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Journal articles on the topic 'Human body odour'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Hierl, Katharina, Ilona Croy, and Laura Schäfer. "Body Odours Sampled at Different Body Sites in Infants and Mothers—A Comparison of Olfactory Perception." Brain Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060820.

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Body odours and their importance for human chemical communication, e.g., in the mother–child relationship, are an increasing focus of recent research. Precise examination of sampling methods considering physiology and feasibility aspects in order to obtain robust and informative odour samples is therefore necessary. Studies comparing body odour sampling at different body sites are still pending. Therefore, we sampled axilla, breast, and head odour from 28 mother–infant dyads and examined whether odour perception differs with regard to the body site. The participating mothers were asked to evaluate their own and their infant’s body odour samples, as well as odours of two unfamiliar mother–infant dyads. We tested whether maternal pleasantness and intensity evaluation, as well as recognition ability of the odours differed between the body sites. In infants, the head odour exhibited slightly lower pleasantness ratings than axilla and breast, and intensity ratings did not differ between body sites. In mothers, body site affected intensity ratings but not pleasantness ratings, as the breast odour was rated as less intense compared with head and axilla. Across all body sites, mothers rated the own and their infant’s odour as less intense when compared with unfamiliar samples. Recognition ability did not differ between body sites, and in line with previous studies, mothers were able to recognize their own and their own infant’s odour above chance. In sum, our study extends the previous methodological repertoire of body odour sampling and indicates that the axilla, breast, and head of adults as well as infants serve as informative odour sources.
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2

Probst, Fabian, Urs Fischbacher, Janek S. Lobmaier, Urs Wirthmüller, and Daria Knoch. "Men's preferences for women's body odours are not associated with human leucocyte antigen." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1864 (October 11, 2017): 20171830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1830.

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Body odours reportedly portray information about an individual's genotype at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC, called human leucocyte antigen, HLA, in humans). While there is strong experimental support for MHC-associated mating behaviour in animals, the situation in humans is more complex. A lot of effort has been spent on testing HLA-associated odour preferences of women. To date, only very few studies have looked at HLA-linked olfactory preferences in men and these studies have revealed inconsistent results. Here, we investigate men's HLA-associated preferences for women's body odours. Importantly, and in contrast to previous studies, these odours were gathered at peak fertility (i.e. just before ovulation) when any HLA-associated odour preferences should be strongest. We scrutinized whether men's preference for women's body odours is influenced by (i) the number of shared HLA alleles between men and women, (ii) HLA heterozygosity, and (iii) the frequency of rare HLA alleles. We found that men could readily differentiate between odours they found attractive and odours they found less attractive, but that these preferences were not associated with HLA. Specifically, men did not prefer odours from women who are HLA dissimilar, HLA heterozygous, or who have rare HLA alleles. Together, these findings suggest that HLA has no effect on men's odour preferences.
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Hamada, Kaoru, Sanehito Haruyama, Takashi Yamaguchi, Kayo Yamamoto, Kana Hiromasa, Manabu Yoshioka, Daisuke Nishio, and Motonobu Nakamura. "What determines human body odour?" Experimental Dermatology 23, no. 5 (April 28, 2014): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/exd.12380.

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4

Penn, Dustin J., Elisabeth Oberzaucher, Karl Grammer, Gottfried Fischer, Helena A. Soini, Donald Wiesler, Milos V. Novotny, Sarah J. Dixon, Yun Xu, and Richard G. Brereton. "Individual and gender fingerprints in human body odour." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 4, no. 13 (November 28, 2006): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0182.

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Individuals are thought to have their own distinctive scent, analogous to a signature or fingerprint. To test this idea, we collected axillary sweat, urine and saliva from 197 adults from a village in the Austrian Alps, taking five sweat samples per subject over 10 weeks using a novel skin sampling device. We analysed samples using stir bar sorptive extraction in connection with thermal desorption gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and then we statistically analysed the chromatographic profiles using pattern recognition techniques. We found more volatile compounds in axillary sweat than in urine or saliva, and among these we found 373 peaks that were consistent over time (detected in four out of five samples per individual). Among these candidate compounds, we found individually distinct and reproducible GC–MS fingerprints, a reproducible difference between the sexes, and we identified the chemical structures of 44 individual and 12 gender-specific volatile compounds. These individual compounds provide candidates for major histocompatibility complex and other genetically determined odours. This is the first study on human axillary odour to sample a large number of subjects, and our findings are relevant to understanding the chemical nature of human odour, and efforts to design electronic sensors (e-nose) for biometric fingerprinting and disease diagnoses.
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Rikowski, Anja, and Karl Grammer. "Human body odour, symmetry and attractiveness." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 266, no. 1422 (May 7, 1999): 869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0717.

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6

Fialová, Jitka, Vít Třebický, Radim Kuba, David Stella, Jakub Binter, and Jan Havlíček. "Losing stinks! The effect of competition outcome on body odour quality." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1800 (April 20, 2020): 20190267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0267.

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Dominance hierarchy is often established via repeated agonistic encounters where consistent winners are considered dominant. Human body odour contains cues to psychological dominance and competition, but it is not known whether competition outcome (a marker of a change in dominance hierarchy) affects the hedonic quality of human axillary odour. Therefore, we investigated the effect of winning and losing on odour quality. We collected odour samples from Mixed Martial Arts fighters approximately 1 h before and immediately after a match. Raters then assessed samples for pleasantness, attractiveness, masculinity and intensity. We also obtained data on donors' affective state and cortisol and testosterone levels, since these are known to be associated with competition and body odour quality. Perceived body odour pleasantness, attractiveness and intensity significantly decreased while masculinity increased after a match irrespective of the outcome. Nonetheless, losing a match affected the pleasantness of body odour more profoundly, though bordering formal level of significance. Moreover, a path analysis revealed that match loss led to a decrease in odour attractiveness, which was mediated by participants’ negative affective states. Our study suggests that physical competition and to some extent also its outcome affect the perceived quality of human body odour in specific real-life settings, thus providing cues to dominance-related characteristics. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Olfactory communication in humans’.
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7

Natsch, Andreas, and Roger Emter. "The specific biochemistry of human axilla odour formation viewed in an evolutionary context." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1800 (April 20, 2020): 20190269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0269.

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Human body odour is dominated by the scent of specific odourants emanating from specialized glands in the axillary region. These specific odourants are produced by an intricate interplay between biochemical pathways in the host and odour-releasing enzymes present in commensal microorganisms of the axillary microbiome. Key biochemical steps for the release of highly odouriferous carboxylic acids and sulfur compounds have been elucidated over the past 15 years. Based on the profound molecular understanding and specific analytical methods developed, evolutionary questions could be asked for the first time with small population studies: (i) a genetic basis for body odour could be shown with a twin study, (ii) no effect of genes in the human leukocyte antigen complex on the pattern of odourant carboxylic acid was found, and (iii) loss of odour precursor secretion by a mutation in the ABCC11 gene could explain why a large fraction of the population in the Far East lack body odour formation. This review summarizes what is currently known at the molecular level on the biochemistry of the formation of key odourants in the human axilla. At the same time, we present for the first time the crystal structure of the N α -acyl-aminoacylase, a key human odour-releasing enzyme, thus describing at the molecular level how bacteria on the skin surface have adapted their enzyme to the specific substrates secreted by the human host. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Olfactory communication in humans’.
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Milinski, Manfred, Ilona Croy, Thomas Hummel, and Thomas Boehm. "Major histocompatibility complex peptide ligands as olfactory cues in human body odour assessment." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1755 (March 22, 2013): 20122889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2889.

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In many animal species, social communication and mate choice are influenced by cues encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The mechanism by which the MHC influences sexual selection is a matter of intense debate. In mice, peptide ligands of MHC molecules activate subsets of vomeronasal and olfactory sensory neurons and influence social memory formation; in sticklebacks, such peptides predictably modify the outcome of mate choice. Here, we examine whether this evolutionarily conserved mechanism of interindividual communication extends to humans. In psychometric tests, volunteers recognized the supplementation of their body odour by MHC peptides and preferred ‘self’ to ‘non-self’ ligands when asked to decide whether the modified odour smelled ‘like themselves’ or ‘like their favourite perfume’. Functional magnetic resonance imaging indicated that ‘self’-peptides specifically activated a region in the right middle frontal cortex. Our results suggest that despite the absence of a vomeronasal organ, humans have the ability to detect and evaluate MHC peptides in body odour. This may provide a basis for the sensory evaluation of potential partners during human mate choice.
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Janeš, Damjan, Irena Klun, Blanka Vidan-Jeras, Matjaž Jeras, and Samo Kreft. "Infuence of MHC on odour perception of 43 chemicals and body odour." Open Life Sciences 5, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-010-0020-6.

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AbstractThe Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a large gene family that is found in most vertebrates and has an important influence on body odour preference and mate selection in animals. In this research we found, that human leukocyte antigen (HLA) phenotype is strongly connected with the strength and pleasantness of perceived odour of selected chemical compounds found in sweat. Among different chemical classes of compounds tested, the esters of fatty acids such as methyl undecanoate, methyl decanoate, methyl nonanoate, methyl octanoate and methyl hexanoate show strongest connection to HLA. On the other hand, our experiment did not confirm the connection of MHC to the perceived strength and pleasantness of body odour.
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10

Borráz-León, Javier I., Ana Lilia Cerda-Molina, and Lilian Mayagoitia-Novales. "Testosterone level changes after perceiving the body odour of a possible rival in human males: the role of facial symmetry." Behaviour 154, no. 6 (2017): 677–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003437.

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An individual’s body odour is a characteristic that is used to obtain information about conspecifics. However, to our knowledge the role of body odour and the degree of facial symmetry on testosterone changes among men as indicators of possible rivals has not been investigated yet. A group of 113 men were photographed to obtain their degree of facial symmetry, i.e., the small random deviations in facial bilateral traits. They smelled and assessed the odour of men with different grades of facial symmetry, and donated two saliva samples (pre- and post-stimulus sample) to measure the change in their testosterone levels. We found that testosterone levels decreased in symmetrical men who perceived the odour of asymmetrical men. Our results suggest that men could perceive characteristics in other men that are highly valued by women through odour to identify possible rivals, and that the observed decrease in testosterone levels could be related to an inhibition of competitive behaviours.
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11

Roberts, S. Craig, Pawel K. Misztal, and Ben Langford. "Decoding the social volatilome by tracking rapid context-dependent odour change." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1800 (April 20, 2020): 20190259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0259.

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Odours can have a significant influence on the outcome of social interactions. However, we have yet to characterize the chemical signature of any specific social cue in human body odour, and we know little about how changes in social context influence odour chemistry. Here, we argue that adoption of emerging analytical techniques from other disciplines, such as atmospheric chemistry, might become game-changing tools in this endeavour. First, we describe the use of online chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry to sensitively measure many hundreds of gas-phase volatile organic compounds in real time. By analysing ambient air emanating from undisturbed individuals or groups, the technique enables a continuous recording of an instantaneous odour change in response to external stimuli and changing social context. This has considerable advantages over the traditional approach of periodic sampling for analysis by gas chromatography. We also discuss multivariate statistical approaches, such as positive matrix factorization, that can effectively sift through this complex datastream to identify linked groups of compounds that probably underpin functional chemosignals. In combination, these innovations offer new avenues for addressing outstanding questions concerning olfactory communication in humans and other species, as well as in related fields using odour, such as biometrics and disease diagnostics. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Olfactory communication in humans’.
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12

Ferdenzi, Camille, Jean-François Lemaître, Juan David Leongómez, and S. Craig Roberts. "Digit ratio (2D:4D) predicts facial, but not voice or body odour, attractiveness in men." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1724 (April 20, 2011): 3551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0544.

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There is growing evidence that human second-to-fourth digit ratio (or 2D:4D) is related to facial features involved in attractiveness, mediated by in utero hormonal effects. The present study extends the investigation to other phenotypic, hormone-related determinants of human attractiveness: voice and body odour. Pictures of faces with a neutral expression, recordings of voices pronouncing vowels and axillary odour samples captured on cotton pads worn for 24 h were provided by 49 adult male donors. These stimuli were rated on attractiveness and masculinity scales by two groups of 49 and 35 females, approximately half of these in each sample using hormonal contraception. Multivariate regression analyses showed that males' lower (more masculine) right 2D:4D and lower right-minus-left 2D:4D (Dr−l) were associated with a more attractive (and in some cases more symmetrical), but not more masculine, face. However, 2D:4D and Dr−l did not predict voice and body odour masculinity or attractiveness. The results were interpreted in terms of differential effects of prenatal and circulating testosterone, male facial shape being supposedly more dependent on foetal levels (reflected by 2D:4D ratio), whereas body odour and vocal characteristics could be more dependent on variation in adult circulating testosterone levels.
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13

Fialová, Jitka, Rudolf Hoffmann, S. Craig Roberts, and Jan Havlíček. "The effect of complete caloric intake restriction on human body odour quality." Physiology & Behavior 210 (October 2019): 112554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.05.015.

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14

Ferdenzi, Camille, Stéphane Richard Ortegón, Sylvain Delplanque, Nicolas Baldovini, and Moustafa Bensafi. "Interdisciplinary challenges for elucidating human olfactory attractiveness." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1800 (April 20, 2020): 20190268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0268.

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Many species use chemicals to communicate. In humans, there is increasing evidence that chemicals conveyed by the body are extremely important in interpersonal relationships. However, many aspects of chemical communication remain to be explored to fully understand this function in humans. The aim of this article is to identify relevant challenges in this field, with a focus on human attractiveness in the context of reproduction, and to put forward roadmaps for future studies that will hopefully extend to a wider range of social interactions. The first challenge consists in not being limited to body (mal)odours from the axilla. Preliminary data on how the odour of the face and head is perceived are presented. Second, there is a crucial need to increase our knowledge of the chemical bases of human chemical communication. Third, cross-cultural approaches must not be overlooked, because they have a major input in understanding the universal and culture-specific aspects of chemical communication. Fourth, the influence of specific cultural practices such as contraceptive and fragrance use is likely to be prominent and, therefore, needs to be well described. The fifth and last challenge for research projects in this field is the integration of different disciplines such as behavioural sciences, social sciences, neurosciences and microbiology. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Olfactory communication in humans’.
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15

Kuhn, Fabian, and Andreas Natsch. "Body odour of monozygotic human twins: a common pattern of odorant carboxylic acids released by a bacterial aminoacylase from axilla secretions contributing to an inherited body odour type." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 6, no. 33 (August 5, 2008): 377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0223.

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It is currently not fully established whether human individuals have a genetically determined, individual-specific body odour. Volatile carboxylic acids are a key class of known human body odorants. They are released from glutamine conjugates secreted in axillary skin by a specific N α -acyl-glutamine-aminoacylase present in skin bacteria. Here, we report a quantitative investigation of these odorant acids in 12 pairs of monozygotic twins. Axilla secretions were sampled twice and treated with the N α -acyl-glutamine-aminoacylase. The released acids were analysed as their methyl esters with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection. The pattern of the analytes was compared with distance analysis. The distance was lowest between samples of the right and the left axilla taken on the same day from the same individual. It was clearly greater if the same subject was sampled on different days, but this intra-individual distance between samples was only slightly lower than the distance between samples taken from two monozygotic twins. A much greater distance was observed when comparing unrelated individuals. By applying cluster and principal component analyses, a clear clustering of samples taken from one pair of monozygotic twins was also confirmed. In conclusion, the specific pattern of precursors for volatile carboxylic acids is subject to a day-to-day variation, but there is a strong genetic contribution. Therefore, humans have a genetically determined body odour type that is at least partly composed of these odorant acids.
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Milinski, Manfred, Ilona Croy, Thomas Hummel, and Thomas Boehm. "Major histocompatibility complex peptide ligands as olfactory cues in human body odour assessment." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1757 (April 22, 2013): 20130381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0381.

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Fialová, Jitka, Agnieszka Sorokowska, S. Craig Roberts, Lydie Kubicová, and Jan Havlíček. "Human Body Odour Composites Are Not Perceived More Positively than the Individual Samples." i-Perception 9, no. 3 (April 2018): 204166951876636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041669518766367.

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18

Barzantny, H., I. Brune, and A. Tauch. "Molecular basis of human body odour formation: insights deduced from corynebacterial genome sequences." International Journal of Cosmetic Science 34, no. 1 (July 25, 2011): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00669.x.

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19

Kumar Jain, Sanjay, Jyoti Singhai, and Shailendra Jain. "Quantification of Predetermined Components of Human Body Odour in Air Matrices by Gas Chromatography." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 13, no. 7 (July 25, 2014): 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v13p268.

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20

Havlicek, Jan, Radka Dvorakova, Ludek Bartos, and Jaroslav Flegr. "Non-Advertized does not Mean Concealed: Body Odour Changes across the Human Menstrual Cycle." Ethology 112, no. 1 (January 2006): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01125.x.

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21

Weldon, Paul J. "Are we chemically aposematic? Revisiting L. S. B. Leakey’s hypothesis on human body odour." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 125, no. 2 (August 18, 2018): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/bly109.

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22

Schäfer, Laura, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Jürgen Sauter, Alexander H. Schmidt, and Ilona Croy. "Body odours as a chemosignal in the mother–child relationship: new insights based on an human leucocyte antigen-genotyped family cohort." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1800 (April 20, 2020): 20190266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0266.

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Mothers are able to identify the body odour (BO) of their own child and prefer this smell above other BOs. It has hence been assumed that the infantile BO functions as a chemosignal promoting targeted parental care. We tested this hypothesis and examined whether children's BOs signal genetic similarity and developmental status to mothers. In addition, we assessed whether BOs facilitate inbreeding avoidance (Westermarck effect). In a cross-sectional design, N = 164 mothers participated with their biological children ( N = 226 children, aged 0–18 years) and evaluated BO probes of their own and four other, sex-matched children. Those varied in age and in genetic similarity, which was assessed by human leucocyte antigen profiling. The study showed not only that mothers identified and preferred their own child's BO, but also that genetic similarity and developmental status are transcribed in BOs. Accordingly, maternal preference of their own child's odour changes throughout development. Our data partly supported the Westermarck effect: mothers' preference of pubertal boys' BOs was negatively related to testosterone for the own son, but not for unfamiliar children. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Olfactory communication in humans’.
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Duffy, Emer, Gwendoline Albero, and Aoife Morrin. "Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Scent Profiles from Human Skin." Cosmetics 5, no. 4 (October 21, 2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics5040062.

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from human skin contribute to an individual’s body odour. Understanding the modulation of human odour by a fragrance is of significant importance to the cosmetic sector in the design, development and evaluation of new products. The present research describes an in vivo approach for passive headspace sampling of skin volatile emissions in human participants. A wearable headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method has been employed to investigate baseline endogenous skin volatiles and the subsequent modulation of skin volatile profiles after application of a fragrance to skin. Coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) this method enables characterisation of scent profiles and fragrance longevity in vivo. A total of 51 compounds were identified in participants’ skin, including 19 endogenous and 32 fragrance-derived compounds. The temporal variation in volatile profiles at different times after fragrance application was investigated. Fragrance diffusion from skin varied between participants resulting in diversified scent profiles over time. This non-invasive approach could be employed during cosmetic product development for in vivo evaluation of fragrance profiles and for assessment of the retention of fragrance components in skin to reduce reliance on expert panels during product development.
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Sarolidou, Georgia, John Axelsson, Bruce A. Kimball, Tina Sundelin, Christina Regenbogen, Johan N. Lundström, Mats Lekander, and Mats J. Olsson. "People expressing olfactory and visual cues of disease are less liked." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1800 (April 20, 2020): 20190272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0272.

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For humans, like other social animals, behaviour acts as a first line of defence against pathogens. A key component is the ability to detect subtle perceptual cues of sick conspecifics. The present study assessed the effects of endotoxin-induced olfactory and visual sickness cues on liking, as well as potential involved mechanisms. Seventy-seven participants were exposed to sick and healthy facial pictures and body odours from the same individual in a 2 × 2 factorial design while disgust-related facial electromyography (EMG) was recorded. Following exposure, participants rated their liking of the person presented. In another session, participants also answered questionnaires on perceived vulnerability to disease, disgust sensitivity and health anxiety. Lower ratings of liking were linked to both facial and body odour disease cues as main effects. Disgust, as measured by EMG, did not seem to be the mediating mechanism, but participants who perceived themselves as more prone to disgust, and as more vulnerable to disease, liked presented persons less irrespectively of their health status. Concluding, olfactory and visual sickness cues that appear already a few hours after the experimental induction of systemic inflammation have implications for human sociality and may as such be a part of a behavioural defence against disease. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Olfactory communication in humans’.
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Nabergoj, Dominik, Damjan Janeš, Karsten Fatur, Nina Kočevar Glavač, and Samo Kreft. "Influence of the Human Menstrual Cycle on the Perception of Musks and Substances Responsible for Body Odour." Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 56, no. 6 (November 2020): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0022093020060095.

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LACEY, EMERSON S., and RING T. CARDÉ. "Location of and landing on a source of human body odour by femaleCulex quinquefasciatusin still and moving air." Physiological Entomology 37, no. 2 (February 13, 2012): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.2012.00829.x.

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Council, Sarah E., Amy M. Savage, Julie M. Urban, Megan E. Ehlers, J. H. Pate Skene, Michael L. Platt, Robert R. Dunn, and Julie E. Horvath. "Diversity and evolution of the primate skin microbiome." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1822 (January 13, 2016): 20152586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2586.

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Skin microbes play a role in human body odour, health and disease. Compared with gut microbes, we know little about the changes in the composition of skin microbes in response to evolutionary changes in hosts, or more recent behavioural and cultural changes in humans. No studies have used sequence-based approaches to consider the skin microbe communities of gorillas and chimpanzees, for example. Comparison of the microbial associates of non-human primates with those of humans offers unique insights into both the ancient and modern features of our skin-associated microbes. Here we describe the microbes found on the skin of humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, rhesus macaques and baboons. We focus on the bacterial and archaeal residents in the axilla using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. We find that human skin microbial communities are unique relative to those of other primates, in terms of both their diversity and their composition. These differences appear to reflect both ancient shifts during millions of years of primate evolution and more recent changes due to modern hygiene.
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Rajalakshmi M. "Preparation and testing for the efficacy of polyherbal hand wash." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Life Sciences 7, no. 1 (June 26, 2020): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijprls.v7i1.1163.

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Skin is the largest organ that is covering the human body, which helps in the regulation of the temperature of the body, responding to the sensory stimulus and fighting the harmful microbes that are concerning it. So that is the reason, the cleanliness of the hands are the minimum necessary for preventing and combating the probable infections. Currently, herbs like citrus, neem, turmeric, garlic, aloe are serving humans as antibacterials and antibiotics. These herbs are potent in fighting viruses, bacteria and fungus. In the current research, a hand wash is prepared using various drugs or herbal origins like aloe vera, turmeric and tulsi. This hand wash will be made in solution form and will be tested for the antibacterial activity in several methods. The prepared formulations were light green-emerald green in colour and had a pleasant, agreeable odour. The stability studies revealed the formulation was stable at the given conditions. Overall, the prepared hand washes were proven effective in both the methods for antibacterial activity.
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Sabiniewicz, Agnieszka, Karolina Tarnowska, Robert Świątek, Piotr Sorokowski, and Matthias Laska. "Olfactory-based interspecific recognition of human emotions: Horses (Equus ferus caballus) can recognize fear and happiness body odour from humans (Homo sapiens)." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 230 (September 2020): 105072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105072.

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Craven, Brent A., Eric G. Paterson, and Gary S. Settles. "The fluid dynamics of canine olfaction: unique nasal airflow patterns as an explanation of macrosmia." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 47 (December 9, 2009): 933–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0490.

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The canine nasal cavity contains hundreds of millions of sensory neurons, located in the olfactory epithelium that lines convoluted nasal turbinates recessed in the rear of the nose. Traditional explanations for canine olfactory acuity, which include large sensory organ size and receptor gene repertoire, overlook the fluid dynamics of odorant transport during sniffing. But odorant transport to the sensory part of the nose is the first critical step in olfaction. Here we report new experimental data on canine sniffing and demonstrate allometric scaling of sniff frequency, inspiratory airflow rate and tidal volume with body mass. Next, a computational fluid dynamics simulation of airflow in an anatomically accurate three-dimensional model of the canine nasal cavity, reconstructed from high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans, reveals that, during sniffing, spatially separate odour samples are acquired by each nostril that may be used for bilateral stimulus intensity comparison and odour source localization. Inside the nose, the computation shows that a unique nasal airflow pattern develops during sniffing, which is optimized for odorant transport to the olfactory part of the nose. These results contrast sharply with nasal airflow in the human. We propose that mammalian olfactory function and acuity may largely depend on odorant transport by nasal airflow patterns resulting from either the presence of a highly developed olfactory recess (in macrosmats such as the canine) or the lack of one (in microsmats including humans).
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Martinez, Julien, Alicia Showering, Catherine Oke, Robert T. Jones, and James G. Logan. "Differential attraction in mosquito–human interactions and implications for disease control." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1818 (December 28, 2020): 20190811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0811.

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Mosquito-borne diseases are a major burden on human health worldwide and their eradication through vector control methods remains challenging. In particular, the success of vector control interventions for targeting diseases such as malaria is under threat, in part due to the evolution of insecticide resistance, while for other diseases effective control solutions are still lacking. The rate at which mosquitoes encounter and bite humans is a key determinant of their capacity for disease transmission. Future progress is strongly reliant on improving our understanding of the mechanisms leading to a mosquito bite. Here, we review the biological factors known to influence the attractiveness of mosquitoes to humans, such as body odour, the skin microbiome, genetics and infection by parasites. We identify the knowledge gaps around the relative contribution of each factor, and the potential links between them, as well as the role of natural selection in shaping vector–host–parasite interactions. Finally, we argue that addressing these questions will contribute to improving current tools and the development of novel interventions for the future. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases'.
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Henkel, Stefanie, and Joanna M. Setchell. "Group and kin recognition via olfactory cues in chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1889 (October 24, 2018): 20181527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1527.

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Primates were traditionally thought to have a reduced sense of smell. Although there is now evidence that olfaction plays a greater role in primate social life than previously assumed, research on the sense of smell in non-human apes is scarce. Chimpanzees sniff the ground and vegetation on boundary patrols, but the function of this behaviour is unclear. Since chimpanzees are highly territorial and can kill individuals that do not belong to their own community, sniffing might function to gather information about conspecifics, particularly concerning group membership and kinship. To investigate whether chimpanzees recognize group members and kin via olfactory cues, we conducted behavioural bioassays on two groups of chimpanzees at Leipzig Zoo. In a pilot study, we found that chimpanzees responded more strongly to urine than to faeces or body odour. We then presented urine from group members, outgroup individuals and an unscented control in aerated boxes using a simultaneous discrimination task. The first behaviour after a chimpanzee first approached a box was related to olfaction (sniffing, nose within 20 cm, licking) in 83% of cases, highlighting the importance of olfaction as a general investigation mechanism in this species. Chimpanzees sniffed significantly longer at urine stimuli than the control and significantly longer at odours from outgroup individuals than those from group members. Furthermore, the duration of sniffing was positively correlated with relatedness. Our results suggest that chimpanzees use olfactory cues to obtain information about social relationships and fill a gap in our understanding of primate chemical communication.
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Varnakulendran, Nagalingam, and Veeriah Elango. "Study on physical properties of Ayabirungaraja Karpam engaged by Traditional and Modern technique." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 12, no. 2 (June 17, 2021): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v12i3.1916.

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The physical characterization is an authentic proof for the metal and mineral drug formulations used in traditional system of medicine. Now a day quality assurance is a thrust area for the evaluation of traditionally used medicinal plants and herbal formulations. In this research work, author aims to elicit traditional and modern physical characterization of Siddha formulation Ayabirungaraja karpam(ABK). It was prepared as per Siddha reputed text classical method and subjected to physical characterization traditionally such as consistency, lightness, texture, particle size, colour, odour, tactile sensation, irreversible nature and modern parameters like pH value, Loss on drying, Total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, Bulk density, Tapped density, Zeta size, Zeta potential and BET analysis for surface area. The results reveal as per traditional trait, ABK is non-adhesive freeness, fineness and lightness which enhance absorption and assimilation of particle in body without producing any irritation to the mucous membrane of gastrointestinal tract. Modern parameter indicate the presence of organic moieties as well as mineral, acidic medium which was not favour for microbial growth , cohesive, low porosity and compaction of drug powder was confirmed. Particle size matches well with colloidal size which attached to human intestine and thus provide large surface area, thereby increase absorption of macro, micronutrients and drug. Therefore, it is concluded the drug is user friendly for human oral administration.
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Shrestha, R., and J. Shakya. "Knowledge regarding adverse effects of selected cosmetic products among higher secondary level girl students, Chitwan." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 6, no. 2 (February 20, 2017): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v6i2.16685.

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Cosmetics are substances used to enhance the appearance or odour of the human body. The age that females begin wearing makeup gets younger and younger with every new generation. A descriptive study design was used to find out knowledge regarding adverse effects of selected cosmetic products among higher secondary level girl students. A total 70 female students of Maiya Devi Girls’ College, Bharatpur-10, Chitwan, 34 students of grade 11 and 36 students of grade 12 were selected by using probability simple random sampling lottery method. The result revealed that out of 70 respondents, 30% were of age 17 years, 51.4% were studying in grade 12. 34.3% respondents’ had experienced adverse effects from using cosmetic products, 50% had experienced acne, almost all respondent’s 98.6% got information of cosmetic products from television. Majority 82.9% of the respondents answered that cosmetic products are the substance use to enhance the appearance of body. Cent percent respondents’ had knowledge that lipstick cause lip cancer, 88.6% had knowledge that kajal cause dry eye syndrome, 97.1% had knowledge that skin lightening cream and sunscreen cause skin cancer and perfumes cause skin irritation, 87.1% had knowledge that mascara cause eye irritation, and 98.6% had knowledge that nail polish cause cancer and reading expiry and manufacture date can prevent the occurrence of adverse effects. Majority 72.9% of respondents had average level of knowledge, 17.1% had low level of knowledge and 10.0% had high level of knowledge. Statistically there was significant association between level of knowledge of the respondents’ regarding adverse effects of selected cosmetic products and grade of respondents (p = 0.044).
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Stavropoulos, Georgios, Kim van Munster, Giuseppe Ferrandino, Marius Sauca, Cyriel Ponsioen, Frederik-Jan van Schooten, and Agnieszka Smolinska. "Liver Impairment—The Potential Application of Volatile Organic Compounds in Hepatology." Metabolites 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2021): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11090618.

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Liver diseases are currently diagnosed through liver biopsy. Its invasiveness, costs, and relatively low diagnostic accuracy require new techniques to be sought. Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human bio-matrices has received a lot of attention. It is known that a musty odour characterises liver impairment, resulting in the elucidation of volatile chemicals in the breath and other body fluids such as urine and stool, which may serve as biomarkers of a disease. Aims: This study aims to review all the studies found in the literature regarding VOCs in liver diseases, and to summarise all the identified compounds that could be used as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. The literature search was conducted on ScienceDirect and PubMed, and each eligible publication was qualitatively assessed by two independent evaluators using the SANRA critical appraisal tool. Results: In the search, 58 publications were found, and 28 were kept for inclusion: 23 were about VOCs in the breath, one in the bile, three in urine, and one in faeces. Each publication was graded from zero to ten. A graphical summary of the metabolic pathways showcasing the known liver disease-related VOCs and suggestions on how VOC analysis on liver impairment could be applied in clinical practice are given.
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A P, Sreekala, Anup B. Thakar, Harisha C. R, and Shukla V. J. "Pharmaceutico-Analytical study of Shadbindu taila." International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine 12, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v12i3.1878.

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Introduction: Shadbindu taila is an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral preparation used in a variety of clinical conditions especially in diseases of upper part of body. This taila is described as exceptionally beneficial for improving the strength of hands. Before a human trial it is essential to evaluate the quality and authenticity of the trial drug, Standardization is needed for assuring quality of any drug and it should be started with the identification and authentication of the drug Materials and method: Pharmacognostical evaluation carried out at Pharmacognosy department, ITRA, Jamnagar, pharmaceutical and HPTLC study were done at Pharmaceutical chemistry department, ITRA, Jamnagar. Microbiological evaluation was carried out at department of Microbiology I.T.R.A, Jamnagar. Results: Organoleptic examination: Colour: Greenish Brown, Odour: Aromatic, Taste: Salty, Touch: Viscous, oily. Pharmaceutical evaluation: specific gravity 0.9177, density 0.8753 Refractive Index 1 .4860, Acid Value 4.042, Saponification Value 132.43, Iodine Value 169.33 HPTLC at 254nm (short wave) showed mainly 6 major spot and at 366 nm (long wave) showed 2 major spots. No organisms isolated in aerobic and fungal culture, in microbiology evaluation. Conclusion: The trial drug is authentic and devoid of any adulteration. All quality control parameters were found to be within the permissible pharmacopeial limits and the stability and shelf life of the trial drug also will be more as per the pharmaceutical parameters.
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Schopf, V., K. Kollndorfer, M. Pollak, C. A. Mueller, and J. Freiherr. "Intranasal insulin influences the olfactory performance of patients with smell loss, dependent on the body mass index: A pilot study." Rhinology journal 53, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino15.065.

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Background: The application of intranasal insulin in healthy humans has been linked to improved memory function, reduced food intake, and increased olfactory thresholds. There has also been some correlation between the morbidities associated with central nervous system (CNS) insulin resistance, such as type II diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, and impaired odour recognition. Given that impaired odour recognition is an important component of olfactory performance, mechanisms that govern these effects may account for impaired olfactory functions in anosmic patients. Methodology: Ten patients with post-infectious olfactory loss received intranasal administration of 40 IU insulin or a placebo solution, as well as olfactory performance tests before and after administration. Results: When administered insulin, patients exhibited an immediate performance improvement with regard to olfactory sensitivity and olfactory intensity ratings. In addition, more odours were correctly identified. Furthermore, an improvement in the odour identification task was detected in patients with higher body mass index. Conclusion: Results of this pilot study shed light on the link between cerebral insulin level and an impaired sense of smell. This research line might provide a better understanding of olfactory loss in relation to eating and dietary behavior, and could offer opportunities to develop faster therapeutic intervention for patients with olfactory dysfunction.
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Thamarai Selvi V T, Ezhilarasan D, and Brundha M P. "Impact of Liver Disease On Oral Health." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (November 24, 2020): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.3886.

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The liver is the second-largest organ in the human body, which has the ability to regenerate after an injury or any inflammation. The liver diseases can be classified as an acute or chronic and infectious or non-infectious origin. Almost all the liver diseases produce oral manifestations like petechiae, Excessive bleeding in the cause of any minor trauma, inflammation. Oral Manifestation like gingival bleeding, glossitis, sialadenitis, hyposalivation are most commonly associated and perioral rashes, more prone to dental caries, Candidiasis are associated rarely with liver cirrhosis. Dry mouth, Sjogren syndrome both are commonly associated with all liver disease, hyposalivation leads to changes in the oral mucosa like alteration in taste, burning sensation in the tongue, bad breath etc., There are changes seen in oral mucosa, Candidiasis, fissured tongue, aphthous ulcers, bald tongue and halitosis due to compounds like Aliphatic acid, hydrogen sulfide, produced as a result of liver damage and they have a characteristic mousy odour. The common oral manifestations that are associated with Hepatocellular carcinoma include increased incidence of dental caries, loss of the tooth, Gingival bleeding, increased bone loss, chronic periodontitis, oral thrush, Candidiasis and oral lichen planus. Liver diseases have many implications in a dental setting and should carefully take a brief medical history. This study will provide better knowledge in understanding the association between liver disease and oral hygiene, Effective treatment planning in a dental setting also for liver diseased patients. Dental practitioners should know the oral manifestations commonly associated with liver diseases so that treatment can be accordingly made. With this background, the present study aims to review the impact of liver disease on oral health and its management in a dental setting.
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39

Svirskis, Šimons, Linda Klimavičiusa, and Zane Dzirkale. "Evaluation of “Stress Relief” Dietary Supplement on Animal Stress Level and Locomotion." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 72, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2018-0027.

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Abstract Search of new approaches for harmless, non-medication treatment of body dysfunctions is still on the agenda of vet and human practitioners and researchers as well. This study presents evaluation of the effect of “Stress Relief” dietary supplement (SR) on mice behaviour under different acute short-term stress conditions and treatment duration. Five experiments were performed and in each 40 animals were randomly split into four (I–IV) groups, where I and II — non-stressed mice, III and IV — stressed animals, I and III received water with trace mineral solution (TMS), II and IV received water with SR. As stress factors, forced swimming, rodent predator odour or both together were applied. Locomotor activity under normal and stress conditions in Open Field were observed and measured by a SMART video-tracking system. Blood glucose level was measured as well. SR showed a reversal of stress-decreased locomotor activity in all stress models — distance walked increased almost twice (p < 0.0001), central zone crossings and time spent in it were 2–4 times greater than in the control group (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0002, respectively), and fast movement episodes and maximal speed increased by 50–200%. In addition, complete normalisation of stress-induced elevation of blood glucose level (p < 0.0001) was noted. These results demonstrate for the first time that the effect of “Stress Relief” formula (water additives–minerals processed by know-how way in Vital Force Technology using Dr. Yury Kronn method) can be observed in laboratory animals, and that the effects are significant and repeatable. SR shows fear- and stress-reducing activity, which does not sufficiently differ between 7-, 9-, 14-, 28- and 32-day treatment regimes.
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Pandey, Sudhir Kumar, and Ki-Hyun Kim. "Human body-odor components and their determination." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 30, no. 5 (May 2011): 784–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2010.12.005.

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41

Lendrum, J. "Human body odor: Etiology, treatment, and related factors." British Journal of Plastic Surgery 47, no. 2 (1994): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(94)90179-1.

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42

de Groot, Jasper H. B., Gün R. Semin, and Monique A. M. Smeets. "On the Communicative Function of Body Odors." Perspectives on Psychological Science 12, no. 2 (March 2017): 306–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691616676599.

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Humans use multiple senses to navigate the social world, and the sense of smell is arguably the most underestimated one. An intriguing aspect of the sense of smell is its social communicative function. Research has shown that human odors convey information about a range of states (e.g., emotions, sickness) and traits (e.g., individuality, gender). Yet, what underlies the communicability of these states and traits via smell? We fill this explanatory gap with a framework that highlights the dynamic and flexible aspects of human olfactory communication. In particular, we explain how chemical profiles, associative learning (i.e., the systematic co-occurrence of chemical profiles with state- or trait-related information), and top-down contextual influences could interact to shape human odor perception. Our model not only helps to integrate past research on human olfactory communication but it also opens new avenues for future research on this fascinating, yet to date poorly understood, field.
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43

Galassi, Federico, Paola Gonzalez-Audino, and María I. Picollo. "Head Lice Recognize and Prefer Head Odor Over Foot and Forearms Odors." Journal of Medical Entomology 56, no. 5 (May 14, 2019): 1204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz060.

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Abstract Human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), are hematophagous parasites that infest human heads. They are extreme host specialists suggesting a strict selection behavior towards the human head by the parasites. Despite the public health relevance of P. humanus capitis, the role of chemical clues to select the human head is not well known. In the present study, we attempted to find out whether head lice recognize and select the odor of the head over the odor of other parts of the human body. Our results using a two-choice olfactometer demonstrated that head lice were highly attracted by the volatile compounds of the human odor air, but they did not show preference for the volatiles of head compared to the volatiles of other parts of the body (forearm or foot). Conversely, when head lice were exposed in an experimental arena to the whole human odor of different parts of the body, they showed a preferential response to the whole head odor compared with the whole foot or forearm odors. These results suggest that head lice can at short distance of the host, be oriented towards the head odor of the human host in the selection of the scalp environment.
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Schröder, C., I. Mirbach, M. Keskin, G. Sauermann, U. Hoppe, and F. Wolf. "Polymer sensor arrays for evaluation of human body odours." Journal of Dermatological Science 16 (March 1998): S119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0923-1811(98)83711-0.

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Dipti D. Patil, Dewanand A. Meshram,. "DIGITAL REPRESENTATION TECHNIQUES FOR OLFACTORY FEATURES." INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/itii.v9i1.131.

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Digital representation of odor has a basic principal of chemosensory organism of sensory molecules. A body organism responds to external odor environments. A body of animal/human perceives the odor in the form of molecule structure. But the questions still arises how that odor molecule is presented in the digital format. Also how it act a specific odor behavior. The mechanism used in animal/human body is to solve the problem as per thought process level. Thought process retrieve the stored molecule of odor in a visual smell. Similar concepts are carrying forward to store in a computer system with the help of electron. The system is applied to perform Machine-learned odor recognition from physico-chemical properties of volatile molecules. The properties of volatile molecules are to match the pattern of chemosensory organisms. Artificial intelligence is used to predict the molecule of smell by applying neural network. This paper focuses on the behavior of odors and its digital representation techniques for olfactory features.
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46

Skowroń, Jolanta, and Katarzyna Konieczko. "Hydrogen cynide and cyanide salts: sodium, potassium, calcium, as CN-. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)." Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy 33, no. 1(91) (March 30, 2017): 5–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/1231868x.1232633.

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Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and its salts: potassium cyanide (KCN), sodium cyanide (NaCN) and calcium cyanide [Ca(CN2)] are very toxic. Hydrogen cyanide at ambient conditions is a colourless liquid or a colourless gas with the characteristic odour of bitter almonds. Sodium, potassium and calcium cyanides are white hygroscopic, crystalline solids with a slight HCN odour. Hydrogen cyanide is used mainly in a fumigation of ships, buildings, orchards and various foods, in electroplating, in the production of chelating agents such as EDTA, and in metal treatment processes. It is also used as a chemical intermediate. Cyanides are used in the extraction and recovery of gold and silver from ores, the heat treatment of metals, and electroplating. They are also precursors in chemical syntheses. Workers from metal, electrochemical, plastics, pharmaceutical, textile, chemical and food industries are exposed to these compounds. In 2008–2013, there were no workers exposed to the concentration of hydrogen cyanide and sodium, potassium and calcium cyanides exceeding the maximum admissible ceiling concentration MAC(C) 5 mg/m3 (the national database maintained by the Regional Sanitary Station in Bydgoszcz). Hydrogen cyanide and cyanides are irritating to mucous membranes and skin. They are absorbed by inhalation, dermal and oral exposure. The acute hydrogen cyanide and cyanides poisoning indicate a great danger and hazard, because these compounds are quickly absorbed into the body and their effects are present within a few minutes after the start of exposure. Exposure to sodium cyanide at a concentration of 286 mg/m3 or to hydrogen cyanide at a concentration greater than 300 mg/m3 for 1 min may be fatal. Sodium, potassium or calcium cyanides at concentrations of 25 mg/m3 are direct hazards to life and health of workers if exposure lasts about 30 min and without respiratory protection. For hydrogen cyanide this value was established as 56 mg/m3. The development of symptoms of acute poisoning by hydrogen cyanide or cyanides in humans occurs in three phases: breathlessness and excitement, convulsions and paralysis. The results of studies of subchronic and chronic exposures of workers to cyanides by inhalation indicate that symptoms of exposure were associated with changes in the central nervous system (headache, weakness, changes in the sensation of taste and smell) and damage to the thyroid (enlargement, changes in uptake of iodine, elevated concentration of thyroid stimulating hormone TSH and a reduction of thyroid hormones T3 and T4). Other studies suggest that chronic exposure to hydrogen cyanide in the hardening plant of metals caused decrements in lung functions among workers. Hydrogen cyanide and cyanides, both in aqueous solution, applied to the conjunctival sac or on the skin is quickly absorbed into the body of animals in amounts sufficient to cause toxic effects and death. In rats and mice treated with sodium cyanide in drinking water at a dose of 4.5 mg/kg bw/day for 13 weeks, no significant changes in biochemical and haematological parameters of peripheral blood and histopathological findings in the internal organs were observed. There were no pathological changes in the respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous system and kidneys in rats which were feed with hydrogen cyanide over two years. Calculated NOAEL was approximately 10.4 mg/kg body weight. There is no available data on the carcinogenicity of hydrogen cyanide and cyanides in human and animals. Positive effects were obtained in one study only, in which hydrogen cyanide was tested with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 100 in the absence of metabolic activation, while the other strains employed in this study yielded negative results. Cyanides did not show mutagenic activity in the tests in vitro and in vivo. On the basis of the studies on hamsters, teratogenic effects of sodium cyanide were observed. This compound was toxic for pregnant mothers and caused an increase in fatal resorption and malformations in an offspring. The results of the study of workers exposed to hydrogen cyanide and cyanides and with changes in thyroid were the basis for calculating MAC (NDS) value. The LOAEL value was establishes as a concentration of 4.7 mg/m3. The MAC of 1 mg/m3 (calculated CN–) was established for hydrogen cyanide and the inhalable fraction of sodium, potassium, calcium cyanides was accepted. Due to totally different mechanism of action of hydrogen cyanide and cyanides (sodium, potassium, calcium) in chronic exposure (effects on the thyroid gland) and in the acute exposure, which is primarily associated with inhibition enzymatic system of cytochrome c oxidase, which prevents cells from using oxygen (histotoxic hypoxia), for these compounds the ceiling value MAC(C) of 5 mg/m3 was not changed. Such an approach is a deviation from the basic methodology adopted by the Group of Expert and the Interdepartmental Commission for MAC and MAI. MAC and ceiling MAC(C) values for these substances should be establish due to the different effects of critical action and mechanisms of action in the acute and chronic condition. This approach is consistent with the DECOS Committee (Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards) from 2002. According to the committee, the acute human data show the most sensitive effect, i.e., death. The steepness of the dose-response relationship and the severity of the acute effects in humans imply at the same time that utmost care should be taken to prevent this exposure level from being exceeded, not even for a short time. Therefore, the committee proposed to establish a ceiling value for the acute health effects of 10 mg/m3 for hydrogen cyanide. The Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limit Values (SCOEL) proposed an OEL value of 1 mg/m3. However, since the acute effects in humans are severe (i.e., death) and show a rather steep dose-response relationship, peak exposures should be avoided. Based on the steepness of the dose-response relationship and the severity of the acute effects in humans a STEL of 5 mg/m3 is recommended as CN– from any combination of the three compounds. Based on the very high skin permeability measured for hydrogen cyanide and cyanide anions in aqueous solutions, a skin notation is recommended for hydrogen cyanide and sodium, potassium, calcium cyanides.
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Pause, Bettina M. "Processing of Body Odor Signals by the Human Brain." Chemosensory Perception 5, no. 1 (December 10, 2011): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12078-011-9108-2.

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Havlicek, Jan, S. Craig Roberts, and Jaroslav Flegr. "Women's preference for dominant male odour: effects of menstrual cycle and relationship status." Biology Letters 1, no. 3 (July 5, 2005): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0332.

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Body odour may provide significant cues about a potential sexual partner's genetic quality, reproductive status and health. In animals, a key trait in a female's choice of sexual partner is male dominance but, to date, this has not been examined in humans. Here, we show that women in the fertile phase of their cycle prefer body odour of males who score high on a questionnaire-based dominance scale (international personality items pool). In accordance with the theory of mixed mating strategies, this preference varies with relationship status, being much stronger in fertile women in stable relationships than in fertile single women.
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Jha, Sunil Kr, Ninoslav Marina, Chuanjun Liu, and Kenshi Hayashi. "Human body odor discrimination by GC-MS spectra data mining." Analytical Methods 7, no. 22 (2015): 9549–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay02457a.

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The present study explores individual identity perception by analyzing the chemical peak information in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) spectra of body odor samples with standard data mining approaches.
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50

Awasthi, Indra. "How does the brain function when a person is in love?" International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 814–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37936.

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Abstract: This article identifies the nature of love and some of its conscientious and political implications. It is a question to the thinker, 'What is love?'Many problems arise. Love is an ideational noun. That is, for some people, it is a word that is not connected to reality or sensibly. For others, it shows our existence, ourselves and the world, is irreversibly affected after we "refer to love". Some are trying to analyse it, others prefer to leave it as an inefficient area But it is undeniable that love plays a huge and inevitable role in our different cultures. We see it discussed with humour and seriousness in songs, films and novels. It is a constant theme of maturity in life and a vibrant theme for young people. Philosophically, the nature of love has been at the heart of philosophy since ancient Greece, from the materialistic concept of love as a purely physical phenomenon (the animal or genetic motif that governs our behaviour) to theory. That moment Love as an intense spiritual entity, to the highest degree, allows us to come into contact with divinity. Historically, in the Western tradition, Plato's Feast presents the original text to provide us with a very influential and compelling idea that love is characterized by several levels. To love. This is also overcome by what can be explained by the theological view of love the research sends sexual attraction and reciprocity. Since then, there have been various alternative theories, including Plato’s critics and advocates of love, Plato's disciple Aristotle, and his more mundane theory of true love. It reflects what he described as "two bodies and one soul". The philosophical treatment of love covers a variety of disciplines, including epistemology, metaphysics, religion, humanity, politics and ethics. Often, for example, statements or discussions about love, its nature and, its role in human life refer to one or all of the central theories of philosophy and are compared or considered in the context of philosophical sex. And not just sex, but the body as well. It is intentional. The mission of the philosophy of love is to present relevant issues in a targeted way, based on relevant theories such as human nature, desire and morality. The research concludes that biological, mind and ideology stand significant for the analysis of love. Nonetheless, additional study is preferred for differentiating that what actually is and how this knowledge can be applied in everyday life. With the divorce rate on the rise and the idea of a changing marriage during present time community, significance for researching a theory in affection can’t be ignored. In this study, as a community, we can understand its importance for human love and survival. Keywords: Physical, Mental, affection, intercourse, divorce, serotonin, oxytocin, Oedipus complex, Electra complex, ideology, soul mate, neurotransmitter, dopamine, odour, psychosexual
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