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Journal articles on the topic 'HSQ resist'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Komori, Takuya, Hui Zhang, Takashi Akahane, Zulfakri bin Mohamad, You Yin, and Sumio Hosaka. "Effect of Salty Development on Forming HSQ Resist Nanodot Arrays with a Pitch of 15×15 nm2 by 30-keV Electron Beam Lithography." Key Engineering Materials 534 (January 2013): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.534.113.

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We investigated the effect of ultrahigh-resolution salty (NaCl contained) development of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) resist on forming fine dot arrays with a pitch of 15×15 nm2 by 30-keV electron beam lithography for patterned media. The optimized concentration of resist developers was determined to fabricate most packed pattern. We found that increasing the concentration of NaCl into tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) could greatly improve the resist contrast (γ-value) of HSQ. And by using 2.3 wt% TMAH/4 wt% NaCl developer, we demonstrated 15×15 nm2 pitched (3 Tbit/in.2) HSQ resist dot arrays with a dot size of < 10 nm.
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2

Sidorkin, V., A. Grigorescu, H. Salemink, and E. van der Drift. "Resist thickness effects on ultra thin HSQ patterning capabilities." Microelectronic Engineering 86, no. 4-6 (April 2009): 749–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2008.12.071.

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3

Hotovy, Ivan, Ivan Kostic, Martin Predanocy, Pavol Nemec, and Vlastimil Rehacek. "Effects of HSQ e–beam Resist Processing on the Fabrication of ICP–RIE Etched TiO2 Nanostructures." Journal of Electrical Engineering 67, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jee-2016-0067.

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Abstract Patterning of metal oxide nanostructures with different shapes and well-defined size may play an important role in the improvement of MEMS systems, sensors and optical devices. We investigated the effects of HSQ e-beam resist processing on the fabrication of sputtered TiO2 nanostructures. They were patterned using direct write e-beam lithography combined with ICP-RIE etching in CF4/Ar plasma. Experimental results confirmed that the HSQ resist with a thickness of about 600 nm is suitable as a masking material for optimal etching process and allows patterning of the dots array in TiO2 sputtered films with a thickness up 150 nm. TiO2 arrays with a minimal dots diameter of 180 nm and spacing of 1000 nm were successfully developed.
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4

Bruchhaus, L., S. Bauerdick, L. Peto, U. Barth, A. Rudzinski, J. Mussmann, J. Klingfus, J. Gierak, and H. Hövel. "High resolution and high density ion beam lithography employing HSQ resist." Microelectronic Engineering 97 (September 2012): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2012.04.033.

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5

Lauvernier, Denis, Jean-Pierre Vilcot, Marc François, and Didier Decoster. "Optimization of HSQ resist e-beam processing technique on GaAs material." Microelectronic Engineering 75, no. 2 (August 2004): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2004.05.002.

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6

Dinh, Cong Que, Akihiro Oshima, and Seiichi Tagawa. "Depth Dependence of Time Delay Effect on Hydrogen Silsesquioxane (HSQ) Resist Layers." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (2012): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.25.121.

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7

Tao, Jiarui, Yifang Chen, Xingzhong Zhao, Adnan Malik, and Zheng Cui. "Room temperature nanoimprint lithography using a bilayer of HSQ/PMMA resist stack." Microelectronic Engineering 78-79 (March 2005): 665–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2004.12.082.

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8

Rommel, Marcus, Bengt Nilsson, Piotr Jedrasik, Valentina Bonanni, Alexandre Dmitriev, and Jürgen Weis. "Sub-10nm resolution after lift-off using HSQ/PMMA double layer resist." Microelectronic Engineering 110 (October 2013): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2013.02.101.

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9

Tatarintsev, A. A., A. V. Shishlyannikov, K. V. Rudenko, A. E. Rogozhin, and A. E. Ieshkin. "The Effect of Temperature on the Development of a Contrast HSQ Electronic Resist." Russian Microelectronics 49, no. 3 (May 2020): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063739720030063.

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10

Radtke, Mariusz, Richard Nelz, Abdallah Slablab, and Elke Neu. "Reliable Nanofabrication of Single-Crystal Diamond Photonic Nanostructures for Nanoscale Sensing." Micromachines 10, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10110718.

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In this manuscript, we outline a reliable procedure to manufacture photonic nanostructures from single-crystal diamond (SCD). Photonic nanostructures, in our case SCD nanopillars on thin (<1 μ m) platforms, are highly relevant for nanoscale sensing. The presented top-down procedure includes electron beam lithography (EBL) as well as reactive ion etching (RIE). Our method introduces a novel type of inter-layer, namely silicon, that significantly enhances the adhesion of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) electron beam resist to SCD and avoids sample charging during EBL. In contrast to previously used adhesion layers, our silicon layer can be removed using a highly-selective RIE step, which is not damaging HSQ mask structures. We thus refine published nanofabrication processes to ease a higher process reliability especially in the light of the advancing commercialization of SCD sensor devices.
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11

Yin, You, Taichi Itagawa, and Sumio Hosaka. "Electron Beam Lithography for Fabrication of Nanophase-Change Memory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 481 (December 2013): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.481.30.

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In this work, we report two methods to fabricate the nanophase-change memory: (1) electron beam lithography (EBL) using the positive resist ZEP-520A followed by phase change material deposition and lift-off processes, (2) EBL using the negative resist hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) followed by reactive ion etching (RIE) after phase change material deposition. For the former method, the optimized exposure dosage is around 40 μC/cm2 and the finest nanowire is about 80 nm in width. On the other hand, the latter method shows that the finest nanowire can be as small as about 15 nm in width after RIE process and the optimized exposure dosage is around 2.0 mC/cm2. In this case, collapse-preventing pattern becomes necessary for fabrication of such a fine nanowire.
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12

Hofer, Manuel, Thomas Stauden, Ivo W. Rangelow, and Jörg Pezoldt. "Nanostructuring Techniques for 3C-SiC(100) NEMS Structures." Materials Science Forum 645-648 (April 2010): 841–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.841.

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In this work nanostructures based on a 30 nm thick 3C-SiC (100) heteroepitaxially grown on Si(100) are demonstrated. They consist of free standing nanoresonators with dimensions below 50 nm. The free standing nanostructures and resonators were defined by electron beam lithography using hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) as a negative tone e-beam resist acting as a selective etching mask during the anisotropic and isotropic dry etching. The influences of the proximity effect, the crystallographic orientation, the angle of exposing on the feature size are highlighted.
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13

Omoto, S., M. Okada, Y. Kang, K. Kanda, Y. Haruyama, S. Tono, and S. Matsui. "Comparison of EB Exposure Characteristics between HSQ and Calix Arene of High Resolution Negative Resist." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 23, no. 1 (2010): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.23.97.

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14

Zhang, Hui, Takuya Komori, Jing Liu, Yu Long Zhang, Zulfakri bin Mohamad, You Yin, and Sumio Hosaka. "Estimation of HSQ Resist Profile by Using High Contrast Developement Model for High Resolution EB Lithography." Key Engineering Materials 596 (December 2013): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.596.97.

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We calculated thehydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) resistprofiles with different contrast developers (γ from 1.9 to 8.1) to reveal the effect of resist contrast on pattern resolution performance. Based on our home-made development modeling, the suitable energy deposition distribution (EDD) regions for various developers were determined by evaluating the quality of simulated patterns. High contrast TMAH 2.3 wt%/NaCl 4 wt% developer was demonstrated that it is suitable to form very fine dot arrays with a size of 7 nm. Low contrast developer has the limitation of forming fine pattern with sufficient height. The simulation results indicated that increasing developer contrast is benefit to improve pattern resolution.
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15

Komori, Takuya, Miftakhul Huda, Takashi Akahane, Muneyasu Masuda, Jing Liu, Zulfakri bin Mohamad, You Yin, and Sumio Hosaka. "Ordering of Self-Assembled Nanodots Improved by Guide Pattern with Low Line Edge Roughness for 5 Tbit/in.2 Patterned Media." Key Engineering Materials 596 (December 2013): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.596.78.

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We investigated the possibility of ordering of 12 nm pitced self-assembled nanodots from block copolymer (BCP) improved by the guide pattern with low line edge roughness (LER) for patterned media. We found that LER of the line pattern (σ-value) was reduced by using high-resolution salty development for HSQ resist line pattern fabrication compared with conventional tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) developer. By adopting this development technique to guide pattern fabrication, we demonstrated 10 rows of ordered self-assembled BCP nanodot arrays with a size of 6 nm and a pitch of 12 nm (5 Tbit/in.2) between the guide patterns.
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16

Zhou, Jiao, Hongkai Ji, Tian Lan, Junbing Yan, Wenli Zhou, and Xiangshui Miao. "Investigation of the Hydrogen Silsesquioxane (HSQ) Electron Resist as Insulating Material in Phase Change Memory Devices." Journal of Electronic Materials 44, no. 1 (September 23, 2014): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-014-3390-0.

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17

Kretz, J., L. Dreeskornfeld, G. Ilicali, T. Lutz, and W. Weber. "Comparative study of calixarene and HSQ resist systems for the fabrication of sub-20nm MOSFET device demonstrators." Microelectronic Engineering 78-79 (March 2005): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2004.12.061.

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18

Kim, Jung Wuk, Jens Bolten, Christian Moormann, and Heinrich Kurz. "Realization of ultra-thin HSQ resist layer for high resolution electron beam lithography using liquid splitting process." Microelectronic Engineering 123 (July 2014): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2014.05.011.

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19

Miakonkikh, A. V., A. V. Shishlyannikov, A. A. Tatarintsev, V. O. Kuzmenko, K. V. Rudenko, and E. S. Gornev. "Study of the Plasma Resistance of a High Resolution e-Beam Resist HSQ for Prototyping Nanoelectronic Devices." Russian Microelectronics 50, no. 5 (September 2021): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063739721050048.

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20

Hosaka, Sumio, Takashi Akahane, Miftakhul Huda Huda, Takuya Komori, Hui Zhang, and You Yin. "Fabrication of 6-nm-Sized Nanodot Arrays with 12 nm-Pitch along Guide Lines Using both Self-Assembling and Electron Beam-Drawing for 5 Tbit/in2 Magnetic Recording." Key Engineering Materials 596 (December 2013): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.596.73.

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A possibility to fabricate nanodot arrays with a dot size of <10 nm="" and="" a="" dot="" pitch="" of="" 12="" along="" guide="" lines="" has="" been="" studied="" for="" ultrahigh-density="" patterned="" media="" in="" magnetic="" recording="" this="" was="" by="" using="" self-assembling="" block="" copolymers="" polystyrene-poly="" dimethyl="" siloxane="" ps-pdms="" electron="" beam="" eb="" drawing="" with="" hydrogen="" silsesquioxane="" hsq="" negative="" resist="" their="" fusion="" method="" it="" demonstrated="" that="" the="" could="" possibly="" achieve="" 6-nm-sized="" nanodot="" arrays="" 10="" 4="" x="" sup="">2 using self-assembling with PS-PDMS of molecular weight 7000-1500 and EB-drawing for narrow guide lines. These results prove that the fusion method is required for achieving extremely small dot arrays as 5 Tbit/in2magnetic storage devices.Keywords: Nanodot, self-assembly, electron-beam drawing, graphoepitaxy, patterned media, magnetic recording.
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21

Miakonkikh, A. V., N. A. Orlikovskiy, A. E. Rogozhin, A. A. Tatarintsev, and K. V. Rudenko. "Dependence of the Resistance of the Negative e-Beam Resist HSQ Versus the Dose in the RIE and Wet Etching Processes." Russian Microelectronics 47, no. 3 (May 2018): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063739718030101.

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22

Hasanah, Lilik, Harbi Setyo Nugroho, Chandra Wulandari, Budi Mulyanti, Dilla Duryha Berhanuddin, Mohamad Hazwan Haron, P. Susthitha Menon, et al. "Enhanced Sensitivity of Microring Resonator-Based Sensors Using the Finite Difference Time Domain Method to Detect Glucose Levels for Diabetes Monitoring." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 4191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124191.

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The properties of light and its interaction with biological analytes have made it possible to design sophisticated and reliable optical-based biomedical sensors. In this paper, we report the simulation, design, and fabrication of microring resonator (MRR)-based sensors for the detection of diabetic glucose levels. Electron Beam Lithography (EBL) with 1:1 hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) negative tone resist were used to fabricate MRR on a Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) platform. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was then used to characterize the morphology of the MRR device. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) and quality factors of MRR were obtained by using a tunable laser source (TLS) and optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). In this paper, the three-dimensional Finite Difference Time Domain (3D FDTD) approach has been used to simulate the proposed design. The simulation results show an accurate approximation with the experimental results. Next, the sensitivity of MRR-based sensors to detect glucose levels is obtained. The sensitivity value for glucose level detection in the range 0% to 18% is 69.44 nm/RIU. This proved that our MRR design has a great potential as a sensor to detect diabetic glucose levels.
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23

Miller, Marshal A., Wojtek J. Poppe, Andrew R. Neureuther, Alex Liddle, and Bruce Harteneck. "Pattern noise in electron beam resists: PMMA, KRS-XE, TOK, HSQ." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 24, no. 6 (2006): 3025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.2393248.

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24

Yang, Haifang, Aizi Jin, Qiang Luo, Junjie Li, Changzhi Gu, and Zheng Cui. "Electron beam lithography of HSQ/PMMA bilayer resists for negative tone lift-off process." Microelectronic Engineering 85, no. 5-6 (May 2008): 814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2008.01.006.

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25

Wilson, Richard Ashby. "HATE: Why We Should Resist it with Free Speech, Not Censorship by Nadine Strossen." Human Rights Quarterly 41, no. 1 (2019): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2019.0015.

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26

Grigorescu, A. E., and C. W. Hagen. "Resists for sub-20-nm electron beam lithography with a focus on HSQ: state of the art." Nanotechnology 20, no. 29 (July 1, 2009): 292001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/20/29/292001.

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27

Elbasha, Nuri Mohamed. "Reinforced HSC Beams." Key Engineering Materials 629-630 (October 2014): 544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.629-630.544.

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The primary long and short term advantages of high strength concrete are, low creep and shrinkage, higher stiffness, higher elastic modulus, higher tensile strength, higher durability (resistance to chemical attacks) and higher shear resistance. In addition, high strength concrete reduces the size of the member, which in turn reduces the form size, concrete volume, construction time, labor costs and dead load. Reducing the dead load reduces the number and size of the beams, columns and foundations. Thus there is a positive impact on reduction of maintenance and repair costs and an increase in rentable space. Other, yet to be discovered advantages may also exist. High strength concrete has definite advantages over normal strength concrete. The ductility of over reinforced HSC beams is enhanced through the application of helical reinforcement located in the compression region. The pitch of helix is an important parameter controlling the level of strength and ductility enhancement. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the effect of helices on the behavior of over reinforced high strength concrete beams through testing ten helically confined full scale beams. The helix pitches were 25, 50, 75, 100 and 160 mm. Beams’ cross section was 200×300 mm, and with a length of 4 m and a clear span of 3.6 m subjected to four point loading. The main results indicate that helix effectiveness is negligible when the helical pitch is 160 mm (helix diameter). The experimental program in this study proved that the HSC, HSS and helical confinement construct a reinforced concrete beam. This beam has the ability to resist weathering action and chemical attack while maintaining its desired engineering properties. In near future Reinforced High Strength Concrete Beam with Helical Confinement will be considered as a durable and sustainable Reinforced Concrete Beam.
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28

Poindexter, C. C. "The Lion at the Gate: An HIV-Affected Caregiver Resists Stigma." Health & Social Work 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hsw/30.1.64.

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29

Porrini, Constance, Nalini Ramarao, and Seav-Ly Tran. "Dr. NO and Mr. Toxic – the versatile role of nitric oxide." Biological Chemistry 401, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 547–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2019-0368.

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AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is present in various organisms from humans, to plants, fungus and bacteria. NO is a fundamental signaling molecule implicated in major cellular functions. The role of NO ranges from an essential molecule to a potent mediator of cellular damages. The ability of NO to react with a broad range of biomolecules allows on one hand its regulation and a gradient concentration and on the other hand to exert physiological as well as pathological functions. In humans, NO is implicated in cardiovascular homeostasis, neurotransmission and immunity. However, NO can also contribute to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) or septic shock. For certain denitrifying bacteria, NO is part of their metabolism as a required intermediate of the nitrogen cycle. However, for other bacteria, NO is toxic and harmful. To survive, those bacteria have developed processes to resist this toxic effect and persist inside their host. NO also contributes to maintain the host/microbiota homeostasis. But little is known about the impact of NO produced during prolonged inflammation on microbiota integrity, and some pathogenic bacteria take advantage of the NO response to colonize the gut over the microbiota. Taken together, depending on the environmental context (prolonged production, gradient concentration, presence of partners for interaction, presence of oxygen, etc.), NO will exert its beneficial or detrimental function. In this review, we highlight the dual role of NO for humans, pathogenic bacteria and microbiota, and the mechanisms used by each organism to produce, use or resist NO.
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30

Miao, Fu Jun, Zhi Xiong, Shao Cai Li, Biao Li, and Hao Sun. "Tolenrance to Compound Lead-Zinc Stress of the Symbiosis of the Legume-Rhizobia in Huize Lead-Zinc Mining Tailings." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 1500–1504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.1500.

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In order to use remediation of contaminated soil and revegetation in Huize lead-zinc mining tailings,it was significant to study of the lead-zinc tolenrance of the symbiosis of the legume-rhizobia in Huize lead-zinc mining tailings.In this paper,the tolenrance to compound lead-zinc stress of the symbiosis of the legume-rhizobia was studied. The results showed that the legume seeds grew natually in Huize lead-zinc mining tailings had the good resistence to compound lead-zinc.The host plants inoculated the two high tolenrance to lead-zinc strains HS3 and HZ8 showed that the capability of host plants to resist compound lead-zinc stress was stronger than those were not inoculated and are sensitive to metal resistence rhizobia.The HS3 and HZ8 could decrease the concentrations of lead-zinc of the surrounding surface of nodule and could be beneficial to the metal lead-zinc tolerance of the symbiosis of legume-rhizobia by the combination of the lead-zinc and the polysaccharides and many other secrations of the nodule surface.The comprehensive reaction mechanism of heavy metal tolenrance to lead-zinc of the symbiosis of legume-rhizobia HS3 and HZ8 is worth studying.
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31

Pimentel, Camila, Casin Le, Marisel R. Tuttobene, Tomas Subils, Krisztina M. Papp-Wallace, Robert A. Bonomo, Marcelo E. Tolmasky, and Maria Soledad Ramirez. "Interaction of Acinetobacter baumannii with Human Serum Albumin: Does the Host Determines the Outcome?" Antibiotics 10, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070833.

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Acinetobacter baumannii has become a serious threat to human health due to its extreme antibiotic resistance, environmental persistence, and capacity to survive within the host. Two A. baumannii strains, A118 and AB5075, commonly used as model systems, and three carbapenem-resistant strains, which are becoming ever more dangerous due to the multiple drugs they can resist, were exposed to 3.5% human serum albumin (HSA) and human serum (HS) to evaluate their response with respect to antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing, all features responsible for increasing survival and persistence in the environment and human body. Expression levels of antibiotic resistance genes were modified differently when examined in different strains. The cmlA gene was upregulated or downregulated in conditions of exposure to 3.5% HSA or HS depending on the strain. Expression levels of pbp1 and pbp3 tended to be increased by the presence of HSA and HS, but the effect was not seen in all strains. A. baumannii A118 growing in the presence of HS did not experience increased expression of these genes. Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes were also expressed at higher or lower levels in the presence of HSA or HS. Still, the response was not uniform; in some cases, expression was enhanced, and in other cases, it was tapered. While A. baumannii AB5075 became more susceptible to rifampicin in the presence of 3.5% HSA or HS, strain A118 did not show any changes. Expression of arr2, a gene involved in resistance to rifampicin present in A. baumannii AMA16, was expressed at higher levels when HS was present in the culture medium. HSA and HS reduced biofilm formation and production of N-Acyl Homoserine Lactone, a compound intimately associated with quorum sensing. In conclusion, HSA, the main component of HS, stimulates a variety of adaptative responses in infecting A. baumannii strains.
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32

Tribble, MD, Curt. "On Becoming a Doctor of Humane Letters." Heart Surgery Forum 19, no. 4 (August 19, 2016): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1532/hsf.1647.

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In an era of rapid, cheap, and efficient electronic communication, the practice—and art—of letter writing has faded. There are many reasons for us as physicians and surgeons to resist this evolution. And, there are many opportunities to employ letter writing to the benefit of ourselves, our patients, and our colleagues. A true Doctor of Humane Letters is an honorary degree, generally awarded for significant contributions to society. However, given that humane can be defined as showing compassion, understanding, mercy, and tolerance, we can all strive to be worthy of such a distinction. There are many mundane letters familiar to us all, such as letters of recommendation, letters of thanks, and letters of commendation. However, I would like to offer some suggestions about other less common, but useful, types of letters that might prove valuable to physicians both in training and in practice. These include letters of inquiry, condolence, reflection, and explanation, as well as some notes about missives that are often best written but not sent.
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33

Miranda, Carlos Eduardo Albuquerque, and Luiz Gustavo Gasparini Costa Ferreira. "Cinema e HQs: poéticas de fronteira na sala de aula." REVISTA INTERSABERES 15, no. 36 (November 10, 2020): 913–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22169/revint.v15i36.2003.

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RESUMO Este texto é a partilha de uma pesquisa-intervenção com oficinas de cinema expandido e HQs em uma escola particular da cidade de Itatiba. A pesquisa-intervenção foi realizada pelo pesquisador-professor da escola, conforme a metodologia da pesquisa cartográfica em instituições escolares. O objetivo foi convidar um comum capaz de inventar uma comunidade de criação e estabelecer um comum do dissenso na escola, para embaraçar a partilha do sensível e ensejar outros lugares políticos aos seres humanos e inumanos. Convidar significa promover e aproveitar os encontros humanos e não humanos dos agenciamentos coletivos de enunciação e agenciamentos maquínicos de desejo. As oficinas de cinema expandido compõem com as HQs uma produção de poéticas de fronteira. A arte na escola propicia o risco de uma comunidade de multiplicidades e pluralidades, quando torna inoperante o comum identitário e permite outro comum, aberto para novos usos e significados da sala-de-aula, do tempo livre, das atividades escolares e da própria arte; além das cesuras, das interdições e dos limites. O método cartográfico evita dualismos entre teoria e prática, objetividade e subjetividade e sujeito e objeto. A exposição do texto procurou alinhar conceitos, relatos da experiência e produção e análise dos dados. Na segunda parte do texto, entrelaçamos a preocupação com a invenção de uma abordagem crítica de obras artísticas produzidas na escola com a necessidade de uma política de narratividade oblíqua e transversal das poéticas de fronteira e com procedimento de desmontagem narrativa que permite atiçar o que insiste e resiste como força de criação. Palavras-chave: História em Quadrinhos; Cinema, Escola; Educação; Comunidade; Cartografia. ABSTRACT This text is the sharing of an intervention research with expanded cinema workshops and comic books in a private school in the city of Itatiba. The intervention research was carried out by the school's researcher / teacher, according to the methodology of cartographic research in school institutions. The objective was to invite a commoner capable of inventing a creative community and to establish a commoner of dissent in the school, to embarrass the sharing of the sensitive and to give other political places to human beings and inhumane beings. Inviting means promoting and taking advantage of the human and non-human encounters that the collective enunciation assemblages and desire machinic assemblages. The expanded cinema workshops compose with the comics a production of border poetics. Art at school creates the risk of a community of multiplicities and pluralities when the common identity becomes inoperative and allows or another common open to new uses and meanings of the classroom, free time, school activities and art itself, also, of caesura’s, interdictions, and limits. The cartographic method avoids dualisms between theory and practice, objectivity, and subjectivity and subject and object. The text presentation sought to aggregate concepts, experience reports and data production and analysis. In the second part of the text, we intertwine the concern with the invention of a critical approach to artistic works produced at school with the need for an oblique and transversal narrative policy of border poetics and with a narrative disassembly procedure that allows to stoke what insists / resists as a force of creation. Keywords: Comics; Cinema; School; Education; Community; Cartography. RESUMEN Este texto es el intercambio entre una investigación-intervención, talleres de cine expandido y cómics en una escuela privada en la ciudad de Itatiba. La investigación-intervención fue realizada por el investigador / profesor de la escuela, de acuerdo con la metodología de investigación cartográfica en instituciones escolares. El objetivo fue invitar a un común capaz de inventar una comunidad de creación y establecer un común del disenso en la escuela, para confundir la división de lo sensible y ofrecer otros lugares políticos a los seres humanos y seres inhumanos. Invitar significa promover y aprovechar los encuentros humanos y no humanos de los agenciamientos colectivos de enunciación y agenciamiento maquínico de deseo. Los talleres de cine expandido componen con los cómics una producción de poética fronteriza. El arte en la escuela crea el riesgo de una comunidad de multiplicidades y pluralidades cuando vuelve inoperante el común identitario y permite un otro común abierto a nuevos usos y significados del aula, del tiempo libre, de las actividades escolares y del propio arte; además de las fisuras, de las interdicciones, y de los límites. El método cartográfico evita los dualismos entre teoría y práctica, objetividad y subjetividad y sujeto y objeto. La presentación del texto trató de ajustar conceptos, informes de experiencia y producción y análisis de datos. En la segunda parte del texto, entrelazamos la preocupación por la invención de un enfoque crítico de las obras artísticas producidas en la escuela con la necesidad de una política narrativa oblicua y transversal de las poéticas fronterizas y con un procedimiento de desmontaje narrativo que permita avivar lo que insiste y resiste como fuerza de creación. Palabras-clave: Cómics; Cine; Escuela; Educación; Comunidad; Cartografía.
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Yu, Xin-Yi, Yuan Yao, Yu-Hui Hong, Peng-Yu Hou, Chun-Xia Li, Zhi-Qiang Xia, Meng-Ting Geng, and Yin-Hua Chen. "Differential expression of the Hsf family in cassava under biotic and abiotic stresses." Genome 62, no. 8 (August 2019): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2018-0163.

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Heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) are important regulators of biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants. Currently, the Hsf gene family is not well understood in cassava, an important tropical crop. In the present study, 32 MeHsf genes were identified from the cassava genome database, which were divided into three types based on functional domain and motif distribution analyses. Analysis of the differential expression of the genes belonging to the Hsf family in cassava was carried out based on published cassava transcriptome data from tissues/organs (leaf blade, leaf midvein, lateral buds, organized embryogenic structures, friable embryogenic callus, fibrous roots, storage roots, stem, petiole, shoot apical meristem, and root apical meristem) under abiotic stress (cold, drought) or biotic stress (mealybugs. cassava brown streak disease, cassava bacterial blight). The results show the expression diversity of cassava Hsfs genes in various tissues/organs. The transcript levels of MeHsfB3a, MeHsfA6a, MeHsfA2a, and MeHsfA9b were upregulated by abiotic and biotic stresses, such as cold, drought, cassava bacterial blight, cassava brown streak disease, and mealybugs, indicating their potential roles in mediating the response of cassava plants to environment stresses. Further interaction network and co-expression analyses suggests that Hsf genes may interact with Hsp70 family members to resist environmental stresses in cassava. These results provide valuable information for future studies of the functional characterization of the MeHsf gene family.
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Gehrke, Iris, Julian Paesler, Rajesh Kumar Gandhirajan, Regina Razavi, Alexandra Filipovich, Felix Erdfelder, Magdalena Hertweck, Michael Hallek, and Karl Anton Kreuzer. "Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Cells Require Microenvironmental Stimuli to Resist Apoptosis through Activation of STAT3 Mediated by VEGF." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.1069.1069.

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Abstract B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by an accumulation of mature, but incompetent B-cells due to a decrease of apoptosis rather than an increase in proliferation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been suggested to play an important role in this so called apoptotic block. However, so far little is understood whether VEGF is acting mainly as a microenvironmental stimulus and/or whether CLL cells themselves contribute to the enhanced apoptotic resistance by maintaining an autocrine VEGF loop. Moreover, it is unknown by which mechanisms VEGF prevents apoptosis and whether this can be circumvented by inhibition of VEGF signaling. By quantitative real time PCR we found no significant difference in mRNA VEGF levels in B-cells from CLL patients and healthy donors after isolation from blood. In contrast, ELISA revealed clearly increased levels of secreted VEGF in plasma of CLL patients and in the supernatant under culture conditions compared to healthy individuals. In addition, we found the VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), which is existent in CLL and healthy B-cells, in a phosphorylated, hence activated state, to a significantly higher extent in CLL cells as assessed by intracellular phospho flow cytometry. In conclusion, despite its expression in healthy B-cells VEGF does not seem to be secreted and therefore, no VEGF receptor phosphorylation takes place. Whereas CLL cells exhibit a long life span in vivo, they die rapidly in vitro, suggesting major survival factors being existent in the CLL cells microenvironment. We found levels of secreted VEGF in supernatant decreasing with time in culture, going along with decreasing levels of phosphorylated VEGFR2 and increasing cell death as assessed by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. This further supports the role of VEGF in CLL cell survival. Coculturing primary CLL cells with the bone marrow stromal derived cell line HS5 dramatically increased VEGF transcription and secretion and improved cell survival. Hence, VEGF expression in CLL cells is not only mediated by autocrine, but also paracrine stimuli involving bone marrow stromal. Knocking down VEGF in HS5 cells and subsequent coculture with CLL cells might prove the major role of VEGF in this survival supporting coculture setting. Besides coculturing also supplement of culture medium with recombinant human VEGF (rhVEGF) increased survival, but to a lesser extent than coculture, indicating a direct cell-cell interaction as advantageous. Furthermore, we found a downregulation of anti apoptotic proteins, such as X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) and BclXL upon VEGF stimulation. Also cyclinD1 was upregulated as seen by immunoblotting. We further tried to discover the underlying mechanism of how VEGF mediates its pro survival effect and found STAT3 to become phosphorylated on tyrosine 705 upon VEGF stimulation. In CLL STAT3 is known to be constitutively phosphorylated on serine 727. This phosphorylation is not sufficient to induce target gene expression though. We could show that Y705 phosphorylation of STAT3 is responsible for upregulation of anti apoptotic BCLXL and cyclinD1. A PCR array detecting mRNA levels of 84 transcription factors in untreated and VEGF stimulated CLL cells shall provide more information about mechanistical details how VEGF mediates it pro survival effect. Since VEGF seems to be a major player in CLL cell survival it might be a suitable target to overcome the apoptotic block. In first experiments we found an induction of apoptosis after neutralization of VEGF or inhibition of the VEGF receptor. This additionally highlights the severe importance of VEGF in the apoptotic block in CLL cells. Therefore, VEGF might serve as an excellent therapeutic target in CLL.
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Huang, Chusheng, Hailong Deng, Wen Zhao, and Lei Xian. "Knockdown of miR-384-3p Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats Through Targeting HSP70." Heart Surgery Forum 24, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): E143—E150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1532/hsf.3449.

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Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure remain critical states of heart disease with high mortality. Previous studies have indicated that miRNA has cardioprotective effects and can resist myocardial ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the role of mir-384-3p in MI has not been reported, and whether this miRNA can regulate the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes needs to be verified. Methods: The effect of hypoxia–reperfusion (H/R) on cardiomyocyte activity was detected using MTT assay. MiR-384-3p was knocked down or overexpressed in cardiomyocytes H/R models by pretreatment with miR-384-3p mimic or inhibitor to verify the function of miR-384-3p in H/R. Circulating levels of miR-384-3p was detected by quantitative realtime PCR, and protein expression was detected by western blotting. TUNEL staining and flow cytometry demonstrated a high degree of myocardium apoptosis after H/R induction. Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay detected dynamic expression of miR-384-3p and HSP70. The infarction size of I/R rats was detected by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Results: MiR-384-3p was closely related to cardiomyocyte activity in H/R progression. Increased expression of mir-384-3p can promote the production of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP, thereby regulating cardiomyocyte apoptosis. HSP70 was a target of miR-384-3p and HSP70 silencing aggravated H/R-induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction. In an animal model, the expression level of HSP70 is regulated by miR-384-3p, and miR-384-3p inhibition remarkably reduced I/R-induced MI in rats. Conclusion: In conclusion, the present report identified that HSP70 was a potential target of miR-384-3p, and miR-384-3p inhibition remarkably reduced I/R-induced MI in rats. Therefore, this study provides a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of MI from bench to clinic.
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Gruber, Jordon D., Wei Chen, Stuart Parnham, Kevin Beauchesne, Peter Moeller, Patrick A. Flume, and Yong-Mei Zhang. "The role of 2,4-dihydroxyquinoline (DHQ) inPseudomonas aeruginosapathogenicity." PeerJ 4 (January 7, 2016): e1495. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1495.

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Bacteria synchronize group behaviors using quorum sensing, which is advantageous during an infection to thwart immune cell attack and resist deleterious changes in the environment. InPseudomonas aeruginosa, thePseudomonasquinolone signal (Pqs) quorum-sensing system is an important component of an interconnected intercellular communication network. Two alkylquinolones, 2-heptyl-4-quinolone (HHQ) and 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone (PQS), activate transcriptional regulator PqsR to promote the production of quinolone signals and virulence factors. Our work focused on the most abundant quinolone produced from the Pqs system, 2,4-dihydroxyquinoline (DHQ), which was shown previously to sustain pyocyanin production and antifungal activity ofP. aeruginosa. However, little is known about how DHQ affectsP. aeruginosapathogenicity. UsingC. elegansas a model forP. aeruginosainfection, we foundpqsmutants only able to produce DHQ maintained virulence towards the nematodes similar to wild-type. In addition, DHQ-only producing mutants displayed increased colonization ofC. elegansand virulence factor production compared to a quinolone-null strain. DHQ also bound to PqsR and activated the transcription ofpqsoperon. More importantly, high extracellular concentration of DHQ was maintained in both aerobic and anaerobic growth. High levels of DHQ were also detected in the sputum samples of cystic fibrosis patients. Taken together, our findings suggest DHQ may play an important role in sustainingP. aeruginosapathogenicity under oxygen-limiting conditions.
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Aroca-Jimenez, Estefania, Jose Maria Bodoque, Juan Antonio Garcia, and Andres Diez-Herrero. "Construction of an integrated social vulnerability index in urban areas prone to flash flooding." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 9 (September 15, 2017): 1541–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1541-2017.

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Abstract. Among the natural hazards, flash flooding is the leading cause of weather-related deaths. Flood risk management (FRM) in this context requires a comprehensive assessment of the social risk component. In this regard, integrated social vulnerability (ISV) can incorporate spatial distribution and contribution and the combined effect of exposure, sensitivity and resilience to total vulnerability, although these components are often disregarded. ISV is defined by the demographic and socio-economic characteristics that condition a population's capacity to cope with, resist and recover from risk and can be expressed as the integrated social vulnerability index (ISVI). This study describes a methodological approach towards constructing the ISVI in urban areas prone to flash flooding in Castilla y León (Castile and León, northern central Spain, 94 223 km2, 2 478 376 inhabitants). A hierarchical segmentation analysis (HSA) was performed prior to the principal components analysis (PCA), which helped to overcome the sample size limitation inherent in PCA. ISVI was obtained from weighting vulnerability factors based on the tolerance statistic. In addition, latent class cluster analysis (LCCA) was carried out to identify spatial patterns of vulnerability within the study area. Our results show that the ISVI has high spatial variability. Moreover, the source of vulnerability in each urban area cluster can be identified from LCCA. These findings make it possible to design tailor-made strategies for FRM, thereby increasing the efficiency of plans and policies and helping to reduce the cost of mitigation measures.
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39

Li, Pulin, Emily Pugach, Teresa V. Bowman, Shannon McKinney-Freeman, Garrett Heffner, Sumon Datta, George Q. Daley, Thorsten Schlaeger, and Leonard I. Zon. "Modulators of HSC Engraftment Found in A Competitive Marrow Transplantation Screen in Adult Zebrafish." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 2430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.2430.2430.

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Abstract Abstract 2430 Poster Board II-407 After transplantation, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) home to the marrow, where they engraft and self-renew. To explore the mechanism of this multi-step and dynamic repopulation process, we performed the first in vivo adult vertebrate chemical screen aimed at identifying novel chemical modulators of HSPC repopulation using a novel competitive marrow transplantation assay in zebrafish. To distinguish between the donors, we used ubiquitous GFP or DsRed2 transgenic fish, Tg(β-actin:GFP) and Red GloFish®, for marrow cell isolation. 20,000 GFP+ cells were treated with a chemical and mixed with 80,000 untreated DsRed2+ marrows. This pool of cells was injected retro-orbitally into a transparent adult zebrafish. After a recovery period, the fish was then anesthetized and the region of the kidney (the adult site of hematopoiesis) was examined by fluorescence microscopy. The competition between the two donors was determined by analyzing the ratios of GFP and DsRed2 fluorescence intensity with ImageJ software. Using this assay, we demonstrated that dmPGE2 and/or GSK-3β inhibitor treatment of GFP+ marrows for 3 hrs could dramatically increase repopulation in fish. A chemical library of 480 chemicals with known bioactivities was screened using this in vivo assay. GFP+ marrows were incubated with different chemicals for 3 hrs and ten recipient fish were transplanted for each chemical. By examining engraftment at 4 weeks, we found 10 chemicals that improved HSPC repopulation. Based on the known bioactivity, these chemicals were categorized into several signaling pathways, including prostaglandin metabolism and retinoic acid pathways. Several of the compounds also increased HSC formation in zebrafish embryos, indicating that some pathways might be shared by different developmental stages. To examine whether the bioactivities of these hits are conserved in mammals, CD45.1 mouse whole bone marrow cells were treated with hit compounds for 3 hrs and competitively transplanted into CD45.2 recipients. Peripheral blood was sampled at 3, 6, 12, and 20 week post transplant. Several hits were confirmed to increase long-term chimerism in mice. The retinoic acid pathway has been shown to play an important role in hematopoiesis. Among the six retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists in the chemical library, which includes all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), only two structurally highly related compounds, AM-580 and TTNPB scored positive in the screen. These two compounds have distinctive chemical moieties from ATRA. This structural difference likely leads to stronger agonistic effects on RAR than ATRA and resists degradation. In conclusion, the in vivo chemical screening using zebrafish competitive marrow transplantation provides a successful example of phenotypic screening in whole adult vertebrates. The discovery of novel repopulation modulators should provide a better understanding of signaling events that regulate homing and self-renewal, and may have clinical application in marrow or cord blood transplantation. Disclosures: Zon: FATE Inc: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Stemgent: Consultancy.
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40

Skalskis, Ilja. "CASE REPORT: RARE FORM OF HIRSCHPRUNG’S DISEASE." Health Sciences 30, no. 5 (September 21, 2020): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35988/sm-hs.2020.118.

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Hirschsprung disease (HD) is a developmental disorder characterized by the absence of ganglia in the distal colon, resulting in a functional obstruction. Incidence of total colonic aganglionosis (TCA) is 1 in 500 000 and it accounts for 5-10% of all cases of HD. HD should be suspected in patients with typical clinical symptoms and a high index of suspicion is appropriate for infants with a predisposing condition such as Down Syndrome (DS), or for those with a family history of HD. The treatment of choice for HD is surgical, such as Swenson, Soave, and Duhamel procedures. The goals are to resect the affected segment of the colon, bring the normal ganglionic bowel down close to the anus, and preserve internal anal sphincter function. We present a clinical case report of TCA in a child with Down syndrome (DS) and review of literature.
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Wang, Daren, Wei Zhang, Theodosia A. Kalfa, Punam Malik, and Dao Pan. "High Level Production of a Lysosomal Enzyme from HSC-Derived Erythroid Cells for Therapeutic Correction of Hurler Syndrome in Mice." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 2355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.2355.2355.

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Abstract Proviral integration into hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) by lentivirus vector (LV)- mediated gene transfer can provide the benefit of life-long therapeutic effect, yet it can also bring the risk of insertional oncogenesis. Restricting transgene expression to late erythroblasts and red blood cells (RBC) may reduce the risk of activating oncogenes in HSC and its offspring in all lineages. In this study, we sought to evaluate the feasibility of redirecting a fraction of robust protein-synthesis machinery in maturing erythroid cells for production of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA), the lysosomal enzyme missing in Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I, or Hurler Syndrome). We first utilized a murine erythroid leukemia (MEL) cell line to compare IDUA expression and release from LVs using human elongation factor 1α promoter (EF), LTR of SFFV (SF), or a erythroid specific hybrid promoter (IHK) containing human ALAS2 intron 8 erythroid specific enhancer, HS40 core element from human alpha LCR and human ankyrin-1 promoter. We have previously shown highly erythroid-specific expression in vivo using this hybrid promoter, which is sustained in secondary transplantation recipient mice and resists proviral silencing (Moreau-Gaudry et al. Blood, 2001; Mohamedali et al, Mol Ther 2004). MEL cells were introduced to differentiation with hexamethylene bis-acetamide, and progressive erythroid differentiation was confirmed by morphologic evaluation in cytospins. Relatively low levels of expression from IHK (5% of SF, and 8% of EF) were observed in non-induced MEL cells; however, it increased steadily during induction and reached a similarly high expression level as those from the SF promoter. Expression from EF promoter reduced significantly, and the levels from SF promoter remained unchanged with erythroid differentiation. A similar pattern was found in IDUA activities released from stably transduced MEL cells during induction. We then evaluated in vivo the systemic IDUA production in an enzyme-deficient MPS I mouse model using erythroid-specific LV. Lineage-negative bone marrow cells (Lin−) were isolated with 92–97% purity by lineage depletion using immunomagnetic cell sorting. After a short pre-stimulation period, Lin− cells were transduced twice with LV-IHK-IDUA-ires-GFP for a total multiplicity of infection (MOI) at 2–20, resulting in up to 71% transduction efficiency. Four-months after transplantation of Lin- cells transduced at high MOI, sustained and higher-than normal plasma IDUA levels were achieved in all treated MPS I mice (1.5 to 8-fold of normal levels) with GFP transgene expression detected in up to 7% of Ter119+ blood cells. To evaluate transgene expression pattern during erythroid differentiation in bone marrow, we defined erythroblast subpopulations by immunostaining with CD71 and Ter119 for enrichment in proerythroblasts (I), basophilic erythroblasts (II), polychromatophilic erythroblasts (III), and orthrochromatic erythroblasts and reticulocytes (IV). GFP expression was predominantly detected in population III (9–17.3%), followed by the most differentiated population IV. To determine transduction efficiency in HSC, spleen colony-forming-cell assay was performed that showed 15–25% GFP+ spleen colonies in 2o BMT recipients. Moreover, long-term systemic metabolic correction was demonstrated by normalized urinary glycosaminoglycan accumulation in all treated MPS I mice. Complete normalization of tissue pathology was observed in liver and spleen, with relatively moderate improvement in brain. These results demonstrate for the first time that a lysosomal enzyme can be produced and secreted successfully and steadily at superphysiological levels in circulation by erythroid cells using tissue-specific LV, with phenotypic correction of Hurler Syndrome in mice. This data warrants further evaluation for the potential application of erythroid-specific vectors in treating non-RBC related diseases.
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Belkania, Davit. "Dissecting Export Trade Patterns of Georgian Economy and the Growing Importance of the European Union Market." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis-2019.v5i1-274.

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From the very beginning of its rebirth after leaving the Soviet Union, Georgia embarked on a transition to a free market economy and linked its fate to western culture. Since then, strengthening the private sector, creating an attractive investment climate, promoting trade liberalization and above all else fostering exports are the main concerns of the country. Thus, as an export-oriented country, close examination of the Georgian export performance is of great importance. Besides the decomposition of general export trends for the period of 2008-2017, this paper applies Balassa index of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) to identify the key export sectors with comparative advantage and correspondingly with higher growth potential; By this shaping the export promotion policy to prioritize those sectors as the main drivers to increase export earnings. Furthermore, the study employed export product diversification index to gauge the convergence degree of Georgian exports structure by products to the structure of the world; as it significantly affects the resistance of a country towards the trade shocks caused by a price instability of the exported commodities. Eventually, the EU-Georgia trade relationship will be assessed through the trade intensity index to check whether the value of trade between the EU and Georgia is corresponding to the expectations based on their importance in world trade. The results show the comparative advantage for nine products (HS4) that account for -60%- of total exports including all the major sectors of Georgian export production. The diversification degree of export products improved over the last decade but still very poor, thus, it is unlikely for Georgia to resist the external trade shocks in case of a price instability of the exported commodities. Furthermore, despite the removal of the main trade barriers between EU and Georgia, it appears that the bilateral trade relationship is characterized by a low-intensity pattern, meaning that there is much to trade between the partners. The problem of low-intensity can be linked to the lack of accessible export-related information that limits the ability of the new entrants to survive. As a result, discouragement of new firms to become exporters limits the diversification of export basket, which in turn negatively affects the level of trade intensity between the trade partners and decreases the potential trade benefits of bilateral agreements.
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43

Belkania, Davit. "Dissecting Export Trade Patterns of Georgian Economy and the Growing Importance of the European Union Market." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v5i1.p18-26.

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From the very beginning of its rebirth after leaving the Soviet Union, Georgia embarked on a transition to a free market economy and linked its fate to western culture. Since then, strengthening the private sector, creating an attractive investment climate, promoting trade liberalization and above all else fostering exports are the main concerns of the country. Thus, as an export-oriented country, close examination of the Georgian export performance is of great importance. Besides the decomposition of general export trends for the period of 2008-2017, this paper applies Balassa index of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) to identify the key export sectors with comparative advantage and correspondingly with higher growth potential; By this shaping the export promotion policy to prioritize those sectors as the main drivers to increase export earnings. Furthermore, the study employed export product diversification index to gauge the convergence degree of Georgian exports structure by products to the structure of the world; as it significantly affects the resistance of a country towards the trade shocks caused by a price instability of the exported commodities. Eventually, the EU-Georgia trade relationship will be assessed through the trade intensity index to check whether the value of trade between the EU and Georgia is corresponding to the expectations based on their importance in world trade. The results show the comparative advantage for nine products (HS4) that account for -60%- of total exports including all the major sectors of Georgian export production. The diversification degree of export products improved over the last decade but still very poor, thus, it is unlikely for Georgia to resist the external trade shocks in case of a price instability of the exported commodities. Furthermore, despite the removal of the main trade barriers between EU and Georgia, it appears that the bilateral trade relationship is characterized by a low-intensity pattern, meaning that there is much to trade between the partners. The problem of low-intensity can be linked to the lack of accessible export-related information that limits the ability of the new entrants to survive. As a result, discouragement of new firms to become exporters limits the diversification of export basket, which in turn negatively affects the level of trade intensity between the trade partners and decreases the potential trade benefits of bilateral agreements.
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44

Ilhan-Nas, Tülay, Emrah Koparan, and Tarhan Okan. "The effects of the CSR isomorphism on both CSP and CFP." Journal of Asia Business Studies 9, no. 3 (August 3, 2015): 251–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jabs-11-2014-0086.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the interrelationships between corporate social responsibility (CSR) isomorphism of headquarters (HQs) and their subsidiaries as well as corporate social performance (CSP) and corporate financial performance (CFP) at the subsidiary level. Design/methodology/approach – This study tested these relationships through canonical correlation analyses. The data used were drawn from corporate HQ and 63 subsidiaries, which were publicly listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange in 2007. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were used in the study. Findings – The results generally indicated that the isomorphism between the CSR practices of the HQ and those of their subsidiaries could impact both the CSP, especially the product and employee dimensions, and the CFP. No relationship was found to exist between the CSP and CFP. Originality/value – Despite extensive interest by scholars and practitioners in the subject area, relatively little is known about the management of CSR by the multinational enterprises (MNEs) (Meyer, 2004), as the literature does not systematically examine the effects that occur on employee performance following the diffusion of CSR among the MNEs subsidiaries. Extending earlier literature on CSR, by integrating the effect of the CFP, the present study focuses on the effects of isomorphism between the CSR practices of the MNEs and those of their subsidiaries on both CSP and CFP. Further, the study examined the interrelation of CSP and CFP from the perspective of international management. Given the increased interest in corporate governance matters at the international level, CSR plays a central and fundamentally important role in the corporate governance of the MNEs because of both globalization forces and the pressures exerted by stakeholders. In this context, this paper is one of the first to explore the transfer of CSR practices from the MNEs to their subsidiaries. The effect of CSR on performance is an important research question, especially for emerging markets (Ibrahim and Angelidis, 1995; Waddock and Graves, 1997; Ghazali, 2007; Johnson and Greening, 1999). Despite the importance of this issue, however, until recently, only a limited discussion has been evident in the literature on CSR in the international arena with particular reference given to the emerging economies. Studying the effects of the CSR isomorphism on the performance in Turkish context is justified in three ways. First, Turkey is the largest emerging economy in Eastern Europe, the Balkans and the Middle East (Tatoglu et al., 2003, p. 7). It presents the emerging nature of the market and the transitional characteristics of the institutional environment (Cavusgil et al., 2002). Second, the drivers for CSR in Turkey, such as the other emerging markets whose institutional characteristics and economic fundamentals is similar, are exogenous and institutional rather than endogenous factors (Ararat and Gocenoglu, 2006, p. 11). Excluding the philanthropic activities, the very first manifestations of CSR were observed in the business conduct of MNEs in Turkey (Ararat and Gocenoglu, 2006, p. 11). MNEs have a dominant and leader role in Turkey for CSR practices. Finally, the subsidiaries operating in Turkey are less likely to resist the transfer of the organizational policies and practices such as human resource management policies (Sayim, 2010, 2011) and organizational culture (Ilhan, 2008). In fact, they want to even transfer the policies and practices from MNEs (Sayim 2010, 2011; Ilhan, 2008). Therefore, Turkish context provides a good case to test the effects of the CSR isomorphism on the performance.
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Namatsu, Hideo. "Nanoline Formation by Using Small-Aggregate Resist and Supercritical Resist Drying." MRS Proceedings 705 (2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-705-y2.2.

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AbstractNanolines as small as 7 nm wide have been formed using a small-aggregate resist and supercritical resist drying. Aggregates consisting of resist polymers cause pattern roughness and cause nanolines to break. Hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) is a resist material in which the aggregates are small due to its three-dimensional network. Development with an aqueous solution of TMAH provides high-contrast patterns. The problem that nanolines formed in HSQ collapse after development is solved by a supercritical resist drying technique. Supercritical drying suppresses the swelling of the resist by the rinse solution during development and thereby prevents nanolines from collapsing. The use of both small-aggregate HSQ resist and supercritical resist drying enables free-standing nanolines with a high aspect ratio to be formed without collapse.
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46

Martinez, Jasmine, Jennifer S. Fernandez, Christine Liu, Amparo Hoard, Anthony Mendoza, Jun Nakanouchi, Nyah Rodman, et al. "Human pleural fluid triggers global changes in the transcriptional landscape of Acinetobacter baumannii as an adaptive response to stress." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (November 21, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53847-2.

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AbstractAcinetobacter baumannii is a feared, drug-resistant pathogen, characterized by its ability to resist extreme environmental and nutrient-deprived conditions. Previously, we showed that human serum albumin (HSA) can increase foreign DNA acquisition specifically and alter the expression of genes associated with pathogenicity. Moreover, in a recent genome-wide transcriptomic study, we observed that pleural fluid (PF), an HSA-containing fluid, increases DNA acquisition, can modulate cytotoxicity, and control immune responses by eliciting changes in the A. baumannii metabolic profile. In the present work, using more stringent criteria and focusing on the analysis of genes related to pathogenicity and response to stress, we analyzed our previous RNA-seq data and performed phenotypic assays to further explore the impact of PF on A. baumannii’s microbial behavior and the strategies used to overcome environmental stress. We observed that PF triggered differential expression of genes associated with motility, efflux pumps, antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, two-component systems (TCSs), capsule synthesis, osmotic stress, and DNA-damage response, among other categories. Phenotypic assays of A. baumannii A118 and two other clinical A. baumannii strains, revealed differences in their responses to PF in motility, biofilm formation, antibiotic susceptibility, osmotic stress, and outer membrane vesicle (OMV) production, suggesting that these changes are strain specific. We conclude that A. baumannii’s pathoadaptive responses is induced by HSA-containing fluids and must be part of this bacterium armamentarium to persist in hostile environments.
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47

Gangaiah, Dharanesh, Maria Labandeira-Rey, Xinjun Zhang, Kate R. Fortney, Sheila Ellinger, Beth Zwickl, Beth Baker, et al. "Haemophilus ducreyi Hfq Contributes to Virulence Gene Regulation as Cells Enter Stationary Phase." mBio 5, no. 1 (February 11, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01081-13.

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ABSTRACTTo adapt to stresses encountered in stationary phase, Gram-negative bacteria utilize the alternative sigma factor RpoS. However, some species lack RpoS; thus, it is unclear how stationary-phase adaptation is regulated in these organisms. Here we defined the growth-phase-dependent transcriptomes ofHaemophilus ducreyi, which lacks an RpoS homolog. Compared to mid-log-phase organisms, cells harvested from the stationary phase upregulated genes encoding several virulence determinants and a homolog ofhfq. Insertional inactivation ofhfqaltered the expression of ~16% of theH. ducreyigenes. Importantly, there were a significant overlap and an inverse correlation in the transcript levels of genes differentially expressed in thehfqinactivation mutant relative to its parent and the genes differentially expressed in stationary phase relative to mid-log phase in the parent. Inactivation ofhfqdownregulated genes in theflp-tadandlspB-lspA2operons, which encode several virulence determinants. To comply with FDA guidelines for human inoculation experiments, an unmarkedhfqdeletion mutant was constructed and was fully attenuated for virulence in humans. Inactivation or deletion ofhfqdownregulated Flp1 and impaired the ability ofH. ducreyito form microcolonies, downregulated DsrA and renderedH. ducreyiserum susceptible, and downregulated LspB and LspA2, which allowH. ducreyito resist phagocytosis. We propose that, in the absence of an RpoS homolog, Hfq serves as a major contributor ofH. ducreyistationary-phase and virulence gene regulation. The contribution of Hfq to stationary-phase gene regulation may have broad implications for other organisms that lack an RpoS homolog.IMPORTANCEPathogenic bacteria encounter a wide range of stresses in their hosts, including nutrient limitation; the ability to sense and respond to such stresses is crucial for bacterial pathogens to successfully establish an infection. Gram-negative bacteria frequently utilize the alternative sigma factor RpoS to adapt to stresses and stationary phase. However, homologs of RpoS are absent in some bacterial pathogens, includingHaemophilus ducreyi, which causes chancroid and facilitates the acquisition and transmission of HIV-1. Here, we provide evidence that, in the absence of an RpoS homolog, Hfq serves as a major contributor of stationary-phase gene regulation and that Hfq is required forH. ducreyito infect humans. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing Hfq as a major contributor of stationary-phase gene regulation in bacteria and the requirement of Hfq for the virulence of a bacterial pathogen in humans.
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48

Grinev, Alexandr, Natalya Fokina, Denis Bogomolov, Iza Berechikidze, and Yuliya Lazareva. "Prediction of gene expression regulation by human microRNAs in Plasmodium falciparum." Genes and Environment 43, no. 1 (June 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41021-021-00198-y.

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Abstract Background Malaria is a disease annually causing over 400,000 deaths. Deep understanding of molecular and genetic processes underlying its life cycle and pathogenicity is required to efficiently resist it. RNA interference is a mechanism of the gene expression regulation typical for a wide variety of species. Even though the existence of this phenomenon in Plasmodium falciparum has long been rejected, several recent works pose hypotheses and provide direct and indirect evidence of the existence of mechanisms similar to RNA interference in this organism. In particular, the possibility of regulation of P. falciparum gene expression through human microRNAs is of great importance both for fundamental biology and for medicine. In the present work we address the problem of possibility of the existence in the P. falciparum genome of the nucleotide sequences such that mRNAs transcribed from genes containing these sequences could form duplexes with human microRNAs. Using bioinformatics methods we have analysed genomes of 15 P. falciparum isolates for sequences homological to these microRNAs. Results The analysis has demonstrated the existence of a vast number of genes that could potentially be regulated by the human microRNAs in the plasmodial genome. Conclusions Despite the fact that the numbers of homological intervals vary significantly between isolates, the hsa-miR-451a and hsa-miR-223-3p microRNAs are expected to make the most notable contribution to the pathogenesis of P. falciparum malaria. The majority of homological intervals occur in genes encoding cell adhesion proteins.
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49

Othumpangat, Sreekumar, John Noti, and Donald Beezhold. "Lung epithelial cells resist influenza A infection by inducing the expression of cytochrome VI C oxidase that is regulated by hsa‐miR‐4276 (1138.4)." FASEB Journal 28, S1 (April 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1138.4.

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50

Liu, Moyang, Qin Huang, Wenjun Sun, Zhaotang Ma, Li Huang, Qi Wu, Zizhong Tang, Tongliang Bu, Chenglei Li, and Hui Chen. "Genome-wide investigation of the heat shock transcription factor (Hsf) gene family in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum)." BMC Genomics 20, no. 1 (November 15, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-6205-0.

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Abstract Background Heat shock transcription factor (Hsfs) is widely found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Hsfs can not only help organisms resist high temperature, but also participate in the regulation of plant growth and development (such as involved in the regulation of seed maturity and affects the root length of plants). The Hsf gene was first isolated from yeast and then gradually found in plants and sequenced, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, maize. Tartary buckwheat is a rutin-rich crop, and its nutritional value and medicinal value are receiving more and more attention. However, there are few studies on the Hsf genes in Tartary buckwheat. With the whole genome sequence of Tartary buckwheat, we can effectively study the Hsf gene family in Tartary buckwheat. Results According to the study, 29 Hsf genes of Tartary buckwheat (FtHsf) were identified and renamed according to location of FtHsf genes on chromosome after removing a redundant gene. Therefore, only 29 FtHsf genes truly had the functional characteristics of the FtHsf family. The 29 FtHsf genes were located on 8 chromosomes of Tartary buckwheat, and we found gene duplication events in the FtHsf gene family, which may promote the expansion of the FtHsf gene family. Then, the motif compositions and the evolutionary relationship of FtHsf proteins and the gene structures, cis-acting elements in the promoter, synteny analysis of FtHsf genes were discussed in detail. What’s more, we found that the transcription levels of FtHsf in different tissues and fruit development stages were significantly different by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), implied that FtHsf may differ in function. Conclusions In this study, only 29 Hsf genes were identified in Tartary buckwheat. Meanwhile, we also classified the FtHsf genes, and studied their structure, evolutionary relationship and the expression pattern. This series of studies has certain reference value for the study of the specific functional characteristics of Tartary buckwheat Hsf genes and to improve the yield and quality of Tartary buckwheat in the future.
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