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Fendley, Mary E. "Human Cognitive Biases and Heuristics in Image Analysis." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1257278185.
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Barston, Julie Linda. "An investigation into belief biases in reasoning." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1906.
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This programme of research investigates the effect of belief bias in syllogistic reasoning. Belief bias is conventionally characterised as a non-logical tendency to accept or reject deductive inferences on the basis of belief rather than logical argument. However, some theorists have argued that the effect is weak compared with that of logic and that it arises from misinterpretation of the premises or failure to accept the logical task. Despite the adoption of controls recommended in the recent literature, Experiments 1 to 3 found consistently strong belief bias effects on the syllogistic evaluation task. However, there were equally strong effects of logic and an interaction between the two factors. Verbal protocol analysis revealed some possible misinterpretation of premises. More strikingly, however, it suggested the presence of three different modes of reasoning which were forward, backward or conclusion based and associated respectively with increasing levels of belief bias. Belief bias was not observed in Experiments 4 and 5 which employed similar problem content on the syllogistic construction task. However, in view of findings recently published by other researchers, it appears that more salient beliefs are needed to produce the effect on this type of task. Experiments 6 to 9 investigated the cause of the logic times belief interaction observed here and in earlier published studies: in essence, the effect of belief is stronger on invalid than valid problems. This could be due to misinterpretation of the logical concept of necessity, but extended instruction on logical interpretation failed to eliminate the effect. The findings were more consistent with a selective scrutiny model of belief bias which claims that arguments supporting unbelievable conclusions are more thoroughly analysed than those supporting believable conclusions. This model is discussed with reference to contemporary theories and findings in the psychology of reasoning.
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Smitherman, Todd Alan. "Information-processing biases toward interoceptive stimuli in claustrophobia." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Dissertations/SMITHERMAN_TODD_8.pdf.
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Chan, Ka-yiu Daniel, and 陳嘉堯. "The role of information processing biases in psychosis proneness." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/209539.
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Pathology congruent information-processing biases, the tendency for the information processing system to consistently favour materials whose content corresponds to the pathology’s symptoms and concerns, had been found to be implicated in the aetiology and maintenance of multiple clinical disorders, with ample research established in emotional disorders. Relatively, little work had been done on psychosis, in which research to date on biased interpretation mainly focused on interpretation of auditory hallucinations and the associated distress. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of pathology congruent interpretation bias in paranoia on the prediction of psychosis proneness, the subclinical manifestation of psychosis phenotypes. Cross-sectional data on biased information processing and psychosis proneness were collected from 154 individuals recruited in the normal population via cognitive and self-report measures. A series of hierarchical regression analyses were performed and results suggest that negative information processing bias significantly contributes to the prediction of psychosis proneness. There is also evidence that interpretation bias plays a mediating role in the prediction of psychosis proneness only when the direction of bias was congruent to the pathology’s symptoms and concerns. The discerned mediating role of pathology congruent interpretation bias contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying psychosis proneness. Its clinical implications in terms early identification and target for intervention are further discussed.published_or_final_version
Clinical Psychology
Master
Master of Social Sciences
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Chen, Xiaoyan. "Cognitive and motivational parameters in motivated biases in human judgment." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9913.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2009.Thesis research directed by: Dept of Psychology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Turpin, Sibella Margaretha. "The role of information systems in decision-making biases." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25720.
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Information systems and in particular decision support systems have been developed to supplement human information processing and to assist with decision-making. Human decision-making is facilitated by the often unconscious use of heuristics or rules of thumb in situations where it may not be possible or feasible to search for the best decision. Judgemental heuristics have previously been found to lead to biases in decision-making. When information systems are used as decision aids, they may have an influence on biases. This study investigates the possible role of information systems in introducing, reinforcing or reducing biases of decision-making. It has been found that information systems have the ability to introduce new biases and to reinforce biases. Information systems can also reduce biases, but this requires innovate thinking on the way information is represented and the way human decision-making processes are supported. It has also been found that in the real world, other than the laboratories where biases are usually measured, other constraints on rational decision-making, such as politics or data errors, can overshadow the effects of biases.Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2003.
Informatics
unrestricted
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Kim, Emilie. "Investigation of cultural biases in human moral recall : a computationally grounded study." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53093.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2009.Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-56).
I hypothesize that people are experts in the morals of their culture. By "expert," I mean that people index moral stories not on the basis of superficial features, but rather on the moral itself. Not all moral stories would be indexed this way, but only stories congruent with one's culture. This moral expert hypothesis can be measured by examining how people access stored moral stories during a story recall task. Using the idea that experts show stronger analogical retrieval than novices, I investigate analogical access of culturally-based morals. I describe two pilot experiments (n = 8, n = 11) that use a collection of Eastern and Western moral stories to gather story retrieval data from people of Eastern and Western cultures. The results of these pilot experiments were unexpected. Eastern and Western subjects rate similar and sound story pairs comparably, providing supporting evidence that analogical inference is independent of culture. As hypothesized, Eastern subjects exhibit an expert retrieval effect with Eastern didactic stories (p = 0.10) and a novice pattern of retrieval with Western stories (p = 0.05). However, in contradiction of the hypothesis, Western subjects retrieve Western stories as novices (p = 0.07), which is congruent with previous research, and recall Eastern stories showing a slight expert effect (p = 0.11). The preliminary explanation suggested for these results is based on the differences in moral education in Western and Eastern culture; in Western culture, there is a lack of focused moral education, compared to the strong emphasis placed on didactic learning in Eastern culture.
by Emilie Kim.
M.Eng.
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Kliegr, Tomas. "Effect of cognitive biases on human understanding of rule-based machine learning models." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/31851.
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This thesis investigates to what extent do cognitive biases a ect human understanding of interpretable machine learning models, in particular of rules discovered from data. Twenty cognitive biases (illusions, e ects) are analysed in detail, including identi cation of possibly e ective debiasing techniques that can be adopted by designers of machine learning algorithms and software. This qualitative research is complemented by multiple experiments aimed to verify, whether, and to what extent, do selected cognitive biases in uence human understanding of actual rule learning results. Two experiments were performed, one focused on eliciting plausibility judgments for pairs of inductively learned rules, second experiment involved replication of the Linda experiment with crowdsourcing and two of its modi cations. Altogether nearly 3.000 human judgments were collected. We obtained empirical evidence for the insensitivity to sample size e ect. There is also limited evidence for the disjunction fallacy, misunderstanding of and , weak evidence e ect and availability heuristic. While there seems no universal approach for eliminating all the identi ed cognitive biases, it follows from our analysis that the e ect of many biases can be ameliorated by making rule-based models more concise. To this end, in the second part of thesis we propose a novel machine learning framework which postprocesses rules on the output of the seminal association rule classi cation algorithm CBA [Liu et al, 1998]. The framework uses original undiscretized numerical attributes to optimize the discovered association rules, re ning the boundaries of literals in the antecedent of the rules produced by CBA. Some rules as well as literals from the rules can consequently be removed, which makes the resulting classi er smaller. Benchmark of our approach on 22 UCI datasets shows average 53% decrease in the total size of the model as measured by the total number of conditions in all rules. Model accuracy remains on the same level as for CBA.
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Nighswander, Tristan. "Behavioral Biases in General Equilibrium: Implications for Wealth Inequality and Human Capital Formation." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23811.
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My research focuses on the integration of behavioral economics into well understood general equilibrium macroeconomic models populated by overlapping generations of heterogeneous agents. Specifically, I analyze the implications of populating model economies with present-biased agents who are finitely lived, subject to idiosyncratic labor income shocks, and heterogeneous in both exponential and present-biased discount factors. My primary goal is characterizing the contribution of behavioral biases towards resolving several issues in the literature pertaining to human capital investment and aggregate wealth inequality. Further, the inclusion of present bias in carefully calibrated model economies allows me to rationalize empirical differences in consumption, wealth, and education that arise between observationally similar households that models of homogeneous, exponential discounters are unable to match.
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Albalawi, Tahani F. "Quantifying the Effect of Cognitive Biases on Security Decision-Making." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1532529752353789.
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Drummond, Lyndsey Elizabeth. "Emotion-related information processing biases associated with depression in childhood." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2657.
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Few studies have examined depression in children from an Information Processing (IP) perspective. In this thesis a number of domains of IP (known to be associated with adult depression)are examined in children and adolescents, in particular, autobiographical memory specificity in both clinical and non-clinical samples. Foremost, overgeneral memory (OGM) was found for the first time, to be characteristic of dysphoric (Study 1) and clinically depressed children (Study 2). Similarity in the extent of the OGM bias in depressed and dysphoric children was observed. OGM was also comparable across child, adolescent and adult depressed groups (Study 2). Second, OGM predicted depressive symptoms in children during a stressful life event, in the first longitudinal diathesis-stress investigation of OGM to date (Study 3). OGM was also linked for the first time to an overgeneral thinking style and to a depressive attributional style (Study 3) thereby offering possible mechanistic insight in OGM. Third, in support of Williams' (1996) developmental origins hypothesis, OGM was also demonstrated in children in residential care who had suffered significant independently verified negative life events (Study 5). OGM in these youth was positively correlated with deficits in social problem solving and facial-affect identification, in part contextualizing OGM in children alongside depresso-typical biases. Performance on the AMT also varied as a function of severity of abuse with more abused children demonstrating less OGM -a recency memorial coping strategy is proposed to account for this effect. Fourth, a new measure of EF was introduced and highlights the importance of encoding preferences in explaining 0GM (Studies I& 5). Finally, considerable attention is paid to the pattern of valence results across studies. It is noted that effects most often lie with biases in the processing of positive information and that future studies may benefit from a concentration on this aspect of depressogenic bias utilizing a developmental perspective. Several key theoretical and practical implications are carefully discussed.
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Van, Dyke Thomas P. (Thomas Peter). "The Effects of Alternative Presentation Formats on Biases and Heuristics in Human Decision Making." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279303/.
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The purpose of this research was to determine whether changes in the presentation format of items in a computer display could be used to alter the impact of specific cognitive biases, and to add to the knowledge needed to construct theory-based guidelines for output design. The problem motivating this study is twofold. The first part of the problem is the sub-optimal decision making caused by the use of heuristics and their associated cognitive biases. The second part of the problem is the lack of a theoretical basis to guide the design of information presentation formats to counter the effects of such biases.
An availability model of the impact of changes in presentation format on biases and heuristics was constructed based on the findings of a literature review. A six-part laboratory experiment was conducted utilizing a sample of 205 student subjects from the college of business. The independent variable was presentation format which was manipulated by altering the visual salience or visual recency of items of information in a visual computer display. The dependent variables included recall, perceived importance, and the subjects' responses to three judgment tasks.
The results clearly demonstrate that changes in presentation format can be used to alter the impact of cognitive biases on human decision making. The results also provide support for the availability model, with the exception of the proposed influence of learning style. Learning style was found to have no significant impact on decision making whether alone or in combination with changes in presentation format.
The results of this investigation demonstrate that by using our knowledge of cognitive processes (e.g., the visual salience effect, the visual recency effect, and the availability heuristic), presentation formats can be altered in order to moderate the effects of certain biases and heuristics in human decision making. An understanding of these results may be useful in improving DSS design.
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Slack, Marion Kimball. "An information processing model of pharmacists' cognition: Research on typicality biases in performance." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184737.
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An information processing model was developed to describe how information used by pharmacists in providing pharmacy services is processed. The process is hypothesized to be sequential and to consist of perception, recognition, judgment, decision making and response control components which continuously interact and are influenced by memory, particularly long term memory. Information in long term memory was hypothesized to be organized according to the perceived typicality of the stimulus. A laboratory methodology using a microcomputer was developed to test the effect of typicality on three of the process components, recognition, judgment and decision making. Three groups of ten subjects were tested, practicing pharmacists, pharmacy technicians and fourth year PharmD students. For the recognition task, subjects were shown a drug name on the computer screen then asked to indicate which of two drug names, one typical and one atypical, was shown. Pharmacists' responses were most likely to be biased toward the typical drug, technicians' responses were less likely to be biased and students' responses were least likely to be biased. For the judgment task, subjects were shown a drug name and a brief description of a typical or atypical patient; subjects were asked to indicate whether the drug was likely to be appropriate therapy for the patient. Pharmacists' responses were most likely to be biased by the perceived typicality of the patient, technicians, less likely and students, least likely. The decision task was identical to the judgment task except subjects were asked to indicate whether they would dispense the prescription as written or whether they would contact the prescriber. Pharmacists' choices were most likely to be influenced by the perceived typicality of the patient, and technicians were less likely to be influenced by typicality. Students' responses appeared not to be influenced at all. When between groups comparisons were made on difference scores, only the comparison between pharmacists and students on the decision task was significant. No statistically significant differences were found on the reaction time dependent variable for any of the subject groups.
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Byrd, Rebekah J., and L. Farmer. "Genderism in the LGBTQQIA2P Communities: Understanding and Addressing Biases." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/921.
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Genderism may be understood as “an ideology that reinforces the negative evaluation of gender nonconformity or incongruence between sex and gender” (Hill & Willoughby, 2005, p. 534). Further, genderism may be similar to the concept of heterosexism. While western culture has operated within traditional binary thought systems and the LGBTQQIA subculture has been subject to these same ideas, affectional orientation and gender identity have also been significantly expanded through greater recognition of nonheterosexuality. Emerging research validates the complexity of affectional orientation and gender identity through the recognition of intersectionality as a more accurate framework. The presenters will discuss findings of their qualitative research study that examined how genderism is experienced within, among, and between members of the LGBTQQIA communities. For the purposes of the study, genderism was defined as bias resulting from a binary view of gender. Responses from ten individuals were analyzed for themes within and across participants using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The findings have implications for counseling practice, counselor education, and considerations for advocacy.
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Tressler, Danette Salas. "Attentional biases in women at risk for eating disorders a comparison of three cognitive tasks /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1228181985.
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Qin, Fei. "Supply Chain Strategies in the Presence of Supply Capacity Uncertainty, Consumer Trade-in Services, or Human Behavioral Biases." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1406810613.
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Moser, Jason S. "Common and distinct information processing biases in social anxiety and depression as revealed by event-related brain potentials." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 107 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1891605811&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Hagman, William. "Affective Biases and Heuristics in Decision Making : Emotion regulation as a factor for decision making competence." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-96364.
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Stanovich and West (2008) explored if measures of cognitive ability ignored some important aspects of thinking itself, namely that cognitive ability alone is not enough to generally prevent biased thinking. In this thesis a series of decision making (DM) tasks is tested to see if emotion regulation (ER) is a factor for the decision process and therefore should be a measured in decision making competence. A set of DM tasks was compiled involving both affective and cognitive dimensions. 400 participants completed an online web-survey. The results showed that ER ability was significantly associated with performance in various DM tasks that involved both heuristic and biased thinking. These findings suggest that ER can be a factor in decision making competence.
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Dimara, Evanthia. "Information Visualization for Decision Making : Identifying Biases and Moving Beyond the Visual Analysis Paradigm." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS367/document.
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Certains problèmes ne peuvent être résolus ni par les ordinateurs seuls ni par les humains seuls. La visualisation d'information est une solution commune quand il est nécessaire de raisonner sur de grandes quantités de données. Plus une visualisation est efficace, plus il est possible de résoudre des problèmes complexes. Dans la recherche en visualisation d'information, une visualisation est généralement considérée comme efficace quand elle permet de comprendre les données. Les méthodes d'évaluation cherchent à déterminer si les utilisateurs comprennent les données affichées et sont capables d'effectuer des tâches analytiques comme, par exemple, identifier si deux variables sont corrélées. Cette thèse suggère d'aller au-delà de ce ``paradigme de l'analyse visuelle'' et élargir le champ de recherche à un autre type de tâche: la prise de décision. Les tâches de décision sont essentielles à tous, du directeur d'entreprise qui doit prendre des décisions importantes à l'individu ordinaire qui choisit un plan de carrière ou désire simplement acheter un appareil photo. Néanmoins, les décisions ne se résument pas à la simple compréhension de l'information et sont difficiles à étudier. Elles peuvent impliquer des préférences subjectives, n'ont pas toujours de vérité de terrain, et dépendent souvent de connaissances externes aux données visualisées. Pourtant, les tâches de décision ne font pas partie des taxonomies de tâches en visualisation et n'ont pas été bien définies. De plus, la recherche manque de métriques, de méthodes et de travaux empiriques pour valider l'efficacité des visualisations pour la prise de décision. Cette thèse offre une définition opérationnelle pour une classe particulière de tâches de décision, et présente une analyse systématique qui identifie les visualisations multidimensionnelles compatibles avec ces tâches. Elle présente en outre la première comparaison empirique de techniques de visualisation multidimensionnelle basée sur leur capacité à aider la décision, et esquisse une méthodologie et des métriques pour évaluer la qualité des décisions. Elle explore ensuite le rôle des instructions dans les tâches de décision et des tâches analytiques équivalentes, et identifie des différences de performance entre les deux tâches. De même que les sciences de la vision informent la visualisation d'information sur les limites de la vision humaine, aller au-delà du paradigme de l'analyse visuelle implique de prendre en compte les limites du raisonnement humain. Cette thèse passe en revue la théorie de la décision afin de mieux comprendre comment les humains prennent des décisions, et formule une nouvelle taxonomie de biais cognitifs basée sur la tâche utilisateur. En outre, elle démontre empiriquement que des biais peuvent être présents même quand l'information est bien visualisée, et qu'une décision peut être ``correcte'' mais néanmoins irrationnelle, dans le sens où elle est influencée par des informations non pertinentes. Cette thèse examine finalement comment mitiger les biais. Les méthodes pour améliorer le raisonnement humain reposent souvent sur un entraînement intensif à des principes et à des procédures abstraites, qui se révèlent souvent peu efficaces. Les visualisations offrent une opportunité dans la mesure où ses concepteurs peuvent remodeler l'environnement pour changer la façon dont les utilisateurs assimilent les données. Cette thèse passe en revue la théorie de la décision pour identifier de possibles solutions de conception. De plus, elle démontre empiriquement que supplémenter une visualisation par des interactions qui facilitent des stratégies de décision alternatives peut mener à des décisions plus rationnelles. Via des études empiriques, cette thèse suggère que le paradigme de l'analyse visuelle n'est pas en mesure de relever tous les défis de la prise de décision aidée de la visualisation, mais qu'aller au-delà peut contribuer à faire de la visualisation un puissant outil de prise de décisionThere are problems neither humans nor computers can solve alone. Computer-supported visualizations are a well-known solution when humans need to reason based on a large amount of data. The more effective a visualization, the more complex the problems that can be solved. In information visualization research, to be considered effective, a visualization typically needs to support data comprehension. Evaluation methods focus on whether users indeed understand the displayed data, can gain insights and are able to perform a set of analytic tasks, e.g., to identify if two variables are correlated. This dissertation suggests moving beyond this "visual analysis paradigm" by extending research focus to another type of task: decision making. Decision tasks are essential to everybody, from the manager of a company who needs to routinely make risky decisions to an ordinary person who wants to choose a career life path or simply find a camera to buy. Yet decisions do not merely involve information understanding and are difficult to study. Decision tasks can involve subjective preferences, do not always have a clear ground truth, and they often depend on external knowledge which may not be part of the displayed dataset. Nevertheless, decision tasks are neither part of visualization task taxonomies nor formally defined. Moreover, visualization research lacks metrics, methodologies and empirical works that validate the effectiveness of visualizations in supporting a decision. This dissertation provides an operational definition for a particular class of decision tasks and reports a systematic analysis to investigate the extent to which existing multidimensional visualizations are compatible with such tasks. It further reports on the first empirical comparison of multidimensional visualizations for their ability to support decisions and outlines a methodology and metrics to assess decision accuracy. It further explores the role of instructions in both decision tasks and equivalent analytic tasks, and identifies differences in accuracy between those tasks. Similarly to vision science that informs visualization researchers and practitioners on the limitations of human vision, moving beyond the visual analysis paradigm would mean acknowledging the limitations of human reasoning. This dissertation reviews decision theory to understand how humans should, could and do make decisions and formulates a new taxonomy of cognitive biases based on the user task where such biases occur. It further empirically shows that cognitive biases can be present even when information is well-visualized, and that a decision can be ``correct'' yet irrational, in the sense that people's decisions are influenced by irrelevant information. This dissertation finally examines how biases can be alleviated. Current methods for improving human reasoning often involve extensive training on abstract principles and procedures that often appear ineffective. Yet visualizations have an ace up their sleeve: visualization designers can re-design the environment to alter the way people process the data. This dissertation revisits decision theory to identify possible design solutions. It further empirically demonstrates that enriching a visualization with interactions that facilitate alternative decision strategies can yield more rational decisions. Through empirical studies, this dissertation suggests that the visual analysis paradigm cannot fully address the challenges of visualization-supported decision making, but that moving beyond can contribute to making visualization a powerful decision support tool
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von, Feilitzen Johanna. "Hur beslutsstödsystem för analytiskt arbete kan stödja underrättelsetjästens arbete inom den svenska Försvarsmakten." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-232740.
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Det militära användningsområdet för IT är inte bara det första utan även ett av de mest drivande. Beslutsstödsystem inom detta område har en naturlig roll då beslut ofta behöver tas snabbt, med risk för allvarliga konsekvenser. För att ta dessa beslut stödjer den Svenska Försvarsmaktens beslutstagare sig på analyserad information från Underrättelsetjänsten. För att informationen ska vara av hög kvalité behöver analytiker vid Underrättelsetjänsten stöd från tidseffektiva och tillförlitliga analytiska beslutsstödsystem. Det här arbetet kommer att beskriva en prototyp av ett sådant system, kallat Multihypothesis management and analysis tool. Verktyget har utvecklats av Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut för att användas av Försvarsmaktens analytiker. I arbetet presenteras förslag på hur verktyget kan vidareutvecklas från prototyp till ett verktyg med fokus på användarnas arbetsrutiner. Förslagen är baserade på insamlad information om hur analytiker vid Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut bedriver sina analyser och deras uppfattning om prototypen. Samma analytiker deltog i den avslutande utvärderingen av vidareutvecklingsförslagen som gav positiva resultat. Efter att studien avslutats valde FOI att inkludera förslagen i prototypens utvecklingsplan.The armed forces have been, not only the first, but also one of the most propulsive for development within the IT. Decision support systems (DSS) have a natural role in this area of use due the fact that decisions have to be made quickly and often with a risk of dire consequences. To be able to make these decisions, the decision makers of the Swedish armed forces rely themselves upon analysed information from the intelligence service. To make sure that the information keeps a high level of quality, the analysts at the intelligence service need time efficient and reliable DSS in order to conduct their analysis. This thesis will describe one of these systems, a prototype called Multihypothesis management and analysis tool (MHMA). MHMA is developed by the Swedish defence research agency for the Swedish armed forces. The thesis will present development proposals for how the system could develop from the existing prototype into a user-centred system, which would fit the analysts’ work environment. The proposals are based on gathered information from analysts at the Swedish defence research agency, regarding their opinions about the prototype. The same analysts also participated in the evaluation of the development proposals. After the completion of the study, FOI chose to include the proposals in the development plan of the prototype.
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Whitfield, Deidre Raquel. "Discrimination in the workforce: how it impacts a business." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/13311.
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Discrimination, in its best form, is a hard concept to fathom as an employee or ordinary citizen. In the workplace, there are times when discrimination is necessary due to extenuating circumstances that revolve around the form or act of discrimination. It could be conveyed to save a life or avoid future conflict. However, it must be clearly stated as a written law that the act is lawful. When unlawful discrimination occurs, it stages an entirely different tone, as it is mainly conducted out of malice, hatred, greed, control, or ignorance. Over the last few decades, discrimination has existed in the workplace, although Federal laws mandate that it does not occur. It does not exist in just one geographical area or is country specific, but covers a wide spectrum, linking countries together from their points of view to creating rifts amongst those who are affected and those who are not, not only from a business perspective, but social humanistic relationships as well. This thesis will use quantitative and qualitative data to support discrimination of sexual harassment, race or color, and gender issues, as well as personal experiences, and how it has and will continue to impact businesses if the acts do not cease, permanently. Leadership, from the Presidents and Heads of Countries, Chief Executive Officers (CEOs), managers, lowest-ranking supervisor, and employees should make it their personal goal to ensure these issues do not continue or arise in their perspective areas of responsibilities. When employees understand that they are valued, will be taken seriously when reporting acts of discrimination, and that some form of action will be taken, performance and productivity will escalate, and morale will increase in the workplace, resulting in higher productivity and subsequently higher profit margins for the company.
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Nioche, Aurélien. "From homo-œconomicus to non-human primate : three case studies on the cognitive micro-foundations of economics." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS361.
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A travers trois études, cette thèse vise à explorer les micro-fondations cognitives de l'économie. Dans une première étude, j'examine le rôle de l'information dans la coordination sur un moyen d'échange unique, c'est-à-dire l'émergence d'une monnaie. En s'appuyant sur les modèles de prospection monétaire (Kiyotaki & Wright, 1989, et Iwai, 1996), l'objectif de cette étude est de remettre en question l'hypothèse selon laquelle une information exhaustive est une condition nécessaire à l'émergence d'une monnaie. Dans une deuxième étude, j'aborde le rôle de l'information dans une situation de concurrence duopolistique. À l'aide d'un modèle à la Hotelling (1929), nous vérifions l'hypothèse selon laquelle la variation de la quantité d'information accessible aux consommateurs influe sur la dynamique du marché. Dans une troisième étude, je m'intéresse à la prise de décision dans le risque chez le macaque rhésus. Prenant appui sur la théorie des perspectives (Kahneman & Tversky, 1989, 1992), l'objectif principal est d'examiner dans quelle mesure les macaques font preuve d'un traitement asymétrique des gains et des pertes similaire à celui des humainsThrough three studies, this thesis aims to explore the cognitive micro-foundations of economics. In a first study, I investigate the role of the information for coordination on a unique medium of exchange, that is to say money emergence. Relying on the search theoretical models (Kiyotaki & Wright, 1989, and Iwai, 1996), the goal of this study is to challenge the assumption that an exhaustive information is a necessary condition for money emergence. In a second study, I tackle the role of the information in duopoly competition. Using a model a-la-Hotelling (1929), we test the hypothesis that varying the amount of information available by consumers substantially impacts market’s dynamics. In a third study, I am interested in decision-making under risk in rhesus monkeys. Based on the prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1989, 1992), the main purpose is to assess to what extent macaques exhibit an asymmetric treatment of gains and losses similar to that of humans
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Schustek, Philipp. "Probabilistic models for human judgments about uncertainty in intuitive inference tasks." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/586057.
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Updating beliefs to maintain coherence with observational evidence is a cornerstone of rationality. This entails the compliance with probabilistic principles which acknowledge that real-world observations are consistent with several possible interpretations. This work presents two novel experimental paradigms and computational analyses of how human participants quantify uncertainty in perceptual inference tasks. Their behavioral responses feature non-trivial patterns of probabilistic inference such as reliability-based belief updating over hierarchical state representations of the environment. Despite characteristic generalization biases, behavior cannot be explained well by alternative heuristic accounts. These results suggest that uncertainty is an integral part of our inferences and that we indeed have the potential to resort to rational inference mechanisms that adhere to probabilistic principles. Furthermore, they appear consistent with ubiquitous representations of uncertainty posited by framework theories such as Bayesian hierarchical modeling and predictive coding.Un pilar fundamental de la racionalidad es actualizar las creencias con la finalidad de mantener la coherencia con la evidencia observacional. Esto implica cumplir con principios probabilísticos, los cuales reconocen que las observaciones del mundo real son consistentes con varias interpretaciones posibles. Este estudio presenta dos novedosas pruebas experimentales, así como análisis computacionales, de cómo participantes humanos cuantifican la incertidumbre en tareas de inferencia perceptiva. Sus respuestas conductuales muestran patrones no triviales de inferencia probabilística, tales como la actualización de creencias basadas en la confiabilidad sobre las representaciones jerárquicas del estado del entorno. A pesar de los sesgos característicos de generalización, el comportamiento no puede ser correctamente explicado con descripciones heurísticas alternativas. Estos resultados sugieren que la incertidumbre es una parte integral de nuestras inferencias y que efectivamente tenemos el potencial para recurrir a mecanismos de inferencia racional, los cuales adhieren a principios probabilísticos. Además, dichos resultados son compatibles con la idea de que representaciones de incertidumbre internas son ubicuas, lo cual presuponen teorías generales como Bayesian hierarchical modeling y predictive coding.
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Bode, Stefan [Verfasser], Jutta [Gutachter] Stahl, Hilde [Gutachter] Haider, and Martin [Gutachter] Reurter. "Uncovering contextual biases in human decision-making. A multivariate analysis approach for patterns of functional magnetic resonance imaging data and event-related potentials / Stefan Bode ; Gutachter: Jutta Stahl, Hilde Haider, Martin Reurter." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1137322438/34.
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Ásmundsdóttir, Ragnheidur Diljá. "Effect of ascertainment bias on calculations of sex-biased admixture in Southern Africa." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447738.
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Southern African populations harbour great genetic diversity enhanced by population migration to the area in the last two millennia. Africa is perhaps the least studied continent in regards to population genetics and is often underrepresented in global studies. Studying sex-biased admixture in admixed populations is a great tool to understand population demographic history as well as sex-biased admixture from past events. Various studies on sex-biased admixture in Southern Africa have shown male sex-biased admixture from the incoming Bantu-speaking populations. One study by Hollfelder (2018) shows female Bantu-speaking sex-biased admixture. Here I will try to determine if ascertainment bias is the cause of the unexpected results in Hollfelder (2018). I will do this by comparing the original results, genotyped using the Illumina Omni 2.5M Array, to overlapping SNPs in two different arrays, the Affymetrix Human Origin Array and the Infinium H3Africa Consortium Array. Additionally, I will use whole genome data containing same individuals and individuals from similar populations to form a hypothesis on how the sex-biased admixture should look like without ascertainment. Then extracting variants from the whole genome data to two array SNP panels, the Illumina 2.5M Array and the Infinium H3Africa Consortium Array. For both parts in my project a method by Goldberg and Rosenberg (2015) will be used to calculate female and male contribution from admixture proportions of the X-chromosome and the autosomes estimated using the software ADMIXTURE. The results obtained could not determine if ascertainment bias was the sole factor skewing the results. The overlap with the Affymetrix Human Origin Array showed results closest to expected results based on previous studies, suggesting that ascertainment bias likely affects the results. The results attained using the whole genome indicated that the genotype calls of individuals present in both parts of the study did not fully match and that was confirmed using a principal component analysis. Unfortunatly the data used and analytical limitations in this project did not yield answers to how ascertainment bias affects calculations on sex-biased admixture. The X-chromosome is difficult to work with, especially when using data from multiple publications, as there is no standard common best-practice pipeline available on how to process the data leading to different data sets having been treated differently, which possibly affects downstream analysis when combining data sets.
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Eklund, Joakim, and Fred Isaksson. "Identifying & Evaluating SystemComponents for Cognitive Trustin AI-Automated Service Encounters : Trusting a Study- & Vocational Chatbot." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-386044.
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The intensifying idea that AI soon will be a part of our everyday life allows for dreams about the complex relationship we one day could have with non-biological social intelligence. However, establishing societal and individual acceptance of AI-powered autonomy in disciplines built upon to the reliance to human competence raises a number of pressing challenges. One of them being, what system components will engender respectively counteract cognitive trust in socially oriented AI-automated processes? This masters thesis tackles the seemingly ambiguous concept of trust in automation by identifying and evaluating system components that affect trust in a confined and contextualised setting. Practically, we design, construct and test an AI-powered chatbot, Ava, that contains socially oriented questions and feedback about study- and vocational guidance. Through a comparative study of different system versions, including both quantitative and qualitative data, we contribute to the framework for identifying and evaluating human trust in AI-Automated service encounters. We show how targeted alterations to design choices constituting the system components transparency, unbiasses and system performance, identified to affect trust, has consequences on the perception of the cognitive trust concepts integrity, benevolence and ability. Our results display a way of conduct for practitioners looking to prioritise and develop trustworthy autonomy. More specifically, we account for how cognitive trust is decreased when system opacity is increased. Moreover, we display even more concerning effects on trust due to micking contextual bias in the conversation agent.
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Xu, Ke. "Comparative genomic and epigenomic analyses of human and non-human primate evolution." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52935.
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Primates are one of the best characterized phylogenies with vast amounts of comparative data available, including genomic sequences, gene expression, and epigenetic modifications. Thus, they provide an ideal system to study sequence evolution, regulatory evolution, epigenetic evolution as well as their interplays. Comparative studies of primate genomes can also shed light on molecular basis of human-specific traits. This dissertation is mainly composed of three chapters studying human and non-human primate evolution. The first study investigated evolutionary rate difference between sex chromosome and autosomes across diverse primate species. The second study developed an unbiased approach without the need of prior information to identify genomic segments under accelerated evolution. The third study investigated interplay between genomic and epigenomic evolution of humans and chimpanzees.
Research advance 1: evolutionary rates of the X chromosome are predicted to be different from those of autosomes. A theory based on neutral mutation predicts that the X chromosome evolves slower than autosomes (slow-X evolution) because the numbers of cell division differ between spermatogenesis and oogenesis. A theory based on natural selection predicts an opposite direction (fast-X evolution) because newly arising beneficial mutations on the autosomes are usually recessive or partially recessive and not exposed to natural selection. A strong slow-X evolution is also predicted to counteract the effect of fast-X evolution. In our research, we simultaneously studied slow-X evolution, fast-X evolution as well as their interaction in a phylogeny of diverse primates. We showed that slow-X evolution exists in all the examined species, although their degrees differ, possibly due to their different life history traits such as generation times. We showed that fast-X evolution is lineage-specific and provided evidences that fast-X evolution is more evident in species with relatively weak slow-X evolution. We discussed potential contribution of various degrees of slow-X evolution on the conflicting population genetic inferences about human demography.
Research advance 2: human-specific traits have long been considered to reside in the genome. There has been a surge of interest to identify genomic regions with accelerated evolution rate in the human genome. However, these studies either rely on a priori knowledge or sliding windows of arbitrary sizes. My research provided an unbiased approach based on previously developed “maximal segment” algorithm to identify genomic segments with accelerated lineage-specific substitution rate. Under this framework, we identified a large number of human genomic segments with clustered human-specific substitutions (named “maximal segments” after the algorithm). Our identified human maximal segments cover a significant amount of previously identified human accelerated regions and overlap with genes enriched in developmental processes. We demonstrated that the underlying evolutionary forces driving the maximal segments included regionally increased mutation rate, biased gene conversion and positive selection.
Research advance 3: DNA methylation is one of the most common epigenetic modifications and plays a significant role in gene regulation. How DNA methylation status varies on the evolutionary timescale is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the role of genetic changes in shaping DNA methylation divergence between humans and chimpanzees in their sperm and brain, separately. We find that for orthologous promoter regions, CpG dinucleotide content difference is negatively correlated with DNA methylation level difference in the sperm but not in the brain, which may be explained by the fact that CpG depleting mutations better reflect germline DNA methylation levels. For the aligned sites of orthologous promoter regions, sequence divergence is positively correlated with methylation divergence for both tissues. We showed that the evolution of DNA methylation can be affected by various genetic factors including transposable element insertions, CpG depleting mutations and CpG generating mutations.
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Petzold, Antje. "Lateralized Head Turning Bias in Humans – Cues to the Development of Human Cerebral Asymmetries." Bachelor's thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-24971.
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The origin and development of human cerebral asymmetries is yet a debated issue. One prominent manifestation of cerebral asymmetry is handedness with humans showing a dextral population bias. Handedness in humans is not fully established before the age of six. However, head turning preference in newborns is thought to be an important factor in the development of later handedness. If this head turning preference did not disappear completely during development but would prevail into adulthood it might, thus, be associated with handedness. Therefore, this study aimed to assess head turning preference in adults and to relate a possibly emerging bias to handedness.
Forty-two adults (6 females, aged 23- 63, mean age = 35) participated in the study. Head turning preference was assessed by means of a move during Ju Jutsu martial arts training, which requires the trainee to move the head to either left or right. The direction of head movement is not specified for this move, leaving the choice to the trainee. Handedness was measured by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory.
Results did not reveal a profound head turning bias in adults. Contrary to the dextral bias in handedness, in this study a leftward bias in head turning emerged from those participants who showed a head turning preference. Head turning bias did not depend on handedness.
The finding of a nearly absent and predominantly leftward head turning bias in this sample is discussed in the context of the Ju Jutsu task, training experience and trainer bias. It is concluded that the Ju Jutsu move is not a sufficient task to assess head turning preference in humans. Thus, to further illuminate the relation between head turning preference and handedness, studies are needed which assess head turning preference in adults in an un-trainable and unbiased situation.
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Knutsen, Dominique. "Le rôle de l'accessibilité en mémoire dans la réutilisation des références en dialogue collaboratif : Contribution à l'étude du dialogue humain-humain et humain-système." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT5009/document.
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En dialogue humain-humain et humain-système, le terrain commun (constitué des informations que les locuteurs ont conscience de partager ; Clark & Marshall, 1981) sert de base à la production de références adaptées au partenaire (Isaacs & Clark, 1987 ; Powers et al., 2005). La production des références appartenant au terrain commun dépend de leur accessibilité en mémoire pour chaque partenaire : plus une référence est accessible, plus elle est susceptible d'être produite (Horton & Gerrig, 2005a, 2005b). En ce sens, la production de références appartenant au terrain commun fait l'objet d'un biais égocentrique, étant donné qu'elle reflète principalement l'état mental du partenaire produisant les références (Barr & Keysar, 2002 ; Keysar, 1997). L'objectif de la thèse est de montrer que l'accessibilité en mémoire des références du terrain commun influence non seulement l'adaptation à autrui, mais aussi la réutilisation des références, c'est-à-dire la production de références après leur intégration au terrain commun par les partenaires. Cinq expériences ont été réalisées en vue de caractériser la réutilisation des références en dialogue humain-humain et humain-système. Il s'agit également d'isoler les facteurs linguistiques et non-linguistiques susceptibles d'influencer l'accessibilité en mémoire des références appartenant au terrain commun. Les résultats ont confirmé que la réutilisation pendant le dialogue fait l'objet d'un biais égocentrique. La production par soi et par autrui au moment où les références sont intégrées au terrain commun constitue un déterminant important du niveau d'accessibilité de ces références. Par ailleurs, le niveau d'accessibilité des références varie au long de l'interaction. Sur la base de ces résultats, un nouveau modèle théorique est développé en vue de rendre compte du dialogue de manière dynamique. Les implications pour le dialogue humain-humain et humain-système sont discutéesIn human-human and human-system dialogue, the common ground (which includes the knowledge that the dialogue partners are aware of sharing; Clark & Marshall, 1981) serves as a basis for the production of partner-adapted references (Isaacs & Clark, 1987; Powers et al., 2005). The production of references which belong to the common ground is guided by their accessibility in memory from each speaker's point of view: the more accessible a reference, the more likely it is to be produced (Horton & Gerrig, 2005a, 2005b). In this sense, the production of references which belong to the common ground is subject to an egocentric bias, as it mainly reflects the state of mind of the speaking producing the references (Barr & Keysar, 2002; Keysar, 1997). The purpose of this thesis is to show that the accessibility in memory of the references which belong to the common ground guides not only partner-adaptation, but also reference reuse, that is, reference production after these references have been grounded by the speakers. Five experiments were conducted in order to characterize reference reuse in human-human and human-system dialogue. The aim was also to identify the linguistic and nonlinguistic factors which are likely to influence the accessibility in memory of the references which belong to the common ground. The results confirmed that reuse during dialogue is subject to an egocentric bias. Self- and partner-production at the time of reference grounding constitutes an important determinant of reference subsequent accessibility. What's more, reference accessibility varies throughout the interaction. On the basis of these results, a new theoretical model is developed in order to account for dialogue in a dynamic fashion. Implications for human-human and human-system dialogue are then discussed
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Saionz, Jennifer R. 1976. "Palindromes on the human X chromosome : testis-biased transcription, gene conversion and evolution." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35754.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology, 2005.Text of thesis refers to CDROM as Appendix A.
Includes bibliographical references.
Recent genomic studies of the Y chromosome revealed massive, testis-specific palindromes that span 30% of the chromosome and are subject to gene conversion. We conducted studies to determine whether similar palindromes exist on the human X chromosome and, if they exist, to what degree they share the features of the Y chromosome palindromes. We performed an electronic search for palindromes on the human X chromosome resulting in the identification of 24 palindromes comprising 1.8% of the chromosome. The palindromes consist of sequences 9.5 to more than 140 kilobases long duplicated in inverted orientation separated by a 0.2 to 164 kilobase spacer. The paired palindrome arms display greater than 99 percent nucleotide identity. We determined the palindrome associated gene content and experimentally evaluated their transcription range. All the genes residing in palindrome arms and spacers are transcribed in the testis, with almost two thirds predominantly testis-transcribed. To determine if the testis-transcription bias is due to a chromosome-wide enrichment for testis-transcribed genes, we used publicly available expression data to compare the ratio of palindrome-associated X-linked testis genes with non-palindrome-associated X-linked testis genes. We confirmed that the proportion of testis genes in palindromes is significantly different than that of testis genes on the entire X chromosome. We pursued a comparative sequencing strategy to trace the evolution of the X chromosome palindromes. We sequenced bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) from chimpanzee, orangutan and rhesus monkey genomic libraries containing sequence orthologous to several of the human X chromosome palindromes. We found some of the palindromes conserved in all species
(cont.) the origins of these palindromes before the rhesus monkey and human lineages split 25 million years ago. Despite their ancient origin, all of the palindromes studied display greater than 99 percent nucleotide identity between paired arms, suggesting that gene conversion between palindrome arms maintains the arm to arm similarity. We also uncovered insertions and deletions between orthologous palindrome arms that had been subsequently homogenized to the opposite arm of the palindrome. The largest deletion of 14.5 kilobases is the largest known example of a gene conversion homogenized indel in mammals.
by Jennifer R. Saionz.
Ph.D.
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Hia, Fabian. "Codon bias confers stability to human mRNAs." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253192.
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Dutta, Rajib. "Human Common Haplotypes Carry Signatures of “Great Admixture” between Ancient Lineages and GC-Biased Gene Conversion." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1507810392963753.
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Berglund, Jonas. "Meiotic Recombination in Human and Dog : Targets, Consequences and Implications for Genome Evolution." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk biokemi och mikrobiologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-233195.
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Understanding the mechanism of recombination has important implications for genome evolution and genomic variability. The work presented in this thesis studies the properties of recombination by investigating the effects it has on genome evolution in humans and dogs. Using alignments of human genes with chimpanzee and macaque orthologues we studied substitution patterns along the human lineage and scanned for evidence of positive selection. The properties mirror the situation in human non-coding sequences with the fixation bias ‘GC-biased gene conversion’ (gBGC) as a driving force in the most rapidly evolving regions. By assigning candidate genes to distinct classes of evolutionary forces we quantified the extent of those genes affected by gBGC to 20%. This suggests that human-specific characters can be prompted by the fixation bias of gBGC, which can be mistaken for selection. The gene PRDM9 controls recombination in most mammals, but is lacking in dogs. Using whole-genome alignments of dog with related species we examined the effects of PRDM9 inactivation. Additionally, we analyzed genomic variation in the genomes of several dog breeds. We identified that non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) via sequence identity, often GC-rich, creates structural variants of genomic regions. We show that these regions, which are also found in dog recombination hotspots, are a subset of unmethylated CpG-islands (CGIs). We inferred that CGIs have experienced a drastic increase in biased substitution rates, concurrent with a shift of recombination to target these regions. This enables recurrent episodes of gBGC to shape their distribution. The work presented in this thesis demonstrates the importance of meiotic recombination on patterns of molecular evolution and genomic variability in humans and dogs. Bioinformatic analyses identified mechanisms that regulate genome composition. gBGC is presented as an alternative to positive selection and is revealed as a major factor affecting allele configuration and the emergence of accelerated evolution on the human lineage. Characterization of recombination-induced sequence patterns highlights the potential of non-methylation and establishes unmethylated CGIs as targets of meiotic recombination in dogs. These observations describe recombination as an interesting process in genome evolution and provide further insights into the mechanisms of genomic variability.
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Pranoto, Yudi. "Effects of Human Decision Bias in Supply Chain Performance." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7545.
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Studies in newsvendor decision-making have shown that human decisions systematically deviate from analytical solutions found in many utility models of the single period problem (SPP). Yet for the most part the impacts of this human decision bias in systems of newsvendor type products have not been investigated. We study bias in human decision-making to determine how different factors affect the performance of systems of newsvendor type products.
We extended the state of the arts utility models of SPP to analyze the effects of individuals wealth on individual decision-making. Our theoretical and empirical results proved that individuals wealth significantly affected individual decision-making. Specifically, our analysis concluded that wealthier individual ordered more than poorer individual did when presented with the same investment opportunity.
We created a human decision bias (HDB) model to include different newsvendor ordering policies that individuals could use to determine their order quantities. This model is set up to investigate individuals reliance on different ordering policies under different experimental conditions.
We designed multi period newsvendor experiments to study effects of factors such as item profit margin, wealth, value of learning, and salvage value on decision-maker's order quantity. We found that wealth and profit margin factors significantly affected individual newsvendor decision-making. Learning, gender, and salvage value factor did not exhibit significant effects in our empirical studies.
We designed multi period multi echelon newsvendor experiments to study effects of factors such as the relationship between newsvendors, item profit margin, and newsvendors' wealth on the performance of two-echelon newsvendors system. We found item profit margin, wealth, and relationship between supplier and retailer to significantly affect newsvendor decision-making. Finally, we present a case study of US fresh produce industry to illustrate the impacts of human decision bias on the performance of a supply chain system.
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Doi, Stephanie. "Collective Memory and History: An Examination of Perceptions of Accuracy and Preference for Biased “History” Passages." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1633.
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Collective memory is a socially shared representation of the past. History, contrastingly, strives to be an unbiased, objective, and critical account of the past. Many researchers have argued that the so-called “history” found in school textbooks and curriculums align more with collective memory; however, many individuals do not know of the pervasiveness of collective memory in supposed “history” texts. To examine perceptions of accuracy and preference of American “history” textbook passages, individuals from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (n= 404) participated in an online study where they were randomly assigned to read one passage that was either negatively biased, neutral, or positively biased regarding the U.S. dropping the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. Participants rated their emotional valence of the event and their perceptions of accuracy and preference for the passage. The results suggest that individuals perceive negatively biased passages as less accurate and less preferable, even if their emotional valence matches the bias within the text. Individuals also showed the hypothesized interaction for preference; those who perceived the event as not negative preferred the positive text to the neutral and negative texts. The findings support evidence that individuals are motivated to prefer history passages consistent with their attitudes and rate higher accuracy among positive and neutral texts. The results have broader implications on reporting or dismissing human rights violations within collective memory.
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Bialek, Joanna [Verfasser], H. J. [Akademischer Betreuer] Ferenz, S. [Akademischer Betreuer] Hüttelmaier, and O. [Akademischer Betreuer] Grimm. "Relaxin in human thyroid neoplasias / Joanna Bialek. Betreuer: H. J. Ferenz ; S. Hüttelmaier ; O. Grimm." Halle, Saale : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1024976343/34.
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Tranchant, Thibaud. "Variants A189V et N680S du récepteur humain de l'hormone folliculo-stimulante (FSH) : caractérisation fonctionnelle et implications cliniques." Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR3307.
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La FSH est une hormone qui joue un rôle central dans la fonction de reproduction. De ce fait, elle est utilisée en assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP) afin de recruter un pool de follicules et de l’amener jusqu'à l'ovulation. La FSH agit sur un récepteur spécifique (RFSH) qui active des voies de signalisation par l'intermédiaire des protéines G et des β-arrestines. L'étude in vitro d’un mutant et de variants du RFSH décrits chez l’homme nous a permis de mettre en évidence différents mécanismes conduisant à des biais de signalisation de ce récepteur. Ces altérations génétiques, en modifiant l'équilibre qui existe entre les différentes voies de signalisation activées par le RFSH, conduisent à des manifestations cliniques. En parallèle, nous avons mené une étude clinique sur le polymorphisme N680S du RFSH, qui nous a permis de confirmer et de prolonger les résultats de la littérature tout en corrélant les résultats obtenus in vitro à la signalisation des récepteurs N680 et S680. L’ensemble de nos résultats ouvre des perspectives pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies en AMPFSH is a hormone which is centrally involved in reproduction. For this reason, FSH is extensively used in in vitro fertilization (IVF) to recruit and lead a pool of follicle to ovulation. FSH acts on its cognate receptor (FSHR) which activates signaling pathways through the canonical G-protein pathways as well as through β-arrestin-dependent transduction mechanisms. In vitro studies of a mutant and of variants of the FSHR identified in patients allowed us to highlight different mechanisms leading to bias in the signaling pathways triggered by this receptor. These genetic alterations, by modifying the equilibrium that exists between the different signaling pathways activated by the FSHR, lead to clinical consequences. In parallel, we have carried out a clinical study centered on the N680S polymorphism of the FSHR. Our results confirm and extend previous studies from the literature while correlating the results we obtained in vitro with the functional consequences of the N680S polymorphism of the FSHR. Together, our results open new avenues for developing new strategies in IVF
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Koval, Peter. "Our flaws are 'Only Human' : the role of the human concept in group protection /." Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/6753.
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Preston, Jennifer Leigh. "Is attentional bias towards threat a hallmark of chronic worry?" Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1153692231.
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Prado, Jérôme. "Résolution de conflit cognitif dans le raisonnement humain : neuroimagerie du biais d'appariement." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10167.
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Détecter que la paire H7 vérifie la règle conditionnelle S'il n'y a pas un T alors il n'y a pas un 4 est plus difficile que de détecter que cette même paire vérifie la règle S'il y a un H alors il y a un 7. Ce phénomène, le biais d'appariement, apparaît à chaque fois que les éléments mentionnés dans une paire-test (H7) ne sont pas retrouvés dans une règle conditionnelle (T4). Il a été proposé que le biais soit causé par une heuristique poussant les participants à se focaliser uniquement sur les éléments présents dans la règle. Donner une réponse logique dans un contexte de non-appariement nécessiterait d'inhiber cette heuristique. L'objectif central de cette thèse est de tester cette hypothèse en étudiant le fonctionnement cérébral de participants alors qu'ils surmontent le biais. Une première étude nous a permis de montrer que les temps de réaction des raisonneurs augmentaient en fonction du degré de non-appariement. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons utilisé la technique de l'imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle afin de montrer que raisonner logiquement en contexte de non-appariement était possible grâce à l'activation d'un réseau cérébral de contrôle inhibiteur. Nous avons aussi pu découvrir que le cortex préfrontal latéral droit inhibait l'activité du cortex visuel primaire lorsque le biais devait être surmonté. Dans une troisième étude, la technique de l'électroencéphalographie nous a permis de démontrer qu'une onde N2 caractéristique du contrôle inhibiteur était engendrée lorsque la règle était non-appariée à l'item. Tous les résultats obtenus indiquent que les participants doivent inhiber une réponse heuristique afin de surmonter le biais d'appariementIt is more difficult for reasoners to detect that the letter-number pair H7 verifies the conditional rule If there is not a T then there is not a 4 than to detect that it verifies the rule If there is an H then there is a 7. This phenomenon, the matching bias, occurs every time there are mismatches between the lexical content of the rule (T4) and the letter-number pair verifying it (T7). More precisely, items mentioned in the test pair (i. E. T7) are believed to conflict with a low-level heuristic that compels reasoners to consider relevant only features mentioned in the rule (i. E. T4). In order to give a logical response in the context of mismatches, participants should inhibit this heuristic tendency. The goal of this thesis is to test this hypothesis investigating the brain activity of participants while they have to overcome the bias. In a first study, we showed that participants’ reaction times increase with the number of mismatches. In a second study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate that reasoning in the context of mismatches is associated with the activation of a cerebral network involved in cognitive control. Furthermore, the activation of the mid-DLPFC, which increases as mismatching does, was accompanied by a decrease in functional integration with the primary visual cortex. In a third EEG study, we showed that mismatches trigger a frontocentral N2 linked to cognitive control. All the results argue in favor of the claim that reasoners have to inhibit a heuristic tendency in order to overcome the matching bias
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Milanos, Lampros [Verfasser], Timothy [Gutachter] Clark, and Markus [Gutachter] Heinrich. "Synthesis of the first allosteric biased agonists and computational investigations for the human chemokine receptor CXCR3 / Lampros Milanos ; Gutachter: Timothy Clark, Markus Heinrich." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2016. http://d-nb.info/1121913253/34.
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Dickerson, Jonathan. "An integrative network approach for the study of human disease." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-integrative-network-approach-for-the-study-of-human-disease(1a54331e-18c5-4254-ae23-14e4e8657252).html.
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Research into human disease has classically been 'bottom-up', focussing on individual genes. However, the emergence of Systems Biology has prompted a more holistic 'top-down' approach to decoding life. Less than a decade since the complete draft of the human genome was published, we are increasingly in a position to model the interacting constituents of a cell and thus understand molecular perturbations. Given biological systems are rarely attributable to individual molecules and linear pathways, we must understand the complex dynamic interplay as cellular components interact, combine, overlap and conflict. The integrative approach afforded by Network Biology provides us with a powerful toolset to understand the vast volumes of omics data. In this thesis, I investigate both infectious disease, specifically HIV infection and heritable disease. HIV, the causative agent of AIDS, represents an extensive perturbation of the host system and results in hijacking of cellular proteins to replicate. I first introduce the HIV-interaction data and then characterise HIV's hijack, revealing the ways Network Biology can greatly enhance our understanding of host-pathogen systems and ultimately the systems itself. I find a significantly greater propensity for HIV to interact with ''key'' host proteins that are highly connected and represent critical cellular functions. Unexpectedly, however, I find there are no associations between HIV interaction and inferred essentiality and genetic disease-association. I hypothesise that these observations could be the result of ancestral selection pressure on retroviruses to minimise interactions with phenotypically crucial proteins. Investigating inherited disease, I apply a similar integrative approach to determine the relationships between inherited disease, evolution and function. I find that 'disease' genes are not a homogenous group, and that their emergence has been ongoing throughout the evolution of life; contradicting previous studies. Finally, I consider the consequence of bias in literature-curated interaction datasets. I develop a novel method to identify and correct for ascertainment bias and demonstrate that failure to do this weakens conclusions. correct for ascertainment bias and demonstrate that failure to do this weakens conclusions. The aim of this thesis has been to explore the ways Network Biology can provide an integrative biological approach to studying infectious and inherited disease. Given billions of people around the world are susceptible to disease, it is ultimately hoped that a Systems Biology approach to understanding disease will herald new pharmaceutical interventions.
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Clegg, Isabella louisa. "Developing welfare parameters for bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) under human care." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD055/document.
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La science du bien-être animal est une discipline bien établie qui permet de faire des mesures objectives. Les grands dauphins (Tursiops truncatus) sont une espèce de cétacés communément présente en captivité, et bien que des questions se posent sur la qualité de leur vie dans cet environnement, très peu d'études ont porté sur la mesure objective de leur bien-être. Cette thèse répond à ce manque de données en développant des indicateurs de bien-être basé sur l’animal, ici le grand dauphin. Une revue bibliographique initiale a identifié des mesures potentielles de bien-être, avant que des indicateurs comportementaux choisis aient été mesurés par rapport aux sessions d’entrainement. Un test de biais de jugement a alors été adapté aux dauphins, où des biais optimistes ont été significativement liés aux fréquences les plus hautes de nage synchronisée durant leur 'temps libre' et aux fréquences les plus basses de comportement anticipatoire avant les sessions d’entrainement. Une avant dernière étude a montré que le comportement anticipatoire prédisait la participation à l'événement à venir, et que des Interactions Humaines-Animales positives étaient anticipées plus que l’introduction de jouets. Une dernière expérience en cours a développé un protocole standardisé pour mesurer la motivation des dauphins pendant des sessions d’entrainement par rapport aux problèmes de bien-être sociaux et de santé. Bien que le bien-être global soit toujours difficile à mesurer, cette thèse propose des premières mesures d'émotions et d’états affectifs chez le dauphin. La nage synchronisée est un indicateur probable d'émotions positives, bien que plus de recherches doivent examiner la variabilité entre divers contextes. Le comportement anticipatoire semble témoigner de la motivation pour des événements à venir et nous suggérons qu'il reflète une sensibilité à la récompense comme chez d'autres animaux : des travaux ultérieurs portant sur des seuils de fréquence le transformerait en indicateur de bien-être pertinent. Un objectif majeur de la thèse est de stimuler plus de recherches sur des mesures de bien-être chez des grands dauphins et d'autres espèces de cétacés en captivitéWelfare science is now an established discipline which enables objective measurements of animal welfare to be made. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are a common cetacean species kept in captivity, and although questions are arising over their quality of life in this environment, very few studies have focussed on objectively measuring their welfare. This thesis aimed to address this lack of data by developing animal-based indicators of bottlenose dolphin welfare. An initial review identified potential dolphin welfare measures, before selected behavioural indicators were measured in relation to training sessions. A judgement bias test was then adapted to dolphins, where optimistic biases were significantly linked to higher frequencies of synchronous swimming in their ‘free-time’ and lower frequencies of anticipatory behaviour before training sessions, (concurring with there ward-sensitivity theory). A penultimate study showed that anticipatory behaviour predicted participation in the upcoming event, and positive Human-Animal Interactions were anticipated more than access to toys. A final, on-going experiment has developed and applied a standardised protocol for measuring dolphins’motivation during training sessions in relation to social and health-related welfare problems. Although overall welfare is still difficult to measure, this thesis has proposed some first measures of dolphin emotions and affective states. Synchronous swimming is a likely indicator of positive emotions and social support, although more research should investigate variability between contexts. Anticipatory behaviour seemed to indicate motivation for events, and we suggest it reflects reward sensitivity as in other animals : further work into frequency thresholds would render it a valuable welfare indicator. A major objective of the thesis is to stimulate more research on welfare measures for bottlenose dolphins and other cetacean species in captivity
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Hilimire, Matthew R. "An emotional bias in processing facial expressions similarities and differences across age /." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22605.
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Shirley, Rachel B. "Science Based Human Reliability Analysis: Using Digital Nuclear Power Plant Simulators for Human Reliability Research." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu149428353178302.
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McCallum, Matthew. "Mutational bias and emergence of drug resistance in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121575.
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E138K, a G→A mutation in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT), is preferentially selected by etravirine (ETR) and rilpivirine (RPV) over other substitutions at position E138 that offer greater drug resistance. We hypothesized that there was a mutational bias for the E138K substitution and designed an allele-specific PCR to monitor the emergence of E138A/G/K/Q/R/V during ETR or RPV selection experiments. E138K, as well as E138G, consistently emerged first during selection experiments, followed by E138A, E138Q and E138R. Surprisingly, E138K was identified as a minority in 23% of drug-naïve subtype B patients, and was not further enriched in patients with the M184I substitution. The high prevalence of E138K minority species could reflect a low fitness cost of E138K; however, E138K was one of the least fit substitutions at codon E138, even after taking into account the dNTP pools of the cells used in competition experiments. Ultra-deep sequencing analysis revealed other minority species in a pattern consistent with the mutational bias of HIV-1 RT. These results confirm the mutational bias of HIV-1 in patients and highlight the importance of G→A mutations in HIV-1 drug resistance evolution.This G→A bias reflects enriched adenosine in HIV-1 codons, a feature that is mysteriously targeted by the anti-HIV-1 restriction factor, Schlafen family protein 11 (SLFN11). Our in silico modeling of SLFN11 suggested putative structure-function relationships and a relation to Ski2-family RNA helicases.E138K, une mutation G → A dans l'immunodéficience humaine de type virus humain 1 (VIH-1) et dans la transcriptase inverse (TI), est de préférence choisie par l'étravirine (ETR) et rilpivirine (RPV) plutôt que d'autres substitutions à la position E138 qui offrent une plus grande résistance. Nous avons supposé qu'il y avait un biais mutationnel pour la substitution E138K et conçu une PCR allèle spécifique pour surveiller l'émergence de E138A/G/K/Q/R/V lors d'expériences de sélection avec ETR ou RPV. E138K, ainsi que E138G, constamment apparue au cours d'expériences de sélection, suivi d'E138A, E138Q et E138R. Étonnamment, E138K a été identifiée comme une infime minorité dans 23% des cas de sous-type B de patients naïfs aux médicaments, et n'a pas augmenté chez les patients atteints de la substitution M184I. La prévalence élevée des espèces minoritaires de E138K pourrait refléter un faible coût de remise en forme de E138K, mais E138K était l'un des substitutions moins performants au niveau du codon E138, même après avoir pris en compte la concentration de dNTP dans cellules utilisées dans des expériences de compétition. Une analyse de séquençage en profondeure a révélé d'autres espèces minoritaires dans un modèle cohérent avec le biais mutationnel du VIH-1 TI. Ces résultats soulignent l'importance de G → A mutations du VIH-1 dans l'évolution de la résistance aux médicaments.Ce G → A biais a enrichi l'adénosine dans le codons VIH-1, une fonctionnalité qui est mystérieusement ciblé par le facteur anti-VIH-1 restriction, Schlafen protéine de la famille 11 (SLFN11). Notre modélisation in silico de SLFN11 suggère des relations structure/fonction présumée et une relation à l'hélicase ARN de famille Ski2.
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Munro-Faure, Amy Louise. "Causes of variation in human cooperative behaviour." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31376.
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This thesis investigates variation in human cooperative behaviour in naturally occurring contexts. I critically assess the prevailing consensus on human cooperation derived from laboratory games (such as the dictator and public goods games), by identifying real life analogues and conducting extensive field observation and experiments. My second chapter investigates the importance of context on social behaviour by taking a commonly used laboratory game, the dictator game, and studying analogous behaviour, giving to mendicants in the street. I conclude that individuals cooperate less in the wild than they do in the laboratory and that monetary pay-offs are important in cooperative decision-making. My third chapter examines how social cues influence peoples' likelihood of giving to mendicants. I conclude that increased group size and crowd density negatively affect donation behaviour. My fourth chapter investigates dog fouling in public parks to understand the causes of variation in cheating in a naturally occurring public goods game. I conclude that despite evidence that a social game is being played, the cues that influences decisions are unclear, and behaviour may depend on local social norms. My fifth chapter investigates social influences on red light jumping by cyclists at pedestrian crossings. I find that the probability of cheating is higher with fewer observers and when other cyclists also cheat.
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Croteau-Chonka, Damien. "Quantifying Ascertainment Bias and Determining Proxy Ancestral Alleles in Human Genome-Wide Polymorphic Data for Use in the Determination of Human Demographic History." Thesis, Boston College, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/521.
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Thesis advisor: Gabor T. MarthThesis advisor: Eric F. Tsung
My work is part of an effort in Dr. Gabor Marth's population genetics lab to extend the work of Marth's 2004 Genetics paper "The allele frequency spectrum in genome-wide human variation data reveals signals of differential demographic history in three large world populations" by applying its methods to new datasets. My contribution toward this end has been to create computer code (in Perl and Bash) to quantify ascertainment bias and determine proxy ancestral alleles in human genome-wide polymorphic data for post-doctoral fellow Dr. Eric Tsung's use in the determination of human demographic history. The final results of my efforts will be part of a poster by Dr. Tsung (with myself as a second author) displayed at the 2007 Biology of Genomes Symposium at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in Cold Spring Harbor, New York. Our goal is to turn that poster into a paper (on which I will be an author) for submission for publication in a major scientific research periodical and which will also be available in the future at http://bioinformatics.bc.edu/marthlab/ascertainmentancestral/
Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2007
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Biology
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Koscik, Timothy Richard. "Social inference and the evolution of the human brain." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/837.
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The evolutionary forces that led to the unprecedented expansion of the human brain and the extreme cognitive prowess possessed by humans have always attracted a great deal of attention from the scientific community. Presented here is a novel theoretical perspective, where the driving force on human brain evolution was the need for enhanced ability to infer social values of conspecifics in the face of degradation and loss of chemosensory signalling mechanisms necessary for social communication present in most mammals.
The lack of chemosensory communication of biologically relevant information between humans in the face of the need to make adaptive and accurate social evaluations, led to an exaption of mammalian chemosensory brain regions for the more complex task of inferring social values from behavioural cues that are variable, ambiguous, or otherwise difficult to detect and interpret. This change in social processing from perceptual evaluation to inferential computation placed a premium on cognitive capacity, thus selecting for larger more powerful brains. These selective processes would have left an indelible mark on the human brain, where the human homologues of regions involved in mammalian conspecific chemical communication, in particular the target regions of this study the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC), should be involved in the processing of biologically relevant information and social inference.
Several experiments were conducted to examine the role of these brain regions in social inferential processing using the lesion deficit method. First, given that conspecific chemical communication is particularly relevant for biologically imperative evaluation for the purposes of reproduction, VMPC and amygdala damage may result in abnormal mate-related decisions. Second, normal social attributions exhibit the correspondence bias, however damage to the target regions may result in an abnormal lack correspondence bias. Third, the current hypothesis is contrasted with another leading hypothesis, the Social Brain Hypothesis whose proponents predict a relationship between group-size and social cognition. Finally, if the target brain regions are truly integral in inferring social information, then damage to these regions will interfere with the ability to utilize transitive inference in social situations, and potentially in using transitive inference in general.
Damage to the target areas produces limited effects on mate-related decisions and preferences. However, the current hypothesis may suggest that the target brain regions are only involved when the problem is inferential in nature rather than simpler perception of social information. In support of this notion, damage to the target regions results in a lack of the correspondence bias when making economic decisions. This alteration in social attributions actually leads to more `rational' decision-making in this context. In contrast to the predictions of the Social Brain Hypothesis, damage to the target regions produces no observed reduction in social group size, nor is there any observed relationship between perspective-taking ability and group size. Finally, damage to the VMPC produces deficits in using transitive inference in a non-social context perhaps hinting at the underlying computations of this region in inferring social information.
In conclusion, it appears that the notion that the human brain regions that have been exapted from their duties in chemosensation and communication in mammalian brains has at least some validity. Moreover, these brain regions have been shifted by evolution to a more computationally complex process of social inference possibly providing the push toward larger and more powerful human brains.
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Stavish, Dylan. "Identification, characterisation and manipulation of substates of human pluripotent stem cells with potential mesoderm bias." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20977/.
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