Academic literature on the topic 'Hua xue zhe xue'

Though it would be almost impossible to trace who first applied the term ‘Avant-Garde fiction’ (Xianfeng Xiaoshuo ) to a recent trend in Chinese fiction since 1985, it is an appropriate name in many respects. All the previous schools of fiction in modern China—Wound fiction (Shangheng Xiaoshuo ), Reform fiction (Gaige Xiaoshuo ), Re-thinking fiction (Fansi Xiaowen ), or Roots-Seeking fiction (Xungen Xiaoshuo )—received their names after their respective subject matters. The naming of Avant-Garde fiction itself seems to indicate that Chinese fiction has grown out of its thematic age to enter a new phase of life beyond themes.The earliest authors of Chinese Avant-Garde fiction—Can Xue , Ma Yuan , Hong Feng , Zhaxi Dawa , Mo Yan and others—are all based in remote areas far from the centres of modern Chinese civilization. This led some critics to the conclusion that literary modernity was at odds with modern urbanized culture. Hardly had such an argument been put forward when, towards the end of 1987, there appeared a new group of Avant-Garde writers—Su Tong with The escape of 1934 (Yijiu sansi nian de taowang— :), Sun Ganlu with The letter from the postman (Xinshi zhi han Ge Fei with The lost boat (Mizhou) and Yu Hua with One kind of reality (Xianshi yizhong)— all of them based in the Yangtze Delta, the most prosperous area of modern China. This would suggest, at least, that Chinese avant-gardism is not entirely dependent on economic-geographical conditions.

Introdução: Lesões endoperiodontais são lesões originadas de produtos inflamatórios encontrados tanto em periodonto quanto em polpa. Tais lesões podem se originar devido a uma infecção pulpar ou periodontal. Visando o prognóstico favorável, é imprescindível o conhecimento da etiologia, realização do correto diagnóstico e elaboração do plano de tratamento que envolve o tratamento endodôntico precedido do tratamento periodontal. Objetivo: O propósito do presente trabalho foi de relatar um caso clínico de lesão endoperiodontal e o tratamento realizado. Relato de caso clínico: Paciente gênero feminino, 51 anos, compareceu à clínica com uma fístula na região do dente 46, procedeu-se com exame radiográfico, rastreamento de fístula, testes endodônticos e avaliação periodontal. Foi diagnosticada lesão endoperiodontal. Executou-se, então, o tratamento endodôntico em sessões múltiplas, utilizando hidróxido de cálcio como medicação intracanal e o tratamento periodontal concomitante; finalizou-se endodontia obturando-se os canais radiculares. Conclusão: Observou-se, no controle, que a associação de tratamentos foi eficaz e houve melhora significativa do quadro, constatando-se silêncio clínico e sucesso do tratamento. Realizar o tratamento conservador a despeito da exodontia foi a melhor escolha para a paciente. Descritores: Endodontia; Periodontia; Polpa Dentária; Periodonto. Referências Sunitha VR, Emmadi P, Namasivayam A, Thyegarajan R, Rajaraman V. The periodontal - endodontic continuum A review. J Conserv Dent. 2008;11(2):54-62. Betancourt P, Elgueta R, Fuentes R. Treatment of endo-periodontal lesion using leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin - a case report. Colomb Med. 2017;48(4):204-7. Lopes HP, Siqueira JF. Endodontia: Biologia e Técnica. Rio de Janeiro: Medsi-Guanabara Koogan; 2015. Lindhe J, Karring T, Lang NP. Tratado de periodontia clínica e implantologia oral. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2010. Anand V, Govila V, Gulati M. Endo-perio lesion part II (the treatment) - a review. 2012;3(1):10-6. Rotstein I, Simon JH. Diagnosis, prognosis and decision-making in the treatment of combined periodontal-endodontic lesions. J Periodontol. 2004;34:165-203. Parolia A, Gait TC, Porto ICCM, Mala K. Endo-perio lesion: a dilemma from 19th until 21st century. J Interdisp Dent. 2013;3(1):2-11. Kim E, Song JS, Jung IY, Lee SJ, Kim S. Prospective clinical study evaluating endodontic microsurgery outcomes for cases with lesions of endodontic origin compared with cases with lesions of combined periodontal-endodontic origin. J Endod. 2008;34(5):546-51. Heasman PA. An endodontic conundrum: the association between pulpal infection and periodontal disease. Br Dent J. 2014;216(6):275-9. Schmidt JC, Walter C, Amato M, Weiger R. Treatment of periodontal-endodontic lesions--a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2014; 41(8):779-90. Jivoinovici R, Suciu I, Dimitriu B, Perlea P, Bartok R, Malita M, Ionescu C. Endo-periodontal lesion--endodontic approach. J Med Life. 2014;7(4):542-44. Estrela C. Endodontia laboratorial e clínica, Série Abeno: Odontologia Essencial - Parte Clínica. São Paulo: Artes Médicas; 2013. Vera J, Siqueira JF Jr, Ricucci D, Loghin S, Fernández N, Flores B et al. One-versus two-visit endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: a histobacteriologic study. J Endod. 2012;38(8):1040-52. Mohammadi Z, Dummer PMH. Properties and applications of calcium hydroxide in endodontics and dental traumatology. Inter Endod J. 2011;44(8):697-730. Batista VES, Olian DA, Mori GG. Diffusion of hydroxyl ions from calcium hydroxide and aloe vera pastes. Braz Dent J. 2014;25(3):212-16. Pereira TC, da Silva Munhoz Vasconcelos LR, Graeff MSZ, Ribeiro MCM, Duarte MAH, de Andrade FB. Intratubular decontamination ability and physicochemical properties of calcium hydroxidepastes. Clin Oral Investig. 2019;23(3):1253-62. Andolfatto C, da Silva GF, Cornélio AL, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Tanomaru-Filho M, Faria G, Bonetti-Filho I, Cerri PS. Biocompatibility of intracanal medications based on calcium hydroxide. ISRN Dent. 2012;2012:904963. Duque TM, Prado M, Herrera DR, Gomes BPFA. Periodontal and endodontic infectious/inflammatory profile in primary periodontal lesions with secondary endodontic involvement after a calcium hydroxide-based intracanal medication. Clin Oral Investig. 2019;23(1):53-63. Kim D, Kim E. Antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medicament in root canal treatment: a literature review - Part I. In vitro studies. Restor Dent Endod. 2014; 39(4):241-52. Adl A, Motamedifar M, Shams MS, Mirzaie A. Clinical investigation of the effect of calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing on bacterial lipopolysaccharide reduction from infected root canals. Aust Endod J. 2015;41(1):12-6. Hilton TJ, Ferracane JL, Mancl L; Northwest Practice-based Research Collaborative in Evidence-based Dentistry (NWP). Comparison of CaOH with MTA for direct pulp capping: a PBRN randomized clinical trial. J Dent Res. 2013;92(7 Suppl):16S-22S. Labban N, Yassen GH, Windsor LJ, Platt JA. The direct cytotoxic effects of medicaments used in endodontic regeneration on human dental pulp cells. Dent Traumatol. 2014;30(6):429-34. McIntyre PW, Wu JL, Kolte R, Zhang R, Gregory RL, Bruzzaniti A, Yassen GH. The antimicrobial properties, cytotoxicity, and differentiation potential of double antibiotic intracanal medicaments loaded into hydrogel system. Clin Oral Investig. 2019;23(3):1051-59. Bergenholtz, G., Hasselgren, G. Endodontics and periodontics. In: Lindhe, K., Karring, T., Lang, N. Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. Copenhagen:Munksgaard; 2015. Harrington GW, Steiner DR, Ammons WF. The periodontal-endodontic controversy. Periodontol 2000. 2002;30:123-30. Fernandes LA, Martins TM, Almeida JM, Nagata MJ, Theodoro LH, Garcia VG, Bosco AF. Experimental periodontal disease treatment by subgingival irrigation with tetracycline hydrochloride in rats. J Appl Oral Sci. 2010;18(6):635-40. Storrer CM, Bordin GM, Pereira TT. How to diagnose and treat periodontal endodontic lesions? 2012;9(4):427-33. Verma PK, Srivastava R, Gupta KK, Srivastava A. Combined endodontic periodontal lesions: A clinical dilema. J Interdiscip Dent. 2011;1(2):119-24. Oh SL, Fouad AF, Park SH. Treatment strategy for guided tissue regeneration in combined endodontic-periodontal lesions: case report and review. J Endod. 2009;35(10):1331-36. Malli R, Lele P, Vishakha. Guided tissue regeneration in communicating periodontal and endodontic lesions - a hope for the hopeless. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2011;15(4):410-13. Ghezzi C, Virzì M, Schupbach P, Broccaioli A, Simion M. Treatment of combined endodontic-periodontic lesions using guided tissue regeneration: clinical case and histology. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2012;32(4):433-9. Sun J, Liu Q. [Bio-Oss collagen bone grafting in the treatment of endodontic-periodontic lesion]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2009;29(9):1905-6. Sharma R, Hegde V, Siddharth M, Hegde R, Manchanda G, Agarwal P. Endodontic-periodontal microsurgery for combined endodontic-periodontal lesions: An overview. J Conserv Dent. 2014;17(6):510-16. Li Y, Wang X, Xu J, Zhou X, Xie K. [The clinical study on the use of diode laser irradiation in the treatment of periodontal-endodontic combined lesions]. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2012;30(2):161-64, 168. Narang S, Narang A, Gupta R. A sequential approach in treatment of perio-endo lesion. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2011;15(2):177-80. Pereira AL, Orzechowski PR, Filho SB, Cortelli JR. Subepithelial connective tissue graft: an alternative application for treating endoperiodontal lesions. Gen Dent. 2013;61(2):50-3. Yoneda M, Motooka N, Naito T, Maeda K, Hirofuji T. Resolution of furcation bone loss after non-surgical root canal treatment: application of a peptidase-detection kit for treatment of type I endoperiodontal lesion. J Oral Sci. 2005; 47(3):143-47. Shenoy N, Shenoy A. Endo-perio lesions: diagnosis and clinical considerations. Indian J Dent Res. 2010;21(4):579-85. Gerritsen AE, Allen PF, Witter DJ, Bronkhorst EM, Creugers NH. Tooth loss and oral health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2010;8:126.

This article focuses on female editorship and sexual politics in late Ming and early Qing China, using Hua suo shi, an anthology edited by the courtesan poet Xue Susu, as a case study. It traces textual production and transmission, and reconstructs the literary and cultural contexts of this work to explore the courtesan’s editorial gaze and representation of gender through a close reading of it. The analysis of its two main themes—women as commodities, and women as agents—shows how the courtesan editor re-imagined China’s cultural landscape from her point of view. New examples of female agency are discovered in analyzing the cultural process of editing as a “web of discourses,” providing a window on the emergence of a new female editorial voice in early modern China’s cultural discourse. Cet article se concentre sur le rôle éditorial des femmes et sur les politiques sexuelles en Chine à la fin des Ming et au début des Qing. Une anthologie éditée par la courtisane et poétesse Xue Susu, le Hua suo shi, sert d’étude de cas. Le processus de production et de transmission textuelle est examiné et le contexte littéraire et culturel de l’ouvrage restitué, permettant d’explorer le regard éditorial et le jeu de genre de la courtisane à travers une lecture serrée du texte. L’analyse des deux thèmes dominants — la femme comme marchandise, la femme comme agent — démontre la façon dont la courtisane éditrice ré-imagine le paysage culturel chinois de son propre point de vue. D’autres exemples d’intervention féminine se révèlent lorsqu’on analyse le processus culturel d’édition en tant que “réseau de discours”. Ainsi s’ouvre une fenêtre sur l’émergence d’une nouvelle voix éditoriale féminine au sein du discours culturel chinois au début des temps modernes.

For the foreigner students, Time aspects (usually can be referred as aspects) in Mandarin is a difficult grammar to be grasped. Indonesian student is no exception. There is only a little bit of similarities exist between Mandarin and Indonesian time aspects. For the example from the semantics point of view: Mandarin “le” and Indonesian “sudah” both of them can modify verbs to indicate an action that have been finished. Mandarin “zhe” and Indonesian “sedang” both of them also modify verbs indicating action that still happen. Mandarin “guo” and Indonesian “pernah” both of them also can modify verbs indicating action that had been happened, etc. Except these similarities, Mandarin and Indonesian time aspects have a lot of differences. For the example, in Mandarin time aspects are usually placed after the verbs, while in Indonesian time aspects placed before the verbs. Mandarin time aspects can only modify verb, while Indonesian can modify verb and adjective. For example, in Mandarin the action is already happened, it can’t use the adverb of frequency “chang-chang”. Eg “ta chang-chang shang xue chi dao le”. We can’t write it like this. But In Indonesian “sudah” can use adverb of frequency “sering” in sentences, eg : “dia sudah sering terlambat”. This sentences in Indonesian is correct. So, this paper will be analyzed the grammar of Mandarin aspect “le, zhe, guo” with Indonesian aspect “sudah, sedang, pernah”, compared both of them, and find the differences between both of them.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-145). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-154). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

Non-enolizable β-keto esters such as 3 are fragile and difficult to prepare. Karl J. Hale of Queen’s University Belfast devised (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 370) soft enolization con­ditions for methoxycarbonylation of 1 with 2. Zheng Huang of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry coupled (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1144) 4 with 5 under Ir catalysis to make 6. Tomoya Miura and Masahiro Murakami of Kyoto University combined (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 3883) the diazo precursor 8 with the allylic alco­hol 7 to give 9, the product of Claisen rearrangement. Tsuyoshi Satoh of the Tokyo University of Science showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2013, 54, 2533) that the combina­tion of the carbenoid 10 with a ketone enolate 11 led to the cyclopropanol (not illus­trated). Jin Kun Cha of Wayne State University found (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1780) that such cyclopropanols coupled with an acid chloride 12 under Pd catalysis to give the diketone 13. Christopher J. O’Brien of Dublin City University established (Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 5854) conditions for the catalytic Wittig reaction of 14 with 15 to give 16, with in situ reduction of the phosphine oxide. Amir H. Hoveyda of Boston College showed (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1414) that the allene of 17 underwent selective borylation, lead­ing after coupling with 18 to the triene 19. Damian W. Young of the Broad Institute demonstrated (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1218) that ring-closing metathesis gave the alkenyl silane 20 with high geometric control. Halogenation to give 21 could then proceed with either retention or inversion of alkene geometry. Jianwei Sun of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and Zigang Li of the Shenzen Graduate School of Peking University condensed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 4680) the alkyne 22 with 23 to give the trisubstituted alkene 24 with high geometric control. The condensation worked equally well with medium and large ring ethers. Hua-Jian Xu of the Hefei University of Technology combined (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 1472) the bromo alkyne 25 with the carboxylate 26 to give the nitrile 27.

Erick M. Carreira of ETH-Zürich generated (Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 2162) ethyl diazoacetate in situ in the presence of the alkene 1 and an iron catalyst to give the cyclopropane 3. Joseph M. Fox of the University of Delaware inserted (Chem. Sci. 2012, 3, 1589) the Rh carbene derived from 5 into the alkene 4 to give the cyclopropene 6, without β-hydride elimination. Masaatsu Adachi and Toshio Nishikawa of Nagoya University reduced (Chem. Lett. 2012, 41, 287) the enone 7 to give the cyclobutanol 8. Intramolecular ketene cycloaddition has been limited to very electron-rich acceptor alkenes. Xiao-Ping Cao and Yong-Qiang Tu of Lanzhou University devised (Chem. Sci. 2012, 3, 1975) a protocol that converted 9 into the cyclobutanone 10 with high diastereocontrol. The intermediate is the tosylhydrazone of the ketone, so a reductive workup would lead to the corresponding cycloalkane. Koichi Mikami of the Tokyo Institute of Technology added (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 10329) alkyl cuprates to the prochiral enone 11 to give the enolate trapping product 13 in high ee and with high diastereocontrol. Marcus A. Tius of the University of Hawaii found (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 5727) a Pd catalyst for the Nazarov cyclization of 14 to 15. Antoni Riera and Xavier Verdaguer of the Universitat de Barcelona prepared (Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 3534) 16 by enantioselective Pauson-Khand addition to tetramethyl norbornadiene. Conjugate addition followed by retro Diels-Alder could potentially lead to the cyclopentenone 17. The intermolecular Pauson-Khand cyclization often gives mixtures of regioisomers. José Barluenga of the Universidad de Oviedo demonstrated (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 183) an alternative, the addition of an alkenyl lithium 19 to the Fischer carbene 18 leading to 20. Jian-Hua Xie and Qi-Lin Zhou of Nankai University hydrogenated (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2012, 354, 1105; see also Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 2714) the ketone 21 under epimerizing conditions to give the alcohol 22. Kozo Shishido of the University of Tokushima observed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2012, 53, 145) that the intramolecular Heck cyclization of 23 proceeded with high diastereocontrol. Zhi-Xiang Yu of Peking University devised (Org. Lett. 2012, 14, 692) an Rh catalyst for the cyclocarbonylation of 25 to 26.

Magnus Rueping of RWTH Aachen University found (Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 2111) that under Fe catalysis, a Grignard reagent would couple with the iodoazetidine 1 to give the substituted azetidine 2. Timothy F. Jamison of MIT established (Chem. Eur. J. 2015, 21, 7379) a protocol for converting 3, readily available from commercial homoserine lactone, to the alkylated azetidine 4. Long-Wu Ye of Xiamen University used (Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 2126) a gold catalyst to cyclize 5, readily prepared in high ee, to the versatile ene sulfonamide 6. Chang- Hua Ding and Xue-Long Hou of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry added (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 1604) the racemic aziridine 7 to the enone 8 to give the pyrrolidine 9 in high ee. Arumugam Sudalai of the National Chemical Laboratory employed (J. Org. Chem. 2015, 80, 2024) proline as an organocatalyst to mediate the addition of 11 to 10, leading to the pyrrolidine 12. Aaron D. Sadow of Iowa State University developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 425) a Zr catalyst for the enantioselective cyclization of the prochiral 13 to 14. Masahiro Murakami of Kyoto University devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 7418) a Rh catalyst for the enantioselective ring expansion of the photocycliza­tion product of 15 to the enamine 16. Sebastian Stecko and Bartlomiej Furman of the Polish Academy of Sciences reduced (J. Org. Chem. 2015, 80, 3621) the carbohydrate-derived lactam 17 with the Schwartz reagent to give an intermediate that could be coupled with an isonitrile, leading to the amide 18. Lei Liu of Shandong University oxidized (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 6012) the alkene 19 in the presence of 20 to give 21. Tomislav Rovis of Colorado State University optimized (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 4445) a Zn catalyst for the addition of 22 to the nitro alkene 23, leading, after reduction, to the piperidine 24. Carlos del Pozo and Santos Fustero of the Universidad de Valencia used (Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 960) a chiral auxiliary to direct the cyclization of 25 to the bicyclic amine 26. In another illustration of the use of microwave irradiation to activate amide bond rotation, G. Maayan of Technion showed (Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 2110) that 27 could be cyclized efficiently to the medium ring lactam 28.