientaram a necessidade do monitoramento contínuo do uso desses agrotóxicos em frutas e vegetais.
Abstract : This study presents the development and validation of QuEChERS-GC / ECD and SPME-HS-GC / MS methods for the pesticides residues analysis of chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, malathion, mevinphos, pendimethalin, trifluralin and simazine in apples, strawberries and / or tomatoes. The methods were optimized using multivariate optimization processes aiming to achieve the improvement of the analytical response and consequently the extraction efficiency. In the QuEChERS method, sample amount, volume of solvent, pH and temperature were evaluated in a 24 factorial design. The sample amount and volume of solvent were identified as significant variables for the method. These were subjected to a Doehlert design in order to determine the optimal point. The optimized QuEChERS method consisted of 18 g of sample, 10 ml of solvent, pH 5 and 10 °C temperature. For the SPME method, a univariate optimization was first performed to define the most adequate fiber. Then, a fractional factorial design 25-1 was used for multivariate optimization of pH, ionic strength, co-solvent amount, temperature and time variables. At this stage of optimization, temperature and extraction time shown to have a significant influence on the method analytical response. The optimum point was determined from Doehlert design. The SPME method was optimized using the PDMS fiber 100 µm, sample with pH 5, salt concentration 5%, volume of co-solvent 0%, temperature 60 °C and 25 min of extraction. The methods were validated according to the main analytical parameters of merit. The results of the validation process showed excellent linearity ranges, detection and quantification limits, accuracy and intra laboratory precision for both evaluated methods. QuEChERS-GC/ECD was also applied on 91 samples of apple, strawberry and tomato produced in the State of Santa Catarina. Residues of at least one pesticide (= LOQ) were found in 8 (27.6%) samples of apples, 12 (40.0%) samples of strawberries and 17 (53.1%) samples of tomatoes. These results emphasized the need for continued monitoring of the use of these pesticides in fruits and vegetables.
Zini, Claudia Alcaraz. "Estudo dos compostos voláteis de algumas espécies de eucalipto através do uso de microextração em fase sólida no modo headspace (HS-SPME)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/1738.
Full textLindelöw, Elinor. "Identifiering av flyktiga substanser från äppelvin med jästdoft." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kemi och biomedicin (KOB), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-57345.
Full textSilveira, Taciana Maria da. "Estudo comparativo de métodos de análise para determinação de clorpirifós em águas da zona rural de Ouro Branco/MG, empregando planejamentos experimentais multivariados." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFOP, 2012. http://www.repositorio.ufop.br/handle/123456789/3522.
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Produzidos desde a década de 40, os organofosforados foram os primeiros a substituírem os organoclorados, aos quais os insetos já apresentavam resistência. Dentre estes o clorpirifós apresenta-se como um inseticida altamente tóxico. Devido à sua elevada lipossolubilidade é absorvido pelo organismo humano, especialmente pela pele. Os organofosforadossão conhecidos por induzirem ou agravarem certos problemas de saúde; assim é importante seu monitoramento. Para a determinação de clorpirifós em amostras aquosas geralmente utiliza-se etapas de extração/pré-concentração antes de se efetuar a quantificação. Neste trabalho, foramavaliadas as técnicasextração líquido-líquido com partição a baixa temperatura (LLE-LTP) e microextração em fase sólida com headspace (HS-SPME) e as técnicas de cromatografia gasosa com detecção por captura de elétrons (GC-ECD) e cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS) para definição do método analítico mais sensível, utilizando planejamentos experimentais multivariados para a otimização dos métodos de preparo de amostra. Após a otimização, o método HS-SPME/GC-ECD foi validado para o monitoramento de clorpirifós em cursos d’água superficiais próximos às principais plantações de batata na zona rural de Ouro Branco/MG. Apresença de agrotóxicos, como o clorpirifós nesses cursos d’água, foi relacionada em pesquisas anteriores aos altos índices dos casos de hipertensão e aborto da população da zona rural. A definição dos pontos de coleta foi feita após visitas de campo e levantamento de informações obtidas junto aos órgãos e pessoas competentes. O planejamento fatorial completo apontou as variáveis tempo (1)e temperatura de extração (2), volume de amostra (3) e concentração de eletrólito (4) como importantes para o sistema;logo as mesmas foram avaliadas em mais níveis pela matriz Doehlert.As variáveis 1, 2 e 3 foram apontadas como as que influenciam o sistema. O modelo quadrático do planejamento Doehlert foi significativo não apresentando falta de ajuste e a condição ótima foi definida no tempo e temperatura de extração de 60 min e 85 °C, respectivamente, com um volume de amostra de 11 mL e 0,04 mol/L de concentração de eletrólito. O método otimizado foi validado considerando os parâmetros seletividade, linearidade, precisão (repetitividade e precisão intermediária), exatidão e os limites de detecção (LOD) e quantificação (LOQ). O LOQ e LOD foram 0,76 e 2,28 μg/L, respectivamente. O método se mostrou linear com R2 igual a 0,992. Os resultados indicaram que o método HS-SPME/GC-ECD proposto é eficiente para a determinação de clorpirifós em água e as análises das amostras coletadas indicaram a presença de clorpirifós em concentrações entre osvalores de LOD e LOQ. Os resultados desta pesquisa foram informados à Prefeitura Municipal de Ouro Branco e órgãos competentes. __________________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT: Produced since1940, organophosphates were the first to replace the organochlorines, which already had bug resistance. Among these chlorpyrifos presents itself as a highly toxic insecticide. Due to its high lipossolubility it is absorbed by the human body, especially the skin. Organophosphates are known to induce or worsen certain health problems; so it is important its monitoring. For the determination of chlorpyrifos in aqueous samples generally are used steps of extraction/pre-concentration before performing the measurement. In this study it was investigated the liquid-liquid extraction technique withlow temperature partition (LLE-LTP) and solid phase microextraction with headspace (HS-SPME) and the techniques of gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC- ECD) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to define the most sensitive analytical method, using multivariate experimental designs for the optimization of the sample preparation techniques. After optimization, the HS-SPME/GC-ECD method was validated for the monitoring of chlorpyrifosin surface water bodies close to the main potato fields in countryside of OuroBranco/MG; the presence of pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos, in these streams has been linked in previous research to the high rates of hypertension and abortion cases of the population in rural areas. The definition of the sampling was made after field visits and information survey obtained from the competent agencies and people. The full factorial design showed the variables time (1) and temperature of extraction (2), sample volume (3) and concentration of electrolyte (4) as important to the system; in this way the same ones were evaluated in more levels by Doehlert matrix. Variables 1, 2 and 3 were identified as those that affect the system, the quadratic modelof Doehlert design was significant not showing lack of fit and the optimal condition was set in the time and temperature of extraction of 60 min and 85 °C, respectively, with a volume of 11 mL and 0.04 mol/L of electrolyte concentration. The optimized method was validated considering the parameters selectivity, linearity, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), accuracy and limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ). The LOD and LOQ were 0.76 and 2.28 μg/L, respectively. The method was linear with R2 equal to 0.992. The results indicate that the method HS-SPME/ECD-GC proposed is efficient for the determination of chlorpyrifos in water and the analysis of the samples indicated the presence of chlorpyrifos in concentrations between the values of LOD and LOQ. These results were reported to the Ouro Branco City Hall and competent agencies.
Simon, Alison G. "The Detection of an Invasive Pathogen through Chemical and Biological Means for the Protection of Commercial Crops." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3558.
Full textFlores, Reyes Antonia. "Desarrollo de nuevas metodologías para la determinación cualitativa y cuantitativa de compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COV) en cuero y productos para el acabado del cuero." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673009.
Full textLos compuestos orgánicos volátiles (COV) surgen de los productos químicos utilizados en las diversas etapas del proceso de fabricación del cuero. Uno de los objetivos de la industria del curtido es minimizar o eliminar los COV, sin reducir la calidad del cuero. Las emisiones de COV están controladas por la legislación mediante el Anexo VII de la Directiva 2010/75/UE, Actividad nº 13; siendo el límite de 75 a 150 g de disolvente emitido por m2 de cuero acabado. Los niveles de emisión de COV para estar en conformidad con las Mejores Técnicas Disponibles (MTD) para la producción de cuero en Europa están entre 10-25 g / m2 expresados como valores promedio anuales. La presente tesis tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de nuevos métodos analíticos para la identificación y cuantificación de COV emitidos por nuevos polímeros diseñados a escala piloto para el acabado del cuero. Estos, son resinas de poliuretano formuladas para reducir la concentración de COV durante el proceso de síntesis. Los productos químicos que son objeto de estudio son los siguientes: dipropilenglicol monometil éter (DPGME), DBE-3 (una mezcla de ésteres dibásicos) y trimetilamina (TEA). Para llevar a cabo, las nuevas metodologías de ensayo, éstas se dividen según la matriz de la muestra. Es decir, que se ensayan las resinas, el film resultante de estas, el cuero acabado y también se realiza un estudio del ambiente de trabajo cuando el operario está manipulando las resinas y aplicando el acabado. La microextracción en fase sólida (SPME), se utiliza en las muestras de resina y ésta es una técnica de preparación de muestras utilizada para la extracción de COV apta para muchas aplicaciones, junto con la cromatografía de gases para eluir y determinar este tipo de compuestos en muestras sólidas y líquidas. Las principales ventajas de esta técnica son la velocidad y alta sensibilidad; no requiere manipulación de muestras o procedimientos de extracción con solventes, siendo una técnica de extracción respetuosa con el medio ambiente, acelera la separación y aumenta el rendimiento. Además, esta técnica es extremadamente rentable en comparación con los métodos de extracción alternativos. Se analizaron once muestras de resinas a escala de laboratorio mediante HS-SPME seguido de cromatografía de gases (GC-MS). Se han identificado eficazmente DPGME y DBE-3. Los compuestos se identifican mediante un método cuantitativo utilizando curvas de calibración externas para los compuestos objetivo. La técnica no es eficaz para determinar el compuesto TEA, ya que los cromatogramas mostraron picos de baja resolución para el estándar. La Desorción Térmica (TD) acoplada a la GC-MS es la metodología utilizada para el ensayo de films y cuero acabado con las resinas poliuretánicas sintetizadas y el aire del ambiente de trabajo mientras se realiza el proceso de aplicación. Esta técnica de extracción de analitos es altamente sensible por lo que conlleva una gran mejora en este campo de estudio. Además, esta técnica también es respetuosa con el medio ambiente ya que minimiza el uso de disolventes orgánicos para el ensayo de COV y la manipulación de la muestra es mínima. Se ensayaron 11 muestras de films a nivel cualitativo y se pudieron identificar los 3 componentes objeto del estudio, para ello se adaptaron las normas ISO 12219-3 e ISO 16000-6. También se ensayó cuero acabado a escala piloto con el método de adquisición de datos SCAN, tanto a nivel cualitativo como cuantitativo y como resultado del estudio se determinó que la metodología podía mejorar realizando un barrido SIM, ya que uno de los isómeros del disolvente DPGME no fue viable para el ensayo cuantitativo. Se analizaron 4 muestras de cuero a escala industrial con un barrido SCAN-SIM por lo que se pudieron determinar con éxito los analitos de interés. Por lo que se refiere al análisis de COV en el ambiente de trabajo se utilizó la norma ISO 16017-2, se realizó a nivel cualitativo utilizando dos tipos diferentes de tubos sorbentes para la captación de COV.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) arises from the chemicals used in the various stages of the leather manufacturing process. An important aim of the tanning industry is to minimize or eliminate VOCs and SVOCs, without lowering the quality of leather. VOCs and SCOVs emissions are controlled by the legislation through the Annex VII of Directive 2010/75/EU, Activity No 13; being the limit from 75 to 150 g of solvent emitted per m2 of leather product produced. The VOC emission levels to be in conformity with the Best Available Techniques (BAT) for the leather production in Europe are between 10-25 g/m2 expressed as annual average values. The aim of this thesis is to develop new analytical methods for the identification and quantification of VOCs emitted by new polymers designed on a pilot scale for leather finishing. These are polyurethane resins formulated to reduce the concentration of VOCs during the synthesis process. The chemicals under study are the following: dipropyleneglycol monomethyl ether (DPGME), DBE-3 (a mixture of dibasic esters) and trimethylamine (TEA). To carry out the new test methodologies, these are divided according to the sample matrix. In other words, the resins, the film resulting of these resins, the finished leather are tested and a study of the work environment is also carried out when the operator is handling the resins and applying the finish. The solid phase micro extraction (SPME) is used in resin samples and this is a sample preparation technique used for the extraction of VOCs for many applications, coupled with gas chromatography to elute and determine these type of compounds in solid and liquid samples. The main advantages of this technique are speed, high sensitivity; it does not require sample handling or solvent extraction procedures being environmentally friendly extraction technique, speeds up the separation, and increases throughput. In addition, this technique is extremely cost-efficient in comparison to alternate extraction methods. Eleven samples of laboratory scale resins were tested by HS-SPME followed by gas chromatography (GC-MS). DPGME and DBE-3 have been identified effectively. The compounds are identified by a quantitative method using external calibration curves for the target compounds. The technique is not effective to determine the TEA compound, since the chromatograms shown poor resolution peaks for the standard. The Thermal Desorption (TD) coupled to GC-MS was the methodology used for testing films and finished leather with synthesized polyurethane resins and the air of the work environment while the application process is carried out. This analyte extraction technique is highly sensitive so it brings a great improvement in this field of study. Furthermore, this technique is also environmentally friendly as it minimizes the use of organic solvents for VOC testing and sample handling is minimal. Eleven film samples were tested at a qualitative level and the 3 components of the study could be identified, adapting the standards ISO 12219-3 and ISO 16000-6. Finished leather at pilot scale was also tested with SCAN data acquisition method, both qualitatively and quantitatively and as a result of the study it was determined that the methodology could be improved by performing a SIM acquisition method, since one of the isomers of the DPGME solvent wasn’t viable for quantitative testing. Four leather samples were analyzed on an industrial scale with a SCAN-SIM acquisition method so that the analytes of interest could be successfully determined. Regarding the analysis of VOC in the work environment, the ISO 16017-2 standard was used, it was carried out at a qualitative level using two different types of sorbent tubes for the capture of VOCs.
Olivares, Igor Renato Bertoni. "\"Desenvolvimento, otimização e validação da técnica HS-SPME-GC/MS para análise de amostras obtidas do Rio Atibaia através da aplicação de uma sistemática \"ISO\" para diagnóstico ambiental de áreas contaminadas\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75132/tde-16042007-171617/.
Full textIn this work a methodology was developed, optimized and validated for the analysis of 15 organochlorine pesticides in sediment through HS/SPME-GC/MS. This methodology was applied to the analysis of real samples for diagnosis of the organochlorine pesticides contamination of the Atibaia River, mainly in its region close the contamination from company Shell Brasil S.A. site of Paulínia. For accomplishment of this diagnosis, also a standard methodology for environmental diagnosis of contaminated areas was developed, mainly based in concepts of Quality Management and Environmental Management find in standards like ISO 17025, ISO 14001 and GLP. Finally, applying the validated analytical methodology and the methodology proposed for environmental diagnosis, the diagnosis of the organoclhorine pesticide presence in the Atibaia River was performed, indicating different organoclorine pesticides in sediment, mainly DDE and yBHC, which were found in values above of those recommended by the Canadian legislation. The results also demonstrated that the developed methodologies are adequate for analysis of a real contamination.
Sporkert, Frank. "Anwendungen der Headspace-Festphasenmikroextraktion in der forensischen Analytik unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Haaranalyse." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/14698.
Full textIn the presented thesis possible fields of applications of the headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for forensic and toxicological problems were investigated with special focus on hair analysis. Detection methods after alkaline hydrolysis of hair with sodium hydroxid and following HS-SPME were developed for basic stable drugs. For the local anaesthetic lidocaine and for the heroine substitute methadone optimized methods were applied to hair of drug fatalities. In order to enhance the fields of application of the HS-SPME especially for drug metabolites three derivatization procedures were tested: (i) conversion of primary and secondary amines in the alkaline hair extract with alkylchloroformates to carbamates ("in sample" derivatization), (ii) "on fibre" derivatization of primary and secondary amines after HS-SPME with N-methyl-bis-trifluoroacetamide (MBTFA) and (iii) reaction of monofluoroacetic acid (compound 1080) with 1-pyrenyldiazomethane (PDAM) on a SPME-fibre previously occupied with the derivatization reagent. Fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) could detected after liquid extraction from hair of alcoholics with a mixture of DMSO/n-hexane and optimized HS-SPME. In comparison to hair samples of teetotalers and social drinkers significant differences in the concentrations of the FAEE were found. A quantification method were developed for the fast determination of valproic acid and trichloroethanol from blood and urine. The application of HS-SPME allows a fast, simple and solvent free extraction from a small sample amount. HS-SPME lead to clean extracts and high absolute extraction yields for this kind of extraction. Better reproducibilities, a high sample throughput and extended lifetime of the SPME-fibre were obtained using an automatic sampler.
Mesquita, Paulo Roberto Ribeiro de. "Metabolômica aplicada à identificação de biomarcadores nas espécies frutíferas Eugenia uniflora L. e Passiflora spp." Instituto de Química, 2016. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/20876.
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FAPESB e CNPq.
O comércio de frutas tropicais, principalmente das regionais e exóticas, apresenta-se como uma grande oportunidade para produtores e outros profissionais brasileiros. No entanto, a sua comercialização tem crescido aquém das expectativas devido, em certa parte, à necessidade de maior fomento a pesquisas relacionadas a estas espécies frutíferas e seus possíveis produtos derivados. Entre as diversas abordagens que estão sendo estudadas na área agrícola, se destacam a caracterização dos metabólitos presentes nas diferentes espécies de plantas de interesse econômico, o entendimento do papel biológico dos mesmos e possíveis alterações neste metaboloma gerados por ataques de diferentes tipos de patógenos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os metabólitos presentes na pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.) e diferentes tipos de maracujazeiros (Passiflora spp.), e avaliar possíveis mudanças no perfil destes compostos. Foram determinados os perfis de compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs), extraídos de folhas de E. uniflora de plantas que apresentavam diferentes biotipos de cor dos seus frutos (laranja, vermelho ou roxo), coletadas em diferentes regiões da Bahia. Os compostos foram extraídos e identificados através da técnica HS-SPME/GC-MS e o perfil das amostras foi avaliado através de técnicas de análise multivariada (PCA e HCA). Através das técnicas aplicadas foi possível identificar 33 compostos nas plantas com cada biotipo de cor de fruto e discriminar entre os três grupos de amostras com base neste perfil de metabólitos. Também foram extraídos e caracterizados, utilizando a técnica HS-SPME/GC-MS, os perfis de COVs de cinco espécies do gênero Passiflora: P. edulis, P. cincinnata, P. maliformis, P. gibertii e P. setacea. Em seguida avaliou-se alterações no perfil de COVs destas espécies após infecção pelo Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV). Blocos de 4 plantas sadias e inoculadas com o CABMV foram mantidas em casa de vegetação e fitotron, sob condições controladas. Também foram avaliadas mudanças no perfil de compostos em P. cincinnata até o 28º dia após a inoculação com o CABMV. Foram identificados 43 COVs nas cinco espécies de Passiflora e a utilização das técnicas de análise multivariada (PCA, PLS-DA e HCA) permitiu discriminar entre as amostras sadias e infectadas pelo CABMV nas diferentes espécies, através do seu perfil de metabólitos. Além disso, foi possível identificar potenciais biomarcadores de infecção ao CABMV comuns e específicos para cada uma das cinco espécies. Ao avaliar a infecção de plantas da espécie P. cincinnata em diferentes períodos, se verificou que a partir de 3 dias de inoculação já é possível distinguir claramente o perfil das amostras infectadas comparado ao das amostras sadias. A abordagem metabolômica utilizada neste trabalho possibilitou identificar diferentes tipos de biomarcadores, tanto de espécies de Passiflora quanto prováveis variedades de E. uniflora para estudos de quimiotaxonomia, além de metabólitos sinalizadores de infecção pelo CABMV em Passiflora spp.
The trading of regional and exotic tropical fruits can be presented as a great opportunity for producers and other Brazilian professionals. However, their marketing has grown short of expectations due to some part to the need for higher encouragement of research related to these fruit species and its possible derivatives. Among the various approaches being studied in agriculture, stand characterization of metabolites present in different plant species of economic interest, understanding of the biological role of these and possible changes in the metabolome of different types generated by pathogen attacks. This study aimed to characterize the metabolites present in the species Eugenia uniflora L. and species of Passiflora, and evaluate possible changes in the profile of these compounds. It was determined the profiles of VOCs extracted from E. uniflora leaves of plants showing different color biotypes of its fruits (orange, red or purple), collected in different regions of Bahia. The compounds were extracted by HS-SPME/GC-MS technique and the profile of the samples was evaluated using multivariate analysis (PCA and HCA). Through the techniques applied were identified 33 compounds in plants with each fruit color biotype and discriminate between the three groups of samples based on this metabolite profile. Also were characterized using the HS-SPME/GC-MS technique, the VOC profiles of five species of the genus Passiflora: P. edulis, P. cincinnata, P. maliformis, P. gibertii and P. setacea. Then we evaluated changes in VOC profile of these species after infection by Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV). Blocks of four healthy and inoculated plants with CABMV were kept in a greenhouse and phytotron, under controlled conditions. They evaluated changes in compounds profile in P. cincinnata until the 28th day after inoculation with CABMV. Were identified 43 VOCs in five species of Passiflora spp. and use of multivariate analysis (PCA, PLS-DA and HCA) allowed the discrimination between healthy and infected with CABMV samples in different species, through its metabolite profile. Moreover, it was possible to identify potential biomarkers of infection CABMV the common and specific to each of the five species. When evaluating infection of plants of the species P. cincinnata at different times, it was found that from 3 days of inoculation is already possible to distinguish the profile of the infected sample compared to the healthy samples. The metabolomic approach used in this study enabled us to identify different types of biomarkers, both species of Passiflora spp. as likely varieties of E. uniflora for chemotaxonomy studies, besides flags metabolites of infection by CABMV in Passiflora spp.
Meyer, Marie. "Exposition fœtale à différentes familles de xénobiotiques en Bretagne : analyse de la matrice méconium." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S178.
Full textMeconium is the earliest stool of newborns. This complex matrix was analyzed through the "PENEW" project (Pregnancy and Newborn malformations Environment) to determine if the degree of fetal exposure to xenobiotics has an influence in the occurrence of birth defects. The objective of this thesis was developed analytical methods for the detection and quantification of several different families of compounds (volatile organic compounds, pesticides, glycol ethers and their metabolites) in meconium. Three different analytical methods and a specific sample preparation have been developed for the detection and quantification of these compounds in the meconium. The application of these methods to 246 meconium samples showed a fetal exposure to several target compounds
Kreutz, Tainá. "Óleo essencial de casca-preciosa (Aniba canelilla (H. B. K. ) Mez) : validação de metodologia bioanalítica e estudo de permeação cutânea in vitro." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/164429.
Full textAniba canelilla (H.B.K.) Mez is an aromatic plant from the Amazon region whose essential oil has 1-nitro-2-phenylethane and methyleugenol as major compounds. Despite of the scientifically proved antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities and the popular use of oil for the treatment of dermatitis, acnes and wounds, there is no study up to date about the quantification of these compounds in skin samples. The aim of this study was the validation of an optimized bioanalytical method by solid phase microextraction on headspace mode in gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (HS-SPME-GC-FID) for the determination of 1-nitro-2-phenylethane and methyleugenol from the essential oil in different samples of in vitro cutaneous permeation study. A methodology was developed and validated by HS-SPME-GC-FID. The ranges of calibration curves were 2.08 - 207.87 μg.mL-1 for 1-nitro-2-phenylethane and 0.40 - 40.41 μg.mL-1 for methyleugenol. The presence of matrix and the intrinsic characteristics of the HS-SPME methodology required a transformation to the calibration curves. The logarithmic transformation (Log10) was then applied to the data and the results showed homoscedasticity, dispersed residues, and adequate coefficient of determination (r²> 0.99) and recovery. Skin permeation studies were performed on Franz cells with different amounts (20, 100 and 200 μL) of A. canelilla essential oil to evaluate the skin permeation and retention profile in porcine ear skin and receptor fluid. The analysis of the samples under the validated conditions showed a high permeation and retention of the major compounds in the following order: receptor fluid >> dermis >> epidermis >> stratum corneum. A progressive increase and retention dependence were observed based on the amount applied in the donor compartment, and large retention mainly on the receptor fluid and dermis was observed, in accordance with the physicochemical characteristics of Log P, affinity to the hydrophilic and lipophilic environment, size and molecular weight of 1-nitro-2-phenylethane and methyleugenol. In conclusion, the method proposed by HS-SPME-GC-FID to quantify the major compounds of A. canelilla essential oil in porcine ear skin and receptor fluid samples was selective, accurate, precise and adequate, and can be used in future analyzes.
Al, Rayes Layal. "Étude des interactions PET - Eau minérale dans les eaux embouteillées au Liban et approches analytiques des risques sanitaires." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10096/document.
Full textThe inertness’ value of plastics that are on contact with foodstuffs is governed by the European rule N°10/2011. In Lebanon, the lack of the Rules and Regulations of plastics’ usage led for a non-controlled packing in production as in storage, which will cause a sanitary risk to the consumer and to the population. The purpose of this research was to appreciate the migration’s phenomena of contaminants from the PET to the water. For this, there was an analysis of potential migrants such as VOC and SV to verify their tenor’s conformity relative to the MCL in international regulations. The aldehydes’ dosage in the water was performed by the derivation with the 2,4-DNPH, followed by a concentration on a C18 cartridge, then separation and quantification was done by HPLC-UV. The SV compounds’ analysis was realized by SPME-GC-FID method on a PDMS / DVB fiber. The BTEX and the styrene’s analysis was done by HS-trap-GC-FID method. These methods were validated in accordance with standard NF T 90-210 with a LQ less than the MCL. The volatile compounds in the bottled water and in the PET were analyzed by HS-trap-GC-MS method. The presence of FA, AA, DEP and BTEX in the bottled water with the PET was confirmed. It was highlighted that temperature and sun exposition influence the aldehydes’ migration. The acetaldehyde’s concentration after incubation at 40ºC wasn’t negligible and can modify the water’s organoleptic properties. The PET’s analyze reveals the presence of hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols and ketones
Auwärter, Volker. "Fettsäureethylester als Marker exzessiven Alkoholkonsums." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15421.
Full textThe current doctoral thesis presents the development of an analytical procedure for the quantitative analysis of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) in hair and in skin surface lipids using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as a method based on high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-DAD) to determine squalene concentrations in lipid extracts. The results obtained from analysis of samples from different alcohol consuming groups showed that FAEE are suitable markers for long-term alcohol misuse. Concerning sensitivity and specifity they are at least as good as other commonly used markers like GGT, CDT or MCV. The following provisional cut-off values were established: for chronically excessive alcohol consumption, the sum of the four FAEE (ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate and ethyl stearate) found in the highest mean concentrations should be > 1 ng/mg in hair; for non-drinkers, concentrations < 0,4 ng/mg are typical. The quotient obtained by dividing the FAEE concentration by the squalene concentration was defined as the relative FAEE concentration, which provides a better classification of the samples regarding the consumer groups through hair analysis. Relative FAEE values also allow a reasonable comparison in the case of skin surface lipid concentrations for the first time. 2 ng/µg is suggested as a preliminary cut-off value. As a further important result of the current work, the mechanism of incorporation of FAEE into hair was clarified. It was shown that fatty acid ethyl esters are incorporated into hair mainly through sebum.
Baptista, Tatiana Cláudia Amorim Nogueira. "Análise da incidência de TCA e seus precursores em cortiça e sua relação com as características edafoclimáticas de origem." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21171.
Full textA cortiça é um material de excelência e dos produtos com maior destaque na economia portuguesa, quer pelo elevado nível de exportações quer pela criação de emprego associada a este setor. A aplicação dada à cortiça com maior relevância económica é a rolha natural para vedação de vinhos. Contudo, alguns compostos halogenados presentes na cortiça, ao migrarem para o vinho, podem comprometer a sua qualidade levando a perdas significativas tanto para a indústria corticeira como para os produtores de vinho. Neste sentido, é de extrema importância o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de métodos de análise que permitam a quantificação simultânea das principais moléculas identificadas como responsáveis pelos desvios organoléticos dos vinhos. O presente trabalho surge com o objetivo de validar um método para análise simultânea de 2,4,6-tricloroanisol (TCA) e clorofenóis em cortiça e a sua posterior aplicação na análise de cortiças provenientes de diferentes locais da Península Ibérica, de forma a verificar uma possível relação entre a concentração destes compostos e as características edafoclimáticas de origem da cortiça. Com o objetivo de validar o método de análise, foram realizados estudos de linearidade, limiares analíticos, precisão, exatidão e robustez. Estes estudos permitiram considerar o método analítico como validado e implementá-lo nas análises de rotina do laboratório. Ao longo deste trabalho analisaram-se 46 amostras de cortiça, das quais 32 eram provenientes de Portugal e 14 de Espanha. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a cortiça da região da Andaluzia é aquela com valores médios e máximos mais elevados tanto para o TCA como para os clorofenóis, sendo a densidade do montado uma possível explicação para esta ocorrência, uma vez que, nesta região, o montado de sobro é muito denso (elevado número de árvores, pouca luz e exposição solar e mau arejamento), possivelmente propiciando o desenvolvimento fúngico e consequente formação destes compostos.
Cork is an excellence material and one of the most relevant products of the portuguese economy, either by the high level of exports and the number of jobs created by this industrial sector. The most important application of cork is as cork stopper for sealing wine bottles. However, some halogen containing compounds, by migrating to the wine, can compromise its quality causing significant financial losses for both the cork industry and winemakers. In this way, it’s extremely important the development and application of methods of analysis to allow the quantification of those molecules responsible for the sensory deviations of wine. This work arises with the aim of validating a method for the simultaneous analysis of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) and chlorophenols in cork and it’s subsequent application in the analysis of cork samples from different locations in the Iberian Peninsula, to verify a possible relationship between the concentration of these compounds and the characteristics of the climate and the soil of the original cork tree. In order to validate the analytical method, linearity, analytical precision, accuracy and robustness studies have been performed. These studies allowed the validation of the analytical method and its implementation in the laboratory routine analysis. Throughout this thesis 46 cork samples were analyzed; 32 of them came from Portugal and 14 from Spain. The obtained results allow to conclude that the cork from Andalusian region is the one with higher values for both TCA and chlorophenols, being the density of the cork oak forest one possible explanation for this manifestation, once in this region the forest is denser (high number or trees, few light and sun exposure and bad aeration) providing, possibly, a higher fungi development and consequently the formation of these compounds.
Percio, Maycon Fernando. "Desenvolvimento de suportes vítreos e vitrocerâmicos baseados no sistema Li2O-BaO-SiO2 mofificados pelos óxidos Nb2O5, TiO2, V2O5 e ZrO2, para microextração em fase sólida (SPME-CG)." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2012. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1911.
Full textCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In the present work a vitreous composition based on combination of the oxides BaO-SiO2-Li2O modified by adding of oxides Nb2O5, TiO2, V2O5 and ZrO2 as nucleating agent was evaluated and used in the manufacture of glass and glass-ceramic fibers for use in SPME-CG. The stability of the resulting glasses was accompained by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The stability parameters of Weinberg (KW), Hubrÿ (KH), Lu e Liu (KLL), Du and Huang (KDU) and Saad and Poulain (KSP) were obtained by DTA data. By KSP was observed that stability of glassy phases follows the descending order: Composition 5 (ZrO2) > Composition 2 (Nb2O5) > Composition 1 (without nucleant) > Composition 4 (V2O5) > Composition 3 (TiO2). Through these data it was possible to determine the apparent activation energies of the crystallization process by the crystallization peaks of the DTA curves, whereby the decreasing order was obtained: Composition 5 (ZrO2)> Composition 4 (V2O5) > Composition 2 (Nb2O5) > Composition 3 (TiO2) > Composition 1 (without nucleant). It was found, through the Avrami index, a surface crystallization mechanism of the compositions that leads to a correspondent transition to the glass ceramic. From DRX data obtained after thermal treatment at varying time, the TTT diagrams (Time, Temperature and Transformation) of the compositions were constructed, which delimited the conditions for preparation of glass ceramic fibers. The XRD analysis indicated that the main crystalline phases formed after heat treatments are rhombic Li2SiO3 Li2Si2O5. The fibers obtained were further tested in chromatographic analysis by HS-SPME-GC of the methanol in aqueous solution at concentrations of 10 and 100 mgL-1 with satisfactory results.
No presente trabalho, foram estudadas composições vítreas baseada na combinação dos óxidos Li2O-BaO-SiO2 modificadas pelos óxidos Nb2O5, TiO2, V2O5 e ZrO2, utilizados como nucleantes na fabricação de fibras de vidro e vitrocerâmicas para a utilização em SPME-CG. Determinou-se a estabilidade vítrea para cada composição através da difração de raio-X (DRX) e análise térmica diferencial (DTA) sendo observada a estabilidade das fases vítreas na ordem decrescente: Composição 5 (ZrO2) > Composição 2 (Nb2O5) > Composição 1 (sem nucleante) > Composição 4 (V2O5) > Composição 3 (TiO2). Através destes dados foi possível determinar as energias de ativação aparente das fases cristalinas através dos picos de cristalização das curvas de DTA, cuja ordem decrescente obtida foi: Composição 5 (ZrO2) > Composição 4 (V2O5) > Composição 2 (Nb2O5) > Composição 3 (TiO2) > Composição 1 (sem nucleante). Verificou-se através do índice de Avrami que as composições vítreas obtidas apresentaram mecanismo de nucleação de superfície para a formação do vitrocerâmico. Os dados de DTA possibilitaram a obtenção de diagramas de Tempo, Temperatura e Transformação (TTT), que delimitaram as condições de preparo das fibras vitrocerâmicas. Foram fabricados 5 tipos diferentes de fibras vítreas (Fibras A), que após tratamento térmico deram origem a fibras vitrocêramicas parcialmente cristalizadas (Fibras B) e fibras vitrocerâmicas totalmente cristalizadas (Fibras C), resultando um total de 15 espécies de fibras de composições e estruturas cristalinas diferentes. As análises por DRX indicaram que as principais fases cristalinas formadas depois dos tratamentos térmicos são Li2SiO3 e Li2Si2O5 ortorrômbicos. As fibras obtidas foram ainda testadas em análises cromatográficas por Cromatografia Gasosa na extração de metanol em solução aquosa nas concentrações de 10 e 100 mgL-1 com resultados satisfatórios.
Serôdio, António Pedro Fischer de Almeida. "Acrilamida em bolachas : ocorrência, análise e estratégias de mitigação." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14833.
Full textA acrilamida é um dos principais contaminantes alimentares em produtos confecionados a altas temperaturas, como é o caso de bolachas. Esta substância é classificada como possível carcinogéneo, o que revela a importância da sua deteção, quantificação e mitigação. Neste trabalho foram aplicadas estratégias de mitigação recorrendo à adição de extratos naturais, como a pectina, o ácido tartárico e o ácido algínico. A pectina com 50% de metilesterificação em concentrações de 5% e a pectina desesterificada, em concentrações de 2% mostraram-se as mais eficazes na diminuição do teor de acrilamida em bolachas de sacarose e frutose, mantendo as suas propriedades organoléticas. Perante os atuais métodos de extração e quantificação de acrilamida em produtos alimentares, que requerem diversos tratamentos de extração e limpeza da amostra, neste trabalho é apresentado um método simples e de fácil aplicação baseado na extração por HS-SPME. As condições otimizadas de extração de 60ºC, 10:30 de razão água:propanol (v:v) e 15 minutos de termostatização e 45 minutos de exposição à fibra foram definidas recorrendo a ferramentas de resposta de superfície com aplicação de um desenho experimental Box-Behnken. Em GC-MS, os limites de deteção (LoD) e quantificação (LoQ) deste método foram 611 μg/kg e 2037 μg/kg, respetivamente. Este método foi testado e validado em amostras reais de bolachas de aveia e de trigo. Pelo método de adição de padrão. a acrilamida foi quantificada na bolacha de aveia tendo-se obtido o valor de 2049 μg/kg. Na bolacha de trigo, o teor de acrilamida esteve abaixo do limite de deteção do método.
Acrylamide is a major food contaminant in products baked at high temperatures, such as biscuits. This substance is classified as a possible carcinogen, which reveals the importance of its detection, quantification and mitigation. In this work, mitigation strategies were applied by addition of natural extracts such as pectin, tartaric acid, and alginic acid. The pectin with 50% of methylesterification, in concentrations of 5%, and the pectin deesterified, in concentrations of 2% were shown to be most effective in lowering the level of acrylamide in sucrose and fructose biscuits, keeping their organoleptic properties. In view of the current methods of extraction and quantification of acrylamide in food, requiring several sample extraction and cleaning treatments, this work presents a method simple and easy to apply, based on the extraction by HS-SPME. The optimized extraction conditions were 60ºC, 10:30 water:propanol (v:v) ratio, and 15 minutes of thermostatization and 45 minutes of fibre exposure, determined using response surface tools with application of a Box-Behnken experimental design. GC-MS detection (LoD) and quantification (LoQ) limits of this method were 611 μg/kg and 2037 μg/kg, respectively. This method was tested and validated in commercial samples of oat and wheat biscuits. Using the standard addition method, a value of 2049 μg/kg was obtained for oat biscuits. For the wheat biscuits the value was below the acrylamide the detection limit.
Palma, Aline Schwertner. "Caracterização qualitativa do perfil volátil de vinhos espumantes brasileiros elaborados com um assemblage inovador submetidos a diferentes condições de segunda fermentação." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/129730.
Full textSparkling wines elaborated by Traditional Method are usually produced by the grapes Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Riesling, in which the volatile compounds of these sparkling wines have been calling attention to scientific studies. However, sparkling wines produced by other varietal grapes have not been a target of scientific research yet. The second fermentation occurs inside the bottle, in which confer a greater aromatic complexity to the sparkling wine produced by Traditional Method, due to the contact of it with lees in a reducing medium during a certain period of time. This happens due to secondary products of yeast metabolism, during the conversion of sugar in ethanol and carbon dioxide. This conversion depends on the nutrients added, called fermentation adjuvants, as the yeast used, since each one has a different metabolism for using this nutrients and sugars presented in the base wine. Thus, this work aims to characterize the volatile compounds of a south Brazilian winery, which use an innovative assemblage, using the grapes Chardonnay, Riesling, Viognier, Trebbiano and Pinot Noir. To the base wine, two different commercial yeasts were added: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces bayanus to the performance of second fermentation. To each yeast used for fermenting the base wine, eight different fermentation adjuvants were used. The determination of volatile compounds were performed by Headspace solid-phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography coupled to a mass quadrupole spectrometry (GC/MS). In total, 25 compounds were tentatively identified in the studied sparkling wines, being the majority listed as it follows, with their possible contribution to these sparkling wines aroma: ethyl octanoate (fruity), isoamyl alcohol (banana), octanoic acid (green pepper), and phenethyl alcohol (flower). Phenethyl phenylacetate, one of the minority compounds tentatively identified in some of the sparkling wines, is associated with fruity aroma. It was not possible to distinguish subgroups from different conditions during the second fermentation, when submitting the chromatographic areas of volatile compounds to cluster analysis. It implies that, under the experimental conditions of these study, it was not possible to differ the volatile compounds of the fermented (2nd fermentation) with S. cerevisiae and those which were fermented with S. bayanus. The same cluster analysis showed a subdivision of volatile compounds of the 16 wines in two groups, in which were probably distinguished due to the different nutritional adjuvants used: phosphate and Thiazote. Thus, throughout qualitative analysis by HS-SPME-GC/MS, it was possible to verify the homogeneity of volatile profile of the 16 sparkling wines, obtained by different fermentation adjuvants and two different yeast species of Saccharomyces sp, besides the comparison of volatile compounds presented in these sparkling wines with those others reported in the literature.
Alves, Ana Paula Oliveira. "Caracterização de compostos orgânicos voláteis em amostras de temperos." Instituto de Química, 2015. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/19113.
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A técnica de microextração em fase sólida através do headspace (HS SPME) combinada com a cromatografia a gás acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-MS) foi empregada no isolamento, separação e identificação dos compostos orgânicos voláteis responsáveis pelo flavor do coentro, salsa, cebolinha, cebola roxa e cebola branca. Foram testadas três diferentes fibras por meio do planejamento fatorial de dois níveis para cada amostra. As fibras testadas foram: polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS, 100 µm), poliacrilato (PA, 85 µm) e polidimetilsiloxano- divinilbenzeno (PDMS-DVB, 65 µm). Durante a etapa de extração com SPME, as fibras foram expostas ao headspace de vials lacrados contendo amostras, na ausência de água, que foram posteriormente incubados em diferentes temperaturas, tempos e massas. Para o coentro a melhor fibra foi PDMS-DVB, com 0,75 gramas de folhas, a 100ºC e 25 minutos de tempo de extração. Para a salsa e a cebolinha, a fibra que melhor isolou os compostos orgânicos voláteis foi PDMS, com 0,50 gramas de folhas, a 70ºC e 20 minutos de tempo de extração. Para a cebola roxa foi PDMS-DVB e para a cebola branca foi PDMS, nas mesmas condições de análises, 1,5 gramas de amostra, 40ºC a 25 minutos o tempo de extração. A identificação dos compostos isolados foi feita por meio da biblioteca NIST e Willey, e cálculos de índice de retenção linear com padrão de alcanos. Com os melhores resultados de cada amostra determinado, aplicou-se a análise da componente principal (PCA), para cada amostra em que foi possível observar a variação dos voláteis de amostras adquiridas em diferentes pontos de venda da cidade de Salvador-Ba. Em seguida foram desenvolvidos estudos de teste de prateleira em que foi possível identificar o decaimento gradual da abundância relativa dos compostos voláteis presentes originalmente nas amostras e o surgimento de outros compostos, no período de oito dias. O procedimento desenvolvido apresentou boa eficiência na extração e identificação da fração volátil, sem uso de reagentes orgânicos e, portanto, sem a geração de resíduos, preconizando os princípios da Química Verde.
The microextraction technique in solid phase through the headspace (HS SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used in isolation, separation and identification of volatile organic compounds responsible for the flavor of coriander, parsley, chives, red onion and white onion. Three different fibers were tested by means of multivariate two planning levels for each sample. The fibers tested were: polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, 100 µm), polyacrylate (PA, 85 µm), and polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB, 65 µm). During the extraction step using SPME, the fibers were exposed to the headspace of sealed vials containing samples, in the absence of water, which were then incubated at different temperatures, times and masses. To coriander the best fiber was PDMS-DVB, 0.75 g of leaves, 100ºC and 25 minutes extraction time. For parsley and chives, the best fiber that isolated volatile organic compounds was PDMS with 0.50 grams of leaves, at 70ºC and 20 minutes extraction time. For the red onion was PDMS-DVB and the white onion was PDMS analysis under the same conditions, 1.5 grams of sample, 40 °C and 25 minutes extraction time. Identification of individual compounds was made through the NIST library and Willey and linear retention index calculations alkanes pattern. With the best results of each particular sample, applied the analysis of the principal component (PCA) for each sample it was possible to observe the variation of volatile samples acquired at different points of sale in the city of Salvador, Bahia. Then, they were developed shelf test studies it was possible to identify the gradual decay of the relative abundance of the volatile compounds originally present in the samples and the appearance of other compounds during eight days. The procedure developed showed good efficiency in the extraction and identification of the volatile fraction, without the use of organic reagents and therefore virtually no waste generation, advocating the principles of Green Chemistry.
Lolli, Elisa. "il pet food: analisi della frazione aromatica e valutazione sensoriale." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21684/.
Full textEsteves, Ana Filipa Matos. "Análise e caracterização de perfis voláteis de méis com e sem aromatização." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22640.
Full textO mel é uma substância doce natural produzida pelas abelhas Apis mellifera. Os tipos de mel obtidos de diferentes origens florais apresentam aromas e sabores distintos devido à sua diferente composição volátil. Apesar de estarem presentes em baixas concentrações, os compostos voláteis contribuem para o aroma e para as propriedades benéficas do mel. O objetivo deste estudo foi a caracterização da composição volátil de seis méis aromatizados (canela, chocolate, limão, menta, picante e salgado) e três não aromatizados, fornecidos pela marca Beesweet. Para os méis não aromatizados (mel base, inverno e verão), procedeu-se também à análise polínica para determinar a respetiva origem botânica. As amostras de mel foram caracterizadas de acordo com os seus parâmetros físico-químicos (pH e atividade da água) e pela capacidade antioxidante. Todas as amostras apresentaram valores dentro dos intervalos de referência. Algumas aromatizações (canela, chocolate, salgado e limão) contribuíram para um aumento da atividade da água. No que diz respeito à capacidade antioxidante, nas três amostras de mel sem aromatização, a que apresentou uma maior atividade foi o mel verão (8,25 μM de equivalentes de trolox/g de mel); das amostras de méis aromatizados foram a chocolate (8,01 μM de equivalentes de trolox/g de mel) e limão (6,95 μM de equivalentes de trolox/g de mel). Pela análise polínica foi possível verificar que, das três amostras de mel sem aromatização, só uma pode ser classificada como mel monofloral, apresentando 89,1% de pólen de Eucalytus spp (mel inverno) e as restantes como méis multiflorais. A extração de compostos voláteis do mel foi realizada por microextração em fase sólida em espaço de cabeça e cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espetrometria de massa com quadrupolo (HS-SPME/GC-qMS). No mel monofloral foi possível identificar compostos característicos do eucalipto, como o nonanal, o p-menta-1,5,8-trieno e o aromadendreno, sendo este último apenas identificado neste mel. No mel base, os compostos que apresentaram maiores áreas cromatográficas foram o nonanal e decanal. Já no mel verão os compostos que se destacaram foram o nonanal e 1,1,6-trimetil-1,2-di-hidro-naftaleno. Nas aromatizações chocolate, picante e salgado, o composto que se destacou foi o nonanal, estando associado a aromas cítricos e picantes. Nos méis menta e canela foi o composto 1,8-cineol e no mel limão o limoneno, estando associados a aromas agradáveis e a possíveis propriedades benéficas. As aromatizações canela, limão e menta contribuíram para um aumento significativo dos compostos terpénicos, apresentando 18, 12 e 11 compostos, respetivamente, em comparação com o mel base que apresenta 5. Uma presença adicional destes compostos terpénicos confere aromas com descritores frutados, doces, picantes e cítricos a um mel base muito neutro em termos de aroma. O estudo do perfil volátil permitiu a identificação dos principais compostos que contribuem para o aroma dos méis. Pela análise polínica foi possível verificar quais as famílias botânicas que deram origem aos méis.
Honey is the natural sweet substance produced by Apis mellifera bees. The types of honey obtained from different floral origins present distinct aroma and flavour due to their different volatile composition. Despite present in low concentrations, volatile compounds contribute to the aroma and to the beneficial properties of honey. This study aims to examine the volatile composition of six flavoured honeys (cinnamon, chocolate, lemon, mint, spicy and salty) and three unflavoured honeys provided by Beesweet. The pollen analysis is also taken into consideration to determine the floral origin, in the case of unflavoured honeys (Base, Winter and Summer honey). The honey samples were characterized according to their physicochemical parameters (water activity and pH) and antioxidant activity. All samples presented values within the reference ranges. Certain varieties of flavoured honey (cinnamon, chocolate, lemon and salty) contributed to an increase in water activity. The unflavoured honey that presented the highest antioxidant activity was the Summer honey (8.25 μM trolox equivalent/g of honey); in the case of flavoured honeys, the highest antioxidant activity was found in the chocolate (8.01 μM trolox equivalent/g) and lemon (6.95 μM trolox equivalent/g) varieties. After conducting a pollen analysis of the three samples of unflavoured honey, one sample was classified as monoflora, presenting 89.1% of Eucalytus spp pollen (Winter honey), and the others as multifloral honeys. The extraction of volatile compounds from honey was performed using the headspace solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-qMS). In monofloral honey, it was possible to identify eucalyptus compounds such as nonanal, p-mentha-1,5,8-triene and aromadendrene (this last compound was only observed in this type of honey). In the Base honey, the compounds with higher chromatographic areas were nonanal and decanal. In the Summer honey, the most prominent compounds were nonanal and 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene. In the chocolate flavoured honey and spicy and salty variations, the compound with the highest value was nonanal, presenting citrus and spicy aromas. In the cinnamon and mint flavoured honeys, the highest values were for the 1,8-cineole compound, while the lemon flavoured honey had the presence in higher amount of limonene, both associated with pleasant aromas and potentially beneficial properties. The cinnamon, lemon and mint flavoured honeys contributed to a significant increase in the terpene compounds (18, 12, and 11 compounds, respectively), in contrast to the base honey that has 5 compounds. An additional presence of these terpene compounds confers fruity, sweet, spicy and citric flavours to the honey, which had a very neutral aroma. The study of the volatile profile allowed the identification of the main compounds that contribute to the honey aroma. From the pollen analysis it was possible to verify their botanical families.
Roehsig, Marli. "Desenvolvimento e aplicação de método analítico para determinação de ésteres etílicos de ácidos graxos (bioindicadores do etanol) em amostras de mecônio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9141/tde-17092009-141113/.
Full textAlcohol is the main psychoactive drug consumed worldwide and its increasing use by young women has been a great problem point out by specialists in the subject. Although the adverse effects associated to the habit of drinking alcoholic beverages during gestation being very much documented, it is known that a considerable number of pregnant women have difficulties to abandon the habit. Excessive alcohol use during pregnancy has been associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) characterized by children with cognitive and behavioral disorders. However, because of denial, embarrassment and fear, maternal reports of gestational use of alcohol are often inaccurate. Consequently, a series of biomarkers have been studied to diagnose fetal exposure to alcohol. Recently, fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) have been studied as biomarkers found in meconium of neonates exposed in utero. In the present work, an analytical method was developed aiming the detection of eight FAEEs in meconium samples and applied to real specimens collected from newborns whose mothers admitted or not the use of alcohol during pregnancy. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), a relatively recent sample preparation technique, was used for analysis. FAEEs were identified and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), operated in chemical ionization mode. The corresponding deuterated ethyl esters were synthesized and used as internal standards. The lower limits of quantification (LOQ) obtained were below 150ng/g and limits of detection (LOD) were bellow 100ng/g for all analytes. The method showed good linearity in the range of concentration studied (LOQ-2000ng/g), with coefficient of linearity better than 0.98. The precision assay, given by the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the method was lower than 15% for all FAEEs studied. When the method was applied to real samples, it was possible to detect trace levels of some FAEEs from non-suspected ethanol exposed newborns.
Costa, Carina Filipa Pedrosa da. "Volatile exometabolone analysis of Aspergillus niger and search for molecular biomarkers pattern." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14864.
Full textFungal infections have greatly increased in risk populations, namely in immunocompromised patients, probabily because the diagnosis of fungal infections is delayed. Microbial metabolomics arises as a powerful feature screening the metabolites produced by microorganisms. It provides information regarding the state of biological organisms which can be used as a diagnostic tool for diseases through fungal metabolites pattern. Thus, this research aimed to in-depth study of the Aspergillus niger exometabolome, in order to establish a targeted metabolomic pattern that characterizes A. niger. A methodology based on headspace-solid phase microextraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with a high resolution time of flight analyser (HS-SPME/GC×GC-ToFMS) was used. A. niger exometabolome was analysed in different growth conditions: temperature (25 and 37 °C), incubation time (3 and 5 days), and culture medium (solid and liquid medium). A. niger exometabolome included 430 metabolites, distributed over several chemical families, being the major ones alcohols, aldehydes, esters, hydrocarbons, ketones and terpenoids. Differences among volatile metabolites produced under different growth conditions were observed, being the major relative abundance determined for 5 days of growth, at 25 °C, using solid medium. These results indicated the high complexity of A. niger exometabolome. A subset of 44 metabolites, which were present in all previously tested growth conditions, was defined as the A. niger targeted metabolomic pattern. This pattern may be used in detection of fungal infections by this specie and be further exploited to fungal infections diagnosis. Furthermore, this subset of metabolites was compared with samples of Candida albicans (yeast) and Penicillium chrysogenum (filamentous fungi), and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) was applied. The results clearly showed that this metabolites subset allowed the distinction between these microorganisms. In order to validate the PLS-DA model, permutation test was applied, and a statistically significant model for 44 metabolites was obtained with a predictive Q2 capability of 0.70 for A. niger. When the subset of compounds were reduced to 16 (obtained by Variables Importance in Projection (VIP) parameter), the obtained model had a predictive Q2 capability of 0.86 for A. niger, which was significantly higher, being more robust than the previous. The decrease of 44 to 16 metabolites, reduced the require analysis time and the conditions used were similar to the conditions used in clinical context, (solid medium, at 25 °C and ca. 1 week). However, in this study was possible to reduce the time for 3 days. In conclusion, these 44 volatile molecular biomarkers could be useful for diagnosis of fungal infections, and they can even be further exploited in clinical context.
As infeções fúngicas têm aumentado bastante em populações de risco, nomeadamente em pacientes imunocomprometidos, provavelmente devido a atrasos no diagnóstico das infeções fúngicas. A metabolómica microbiana surge como um poderoso recurso de triagem dos metabolitos produzidos por microrganismos. Esta fornece informações sobre o estado de organismos biológicos, que podem ser usados como uma ferramenta de diagnóstico para infeções fúngicas através de um padrão de metabolitos fúngicos. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar em profundidade o exometaboloma de Aspergillus niger, a fim de estabelecer um padrão metobolómico alvo que caracterize o A. niger. Foi usada uma metodologia baseada em microextração em fase sólida no espaço de cabeça combinada com cromatografia de gás bidimensional abrangente acoplada a espectrometria de massa por tempo de voo (HS-SPME / GC×GC-ToFMS). O exometaboloma de A. niger foi analisado em diferentes condições de crescimento: temperatura (25 e 37 °C), tempo de incubação (3 e 5 dias) e meio de cultura (meio sólido e líquido). O exometaboloma do A. niger incluiu 430 metabolitos, distribuídos em várias famílias químicas, sendo os mais importantes os álcoois, aldeídos, ésteres, cetonas, hidrocarbonetos e terpenos. Observaram-se diferenças entre os metabolitos voláteis produzidos em diferentes condições de crescimento, sendo a maior abundância relativa determinada para os 5 dias de crescimento, a 25 °C, utilizando meio sólido. Estes resultados indicaram a alta complexidade do exometaboloma do A. niger. Um subconjunto de 44 metabolitos, que estavam presentes em todas as condições de crescimento testadas, foi definido como um padrão metabolómico alvo para o A. niger. Este padrão pode ser usado na deteção de infeções fúngicas por esta espécie e ser futuramente explorado para diagnóstico de infeções fúngicas. Além disso, este subconjunto de metabolitos foi comparado com amostras de Candida albicans (levedura) e Penicillium chrysogenum (fungo filamentoso), e a análise discriminante com método dos mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS-DA) foi aplicada. Os resultados mostraram claramente que este subconjunto de metabolitos permitiu distinguir estes microrganismos. Para validar o modelo do PLS-DA, o teste das permutações foi aplicado, e um modelo estatísticamente significante para os 44 metabolitos foi obtido com uma capacidade preditiva Q2 de 0.70 para o A. niger. Quando o subconjunto de compostos foi reduzido para 16 (obtidos pelo parâmetro Importância da Variável na Projeção (VIP)), o modelo obtido teve uma capacidade preditiva Q2 de 0.86 para o A. niger, que foi significantemente superior, sendo mais robusto que o anterior. A diminuição de 44 para 16 metabolitos, reduziu o tempo de análise necessário e as condições utilizadas foram semelhantes às condições utilizadas em contexto clínico, (meio sólido e 25 °C e aproximadamente 1 semana). No entanto, neste estudo, foi possível reduzir o tempo para 3 dias. Em conclusão, estes 44 biomarcadores moleculares voláteis poderão ser úteis para o diagnóstico de infeções fúngicas, e podem ser explorados em contexto clínico.
Junqueira, João Gabriel Moraes. "Estudo químico de Annona coriacea Mart. E Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (Annonaceae)." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5169.
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CHAPTER 01: CHEMICAL STUDY OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Annona coriacea Mart. AND Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart (Annonaceae) - In this research was performed the study of the chemical profile of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of flowers and leaves of species Annona coriacea and Xylopia aromatica (Annonaceae) by means of extraction in vivo and in vitro, through the techniques headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), hydrodistillation and characterization by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). By the analysis of the volatile fraction of flowers and leaves of A. coriacea it was observed different VOCs, according to the coatings utilized, since the selection of the fiber becomes one of the main factors for VOCs analysis in different vegetables parts. The chemical profile of the flowers of X. aromatica was obtained through HS-SPME, which compared the efficiency of in vivo and in vitro extractions, due to the higher number of VOCs present in the floral aroma. Once were obtained various chemical data, the multivariate analysis of the data was performed, which provided relevant information, contributing to the optimization of some conditions, such as selection of fiber, extraction time and extraction temperature yielded the characterization of the most number of VOCs. In this context, the conditions that presented the most promising results were: fibers CAR/PDMS and PA, extraction time equal the 60 min and extraction temperature of 29 °C. The essential oil of the flowers of X. aromatica was obtained by hydrodistillation and chemically characterized by GC-MS. The major compound present was the pentadecan-2-one (16.38%). The extraction techniques utilized were helpful, however there was qualitative and quantitative variation of VOCs, which is expected due to the extraction process be different. Thus, it is observed that depending on the objective of the survey or that searches for in the volatile fraction, it is necessary to use the technique to give the most promising results for the investigation held or in order to complement each other. In this way, the study of A. coriacea and X. aromatica contributed to the knowledge of the chemical profile of VOCs present in these species, seen from these investigations that the same can be applied in several industrial areas, for example cosmetic, food, among others.
CAPÍTULO 01: ESTUDO QUÍMICO DOS COMPOSTOS ORGÂNICOS VOLÁTEIS DE Annona coriacea Mart. E Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart (Annonaceae) - Nesta pesquisa realizou-se o estudo do perfil químico dos compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs) das flores e folhas das espécies Annona coriacea e Xylopia aromatica (Annonaceae), por meio da extração in vivo e in vitro, através das técnicas de headspace-microextração em fase sólida (HS-SPME), hidrodestilação e caracterização via cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). Pela análise da fração volátil das flores e folhas de A. coriacea observou-se COVs diferentes, de acordo com os revestimentos usados, visto que a seleção da fibra se torna um dos principais fatores para a análise de COVs em partes vegetais diferentes. O perfil químico das flores de X. aromatica foi obtido via HS-SPME, em que se comparou a eficiência das extrações in vivo e in vitro, em função do maior número de COVs presentes no aroma floral. Uma vez que foram obtidos vários dados químicos, foi realizada a análise multivariada dos mesmos, a qual forneceu informações relevantes, contribuindo para a otimização de algumas condições, tais como seleção da fibra, tempo de extração e temperatura de extração que rendessem a caracterização do maior número de COVs. Neste contexto, as condições que apresentaram os resultados mais promissores foram: fibras de CAR/PDMS e PA, tempo de extração igual a 60 min e temperatura de extração de 29 oC. O óleo essencial das flores de X. aromatica foi obtido por hidrodestilação e caracterizado quimicamente por CG-EM. O composto majoritário presente foi a pentadecan-2-ona (16,38%). As técnicas de extração utilizadas foram úteis, entretanto houve variação quali e quantitativa dos COVs, o que é esperado devido ao processo de extração ser diferente. Assim, observou-se que dependendo do objetivo da pesquisa ou do que se procura na fração volátil, faz-se necessária a utilização da técnica que dê os resultados mais promissores para a investigação realizada ou de forma que se complementem. Desta maneira, o estudo de A. coriacea e X. aromatica contribuiu para o conhecimento do perfil químico dos COVs presentes nestas espécies, visto que a partir destas investigações os mesmos podem ser aplicados em várias áreas industriais, por exemplo cosmético, alimentos, dentre outros.
Ribeiro, Aline Larissa Campos Fernandes. "Estudo de aromas de algumas espécies frutíferas Amazônicas pela técnica de HS-SMPE-GC-MS." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2015. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/5676.
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The need to identify the volatile composition of food is growing every year, mainly driven by the industry. The volatile compounds present in food is very important because they are responsible for their characteristic aroma, which in turn contributes to the taste and consequently to the attraction for the food. The attractive taste of tropical fruits is increasing the consumption of these fruits worldwide, and hence the aroma and flavor of these fruits are getting attention of the industry. Considering this growing interest and the fact that the aroma of most amazonian fruits have not yet been studied, the aim of this study was the characterization of the aroma of three Amazon edible fruits consumed in Manaus region: banana pacovan (Musa paradisiaca L), cajarana (Spondias dulcis Park) and cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal). The volatile compounds were extracted by Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction technique and the components were separated and identified by high resolution gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Two types of commercial SPME fibers were used, CAR-PDMS and PDMS, to compare their efficiency. The extraction capability for each fiber has varied, PDMS fiber was able to extract more components for banana and cubiu, whereas CAR-PDMS for cajarana. Alcohols, aldehydes and esthers were identified in all three fruits, and esthers were more present in cubiu. Terpenes were identified solely in cajarana and carboxylic acids were present only in banana pacova aroma.
A necessidade do conhecimento da composição dos voláteis em alimentos vem crescendo a cada ano, principalmente impulsionada pela indústria. As substâncias voláteis presentes em um alimento são importantes, pois são elas que conferem o seu aroma característico, que por sua vez contribui para o sabor e consequentemente pela atração pelo alimento. O sabor atrativo das frutas tropicais está estimulando o consumo destas frutas em todo o mundo e, devido a isso, o aroma e sabor destes frutos vêm chamando a atenção das indústrias, demonstrando o interesse na caracterização de cada uma delas. Tendo em vista esse grande interesse e o fato do aroma da maioria dos frutos exóticos amazônicos não terem sido estudados ainda, este trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização do aroma de três frutos comestíveis adquiridos na região de Manaus: banana pacovan (Musa paradisiaca L), cajarana (Spondias dulcis Park) e cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal). Os componentes voláteis foram extraídos utilizando a técnica de microextração em fase sólida por “headspace” e a identificação foi realizada através de análises por cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução acoplada com espectrometria de massas. Para a extração dos voláteis, dois tipos de recobrimento de fibra foram utilizados, CAR-PDMS e PDMS, que são normalmente utilizadas nas análises de voláteis. Os resultados obtidos para análise dos aromas de todos os frutos estudados mostraram que a quantidade de substâncias extraídas variou entre as fibras. Os resultados para a banana e para o cubiu apresentaram maior quantidade de componentes extraídos com a fibra PDMS, enquanto para a cajarana foi obtido com a fibra CAR-PDMS. Nos três frutos foram identificadas substâncias voláteis pertencentes à classe de álcoois, aldeídos e ésteres, que foi a principal classe encontrada em todas as análises, principalmente no cubiu. Terpenos foram identificados apenas no aroma da cajarana e ácidos carboxílicos apenas no aroma da banana pacovan.
Ribes, Moya Ana María. "Selección y mejora de ecotipos de pimiento (Capsicum sp.) para agricultura sostenible y calidad nutricional y organoléptica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/159886.
Full text[CA] L'actual problemàtica mediambiental està demandant sistemes de producció més sostenibles, com els de l'agricultura ecològica. Una bona alternativa per a aquests sistemes són les varietats tradicionals de pebrot, amb trets de qualitat característics i d'àmplia variabilitat genètica, fonamental en els programes de millora, concretament per a l'adaptació a la producció ecològica. En la present tesi s'ha estudiat la qualitat nutricional i organolèptica del cultiu del pebrot (Capsicum sp.) en els dos estats de maduresa comercial i sota diferents pràctiques culturals (sistemes ecològic i convencional). S'han analitzat els principals compostos nutricionals dels fruits de pebrot: l'àcid ascòrbic, els compostos fenòlics i els carotenoides; així com la fracció volàtil, i s'ha estudiat la seva variació en una àmplia col·lecció varietal. Addicionalment, s'ha estudiat la fertilitat biològica de terra a través de les activitats enzimàtiques de la fosfatasa alcalina i la catalasa en interacció amb el cultiu del pebrot sota els sistemes de cultiu convencional i ecològic. L'estudi de la qualitat nutricional mostrar amplis rangs de variació segons el factor genotip, encara que l'estat de maduració i el sistema de cultiu també van contribuir a les diferències observades. En general, els fruits madurs van presentar nivells superiors de compostos bioactius, especialment per a l'àcid ascòrbic. Així mateix, el cultiu ecològic va proporcionar, en general, nivells més alts d'àcid ascòrbic i compostos fenòlics en estat madur. La notable interacció genotip × sistema de cultiu per al contingut en àcid ascòrbic i fenols totals, i en menor intensitat per al contingut en flavonoides individuals, va permetre la selecció de diverses accessions amb alt rendiment en aquests compostos, sota condicions de cultiu ecològic en els dos estats de maduració. Per contra, els efectes de el sistema de cultiu i la interacció genotip × sistema de cultiu no van resultar significatius en els nivells de carotenoides, la variació es va deure principalment al factor genotip. L'estudi de la composició volàtil va permetre trobar àmplies diferències quantitatives i qualitatives per aquest factor de qualitat organolèptica en els fruits de pebrot, depenent principalment del factor genètic i de l'estat de maduració, mentre que el sistema de cultiu va afectar en menor mesura i significativament a alguns compostos volàtils individuals. Es van trobar un total de 124 i 122 volàtils en estat immadur i madur, respectivament. Els canvis en el perfil volàtil amb la maduració van ser evidents i molt diversos segons el genotip. En general, el sistema de cultiu ecològic va afavorir l'acumulació de compostos volàtils en els dos estats de maduració i durant el procés de maduració. Les activitats enzimàtiques fosfatasa alcalina i catalasa van augmentar durant la fase de cultiu, amb activitats màximes generals en la fase intermèdia, especialment per a la fosfatasa alcalina. El sistema de cultiu va tenir una major contribució a la variació, resultat significatiu i superior per al sistema convencional en fase intermèdia per a ambdues activitats i estant generalment seguit del factor genotip, significatiu per a la fosfatasa alcalina en fase intermèdia. La interacció genotip × sistema de cultiu permetria seleccionar varietats, amb capacitat perquè els sòls acumulessin grans valors de les activitats enzimàtiques fosfatasa alcalina i catalasa, en el sistema de cultiu ecològic. En definitiva, els resultats d'aquest treball proporcionaran informació d'especial utilitat per a programes d'investigació en hortalisses d'alt valor afegit i programes de millora de la qualitat en agricultura ecològica, així com per al control d'autenticitat de varietats tradicionals.
[EN] The current environmental problem is demanding more sustainable production systems, such as organic farming. A good alternative for these systems are the traditional varieties of pepper, with characteristic quality traits and wide genetic variability, essential in breeding programs, specifically for adaptation to organic production. In this thesis, the nutritional and organoleptic quality of the pepper crop (Capsicum sp.) at the two ripening stages and under different cultural practices (ecological and conventional systems) has been studied. The main nutritional compounds of pepper fruits have been analysed: ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and carotenoids; as well as the volatile fraction, and its variation has been studied in a wide varietal collection. Additionally, the biological fertility of the soil has been studied through the enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase and catalase in interaction with pepper cultivation under conventional and ecological growing systems. The study of nutritional quality showed wide ranges of variation according to the genotype factor, although the ripening stage and the growing system also contributed to the differences observed. In general, fully ripe fruits presented higher levels of bioactive compounds, especially for ascorbic acid. Also, organic farming provided, in general, higher levels of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds at the fully ripe stage. The remarkable genotype × growing system interaction for the content of ascorbic acid and total phenolics, and to a lesser extent for the content of individual flavonoids, allowed the selection of several accessions with high yield in these compounds, under organic farming conditions at both ripening stages. On the contrary, the effects of the growing system and the genotype × growing system interaction were not significant in carotenoid levels, whose variation was mainly due to the genotype factor. The study of the volatile composition allowed to find wide quantitative and qualitative differences for this organoleptic quality factor in pepper fruits, depending mainly on the genetic factor and the ripening stage, while the growing system affected to a lesser extent and significantly some individual volatile compounds. A total of 124 and 122 volatiles were found at unripe and fully ripe stages, respectively. The changes in the volatile profile with ripening were evident and very diverse depending on the genotype. In general, the organic growing system favoured the accumulation of volatile compounds at both ripening stages and during the ripening process. Alkaline phosphatase and catalase enzymatic activities increased during the growing phase, with overall peak activities in the intermediate phase, especially for alkaline phosphatase. The growing system had a greater contribution to variation, a significant and superior result for the conventional system in the intermediate phase for both activities and being generally followed by the genotype factor, significant for alkaline phosphatase in the intermediate phase. The genotype × growing system interaction would allow the selection of varieties, with the capacity for soils to accumulate higher values of the enzymatic activities alkaline phosphatase and catalase, in the organic growing system. In conclusion, the results of this work will provide information of special use for research programs in vegetables with high added value and quality breeding programs in organic farming, as well as for the authenticity control of traditional varieties.
Authors thank seeds providers included in Table 1, like P.W. Bosland, S. Lanteri, François Jourdan, I. Ruiz de Galarreta and the different Regulatory Boards of the PDOs and GPIs included in this study. Authors also thank LA UNIÓ for the availability of experimental fields and the technical support from Manuel Figueroa, Rafael Hurtado, Antonio Muñoz and Ricard Ballester in the trials. Finally, the advice of Prof. Jaime Prohens in statistical procedures is also thanked.
Ribes Moya, AM. (2020). Selección y mejora de ecotipos de pimiento (Capsicum sp.) para agricultura sostenible y calidad nutricional y organoléptica [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/159886
TESIS
Ferreira, Catarina da Silva. "Estudo sobre metabolitos alvo de Candida albicans com potencial aplicação na sua detecção : impacto das condições de crescimento." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14867.
Full textCandida albicans é um dos principais fungos patogénicos causadores de infeções fúngicas oportunistas, as quais se manifestam particularmente em indivíduos imunocomprometidos. As infeções fúngicas invasivas estão associadas a uma elevada taxa de mortalidade, devido a um diagnóstico tardio e consequente atraso no início da terapêutica antifúngica. Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar o impacto das condições de crescimento (tempo e temperatura) no perfil metabolómico global da C. albicans, assim como em alguns metabolitos alvo. A microextração em fase sólida em modo espaço de cabeça combinada com a cromatografia de gás bidimensional abrangente acoplada a espectrometria de massa com analisador por tempo de voo de alta resolução (HS-SPME/GC×GC-ToFMS) foi a metodologia utilizada neste estudo. Foram selecionadas duas temperaturas (25 °C e 37 °C) e quatro tempos de crescimento (6 h, 12 h, 24 h e 48 h). Foi ainda realizado um estudo exploratório com vista a avaliar a aplicabilidade da metodologia desenvolvida de modo a distinguir Candida albicans de outras espécies de Candida não-albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae e Aspergillus niger. Este estudo permitiu concluir que a temperatura e o tempo de crescimento influenciaram o metabolismo de Candida albicans, sendo produzido um maior teor global de metabolitos por UFC/mL às 6 h a 25 °C. Relativamente aos metabolitos alvo, verificou-se que os primeiros tempos de crescimento (6 h e 12 h) foram caracterizados pela presença de álcoois, aldeídos e 2-propanona e os tempos mais tardios (24 h e 48 h), pela presença de ésteres e sesquiterpenóides, sendo a abundância relativa destes metabolitos variável com a temperatura. Os metabolitos alvo selecionados, os quais incluem metabolitos reportados como estando associados ao quorum sensing, permitiram distinguir C. albicans das restantes leveduras num tempo de crescimento curto (6 h). Para o tempo de crescimento mais longo, estes metabolitos permitiram a distinção entre o fungo filamentoso e as leveduras. Usando o subconjunto de 5 metabolitos foi possível distinguir C. albicans das restantes leveduras. Em conclusão, este estudo revelou que o padrão de metabolitos alvo estudados caracteriza C. albicans, podendo este ser possivelmente usado no futuro na deteção de infeções fúngicas por esta espécie.
Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen causing opportunist fungal infections, which manifest particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Invasive fungal infections are associated with high mortality rate due to a late diagnosis and subsequent delay in early antifungal therapy. This work aimed to assess the impact of growth conditions (time and temperature) on the global metabolomic profile of C. albicans, as well as on target metabolites. Headspace solid phase microextraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with a high resolution time of flight analyser (HS-SPME/GC×GC-ToFMS) was used. It was selected two temperatures (25 °C and 37 °C) and four growth times (6 h, 12 h, 24 h e 48 h). An exploratory study was performed in order to assess the applicability of the developed methodology to distinguish C. albicans from the other non-albicans Candida species, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger, as well. This study allowed to conclude that the temperature and time of growth influence Candida albicans metabolism, producing a high global metabolite content per CFU/mL for 6 h at 25 °C. Concerning target metabolites, it was observed that the lower growth times (6 h and 12 h) are characterized by the presence of alcohols, aldehydes and 2-propanone and the later times (24 h and 48 h) are characterized by the presence of esters and sesquiterpenoids. The relative abundance of these metabolites is modulated by growth temperature. The target metabolites, which include metabolites reported as being associated to quorum sensing, allowed to distinguish C. albicans from the other yeasts in a short growth time (6 h). For longer times, these metabolites allowed the distinction between filamentous fungus and yeasts. Using the subset of 5 metabolites, it was possible to distinguish C. albicans from the other yeasts. In conclusion, this study revealed that the pattern of studied target metabolites characterizes C. albicans and, in the future, this pattern may be used in detection of fungal infections by this specie.
Wang, Hui-Wei, and 王慧瑋. "HS-SPME-UPLC and HS-SPME-GC/MS Analyze the Volatile Sulfide Compounds in Allium fistulosum L. and Change in Volatile Components after Different Drying Treatment." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g8wwds.
Full text國立宜蘭大學
食品科學系碩士班
107
The source of scent of shallot is related to the volatile sulfur compounds produced by S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxides (ACSOs). The heated ACSOs can produce disulfide and trisulfide compounds, which are important forwelsh onions. Aroma source. In this study, the analytical conditions for the determination of volatile sulfur compounds in welsh onions by headspace-solid phase microextraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography (HS-SPME-UPLC) were first established. The volatile components of welsh onions were determined by HS-SPME-GC/MS, and the effects of processing methods on volatile compounds in welsh onions were investigated. Common sulfur compounds in welsh onions are dipropyl disulfide, dipropyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, methyl propyl disulfdie, and analyzed by HS-SPME-UPLC. The PDMS/DVB fiber was first adsorbed to the sulfur-containing compound and then desorbed in methanol. The mobile phase was washed with 75% methanol as the initial solvent, and then washed with a gradient of 1% methanol to 87% per minute for flow washing at 254 nm. Absorbance values Four sulfur compounds have the best analytical results. The concentration of methyl propyl disulfide, dipropyl disulfide and dipropyl trisulfide was linear with the area of 12-300 μg/mL, R2 was 0.99, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of each sulfide was 5.68 μg/mL in methyl propyl disulfide. μg/mL, dipropyl disulfide was 13.64 μg/mL, and dipropyl trisulfide was 8.47 μg/mL. Analysis of fresh, freeze-dried, microwave-dried and hot-dried welsh onions containing sulfur compounds, dipropyl disulfide is the highest in freeze-dried welsh onions, 0.718 μg/g, followed by fresh welsh onions, with 0.2512 μg/g. methyl propyl disulfide was detected only in hot air dried welsh onions and contained 0.1774 μg/g. The concentration of the microwave-dried welsh onion sulfide compounds signal into the calibration curve is less than the LOQ and cannot be quantified. The volatile compounds of fresh, freeze-dried, microwave-dried, hot-air dried welsh onions were also analyzed by HS-SPME-GC/MS. Take fresh or different dried welsh onions in two separate portions in a headspace vial, add 25°C distilled water to lock the lid, and then carry out headspace solid phase microextraction in a 40°C water bath for 1 hour, one of which is in 100°C boiling bath heating for 3 minutes. After the extraction, the fibers were placed in a GC-MS analysis. After qualitative analysis, the correlation between each sample and the volatile compounds was investigated by Principal components analysis (PCA). There are five types of volatile compounds after characterization, a total of 59 compounds. After the four samples were heated by boiling water and water, the area of compounds such as 3,4-dimethyl thiophene, 3,5-diethyl-1, 2,4-trithiolane increased. Dipropyl disulfide is the main ingredient in fresh and freeze-dried welsh onions, whether it is heated by boiling water or not. After microwave drying and hot air drying, the relative area is obviously reduced, even in hot air drying. Microwave and hot air dried welsh onions are mainly composed of 3,5-diethyl-1,2,4-trithiolane and 3,4-dimethylthiophene. In the principal component analysis, the hot air drying is closest to the sulfide position, and after boiling water is heated by water, the dried welsh onions are located in the second and third quadrants, and the number of compounds is also the most in these two quadrants. The welsh onions obtained by various drying are added to the hot water at 90°C for sensory evaluation, and the corresponding analysis (Check-all-that-apply, CATA) and consumer preference are selected according to the statistical results. The staff prefers the scallions with S25 flavor, which is related to the odor characteristics of compounds such as dipropyl disulfide. The overall aroma score of the nine-point method is 6.32, which is a bit like, and the fresh green onions in the consumer preference ranking are more liked by the product reviewers. The hot air-dried shallots have S15 oil consumption, which is related to the odor characteristics of compounds such as 3-methyl- butanal. The overall aroma preference score of the quartile method is 4.74, which is a bit dislike. Consumer preference ranking is less expensive. Like it. Based on the above, this study established a new method for the analysis of volatile sulfur compounds in welsh onions by HS-SPME-UPLC. The welsh onions were heated by microwave drying and hot air drying to form 3,4-dimethyl thiophene and 3,5-diethyl-1,2,4. -trithiolane and other thermal degradation compounds, GC-MS analysis of volatile compounds, sensory evaluation and CATA statistical analysis to understand the effect of hot processing on aroma compounds, as well as odor descriptors and odor characteristics of volatile compounds, consumer comparison in sensory evaluation I like the scallions with S25 flavor, which is related to the odor characteristics of compounds such as dipropyl disulfide. The overall aroma score of the nine-point method is 6.32, which is a bit like, and the consumer preference ranking is more liked by the product reviewers.
Tsai, Hyun Chen, and 蔡弦謙. "Investigation of THMs formation from different chemical matters by HS-SPME." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71899231792123997268.
Full text國立中興大學
環境工程學系所
94
Chlorination for natural waters has lead to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. Factors affecting the formation of THMs during chlorination have been found to be the kinds and content of organic precursors and other parameters including temperature, pH, dose of chlorine and contact time between chlorine and organic compound. These factors were studied in this paper. This study aimed to some organic compounds (i.e., humic acid, fulvic acid, resorcinol, hydroquinone, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and acetone) to investigate their chloroform formation characteristics. The single-vail headspace microextration technique (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatograph equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) was used to continuously monitor the formation of chloroform without dechlorination in the reaction vial. Based on pseudo-first order reaction the reaction rate constants of the studied organic matters were:humic acid, k=0.025 hr-1; fulvic acid , k=0.017 hr-1; resorcinol, k=0.23 hr-1; hydroquinone, k=0.032 hr-1; 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, k=0.303 hr-1 and acetone, k=0.022 hr-1. By Arrhenius equation the activation energy(Ea)for chloroform formation of each compound was as follows:humic acid, Ea=2.5 kcal/mol; fulvic acid, Ea=8.9 kcal/mol; resorcinol, Ea=10.5 kcal/mol. In addition, the results showed the chloroform yield gradually increases with the increase of chlorine dosage, the temperature, and the content of the organic compound. The effect of pH on the yield of chloroform formation is different for different compound.
Tsai, Tsung-Che, and 蔡宗哲. "The study on trihalomethane formation kinetics of water sample using HS-SPME." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67623209105048251111.
Full text中興大學
環境工程學系所
95
In this study , headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography (GC-ECD) was used to monitor the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) during chlorination in raw water and treated water samples collected from three water utilities . The water sources are as follows : reservoir water (sample A) , ground water (sample B) and lake water (sample C) . Ground water samples collected from our building located in National Chung-Hsing University (NCHU) campus were also investigated . According to the extracting technique developed by our laboratory only one bottle (60 mL) was used for each different sample (50 mL) to continuously monitor the formation kinetics of THMs without dechlorinating the chlorine residual before extraction . The general characteristics of the waters studied show that the pH was at the range of 7-8 , total organic carbon (TOC) was 18-55 mg/L (except for sample C < 5 mg/L) , chloride ion was 2-22 mg/L . The bromide ion concentrations were not detectable ( < 0.15 mg/L) for all samples . The results of chlorination observed by all water samples indicate that the formation rate of trichloromethane (CHCl3) was significantly high during the early stage (within 12 hr reaction time) and then almost level off to the end of the reaction ( ~ 70 hr) . Trichloromethane formed during the early stage is reaching 52-99% of the total amount . For the chlorine dose of 1.0 mg Cl2/L , sample A has the highest concentration of total THMs (TTHMs) . Sample B and NCHU ground water sample have detected more significant fractions of brominated species of THMs . For sample C , increasing chlorine dose ( 0.5 mg Cl2/L → 1.0 mg Cl2/L ) does not increase the formation of THMs , probably because of the low organic content of this water sample . In addition , the results of this study also have shown that bromide/chlorine ratio in the reaction solution plays an important role in determine the formation percentages of brominated species of THMs .
謝易霖. "The Study of Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) Coupled with Gas Chromatography (GC)." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92357579443030516531.
Full textWang, Sheng-Hao, and 王聖豪. "Fingerprinting and Identification of Edible Oils by UV-Vis and HS-SPME-GC/MS." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9nj2cm.
Full textTSANG, LIN KUN, and 林坤樟. "Investigation of the feasibility of studying the trihalomethanes formation kinetics by HS-SPME technique." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10440339676846013657.
Full text國立中興大學
環境工程學系
93
Chlorination for disinfection purpose of drinking water has lead to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), especially the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs). Due to the harmful potential to human health, THMs have caused great public health concerns. Usually the kinetics of the THMs formation was studied by adding sodium sulfite to stop the chlorination reaction at preset time. Then, THMs was determined using liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) or head space gas sampling by syringe(HSGSS)both coupled with gas chromatography (GC). These analysis processes are tedious. In this study, after mixing sodium hypochlorite with humic acid in water sample, headspace solid-phase microextraction(HS-SPME)was used to collect chloroform occurred in gas phase. After 5 minutes of headspace extraction, the fiber was inserted into GC injection port to determine the amount collected. The process is simpler and faster. In addition, this technique can get lower detection limit for THMs analysis. Detection limits observed were 0.020 μg/L (CHCl3), 0.015 μg/L (CHCl2Br), 0.026 μg/L (CHClBr2) and 0.037 μg/L (CHBr3). In this study, using single bottle of aqueous sample without removing chlorine to study the formation rate of THMs is feasible. As the result, in presence of excess chlorine, THMs formation proceeds as a pseudo first-order reaction. The formation percentages of CHCl3, CHCl2Br, CHClBr2 of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) were about 84.5%, 13.5%, 2%, respectively in the solution of 2 mg/L humic acid, 0.03 mg/L bromide and 5 mg/L chlorine dose. In addition, the rate constants of CHCl3, CHCl2Br, CHClBr2, TTHMs were 0.035, 0.067, 0.055, 0.039 (hr-1).
Torres, Dylan Nuno Morais Correia. "Implementação de medidas de mitigação para a redução de acrilamida em bolachas." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/30303.
Full textAcrylamide is a major food contaminant in products submitted at high temperatures, such biscuits. Acrylamide is a water-soluble compound, mostly formed by the Maillard reactions between reducing sugars and free asparagine. This substance has been classified as a possible carcinogen, which reveals the importance of its detection, quantification and mitigation. As a consequence, it is very important to motorize the acrylamide levels in processed food. In this work, different mitigation strategies were applied through: 1) changes in the formulation of the standard recipe, namely in the sugar content and type of flour; 2) the addition asparaginase; and 3) the addition of an acidic polysaccharide, pectin with 50% methylesterification. These strategies were tested in two types of cookies, cereals and cocoa, produced by Dan Cake S.A. The current methods of extraction and quantification of acrylamide in food products require several extraction treatments interspersed with sample cleaning and purification steps, making the process complex and time consuming. In this work, a simple and easily applied method based on HS-SPME extraction combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-qMS) was used to quantify the acrylamide in biscuits. This method proved to be efficient for the quantification of acrylamide in the biscuits, obtaining values identical to those provided by an external laboratory. Asparaginase and pectin have been shown to be the most efficient strategies to reduce acrylamide content in 49 and 64%, respectively. Replacing whole wheat flour by rice flour and reducing glucose-fructose syrup are alternatives to mitigate acrylamide formation in biscuits. The efficiency of these methodologies has been confirmed on an industrial scale. The different mitigation strategies tested did not significantly change the organoleptic properties of the biscuits, except for the texture of pectin-added biscuits which had lower rating due to the stiffness increase. The amount of pectin to be added needs to be optimized to allow the acrylamide formed to decrease without altering the texture of the biscuits. However, this mitigation methodology has been found to be more advantageous economically compared to the addition of asparaginase.
Mestrado em Biotecnologia
Risticevic, Sanja. "HS-SPME-GC-TOFMS Methodology for Verification of Geographical Origin and Authenticity Attributes of Coffee Samples." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/3574.
Full textWang, Yu-Chen, and 王妤甄. "Determination of Synthetic Polycyclic Musk in Aqueous Samples by Microwave-Assisted HS-SPME & GC/MS." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75039727805755011937.
Full text國立中央大學
化學研究所
97
Synthetic musk fragrances are a group of chemicals used widely in detergents, perfumes, shampoos, and many other personal care products. According to their physical and chemical properties, they are in common with many hydrophobic and semivolatile organic pollutants that are known to biomagnify through the food chain. The occurrence of synthetic polycyclic musks, a group of the most concern synthetic musk fragrances currently, has been reported in air, freshwater, seawater and sediment suggesting that they are widespread contaminants in the environment. Because of their highly lipophilic properties, polycyclic musks have been also found in aquatic biota, such as mussels and fish, and even in human adipose tissue and breast milk. These compounds have been shown to demonstrate estrogenic activities, even higher concentrations of synthetic polycyclic musks in women''s bloods have been correlated to higher rate of miscarriage. In this study, the sample pretreatment technique of microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (MA-HS-SPME) has been developed and studied for the extraction of six commonly used synthetic polycyclic musks (i.e., Galaxolide (HHCB), Tonalide (AHTN), Celestolide (ADBI), Traseolide (ATII), Cashmeran (DPMI) and Phantolide (AHMI)) in aqueous samples prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The effects of various extraction parameters (i.e., extraction time, microwave power and addition of salt) for the quantitative extraction of these polycyclic musks by MA-HS-SPME were systematically investigated and optimized. The analytes can be extracted by 65 ?m PDMS/DVB fiber under 180 W microwave power for 4 min, 20 mL water sample added 4 g NaCl was put in 40 mL vial with headspace 20 mL (the ratio of sample : headspace = 1:1, v/v). The limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 ng/L and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was less than 0.2 ng/L. Preliminary results show that HHCB and AHTN were two commonly detected polycyclic musks in real environmental samples, ranging from 1.2 to 37.3 ng/L via standard addition method with correlation coefficient (r2) above 0.981. The analytical procedure developed herein demonstrated that the MA-HS-SPME and GC-MS-SIM methods are reliable, sensitive and offer a convenient analytical technique for trace determination of polycyclic musks in various water samples.
唐鎮宇. "Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography (GC) for the analysis of formate and propionate." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10763982828028859147.
Full text郭鉑漳. "Development of Ultrasonication coupled Autosampler HS SPME/GC/FID And In-situ Automatic Real Time Monitoring of VOCs." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49174852594558495984.
Full text國立清華大學
原子科學系
92
In this study, an in-situ continuous measuring sonicator pre-treatment coupled autosampler HS-SPME GC/FID system is used to analyze 9 VOCs -MTBE, DMS, Acetone, THF, EA, 2-Butanol, IPA, BA and PGMEA in industrial wastewater. Perior calibration of the system exhibited good linearity with RSD less than 15%, recovery of 90% ~ 110%, precision 6.5% ~ 11.5%, and MDL in the range 3.19ppb ~ 7.57ppb. On site real sample continuous analysis from a treatment plant in two different sampling campaigns (25-28 May and 15-17 June 2004) showed that acetone and DMS were dominant pollutants in the first measuring campaign while acetone, DMS, IPA, THF, BA and 2-Butanol were major pollutants in second campaign. The estimated VOCs in the effluent were acetone-19kg/day and DMS-4.3kg/day in the first measuring campaign while DMS-3.1kg/day, acetone-17.6kg/day, THF-230g/day, 2-Butanol-320g/day, IPA-1kg/day and BA-330g/day were estimated in second campaign.
Wu, Yu-pei, and 吳羽珮. "One-step in situ derivatization/extraction coupled with microwave- assisted HS-SPME to detect alkylphenols in aqueous samples." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68793033404508843252.
Full text國立中央大學
化學研究所
99
4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and 4-nonylphenol isomers (4-NPs) are two persistent degradation products from widely used nonionic surfactants alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs). They have been demonstrated to exhibit the ability to mimic natural hormones. The large-scale usage of surfactants and increasing public concern over environmental issues has stimulated our interest to investigate their occurrence and behavior in the environment. The present study described a rapid and solvent-free procedure for the determination of 4-t-OP and 4-NPs in water samples by one-step in situ acetylated coupled with microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (MA-HS-SPME) prior to their determination using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effects of various derivatization and extraction parameters were systematically investigated and optimized. Under optimized conditions, 300 μL of acetic anhydride mixed with 1 g of KHCO3 and 2 g of NaCl in a 20-mL water sample (in a 40-mL sample-bottle) were efficiently extracted by a 65 μm polydimethylsiloxane -divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB) fiber placed in the headspace when the system was microwave irradiated at 80 W for 5 min. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were 5 and 50 ng/L for 4-t-OP and 4-NPs, respectively. The precision for these analytes, as indicated by relative standard deviations (RSDs), were less than12.9 % for both intra- and inter-day analysis. Accuracy, expressed as the mean extraction recovery, was between 49.9 – 81.8 % and 27.7 – 63.2 % for 4-t-OP and 4-NPs, respectively. A standard addition method was used to quantitate 4-t-OP and 4-NPs, and the concentrations ranged from 142.9 to 579.8 ng/L and 124.8 to 933.8 ng/L for 4-t-OP and 4-NPs, respectively in various environmental samples. This in situ acetylated MA-HS-SPME appears to be a good alternative extraction method for the determination of 4-t-OP and 4-NPs in environmental samples; it is a simple, effective, low-cost, and eco-friendly analytical method.