Academic literature on the topic 'Huard family'

Bruxism is the harmful habit of clenching or grinding the teeth during the day and / or night, with unconscious pattern, with particular intensity and frequency, outside the functional movements of chewing and swallowing. It is accepted that bruxism is a response controlled by the neurotransmitters dopamine system associated with emotional component. The proposed of treatment of bruxism with acupuncture aims to stimulate sensory fibers of the peripheral nervous system leading to electrical transmission by neurons sufficient to produce changes in the central nervous system. As a consequence there is the release of substances (cortisol, endorphins, dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin) that promote wellness and restoration of harmony, be it psychological, biological and / or behavioral.Descriptors: Acupuncture Therapy; Acupuncture Points; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders .ReferencesAlves-Rezende MCR, Silveira BASV, Bertoz APM, Dekon SFC, Verri ACG, Alves-Rezende LGR, et al. Parafunctional activities in brazilian children and adolescent. Rev Odontol Araçatuba. 2011; 32: 62-6.Alves-Rezende MCR, Soares BMS, Silva JS, Goiato MC, Turcio KHL, Zuim PRJ, et al. Frequência de hábitos parafuncionais: estudo transversal em acadêmicos de Odontologia. Rev Odontol Araçatuba. 2009; 30: 59-62.Alves-Rezende MCR, Silva JS, Soares BMS, Bertoz FA, Oliveira DTN, Alves-Claro APR. Estudo da prevalência de sintomatologia temporomandibular em universitários brasileiros de Odontologia. Rev Odontol Araçatuba. 2009; 30: 9-14.Cortiglio S, Alves-Rezende MCR, Alves-Rezende LGR, Montanher IS, Alves-Rezende ALR. Estudo da associação entre bruxismo, consumo de álcool e tabaco em universitários brasileiros. Arch Health Invest. 2012; 1 (Spec):36Alves-Rezende MCR, Bertoz APM, Aguiar SMHCA, Alves-Rezende LGR, Alves-Rezende ALR, Montanher IS, et al. Abordagem terapêutica nas desordens temporomandibulares: técnicas de fisioterapia associadas ao tratamento odontológico. Arch Health Invest. 2012; 1: 18-23Tomé MC, Farret MMB, Jurach EM. Hábitos orais e maloclusão. In: Marchesan, I. Tópicos em fonoaudiologia. São Paulo: Lovise; 1996. p.97-109.Okeson JP. Tratamento das desordens temporomandibulares e oclusão. 4. ed. São Paulo: Artes Médicas; 2000.Cerqueira JAO, Borel KC, Coelho KCC, Barbosa FS, Silva VCC. Prevalência de hábitos parafuncionais em universitários. Rev Cient FAMINAS. 2007; 1:223.Friedman J. Mascar chicletes pode causar danos à mandíbula. Jornal do Comércio, Recife, 13 de julho de 1997. Disponível em: <http:// www2.uol.com.br/ JC/1507 /fa1307d.htm>. Acesso em: 22 out 2012.Gavish A, Halachmi M, Winocur E, Gazit E. Oral habits and their association with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in adolescent girls. J Oral Rehabil. 2000; 27: 22-32.Kampe T, Tagdae T, Bader G, Edman G, Karlsson S. Reported symptoms and clinical findings in a group of subjects with longstanding bruxing behaviour. J Oral Rehabil. 1997; 24:581–7Lavigne GJ, Rompré PH, Montplaisir JY. Sleep bruxism: validity of clinical research diagnostic criteria in a controlled polysomnographic study. J Dent Res. 1996;75:546-52.MacFarlane TV, Blinkhorn AS, Davies RM, Worthington HV. Association between local mechanical factors and orofacial pain: survey in the community. J Dent. 2003; 31(8): 535-42.Thompson BA, Blount BW, Krumholz TS. Treatment approaches to bruxism. Am FamPhysician. 1994; 49:1617–22.Bianchini EMG. Mastigação e ATM. In: Marchesan IQ. Fundamentos em fonoaudiologia: aspectos clínicos da motricidade oral. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 1998. p.37-49.Dawson PE. Avaliação, diagnóstico e tratamento dos problemas oclusais. 2.ed. Porto Alegre: Artes Médicas; 1993.Durso BC, Azevedo LR, Ferreira JTL. Inter-relação ortodontia x disfunção da articulação temporomandibular. J Bras Ortodon Ortop Facial. 2002; 7: 155-60.Lavigne GJ, Lobbezoo F, Rompré PH, Nielsen TA, Montplaisir J. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor or an exacerbating factor for restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism. Sleep. 1997; 20:290-3.Alves-Rezende MCR, Bertoz APM, Dekon SFC, Alves-Rezende LGR, Alves-Rezende ALR, Montanher IS, et al. Association between bruxism, alcoholand tobacco use among brazilian students. Rev Odontol Araçatuba. 2011; 32:18-22Cuccia AM. Aetiology of sleep bruxism: a review of the literature. Recenti Progress Med. 2008, 99:322-8.21. Clark GT, Tsukiyama Y, Baba K, Watanabe T. Sixty-eight years of experimental occlusal interference studies: what have we learned? J Prosthet Dent. 1999; 82:704-13Major M, Rompré PH, Guitard F, Tenbokum L, O'Connor K, Nielsen T, et al. A controlled daytime challenge of motor performance and vigilance in sleep bruxers. J Dent Res. 1999; 78:1754-62.Thie NM, Kato T, Bader G, Montplaisir JY, Lavigne GJ. The significance of saliva during sleep and the relevance of oromotor movements. Sleep Med Rev. 2002; 6:213-27.Malta DC, Porto DL, Melo FCM, Monteiro RA, Sardinha LMV, Lessa BH. Family and the protection from use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs in adolescents, National School Health Survey. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2011; 14:166-77.Molina OF, dos Santos Jr J. Hostility in TMD/ bruxism patients and controls: a clinical comparison study and preliminary results. Cranio. 2002; 20:282-8.Lavigne GJ, Kato T, Kolta A, Sessle BJ. Neurobiological mechanisms involved in sleep bruxism. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003;14:30-46.Ohayon MM, Li KK, Guilleminault C. Risk factors for sleep bruxism in the general population. Chest. 2001; 119:53-61.Schneider C, Schaefer R, Ommerborn MA, GirakiM, Goertz A, Raab WH, et al. Maladaptive coping strategies in patients with bruxism compared to non-bruxing controls. Int J Behav Med. 2007; 14:257-61Lavigne GJ, Manzini C, Kato T. Sleep bruxism. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 4th. ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005. p. 946-59.Reding GR, Rubright WC, Zimmerman SO. Incidence of bruxism. J Dent Res. 1966; 45:1198–204Glaros AG. Incidence of diurnal and nocturnal bruxism. J Prosthet Dent. 1981; 45:545–9Lavigne GJ, Montplaisir J. Restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism: prevalence and association among Canadians. Sleep. 1994; 17:739–43Ohayon MM, Li KK, Guilleminault C. Risk factors for sleep bruxism in the general population. Chest. 2001; 119:53–61.Laberge L, Tremblay RE, Vitaro F, Montplaisir J. Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence. Pediatrics. 2000; 106:67–74.Rugh JD, Harlan J. Nocturnal bruxism and temporomandibular disorders. In: Jankovic J, Tolosa E, editors. Advances in neurology. New York: Raven Press; 1988. p. 329-41.Lavigne GJ, Manzini C. Sleep bruxism and concomitant motor activity. In: Kryger, Roth, D. ed. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2000. p. 773-85.Lavigne GJ, Guitard F, Rompré PH, Montplaisir JY. Variability in sleep bruxism activity over time. J Sleep Res. 2001; 103:237–44.Bader G, Lavigne GJ. Sleep bruxism: overview of an oromandibular sleep movement disorder. Sleep Med Rev. 2000; 4:27–43Lavigne GJ, Rompré PH, Montplaisir J. Sleep bruxism: validity of clinical research diagnostic criteria in a controlled polysomnographic study. J Dent Res. 1996; 75:546–52.Rugh JD, Harlan J. Nocturnal bruxism and temporomandibular disorders. Advances Neurol. 1988; 49:329-41.Você marcou isto com +1 publicamente.Ikeda T, Nishigawa K, Kondo K, Takeuchi H, Clark GT. Criteria for the detection of sleep-associated bruxism in humans. J Orofac Pain. 1996; 10:270–82Gallo LM, Lavigne GJ, Rompré PH Reliability of scoring EMG orofacial events: polysomnography compared ambulatory recordings. J Sleep Res. 1997; 6:259–63Velly-Miguel AM, Montplaisir J, Rompré PH, Lund JP, Lavigne GJ. Bruxism and other orofacial movements during sleep. J Craniomandib Disord Fac Oral Pain. 1992; 6:71–81Kato T, Montplaisir J, Blanchet P, Lund JP, Lavigne GJ. Idiopathic myoclonus in the oromandibular region during sleep: a possible source of confusion in sleep bruxism diagnosis. Mov Disord. 1999;14:865–71Ware JC, Rugh JD. Destructive bruxism: sleep stage relationship. Sleep. 1988; 11:172–81.Macaluso GM, Guerra P, Di Giovanni G, Boselli M, Parrino L, Terzano MG. Sleep bruxism is a disorder related to periodic arousals during sleep. J Dent Res. 1998; 77:565–73.Saber M, Guitard F, Rompré PH, Montplaisir J, Lavigne GJ. Distribution of rhythmic masticatory muscle activity across sleep stages and association with sleep stage shifts (abstract). J Dent Res. 2002; 81(Spec Iss A):297Gastaut H, Batini C, Broughton R, Fressy J, Tassinari CA. Étude électroencéphalographique des phénomènes épisodiques non épileptiques au cours du sommeil. In: Le sommeil de nuit normal et pathologique. Paris: Masson, Cie; 1965.Halász P, Ujszaszi J, Gadoros J. Are microarousals preceded by electroencephalographic slow wave synchronization precursors of confusional awakenings? Sleep. 1985; 8:231–8Lavigne GJ, Rompré PH, Poirier G, Huard H, Kato T, Montplaisir JY. Rhythmic masticatory muscle activity during sleep in humans. J Dent Res. 2001; 80:443–8Alves-Rezende MCR, Bertoz APM, Aguiar SMHCA, Alves-Rezende LGR, Alves-Rezende ALR, Montanher IS, et al. Abordagem terapêutica nas desordens temporomandibulares: técnicas de fisioterapia associadas ao tratamento odontológico. Arch Health Invest. 2012; 1: 18-23Alves-Rezende MCR, Silva JS, Soares BMS, Bertoz FA, Oliveira DTN, Alves-Claro APR. Estudo da prevalência de sintomatologia temporomandibular em universitários brasileiros de Odontologia. Rev Odontol Araçatuba. 2009; 30: 9-14.Alves-Rezende MCR Cortiglio S, Sant’Anna CBM, Alves-Rezende LGR, Montanher IS, Alves-Rezende ALR. Aplicação da acupuntura no tratamento da síndrome de Costen: relato de caso clínico. Arch Health Invest. 2012; 1(Spec): 15Cortiglio S, Alves-Rezende MCR, Alves-Rezende LGR, Montanher IS, Alves-Rezende ALR. Estudo da associação entre bruxismo, consumo de álcool e tabaco em universitários brasileiros Arch Health Invest. 2012; 1 (Spec): 36.Dallanora LJ, Faltin PP, Inoue RT, Santos VM. Avaliação do uso de acupuntura no tratamento de pacientes com bruxismo. RGO. 2004; 52(5):333-39.Maciocia G. Obstetrícia & ginecologia em medicina chinesa. 10.ed. São Paulo: Roca; 2000.Junying G, Zhihong S. Medicina tradicional chinesa prática e farmacologia: teoria e princípios básicos. São Paulo: Roca; 1996.Yamamura Y. Tratado de medicina chinesa. Trad. Xi Wenbu, Beijing, China. Roca: São Paulo; 1993.Hoppenfeld S. Propedêutica ortopédica: coluna e extremidades. Atheneu: São Paulo;1996.Sussmann D. Acupuntura: teoria y práctica. Buenos Aires: Kier; 2000.Rosted P. Introduction to acupuncture in dentistry. Br Dent J. 2000; 189:136-40Quaggio AM. Carvalho PSM, Santos JFF, Marchini L. A utilização da acupuntura em desordens craniomandibulares. J Bras Oclusão ATM Dor Orofac. 2002; 2: 334-7.Ding L. Acupuntura: teoria do meridiano e pontos de acupuntura. São Paulo: Roca; 1996.Ross J. Combinações dos pontos de acupuntura: a chave para o êxito clínico. São Paulo: Roca, 2003.Wen TS. Acupuntura clássica chinesa. São Paulo: Cultrix; 1985.

In this brief essay I sketch the characteristics of an open content community by considering a number of prominent examples, reviewing sociological literature, teasing apart the concepts of open and voluntary implicit in most usages of the term, and I offer a definition in which the much maligned possibility of 'forking' is actually an integral aspect of openness. Introduction What is often meant by the term 'open' is a generalization from the Free Software, Open Source and open standards movements. Communities marshaling themselves under these banners cooperatively produce, in public view, software, technical standards, or other content that is intended to be widely shared. Free Software and Open Source The Free Software movement was begun by Richard Stallman at MIT in the 1980s. Previously, computer science operated within the scientific norm of collaboration and information sharing. When Stallman found it difficult to obtain the source code of a troublesome Xerox printer, he feared that the norms of freedom and openness were being challenged by a different, proprietary, conceptualization of information. To challenge this shift he created the GNU Project in 1984 (Stallman 1998), the Free Software Foundation (FSF) in 1985 (Stallman 1996), and the authored the GNU General Public License in 1989. The goal of the GNU Project was to create a free version of the UNIX computing environment with which many computer practitioners were familiar with, and even contributed to, but was increasingly being encumbered with proprietary claims. GNU is playful form of a recursive acronym: GNU is Not Unix. The computing environment was supposed to be similar to but independent of UNIX and include everything a user needed including an operating system kernel (e.g., Hurd) and common applications such as small utilities, text editors (e.g., EMACS) and software compilers (e.g,. GCC). The FSF is now the principle sponsor of the GNU Project and focuses on administrative issues such as copyright licenses, policy, and funding issues; software development and maintenance is still an activity of GNU. The GPL is the FSF's famous copyright license for 'free software'; it ensures that the 'freedom' associated with being able to access and modify software is maintained with the original software and its derivations. It has important safeguards, including its famous 'viral' provision: if you modify and distribute software obtained under the GPL license, your derivation also must be publicly accessible and licensed under the GPL. In 1991, Linus Torvalds started development of Linux: a UNIX like operating system kernel, the core computer program that mediates between applications and the underlying hardware. While it was not part of the GNU Project, and differed in design philosophy and aspiration from the GNU's kernel (Hurd), it was released under the GPL. While Stallman's stance on 'freedom' is more ideological, Torvalds approach is more pragmatic. Furthermore, other projects, such as the Apache web server, and eventually Netscape's Mozilla web browser, were being developed in open communities and under similar licenses except that, unlike the GPL, they often permit proprietary derivations. With such a license, a company may take open source software, change it, and include it in their product without releasing their changes back to the community. The tension between the ideology of free software and its other, additional, benefits led to the concept of Open Source in 1998. The Open Source Initiative (OSI) was founded when, "We realized it was time to dump the confrontational attitude that has been associated with 'free software' in the past and sell the idea strictly on the same pragmatic, business-case grounds that motivated Netscape" (OSI 2003). Since the open source label is intended to cover open communities and licenses beyond the GPL, they have developed a meta (more abstract) Open Source Definition (OSI 1997) which defines openness as: Free redistribution Accessible source code Permits derived works Ensures the integrity of the author's source code Prohibits discrimination against persons or groups Prohibits discrimination against fields of endeavor Prohibits NDA (Non-Disclosure Agreement) entanglements Ensures the license must not be specific to a product Ensures the license must not restrict other software Ensures the license must be technology-neutral A copyright license which is found by OSI to satisfy these requirements will be listed as a OSI certified/approved license, including the GPL of course. Substantively, Free Software and Open Source are not that different: the differences are of motivation, personality, and strategy. The FLOSS (Free/Libre and Open Source Software) survey of 2,784 Free/Open Source (F/OS) developers found that 18% of those that identified with the Free Software community and 9% of those that identified with the Open Source community considered the distinction to be 'fundamental' (Ghosh et al. 2002:55). Given the freedom of these communities, forking (a split of the community where work is taken in a different direction) is common to the development of the software and its communities. One can conceive of Open Source movement as having forked from Free Software movement. The benefits of openness are not limited to the development of software. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) host the authoring of technical specifications that are publicly available and implemented by applications that must interoperably communicate over the Internet. For example, different Web servers and browsers should be able to work together using the technical specifications of HTML, which structures a Web page, and HTTP, which is used to request and send Web pages. The approach of these organizations is markedly different from the 'big S' (e.g., ISO) standards organizations which typically predicate membership on nationality and often only provide specifications for a fee. This model of openness has extended even to forms of cultural production beyond technical content. For example, the Wikipedia is a collaborative encyclopedia and the Creative Commons provides licenses and community for supporting the sharing of texts, photos, and music. Openness and Voluntariness Organization can be characterized along numerous criteria including size; public versus private ownership; criterion for membership; beneficiaries (cui bono); Hughes's voluntary, military, philanthropic, corporate, and family types; Parsons's social pattern variables; and Thompson and Tuden's decision making strategies, among others (Blau and Scott 1962:40). I posit that within the contemporary usage of the term 'open,' one can identify a number of defining characteristics as well as an implicit connotation of voluntariness. Openness The definition of an 'open' community in the previous section is extensional: describing the characteristics of Free/Open Software (F/OS), and open standards and content. While useful, this approach is incomplete because such a description is of products, not of the social organization of producers. For example, private firms do release F/OS software but this tells us little about how work is done 'in the open.' The approach of Tzouris was to borrow from the literature of 'epistemic' communities so as to provide four characteristics of 'free/open' communities: Shared normative and principled beliefs: refers to the shared understanding of the value-based rationale for contributing to the software. Shared causal beliefs: refers to the shared causal understanding or the reward structures. Therefore, shared causal beliefs have a coordinating effect on the development process. Shared notions of validity: refers to contributors' consensus that the adopted solution is a valid solution for the problem at hand. Common policy enterprise: refers to a common goal that can be achieved through contributing code to the software. In simple words, there is a mutual understanding, a common frame of reference of what to develop and how to do it. (Tzouris 2002:21) However, these criteria seem over-determined: it is difficult to imagine a coherent community ('open' or otherwise) that does not satisfy these requirements. Consequently, I provide an alternative set of criteria that also resists myopic notions of perfect 'openness' or 'democracy.' Very few organizations have completely homogeneous social structures. As argued in Why the Internet is Good: Community Governance That Works Well (Reagle 1999), even an organization like the IETF with the credo of, "We reject kings, presidents and voting. We believe in rough consensus and running code," has explicit authority roles and informal elders. Consequently, in the following definition of open communities there is some room for contention. An open community delivers or demonstrates: Open products: provides products which are available under licenses like those that satisfy the Open Source Definition. Transparency: makes its processes, rules, determinations, and their rationales available. Integrity: ensures the integrity of the processes and the participants' contributions. Non-discrimination: prohibits arbitrary discrimination against persons, groups, or characteristics not relevant to the community's scope of activity. Persons and proposals should be judged on their merits. Leadership should be based on meritocratic or representative processes. Non-interference: the linchpin of openness, if a constituency disagrees with the implementation of the previous three criteria, the first criteria permits them to take the products and commence work on them under their own conceptualization without interference. While 'forking' is often complained about in open communities -- it can create some redundancy/inefficiency -- it is an essential characteristic and major benefit of open communities as well. Voluntariness In addition to the models of organization referenced by Blau and Scott (1962), Amitai Etzioni describes three types of organizations: 'coercive' organizations that use physical means (or threats thereof), 'utilitarian' organizations that use material incentives, and 'normative' organizations that use symbolic awards and status. He also describes three types of membership: 'alienative members' feel negatively towards the organization and wish to leave, 'calculative members' weigh benefits and limitations of belonging, and 'moral members' feel positively towards the organization and may even sublimate their own needs in order to participate (Etzioni 1961). As noted by Jennifer Lois (1999:118) normative organizations are the most underrepresented type of organization discussed in the sociological literature. Even so, Etzioni's model is sufficient such that I define a -- voluntary -- community as a 'normative' organization of 'moral' members. I adopt this synonymous definition not only because it allows me to integrate the character of the members into the character of the organization, but to echo the importance of the sense of the collaborative 'gift' in discussions among members of the community. Yet, obviously, not all voluntary organizations are necessarily open according to the definition above. A voluntary community can produce proprietary products and have opaque processes -- collegiate secret societies are a silly but demonstrative example. However, like with openness, it is difficult to draw a clear line: one cannot exclusively locate open communities and their members strictly within the 'normative' and 'moral' categories, though they are dominant in the open communities I introduced. Many members of those open communities are volunteers, either because of a 'moral' inclination and/or informal 'calculative' concern with a sense of satisfaction and reputation. While the FLOSS survey concluded, "that this activity still resembles rather a hobby than salaried work" (Ghosh et al. 2002:67), 15.7% of their sample declared they do receive some renumeration for developing F/OS. Even at the IETF and W3C, where many engineers are paid to participate, it is not uncommon for some to endeavor to maintain their membership even when not employed or their employers change. The openness of these communities is perhaps dominant in describing the character of the organization, though the voluntariness is critical to understanding the moral/ideological light in which many of the members view their participation. Conclusion I've attempted to provide a definition for openness that reflects an understanding of contemporary usage. The popular connotation, and consequently the definition put forth in this essay, arises from well known examples that include -- at least in part -- a notion of voluntary effort. On further consideration, I believe we can identity a loose conceptualization of shared products, and a process of transparency, integrity, and non-discrimination. Brevity prevents me from considering variations of these characteristics and consequent claims of 'openness' in different communities. And such an exercise isn't necessary for my argument. A common behavior of an open community is the self-reflexive discourse of what it means to be open on difficult boundary cases; the test of an open community is if a constituency that is dissatisfied with the results of such a discussion can can fork (relocate) the work elsewhere. Works Cited Blau, Peter and W. Richard Scott. Formal organizations: a comparative approach. New York, NY: John Wiley, 1962. Etzioni, Amitai. Modern organizations. New York, NY: Free Press of Glencoe., 1961. Ghosh, Rishab, Ruediger Glott, Bernhard Krieger, and Gregorio Robles. Free/Libre and open source software: survey and study. 2002. http://www.infonomics.nl/FLOSS/report/ Lois, Jennifer. "Socialization to heroism: individualism and collectivism in a voluntary search and rescue group." Social Psychology Quarterly 62 (1999): 117-135. Nardi, Bonnie and Steve Whittaker. "The place of face-to-face communication in distributed work." Distributed Work. Ed. Pamela Hinds and Sara Kiesler. Boston, Ma: MIT Press., 2002. chapter 4. Reagle, Joseph. Why the Internet is good community governance that works well. 1999.http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/reagle/regulation-19990326.html Stallman, Richard. Free Software Foundation. 1996. http://www.gnu.org/fsf/fsf.html Stallman, Richard. Linux and the GNU project. 1997. http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html Stallman, Richard. The GNU project. 1998. http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html Tzouris, Menelaos. Software freedom, open software and the participant's motivation -- a multidisciplinary study. London, UK: London School of Economics and Political Science, 2002. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Reagle Jr., Joseph. "Open Content Communities." M/C Journal 7.3 (2004). <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0406/06_Reagle.rft.php>. APA Style Reagle Jr., J. (2004, Jul.) Open Content Communities, M/C Journal, 7(3), <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0406/06_Reagle.rft.php>.

This article seeks to present the principal stages of the prehistory and history of the Quechuan language family in its interaction with the Aimaran family. It reconstructs a plausible scenario for a unique, intensive process of linguistic convergence that underlies the protolanguages of both families. From there on, it traces the principal developments that characterize the history of the Quechuan linguistic family, such as the initial split in two main branches, Quechua I and Quechua II (following Torero 1964), as well as further divisions that subsequently affected the Quechua II branch (Cajamarca, Laraos and Lincha Quechua, Quechua IIB and IIC). It is argued that the state of Huari (AD 500-900) may have acted as a driving force (cf. Beresford-Jones and Heggarty 2011) for the initial diffusion of Quechua II and, later on, for the expansion of southern Aimara and Quechua IIC into the Andes of southern Perú.
Este trabajo pretende presentar las principales etapas de la prehistoria e historia de la familia lingüística quechua en su interacción con la familia aimara. Se reconstruye el escenario más plausible de un proceso intensivo y excepcional de convergencia lingüística subyacente a las protolenguas de ambas familias. Desde allí, se trazan los desarrollos más marcados ocurridos en la historia de la familia lingüística quechua, tales como su bifurcación inicial en dos ramas dialectales, quechua I y II (según Torero 1964), así como las particiones posteriores del quechua II (quechua de Cajamarca, Laraos y Lincha Quechua, quechua IIB y IIC). Se defiende la hipótesis de que el Estado huari (500-900 d.n.e.) operó como fuerza motriz (cf. Beresford-Jones y Heggarty 2011) para la difusión inicial del quechua II y, posteriormente, para la expansión del aimara sureño y del quechua IIC en los Andes meridionales del Perú.

La presente investigación se enfoca en describir y analizar la forma en que se constituye la pluriactividad en hogares rurales en un caserío del distrito de Huántar en la provincia de Huari, región Áncash. Las motivaciones principales para este estudio son profundizar en el conocimiento de un fenómeno que cada vez cobra más importancia para la población rural, identificar quiénes son los miembros pluriactivos y a partir de qué relaciones se facilita su participación en el mercado laboral.
Tesis

This chapter defends the hypothesis that Quechua was brought to Cajamarca during the final expansion of the Huari state (ad 800–900). It offers an alternative for the traditional view that Cajamarca Quechua originated on the central coast of Peru, immediately south-east of Lima. Archaic features of Cajamarca Quechua suggest that it became separated from the main body of the Quechua II branch of the family before it attained its present state of internal differentiation. Possibly the least innovative Quechua II dialect spoken today is that of Ayacucho region, where the Huari capital lay. Together this suggests that population movements underlying the existence of present-day Cajamarca Quechua may have originated in the Huari heartland. This association of Quechua II with Huari prompts a reconsideration of the prevalent view that Ayacucho, including Huari, would have been an exclusive stronghold of the Aymaran languages.