Academic literature on the topic 'Human and animal health'

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Journal articles on the topic "Human and animal health"

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Arkow, P. "Animal and human health." Veterinary Record 157, no. 24 (December 10, 2005): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.157.24.783-b.

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Salter, A. M. "Animal fats and human health." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200013727.

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In 1991 it was recommended that total fat intake in the UK should be reduced to a population average of less that 33% of total daily energy intake and that saturated fatty acids should contribute no more than 10% of total energy (Department of Health, 1991). A further recommendation was that the intake of trans fatty acids should not exceed 2% of total energy. These recommendations were made primarily on the basis of the influence of fatty acids on plasma cholesterol and thereby on the development of cardiovascular disease. While associations of fat intake with other chronic diseases such as cancer, obesity and diabetes have also been suggested, it was felt that there was insufficient evidence to make specific recommendations on the basis of such claims. A reduction in saturated fat intake has remained a central target of public health nutrition within the United Kingdom ever since. Despite concerted efforts, particularly throughout the 1990s., to achieve these targets little progress has been made. In 2000, total fat intake remained at 38% and saturated fatty acid intake at 15% (DEFRA, 2001).
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RÓŻEWICZ, Marcin, Elżbieta BOMBIK, Alina JANOCHA, Katarzyna ŁAGOWSKA, and Małgorzata BEDNARCZYK. "DIOXINS – THEIR INFLUENCE ON HUMAN HEALTH AND THE CONTAMINATION OF PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN." Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura, Alimentaria, Piscaria et Zootechnica 328, no. 39 (December 5, 2016): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/aapz2016.39.3.16.

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Rabinowitz, Peter, and Lisa Conti. "Links Among Human Health, Animal Health, and Ecosystem Health." Annual Review of Public Health 34, no. 1 (March 18, 2013): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114426.

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Tagg, K. "Human health, animal health, and ecosystems are interconnected." BMJ 347, aug14 4 (August 14, 2013): f4979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f4979.

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Dawe, C. J. "Implications of aquatic animal health for human health." Environmental Health Perspectives 86 (June 1990): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9086245.

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Wieler, Lothar H. "“One Health” – Linking human, animal and environmental health." International Journal of Medical Microbiology 304, no. 7 (October 2014): 775–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.08.014.

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Bovenkerk, Bernice, Joost van Herten, and Marcel Verweij. "The Animal Factor in Human Health." American Journal of Bioethics 17, no. 9 (August 22, 2017): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2017.1353171.

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Abrahamson, David. "Health and the human/animal relationship." Psychiatric Bulletin 14, no. 10 (October 1990): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.14.10.625.

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Hogrefe, Christine. "Immune Health: The Animal-Human Connection." Allergy & Clinical Immunology International - Journal of the World Allergy Organization 17, no. 05 (2005): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0838-1925.17.5.212.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Human and animal health"

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Munguia, Raymundo. "CiprofloxacinDexamethasone ototoxicity in an animal and human model." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97975.

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Introduction. Ototoxicity refers to medication-caused auditory and/or vestibular system dysfunction resulting in hearing loss or dysequilibrium. The potential damage that antibiotics eardrops can produce when placed directly into the middle ear in some cases is still unknown.
Objectives. To determine the safety of use of the new ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic drops in patients without an intact tympanic membrane.
Materials and methods. Ciprodex/dexamethasone eardrops were tested in an animal and human model. The animal part was performed in 13 adult chinchillas; Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) was used. For the human part, twenty subjects were enrolled in the study; Distortion Products Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAE) testing was used.
Results. Animal Part: after the tube insertion ABR threshold mean value was 19.6+/-13.3 dB for all the animals. On the last evaluation (day 60), the mean threshold was 19+/-13 dB for the experimental ears, and 13.7+/-12.2 dB for the control ears, this overall analysis showed no significant effect (p-value = 0.661). Human Part: the mean thresholds for the pre-treatment test were 4.87+/-6,34 dB for the DP value and -0.87+/-7.93 dB for the Ns value. In the post-treatment evaluation the mean thresholds were 3.48+/-4.40 dB for the DP value and -8.02+/-7.57 dB for the Ns value.
Conclusions. The use of CiprodexTM eardrops seems to be safe when instilled in ears without an intact tympanic membrane.
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Sydenham, Eric William. "Fumonisins : chromatographic methodology and their role in human and animal health." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17514.

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Bibliography: pages 221-243.
The fumonisins consist of a group of 7 structurally related mycotoxins originally isolated from Fusarium moniliforme, a fungal contaminant of maize worldwide. The incidence of F. moniliforme in home-grown maize, has been associated with human oesophageal cancer (OC) risk in the Transkei and China. Fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), the major fumonisin analogue, exhibits both cancer-initiating and -promoting activities, and has been shown to induce a number of disease syndromes in different animal species. Two other fumonisin analogues, fumonisins B₂ (FB₂) and B₃ (FB₃) also exhibit cancer-initiating potentials, similar to those observed for FB₁. A method, developed at PROMEC, for the analytical determination of FB₁ and FB₂ in maize, based on ion-exchange purification of crude extracts, derivatisation, reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation and fluorescence detection, was subjected to an international collaborative study involving 11 laboratories from 6 countries. Although the results established that the method was highly reproducible, alterations were made in order to reduce analysis time, identify and eliminate potential sources of error and include the co-determination of FB₃. Both methods were used, in conjunction with confirmatory techniques, to determine the extent of animal and human exposure to the fumonisins. Naturally occurring fumonisin levels in animal feeds, were used in conjunction with hazard assessment data, to establish fumonisin tolerance guidelines for selected animal species. The results indicated that combined fumonisin concentrations in feeds of 10 and 100 μg/g (ppm) should be regarded as potentially harmful to horses and swine, respectively. Human exposure assessment was based on data from various sources, including the 1989 and 1990 South African maize crops, maize imported into South Africa, retail maize-based foods from 14 countries, and home-grown maize from the Transkei. The data indicated that fumonisin contamination occurs worldwide, while the levels to which populations are exposed differ considerably. A statistical association was established between fumonisin contamination of home-grown maize, and the prevalence of human OC in the Transkei, where humans can be exposed to fumonisin levels that would be deemed harmful to both horses and swine.
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McGinley, Susan. "Improving Meat Quality with CLA: Fatty Acid Benefits Animal and Human Health." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622208.

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Spradling, Victoria Baird. "Phenolics in red wine pomace and their potential application in animal and human health." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5644.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 14, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
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Tang, Huadong. "Allometric scaling for predicting human drug clearance." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290158.

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Various modified methods have been proposed in response to criticisms regarding the practical applicability of allometric scaling, which is one of the most widely used approaches in predicting human drug clearance based on data from animal species. The major problems encountered among allometric methods in predicting human drug clearance are addressed in this dissertation. In chapter 2, a large data set for allometric scaling (n = 138) was collected from the literature and was categorized according to the following criteria: oral or systemic clearance; elimination routes; protein or non-protein chemicals; low, intermediate, or high metabolic clearance. Some significant observations have been made regarding the applicability of allometric scaling according to the pharmacokinetic and physical-chemical properties of the drugs examined. Of special note, several potential rules were developed for when one could expect large vertical allometry. In chapter 3, a new model for predicting human clearance was developed. The new model was shown to provide better predictability than any other current approach. In particular, the new model for the first time predicts the occurrence of large vertical allometry noted in humans. In chapter 4, a general equation was derived, which directly describes the mathematical relationship between predicted pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters in humans and the body weights of animals and the values of their corresponding measured PK parameters. This relationship clearly illustrates the species or body weight-dependency of the prediction performance by allometric scaling. Finally, real data from the literature demonstrated the species-dependency predicted from the equation. In chapter 5, the functionality of the correction factors, maximum life-span potential (MLP) and brain weight (BrW) in allometry is mathematically described for the first time. It was found that corrections by MLP or BrW are equivalent to a multiplication of certain constants by the predicted values in humans from simple allometry and has nothing to do with any measured values of PK parameters in any animal species. The role of correction factors (MLP and BrW) or "rule of exponents" in species scaling was evaluated.
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Jamieson, Jen. "Adolescents, education and farm animal welfare." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.572485.

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Journeay, William Shane. "Thermoregulatory and nonthermoregulatory interaction in human cardiovascular control." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26496.

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Purpose. Study #1 examined the responses to facial immersion under states of altered cardiac filling. Study #2 sought to examine changes in postexercise hemodynamics and skin blood flow (SkBF) when lower blood pooling was manipulated using lower body pressure. Methods. Study #1---Six male subjects participated. They performed 30-s apneic facial immersions under: LBNP, LBPP, during post-exercise hypotension (PEH); & Control. MAP, HR, and SkBF were measured. Study #2---Subjects were exposed to LBNP, LBPP; or no pressure after 15-mins of cycle exercise at 70% of VO2 peak. HR, CO, SV, MAP, TPR, & SkBF, skin and esophageal temperature were recorded. Conclusions. Study #1---Cardiac parasympathetic response during facial immersion can be attenuated when cardiac filling is compromised. Study #2---(1) LBPP accelerates recovery of baseline hemodynamics while LBNP exacerbates the postexercise hemodynamic state relative to control. (2) Altering postexercise hemodynamics via LBPP may affect thermal responses.
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Friedl, Christina Renee. "Comparative Analysis of SRY Promoter Sequences on the Human and Rat Y Chromosome." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1376484138.

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MacDougall, Stephen L. (Stephen Lindsay). "Effector:target interactions in the human natural killer cell system : characterization of the target structures." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74570.

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Natural killers (NK) are a subpopulation of lymphocytes that are defined by their pattern of cytotoxicity against other normal and neoplastic cells of predominantly hemopoietic origin. Although they have been programmed to recognize a limited spectrum of targets, their activity can be augmented by certain immunoregulatory substances. The molecules that mediate the recognition events have not yet been identified.
I describe here the derivation and characteristics of a variant clone (Clone I) of the human leukemic cell line K562. These cells, selected for decreased binding to peripheral blood lymphocytes, were less sensitive than the parent to lysis by NK in the resting, but not in the augmented state. Although their major plasma membrane proteins appeared identical to those of K562, they contained an additional minor group of fucosylated glycolipids. A later subclone of Clone I, selected for resistance to Concanavalin A, reverted to an NK sensitive pattern and exhibited the parental profile of glycolipids.
The results illustrate in an in vitro model how a leukemic cell can modulate its membrane to escape surveillance by NK cells, and suggest that the glycolipids might be involved (directly or indirectly) in the mechanism.
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Reid, Morgann. "Describing the Rabies Management System in an Ontario Municipality: A Mixed Methods Study of Human and Companion Animal Health Outcomes." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38490.

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Rabies management can be described as successful only if examined through a human health perspective. Negating companion animal health outcomes in rabies management creates systemic failures as cats and dogs are significant within our society and bridge humans and wildlife in rabies transmission. A shifting pet ownership culture has created opportunities for increased rabies risk. This thesis applied the One Health concept to the rabies management system in an Ontario municipality. The One Health concept considers that the health of humans is inherently connected to the health of companion animals and their shared environment. A mixed methods design informed a visual conceptualization of the rabies management system. Factors influencing human and companion animal health outcomes were identified through multivariable logistic regression models. The human outcome of interest was the recommendation of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis after a potential rabies exposure by a companion animal; the companion animal outcomes were receiving a post-incident rabies vaccine, being euthanized for rabies testing and being placed under observation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with private veterinarians to understand their perceived role in rabies management. Rabies management is more complex than linear interactions and processes that occur to protect human health. An explicit link between the human and companion animal health outcomes was found. Companion animal species appeared as an influential factor and indicates that ownership practices differ between cats and dogs. This implies that veterinarians are not effectively leveraged as the link between public health and pet owners. Indeed, veterinarian’s approach their rabies management roles based on their prioritization of the seriousness of rabies compared to the risk. Through the application of One Health thinking to the municipal rabies management system, it is clear that there is a public-private divide where mitigating human rabies exposures conflicts with the prevention of rabies in companion animals.
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Books on the topic "Human and animal health"

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P, Singh R. Neem in human and animal health. Lucknow: ibdc Publishers, 2013.

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Carroll, Marilyn E., and J. Bruce Overmier, eds. Animal research and human health: Advancing human welfare through behavioral science. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10441-000.

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Turner, Dennis C. Companion animals in human health. Edited by Wilson Cindy C and Turner Dennis C. 1948-. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1998.

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Fano, Alix. Lethal laws: Animal testing, human health, and environmental policy. London: Zed Books, 1997.

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Monte, Laila Del. Psychic communication with animals for health and healing. Rochester, Vt: Bear & Co., 2010.

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Psychic communication with animals for health and healing. Rochester, Vt: Bear & Co., 2010.

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Akhtar, Aysha. Animals and public health: Why treating animals better is critical to human welfare. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

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Oosterom, J. Guidelines on the hygienic disposal and rendering of dead animals and animal wastes to protect human and animal health. Edited by Koulikovskii A and Matyas Z. [Geneva]: World Health Organization, 1985.

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How animals affect us: Examining the influence of human-animal interaction on child development and human health. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2011.

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McCardle, Peggy, Sandra McCune, James A. Griffin, and Valerie Maholmes, eds. How animals affect us: Examining the influences of human–animal interaction on child development and human health. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12301-000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Human and animal health"

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Reperant, Leslie A., and Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus. "The Human-Animal Interface." In One Health, 33–52. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818432.ch3.

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Chitnis, Nakul, Jakob Zinsstag, Samuel Fuhrimann, and Jan Hattendorf. "Animal-human transmission models." In One Health: the theory and practice of integrated health approaches, 145–56. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242577.0145.

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Singh, Birbal, Gorakh Mal, Sanjeev K. Gautam, and Manishi Mukesh. "Animal Biotechnology in Human Health." In Advances in Animal Biotechnology, 415–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21309-1_37.

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Welburn, Susan C., and Paul Coleman. "Human and animal African trypanosomiasis." In One Health: the theory and practice of integrated health approaches, 263–82. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242577.0263.

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Schook, L. B., K. Kuzmuk, S. Adam, L. Rund, K. Chen, M. Rogatcheva, M. Mazur, C. Pollock, and C. Counter. "DNA-based Animal Models of Human Disease: from Genotype to Phenotype." In Animal Genomics for Animal Health, 15–25. Basel: KARGER, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000317140.

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Robens, J. F., and J. L. Richard. "Aflatoxins in Animal and Human Health." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 69–94. New York, NY: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9751-9_3.

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Williams, Shereene, and Laura Skippen. "Strengthening existing healthcare systems for sustainable animal welfare." In Changing human behaviour to enhance animal welfare, 161–77. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247237.0011.

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Abstract More can be achieved by working with what is already in place, compared with creating new systems that undermine local systems and traditions. However, creating lasting improvements in animal health systems at a national level is an ambitious task. Last-mile human healthcare is a key issue in the drive to achieve universal health coverage for all people and looking to the ways that humanitarian agencies are trying to achieve this will be key in driving this forwards for all animals in the future. To push animal welfare up the global agenda and create a catalyst for change, referencing solely animal welfare is not enough. Drawing on linkages between people, the planet and animals is essential.
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Madoff, Lawrence C., and Annie Li. "Web-Based Surveillance Systems for Human, Animal, and Plant Diseases." In One Health, 213–25. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555818432.ch14.

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Siegel, Judith M. "Pet Ownership and Health." In The Psychology of the Human-Animal Bond, 167–77. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9761-6_10.

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Gilbert, Kathleen M. "Trichloroethylene and Autoimmunity in Human and Animal Models." In Trichloroethylene: Toxicity and Health Risks, 15–35. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6311-4_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Human and animal health"

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Maciejewski, Ross, Benjamin Tyner, Yun Jang, Cheng Zheng, Rimma V. Nehme, David S. Ebert, William S. Cleveland, Mourad Ouzzani, Shaun J. Grannis, and Lawrence T. Glickman. "LAHVA: Linked Animal-Human Health Visual Analytics." In 2007 IEEE Symposium on Visual Analytics Science and Technology. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vast.2007.4388993.

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Bertoni, Emeritus. "Animal Health And Sustainability (planet and humans health)." In The 1st International Electronic Conference on Animals—Global Sustainability and Animals: Science, Ethics and Policy. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ieca2020-08901.

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"HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISKS FROM ANTIMICROBIALLY RESISTANT BACTERIA IN FOOD ANIMAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS." In Animal Agriculture and the Environment, National Center for Manure & Animal Waste Management White Papers . St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.20269.

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O'Neill, William D., and Steven G. Penny. "Image Identification of Animal Tumor Models for Human Breast Cancer Research." In 2019 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical & Health Informatics (BHI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bhi.2019.8834465.

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Aulanni'am, Aulanni'am. "Development of Medical Devices Based on Protein Marker for Animal and Human Diseases." In 1st International Conference in One Health (ICOH 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icoh-17.2018.2.

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Giering, K., I. Lamprecht, and Olaf Minet. "Specific heat capacities of human and animal tissues." In BiOS Europe '95, edited by Guy P. Delacretaz, Rudolf W. Steiner, Lars O. Svaasand, Hansjoerg Albrecht, and Thomas H. Meier. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.229547.

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Fahmi, Idqan, and Dikky Indrawan. "Linking Economic with Epidemiology: A Conceptual Approach of the Impact of Business Cycles on Animal Health and Human Health." In Proceedings of the Conference of the International Society for Economics and Social Sciences of Animal Health - South East Asia 2019 (ISESSAH-SEA 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/isessah-19.2019.25.

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Weiqin, Chang, Lin Yang, Li Xiaocui, Xu Tianmin, and Su Manman. "Experimental study on growth inhibition against colon cancer of animal model by combined application of ginsenoside Rg1 and chemotherapeutic medicine." In 2011 International Conference on Human Health and Biomedical Engineering (HHBE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hhbe.2011.6029052.

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Carrara, Sandro. "New frontiers in digital health: Remote monitoring of animal and human metabolism on our smartphones and tablets." In ESSDERC 2015 - 45th European Solid-State Device Research Conference. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/essderc.2015.7324702.

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Carrara, Sandro. "New frontiers in digital health: Remote monitoring of animal and human metabolism on our smartphones and tablets." In ESSCIRC Conference 2015 - 41st European Solid-State Circuits Conference. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esscirc.2015.7313817.

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Reports on the topic "Human and animal health"

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AL ABAIDANI, I., and S. A. S. MOHAMEDNOUR. Addressing challenges in the Middle East at the human–animal interface under the One Health concept. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/tt.2760.

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Mkrtchyan, Irina Mkrtchyan, and Kiara Winans Winans. Large-scale cattle and pig production systems in three regions of Armenia: Engaging frontline persons in assessing the environmental, animal, & human health conditions of these systems. Tiny Beam Fund, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15868/socialsector.37329.

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Hassell, James M., Salome A. Bukachi, Dishon M. Muloi, Emi Takahashi, and Lydia Franklinos. The Natural Environment and Health in Africa. World Wildlife Fund and the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/10088/111281.

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Much of recent human development has come at the expense of Nature - undermining ecosystems, fragmenting habitats, reducing biodiversity, and increasing our exposure and vulnerability to emerging diseases. For example, as we push deeper into tropical forests, and convert more land to agriculture and human settlements, the rate at which people encounter new pathogens that may trigger the next public health, social and economic crisis, is likely to increase. Expanding and strengthening our understanding of the links between nature and human health is especially important in Africa, where nature brings economic prosperity and wellbeing to more than a billion people. Pandemics such as COVID are just one of a growing number of health challenges that humanity is facing as a result of our one-sided and frequently destructive relationship with nature. This report aims to inform professionals and decision-makers on how health outcomes emerge from human interactions with the natural world and identify how efforts to preserve the natural environment and sustainably manage natural resources could have an impact on human and animal health. While the report focuses on the African continent, it will also be of relevance to other areas of the world facing similar environmental pressures.
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Hamernik, Roger P., James H. Patterson, Ahroon Jr., Stuhmiller William A., and James H. A Health Hazard Assessment for Blast Overpressure Exposures Subtitle - Use of Animal Test Data in the Development of a Human Auditory Hazard Criterion for Impulse Noise (Part 1). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada394766.

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Konopka, James B., Arturo Casadevall, John W. Taylor, Joseph Heitman, and Leah Cowen. One Health: Fungal Pathogens of Humans, Animals, and Plants. American Society for Microbiology, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aamcol.18oct.2017.

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Medina, Richard L., and Richard A. Albanese. Animal-to-Human Extrapolation Using Compartmental Models. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada234082.

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7

McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, Alison Cody, Melissa Jansen van Rensburg, Margaret Varga, Sophie Hedges, et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.

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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.
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Schukken, Ynte H. Farm animal health : progress, problems and perspectives. Wageningen: Wageningen University & Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/420484.

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9

RUSHTON, J., and W. GILBERT. The economics of animal health: direct and indirect costs of animal disease outbreaks. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/tt.2551.

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RUSHTON, J., T. BERNARDO, M. BRUCE, C. BELLET, P. TORGERSON, A. P. M. SHAW, M. HERRERO, et al. Global Burden of Animal Diseases – building a community of practice for animal health economics. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2019.nf.3035.

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