Academic literature on the topic 'Hu, Shi (1891-1962)'

Democracy was one of the many Western ideas that began to be discussed among the Chinese intellectual elite in the last decades of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). Liang Qichao (1873-1929), a leader of the 1895-98 Reform Movement, and Hu Shi (1891-1962), a central figure of the 1915-27 New Culture Movement, were two of the most influential proponents of democracy in modern Chinese history. Liang and Hu linked their meanings of democracy with the highest goals for China, national strength and modernity. Liang Qichao was a revolutionary in advocating the opening of participation in politics to people outside the official government structure through his leadership role in the 1895 Protest Petition. His abundant writings on political events and prescriptions for reform aroused the attention of a wider population than had previously considered national issues. Liang promoted political reforms during the years up to the 1911 Revolution, and then took a direct role in politics in the early Republic. Hu Shi expanded on the meaning of democracy to include social and political change. He, too, wrote prolifically and was a key figure in the literary renaissance which aimed to promote education of a broader spectrum of the populace by the use of the vernacular in writing. While Hu did not participate directly in political life, he was a constant advocate of democratic institutions and social and cultural progress. Both Liang and Hu placed a high value on education and tirelessly promoted the exploration of new ideas as the path to modernity. They both harshly criticized the governments under which they worked but preferred gradual reform rather than radical revolution. While their understanding of democracy differed in their generational contexts and personal experiences, they believed that thoughtful participation in politics and society was the core essence of democracy and modernity.

La revue Xinyue a été publiée de 1928 à 1933 par Xu Zhimo, Wen Yiduo, Hu Shi, Luo Longji et Liang Shiqiu. Ce travail a eu pour objectif de déterminer la place particulière que la revue occupe dans l'histoire intellectuelle et littéraire de la Chine moderne. Pour ce faire, la revue a été abordée sous deux angles. Le premier, factuel et historique, s'attache à mettre en valeur : 1) la nature du contenu de la revue et son évolution dans le temps ; 2) la personnalité des collaborateurs de la revue et leurs liens avec le monde littéraire et intellectuel ; 3) l'histoire du groupe qui s'est constitué autour de la revue et la façon dont elle s'inscrit dans cette histoire. Dans un second temps, l'accent a été mis sur la contribution plus spécifiquement littéraire de la revue et l'apport du groupe à la littérature chinoise moderne dans les domaines de la poésie, du théâtre, du roman et de la nouvelle. En complément de cette étude, deux index ont été réalisés. L'un répertorie les articles publiés dans la revue avec un classement par noms d'auteurs, l'autre propose un classement thématique (en fonction du genre de discours et du sujet traité). Cette étude dont l'approche se situe entre sociologie, histoire et littérature, s'inscrit en partie dans la lignée des travaux de Pierre Bourdieu sur l'histoire des groupes et mouvements intellectuels
"Xinyue magazine", 1928-1933 (Crescent Moon Review) was published by XU Zhimo, WEN Yiduo, HU Shi, LUO Longji and LIANG Shiqiu. The present study aims to determinate the place occupied by "Xinyue" in the intellectual and literary history of modern China. Following our objective, we have divided our study in two parts. The first one is factual and historical and it treats of the following points : 1) the contents of "Xinyue" and its evolution ; 2) the personality of the contributors of "Xinyue" and their relationships to the intellectual and literary world of the time ; 3) the history of the intellectuals who contributed to the magazine in respect to their own history. The second part is a presentation of the contribution of "Xinyue" to modern Chinese literature, specifically in poetry, theatre and fiction. Furthermore, two indexes have been compiled. In the first, articles are classified by author's name. In the other, thematic subjects of discourse and the subject are classified according to genre (such as essays, poems, fiction,. . . ). This study positions itself between sociology, literature and history and is partly written in the spirit of Pierre Bourdieu's works on intellectual groups and movements

The concern of Chinese intellectuals with the "idea" of modern science from the West in the transition generation from 1895 to 1923 was fundamentally a concern about "national survival" and modernity. The value and meaning that accrued to science as "method" -- as a "thinking technique" -- and to the evolutionary ideas of Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer as the "science of choice" among Chinese intellectuals of this period, was due to belief or disbelief in the power of these ideas to describe, explain, or solve the problematic of "modernity" in a Chinese context.