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Books on the topic 'Human biases'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Hadwin, Julie A. Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

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2

Cognition and communication: Judgmental biases, research methods, and the logic of conversation. Mahwah, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1996.

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3

Kumar, Sameer, Tanusree Dutta, and Manas K. Mandal. Bias in human behavior. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publisher's, 2012.

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4

Schifter, Richard. Human rights: A western cultural bias? Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1988.

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5

Schifter, Richard. Human rights: A western cultural bias? Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1988.

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6

Schifter, Richard. Human rights: A western cultural bias? Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1988.

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7

Bias in human reasoning: Causes and consequences. London: Erlbaum, 1989.

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8

Bhat, P. N. Mari. Fertility decline and gender bias in Northern India. Delhi: Population Research Centre, Institute of Economic Growth, 2001.

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9

Ehrlich, Isaac. Human capital, endogenous information acquisition, and home bias in financial markets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.

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10

Vaccine epidemic: How corporate greed, biased science, and coercive government threaten our human rights, our health, and our children. New York: Skyhorse Pub., 2011.

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11

Vaccine epidemic: How corporate greed, biased science, and coercive government threaten our human rights, our health, and our children. New York: Skyhorse, 2012.

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12

Spranger, Philipp. Handlungstheorie jenseits des Rationalismus: Plädoyer für die Überwindung des intellektualistischen 'bias'. Berlin: Edition Sigma, 2011.

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13

Rochford, Suzanne L. A self-selected lightning experiment using video display terminals: Are the levels selected affected by human bias? Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1992.

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14

Vessels of meaning: Women's bodies, gender norms, and class bias from Richardson to Lawrence. DeKalb, Ill: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997.

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15

Recognizing transsexuals: Personal, political and medicolegal embodiment. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2011.

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16

Rice, Carla. Embodying equity: Body image as an equity issue : a manual for educators & service providers. Toronto: Green Dragon Press, 2002.

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17

An historical analysis of skin color discrimination in America: Victimism among victim group populations. New York: Springer, 2010.

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18

Human-display interactions: Context-specific biases. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1987.

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19

Soto, David, and Glyn W. Humphreys. Working Memory Biases in Human Vision. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.038.

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The current conceptualization of working memory highlights its pivotal role in the cognitive control of goal-directed behaviour, for example, by keeping task-priorities and relevant information ‘online’. Evidence has accumulated, however, that working memory contents can automatically misdirect attention and observers can only exert little intentional control to overcome irrelevant contents held in memory that are known to be misleading for behaviour. The authors discuss extant evidence on this topic and argue that obligatory functional coupling between working memory and attentional selection reflects a default property of the brain which is hardwired in overlapping substrates for memory and perception. They further argue that the neuroanatomical substrates for working memory biases in vision are distinct from the classical fronto-parietal networks involved in attentional control and distinct from the mechanisms that mediate attention biases from long-term memory. Finally the authors present emerging evidence that working memory ‘guiding’ processes may operate outside conscious awareness.
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20

R, Proffitt Dennis, and Ames Research Center, eds. Human-display interactions: Context-specific biases. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1987.

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21

R, Proffitt Dennis, and Ames Research Center, eds. Human-display interactions: Context-specific biases. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1987.

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22

Stern, Marc J. Cognitive biases and limitations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793182.003.0002.

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This chapter summarizes some of the most common cognitive biases and limitations in human thinking and provides specific strategies for what we can do about them in various contexts. It serves as a baseline for understanding the flaws in some of our basic assumptions about human behavior and for approaching the rest of the theories discussed in the book with an appropriate dose of humility.
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23

J, Kniesner Thomas, and National Bureau of Economic Research., eds. How unobservable productivity biases the value of a statistical life. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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24

Information Processing Biases and Anxiety: A Developmental Perspective. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2010.

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25

A, Hadwin Julie, and Field Andy P, eds. Information processing biases and anxiety: A developmental perspective. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

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26

Hardy, Bruce W., and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Overcoming Biases in Processing of Time Series Data About Climate. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.43.

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This chapter notes the important ways in which time series data are used in science, explains how trend lines are created and reported, chronicles ways in which they can be misused, documents human biases that lead to overvaluing endpoints in a trend, and outlines ways to minimize that bias. Specifically, this chapter defines trend lines and time series data and explain why and how they matter in science communication. A discussion on cognitive biases that influence interpretations of trend lines, such as endpoint bias and peak and end rule, recency bias, accessibility bias, and extrapolation bias, is offered as are communication tools scientists, journalists, and other science communicators can use to overcome these biases.
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27

Johnson, Dominic D. P. Strategic Instincts. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691137452.001.0001.

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A widespread assumption in political science and international relations is that cognitive biases — quirks of the brain we all share as human beings — are detrimental and responsible for policy failures, disasters, and wars. This book challenges this assumption, explaining that these nonrational behaviors can actually support favorable results in international politics and contribute to political and strategic success. By studying past examples, the book considers the ways that cognitive biases act as “strategic instincts,” lending a competitive edge in policy decisions, especially under conditions of unpredictability and imperfect information. Drawing from evolutionary theory and behavioral sciences, the book looks at three influential cognitive biases — overconfidence, the fundamental attribution error, and in-group/out-group bias. It then examines the advantageous as well as the detrimental effects of these biases through historical case studies of the American Revolution, the Munich Crisis, and the Pacific campaign in World War II. The book acknowledges the dark side of biases — when confidence becomes hubris, when attribution errors become paranoia, and when group bias becomes prejudice. Ultimately, it makes a case for a more nuanced understanding of the causes and consequences of cognitive biases and argues that in the complex world of international relations, strategic instincts can, in the right context, guide better performance. The book shows how an evolutionary perspective can offer the crucial next step in bringing psychological insights to bear on foundational questions in international politics.
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28

Kagan, Jerome. Temperamental Contributions to Inhibited and Uninhibited Profiles. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0007_update_001.

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A temperamental bias is currently defined as a behavioral profile with a partial origin in the child’s biology that varies among individuals. These biases, which appear early in development, are sculpted by experience into a variety of personality profiles. This chapter first describes possible genetic and nongenetic bases for temperamental categories, followed by a detailed presentation of the research on high- and low-reactive infants who are biased to become inhibited or uninhibited children. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of these two temperaments to psychopathology and speculations on the temperamental variation among reproductively isolated human groups. A large number of questions remain unanswered. Perhaps the most critical is discovering the genes and resulting neurochemical or neuroanatomical features that contribute to the high- and low-reactive profiles.
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29

Kagan, Jerome. Temperamental Contributions to Inhibited and Uninhibited Profiles. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0007.

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A temperamental bias is currently defined as a behavioral profile with a partial origin in the child’s biology that varies among individuals. These biases, which appear early in development, are sculpted by experience into a variety of personality profiles. This chapter first describes possible genetic and nongenetic bases for temperamental categories, followed by a detailed presentation of the research on high- and low-reactive infants who are biased to become inhibited or uninhibited children. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of these two temperaments to psychopathology and speculations on the temperamental variation among reproductively isolated human groups. A large number of questions remain unanswered. Perhaps the most critical is discovering the genes and resulting neurochemical or neuroanatomical features that contribute to the high- and low-reactive profiles.
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30

Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Science of Science Communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.001.0001.

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The cross-disciplinary Oxford Handbook on the Science of Science Communication contains 47 essays by 57 leading scholars organized into six sections: The first section establishes the need for a science of science communication, provides an overview of the area, examines sources of science knowledge and the ways in which changing media structures affect it, reveals what the public thinks about science, and situates current scientific controversies in their historical contexts. The book’s second part examines challenges to science including difficulties in peer review, rising numbers of retractions, publication and statistical biases, and hype. Successes and failures in communicating about four controversies are the subject of Part III: “mad cow,” nanotechnology, biotechnology, and the HPV and HBV vaccines. The fourth section focuses on the ways in which elite intermediaries communicate science. These include the national academies, scholarly presses, government organizations, museums, foundations, and social networks. It examines as well scientific deliberation among citizens and science-based policymaking. In Part V, the handbook treats science media interactions, knowledge-based journalism, polarized media environments, popular images of science, and the portrayal of science in entertainment, narratives, and comedy. The final section identifies the ways in which human biases that can affect communicated science can be overcome. Biases include resistant misinformation, inadequate frames, biases in moral reasoning, confirmation and selective exposure biases, innumeracy, recency effects, fear of the unnatural, normalization, false causal attribution, and public difficulty in processing uncertainty. Each section of the book includes a thematic synthesis.
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31

Forman, Jerrell. Cognitive Biases: A Fascinating Look into Human Psychology and What You Can Do to Avoid Cognitive Dissonance, Improve Your Problem-Solving Skills, and Make Better Decisions. Franelty Publications, 2020.

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32

Kasperbauer, T. J. Managing Moral Psychology for Animal Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695811.003.0008.

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This chapter makes practical suggestions for managing moral psychology for ethical goals. It does so by looking at interventions aimed at 1) altering human psychology and 2) restricting the impact of morally objectionable psychological biases. The chapter provides justification for intervening to change people’s attitudes toward animals, within the context of debates over the permissibility of “nudges.” Empirical research on reducing bias between groups of human beings is discussed in order to inform proposals for changing attitudes to animals. Classic moral goals in animal ethics are also discussed, with an eye toward how these goals could be assisted by having a better understanding of moral psychology.
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33

Baker, H. Kent, Greg Filbeck, and John R. Nofsinger. Behavioral Finance. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190868741.001.0001.

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People tend to be penny wise and pound foolish and cry over spilt milk, even though we are taught to do neither. Focusing on the present at the expense of the future and basing decisions on lost value are two mistakes common to decision-making that are particularly costly in the world of finance. Behavioral Finance: What Everyone Needs to KnowR provides an overview of common shortcuts and mistakes people make in managing their finances. It covers the common cognitive biases or errors that occur when people are collecting, processing, and interpreting information. These include emotional biases and the influence of social factors, from culture to the behavior of one’s peers. These effects vary during one’s life, reflecting differences in due to age, experience, and gender. Among the questions to be addressed are: How did the financial crisis of 2007-2008 spur understanding human behavior? What are market anomalies and how do they relate to behavioral biases? What role does overconfidence play in financial decision- making? And how does getting older affect risk tolerance?
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34

Bhopal, Raj S. Error, bias, and confounding in epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0004.

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Epidemiological studies are prone to error, because they usually study complex matters in human populations in natural settings and not in laboratory conditions. Bias may be thought of as error which affects comparison groups unequally or leads to inappropriate inferences about one group compared with another. Three broad problems confront epidemiologists: selection of study populations, quality of information, and confounding. Selection and imperfect information cause biases. Confounding is not an error or bias as normally understood, but it leads to errors of data interpretation. The different epidemiological research designs have similar problems with error and bias, which are mostly inherent in the survey and disease registration methods. Principles which apply to all studies and help to minimize these errors are also similar. The chronology and structure of a research project offers a pragmatic framework for the systematic analysis of error bias and confounding.
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35

Grossmann, Matt. How Social Science Got Better. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197518977.001.0001.

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Social science research is facing mounting criticism, as canonical studies fail to replicate, questionable research practices abound, and researcher social and political biases come under fire. Far from being in crisis, however, social science is undergoing an unparalleled renaissance of ever-broader and deeper understanding and application—made possible by close attention to criticism of our biases and open public engagement. Wars between scientists and their humanist critics, methodological disputes over statistical practice and qualitative research, and disciplinary battles over grand theories of human nature have all quietly died down as new generations of scholars have integrated the insights of multiple sides. Rather than deny that researcher biases affect results, scholars now closely analyze how our racial, gender, geographic, methodological, political, and ideological differences impact our research questions; how the incentives of academia influence our research practices; and how universal human desires to avoid uncomfortable truths and easily solve problems affect our conclusions. To be sure, misaligned incentive structures remain, but a messy, collective deliberation across the research community is boosting self-knowledge and improving practice. Ours is an unprecedented age of theoretical diversity, open and connected data, and public scholarship. How Social Science Got Better documents and explains recent transformations, crediting both internal and public critics for strengthening social science. Applying insights from the philosophy, history, and sociology of science and providing new data on trends in social science research and scholarly views, it demonstrates that social science has never been more relevant, rigorous, or self-reflective.
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36

Clark, Gordon L. Behaviour in Context. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.10.

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The behavioural revolution has profoundly affected how we conceptualize behaviour. The rational agent of standard microeconomic theory has been found wanting and, in its place, new formulations have been presented which take seriously human traits like myopia and loss aversion. Here it is argued that the behavioural revolution offers a way of understanding common problems in economic geography, such as co-location, clusters of innovation, the diffusion of innovation, and home bias. It is noted that earlier versions of behaviouralism stressed bounded rationality but underestimated the far-reaching consequences of the behavioural revolution. To explain the significance of these developments for understanding the intersection between cognition and context, we look closely at behaviour in time and space. The implications of behaviouralism for institutions are briefly considered, emphasizing the role that collective action in or through institutions can play in ameliorating the adverse effects of behavioural biases and anomalies.
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37

Kellens, Jean. Becoming Zarathustra. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190911966.003.0009.

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This chapter examines the role of ritual and sacrifice in the most sacred Zoroastrian literature, the Gâthâs in order to explore the complex relationship between the figure of Zarathustra and the human ritual officiant. The chapter presents a very Lincoln-ian sort of history of the field of Zoroastrian studies itself, interrogating the contexts and biases of particular scholars in their various readings and misreadings of the tradition. At the same time, it offers a new way of thinking about the figure of Zarathustra himself, who is best understood not as the semi-historical “founder” of Zoroastrianism but rather as the mythical personality into which the human officiant is himself transfigured through the ritual operations.
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38

Diamond, James A. Angelic Encounters as Metaphysics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805694.003.0009.

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This chapter examines angels’ role as dynamic actors within the drama of the narratives in which they appear. Cognitions that signal an encounter with an angel or a kind of human apparition are instructive for biblical metaphysics. They offer an awareness of some objective metaphysical reality as it exists independently of the human embodied psyche, allowing for momentary escapes from cognitive reference points that are skewed by personal predicament, character, and biases. Close readings of biblical narratives such as Jacob’s wrestling with an angel in Genesis 32, Hagar’s angelic revelation in the desert in Genesis 16, and Gideon’s encounter with an angel before going to battle in Judges 6, show the angel as the vehicle of distilling divine knowledge for earthly consumption.
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39

Sinatra, Gale, and Barbara Hofer. Science Denial. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190944681.001.0001.

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How do individuals decide whether to accept human causes of climate change, vaccinate their children against childhood diseases, or practice social distancing during a pandemic? Democracies depend on educated citizens who can make informed decisions for the benefit of their health and well-being, as well as their communities, nations, and planet. Understanding key psychological explanations for science denial and doubt can help provide a means for improving scientific literacy and understanding—critically important at a time when denial has become deadly. In Science Denial: Why It Happens and What to Do About It, the authors identify the problem and why it matters and offer tools for addressing it. This book explains both the importance of science education and its limitations, shows how science communicators may inadvertently contribute to the problem, and explains how the internet and social media foster misinformation and disinformation. The authors focus on key psychological constructs such as reasoning biases, social identity, epistemic cognition, and emotions and attitudes that limit or facilitate public understanding of science, and describe solutions for individuals, educators, science communicators, and policy makers. If you have ever wondered why science denial exists, want to know how to understand your own biases and those of others, and would like to address the problem, this book will provide the insights you are seeking.
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40

McClellan, Moana, and Ian Davies. The thin ice of simplicity in environmental and conservation assessments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0002.

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This chapter asks whether environmental and human health are well served by the creation and use of simple indices, such as the California Communities Environmental Health Screening Tool and the Environmental Performance Index. Reducing vast complexity to a single number offers the possibility of helping to communicate complex science to the public and to decision-makers. Indices are appealing because they are quantitative, have the appearance of being data-based, and seem objective. However, the biases and potential errors inherent in simplifying multidimensional data can result in misleading or incorrect conclusions. This chapter details some problems inherent to environmental indices, examines how these issues have led wellintentioned studies astray, and offers solutions to navigate the indices landscape.
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41

Natale, Simone. Deceitful Media. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190080365.001.0001.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is often discussed as something extraordinary, a dream—or a nightmare—that awakens metaphysical questions on human life. Yet far from a distant technology of the future, the true power of AI lies in its subtle revolution of ordinary life. From voice assistants like Siri to natural language processors, AI technologies use cultural biases and modern psychology to fit specific characteristics of how users perceive and navigate the external world, thereby projecting the illusion of intelligence. Integrating media studies, science and technology studies, and social psychology, Deceitful Media examines the rise of artificial intelligence throughout history and exposes the very human fallacies behind this technology. Focusing specifically on communicative AIs, Natale argues that what we call “AI” is not a form of intelligence but rather a reflection of the human user. Using the term “banal deception,” he reveals that deception forms the basis of all human-computer interactions rooted in AI technologies, as technologies like voice assistants utilize the dynamics of projection and stereotyping as a means for aligning with our existing habits and social conventions. By exploiting the human instinct to connect, AI reveals our collective vulnerabilities to deception, showing that what machines are primarily changing is not other technology but ourselves as humans. Deceitful Media illustrates how AI has continued a tradition of technologies that mobilize our liability to deception and shows that only by better understanding our vulnerabilities to deception can we become more sophisticated consumers of interactive media.
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42

Fan, Steve, and Linda Yu. Stock Market Anomalies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0025.

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Stock market anomalies representing the predictability of cross-sectional stock returns are one of most controversial topics in financial economic research. This chapter reviews several well-documented and pervasive anomalies in the literature, including investment-related anomalies, value anomalies, momentum and long-term reversal, size, and accruals. Although anomalies are widely accepted, much disagreement exists on the underlying reasons for their predictability. This chapter surveys two competing theories that attempt to explain the presence of stock market anomalies: rational and behavioral. The rational explanation focuses on the improvement of the existing asset pricing models and/or searching for additional risk factors to explain the existence of anomalies. By contrast, the behavioral explanation attributes the predictability to human behavioral biases in collecting and processing financial information, as well as in making investment decisions.
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43

Buchanan, Allen. Naturalizing Moral Regression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190868413.003.0008.

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This chapter proposes a theory of moral regression, arguing that inclusivist gains can be eroded not only if certain harsh biological and social conditions indicative of out-group threat actually reappear but also if significant numbers of people come to believe that such harsh conditions exist even when they do not. It argues that normal cognitive biases in conjunction with defective social-epistemic practices can cause people wrongly to believe that such harsh conditions exist, thus triggering the development and evolution of exclusivist moralities and the dismantling of inclusivist ones. Armed with detailed knowledge of the biological and social environments in which progressive moralities emerge and are sustained, as well as the conditions under which they are likely to be dismantled, human beings can take significant steps toward transforming the classic liberal faith in moral progress into a practical, empirically grounded hope.
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44

Yeske, Dave, and Elissa Buie. Psychological Aspects of Financial Planning. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0015.

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This chapter discusses personal financial planning, which is an interdisciplinary practice that employs a six-step process to develop integrated strategies for individuals and families to efficiently mobilize their human and financial capital to achieve their life goals. Financial planning draws from various disciplines, including counseling, psychology, finance, economics, and law. It includes budgeting and cash flow planning, risk management, insurance planning, investment planning, retirement and employee benefits planning, tax planning, and estate planning. The strategic process whereby financial planners develop integrated strategies that draw from all these fields in pursuit of client goals is the profession’s unique domain. Heuristics and mental biases to which clients may be prone overlay the entire financial planning process, however. Financial planners should understand and consider these issues when developing recommendations uniquely suited to each client, maximizing the probability that the client will embrace and implement the recommended strategies.
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45

May, Joshua. Cautious Optimism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811572.003.0010.

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This chapter briefly draws out some main lessons from the previous chapters and contains a discussion of some their implications for moral enhancement. We are capable of moral knowledge and virtue, in part because we do have a regard for reason that ultimately complicates the reason/emotion dichotomy. We do often fall short, but when we do, the problem is not with moral psychology in particular but the ways in which reason can be corrupted generally. One broad implication of cautious optimism is that the best method for increasing virtue won’t target our empathy or passions to the exclusion of our (often unconscious) reasoning. However, sound arguments aren’t enough, for human beings are fallible creatures with cognitive biases and limited attention spans. An intelligent populace is necessary, but so is moral technology, such as environments that nudge people to engage in good reasoning, not rationalization, particularly during moral learning and development.
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46

Spevak, Christopher J. Ethical Issues in Treating Pain and Addiction (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0006.

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In addressing the ethical issues that arise in treating both pain and addiction, the author of this chapter has organized his presentation around: the history of medical ethics; theories and definitions; and the ethical challenges to providing clinical care. The theoretical underpinnings to ethical decision-making are important to providing the best possible outcome, and their evolution is described, from the Hippocratic Oath to current human subjects’ protection rules for clinical trials. The tension between patient autonomy and the physician’s obligation to protect is as high as that seen in parenthood, but commonly with even less control of the individuals involved. A framework is provided for examining clinical cases that aids in addressing such topics as treatment disagreement, confidentiality, informed consent, abandonment, pregnancy, and biases that may be seen with categorical treatment programs (e.g., abstinence-based, faith-based). A text box is added giving additional resources on the topics discussed.
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47

Liao, S. Matthew, ed. Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190905033.001.0001.

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Featuring seventeen original essays on the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) by today’s most prominent AI scientists and academic philosophers, this volume represents state-of-the-art thinking in this fast-growing field. It highlights central themes in AI and morality such as how to build ethics into AI, how to address mass unemployment caused by automation, how to avoid designing AI systems that perpetuate existing biases, and how to determine whether an AI is conscious. As AI technologies progress, questions about the ethics of AI, in both the near future and the long term, become more pressing than ever. Should a self-driving car prioritize the lives of the passengers over those of pedestrians? Should we as a society develop autonomous weapon systems capable of identifying and attacking a target without human intervention? What happens when AIs become smarter and more capable than us? Could they have greater than human-level moral status? Can we prevent superintelligent AIs from harming us or causing our extinction? At a critical time in this fast-moving debate, thirty leading academics and researchers at the forefront of AI technology development have come together to explore these existential questions.
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48

Ungemah, Joe. Punching the Clock. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061241.001.0001.

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Punching the Clock takes the best of psychological science to explore whether humans will effectively adapt to the gig economy and the Future of Work. Although the world of work is changing at unprecedented speed, the drives and needs of workers have not. Technology in the form of artificial intelligence and robotic process automation continues to transform jobs, taking away routine tasks from workers, both cognitive and physical alike. Work is broken down into smaller and smaller packets that can be seamlessly reintegrated into broader work products. Workers no longer need to be full-time employees or even reside on the same continent. Rather, tenuous relationships with contractors, freelancers, volunteers, or other third parties have become the norm, using talent platforms to find and complete work. Yet, inside the minds of workers, the needs and biases that govern behavior continue as if nothing has happened. Like any other social environment, workplaces key into deep psychological processes that have developed over millennia and dictate with whom and how workers interact. Psychologists working across disciplines have amassed a great deal of insight about the human psyche but have not always been adept at articulating the practical implications of this insight, let alone how the human psyche will likely react to the gig economy. This book fills this void in knowledge by explaining what is really going on in the minds of coworkers, bringing this to life with a few surprising stories from the real world. Unlike the external world, the human psyche is a relative constant, which raises questions about just how much of the Future of Work can be realized without breaking down the social fabric of the workplace.
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49

Zerilli, John. The Adaptable Mind. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190067885.001.0001.

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What conception of mental architecture can survive the evidence of neuroplasticity and neural reuse in the human brain? In particular, what sorts of modules are compatible with this evidence? This book shows how developmental and adult neuroplasticity, as well as evidence of pervasive neural reuse, force a revision to the standard conceptions of modularity and spell the end of a hardwired and dedicated language module. It argues from principles of both neural reuse and neural redundancy that language is facilitated by a composite of modules (or module-like entities), few if any of which are likely to be linguistically special, and that neuroplasticity provides evidence that (in key respects and to an appreciable extent) few if any of them ought to be considered developmentally robust, though their development does seem to be constrained by features intrinsic to particular regions of cortex (manifesting as domain-specific predispositions or acquisition biases). In the course of doing so, the book articulates a schematically and neurobiologically precise framework for understanding modules and their supramodular interactions.
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Beck, Diane M., and Sabine Kastner. Neural Systems for Spatial Attention in the Human Brain. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.011.

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Spatial attention has been studied for over a half a century. Early behavioural work showed that attending to a location improves performance on a variety of tasks. Since then substantial progress has been made on understanding the neural mechanisms underlying these effects. This chapter reviews the neuroimaging literature, as well as related behavioural and single-cell physiology studies, on visual spatial attention. In particular, the chapter frames much of the work in the context of the biased competition theory of attention, which argues that a primary mechanism of attention is to bias competition among stimuli in the visual cortex in favour of an attended stimulus that, as a result, receives enhanced processing to guide behaviour. Accordingly, the authors have organized this chapter into two related sections. The first summarizes the effects of attention in the visual cortex and thalamus, the so-called ‘site’ of attention. The second explores the relationship between attention and fronto-parietal mechanisms which are thought to be the ‘source’ of the biasing signals exerted on the visual cortex.
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