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Rodrigues, Bruno Gorgulho. "Income inequality and human capital development." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11494.
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Human Capital investments are essential for the economic development of a country. In Brazil, several sources point to the lack of qualified workforce as a cause of slower economic growth. This dissertation explores the theoretical linkages made from income inequality to economic performance. The empirical section focuses on one of the theories presented, the one on creditmarket imperfections. According to this theory, imperfect credit markets are poor resource allocators and do not allow for low income individuals to invest in their own human capital. In Brazil, there is a lack of empirical studies aimed at testing the channels through which inequality affects growth, therefore this research gains significance. The results presented here were drawn from family household survey – POF – undertaken by the IBGE. Data has evidenced that education investments grow as a percentage of the total budget with raises of income. Raises in income for very high income classes do not increase education spending. The data suggests the existence of a budget constraint for low and middle class Brazilians from all regions. It has been found strong evidence that low and middle income classes in Brazil have limited access to credit-markets. Therefore, there is evidence that redistribution would increase aggregate spending on education.
Investimentos em capital humano são essenciais para o desenvolvimento econômico de um pais. No Brasil, diversas fontes apontam para a falta de mão de obra qualificada como sendo uma das causas de um fraco crescimento econômico. Esta dissertação explora as teorias que ligam desigualdade de renda com performance econômica. A parte empírica se foca em uma das teorias apresentadas, a de imperfeições no mercado de credito. De acordo com esta teoria, mercados de credito imperfeitos são fracos alocadores de recursos e não possibilitam que indivíduos de baixa renda invistam no próprio capital humano. No Brasil, há uma escassez de estudos empíricos focados em testar os canais através dos quais a desigualdade de renda afeta o crescimento, trazendo significância para esta dissertação. Os resultados apresentados aqui foram obtidos através da pesquisa familiar – POF – realizada pelo IBGE. Os dados mostram que investimentos em educação crescem como percentual do orçamento com o aumento da renda familiar. Aumentos de renda para classes de renda já elevadas não provocam igual aumento nas despesas educacionais. Os dados sugerem a existência de uma restrição orçamentária para Brasileiros de baixa e média renda independente da região. Foram encontradas fortes evidencias de que classes de baixa e média renda no Brasil tem acesso limitado ao mercado de credito. Portanto, existe evidencia de que redistribuição aumentaria o gasto agregado em educação.
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Gavalyugova, Dimitria. "Essays on gender, development and human capital investment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672874.
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This dissertation comprises three chapters on the intersection between gender, development
and human capital investments. The first chapter explores the impact
of the rapid expansion of the Cambodian garment industry on women’s and children’s
well being. It documents a sizeable increase in schooling at early ages, but
also increased secondary dropouts. It also demonstrates that the growth of garment
manufacturing is associated with delays in marriage and childbearing, and
potentially long-lasting improvements in girls’ height. The second chapter uses
a natural experiment from an Australian state and shows that relaxing compulsory
mathematics and science requirements widens the gender gap in high-school
STEM subject uptake. It also documents a positive externality from compulsory
mathematics requirements on the uptake of science subjects, which is consistent
with a setting in which it is costly to study science without any mathematics. The
third chapter presents evidence that the growth of private primary schooling may
have negative implications for equality in educational opportunities and learning
outcomes in rural India.Esta disertación comprende tres capítulos sobre la intersección entre género, desarrollo e inversiones en capital humano. El primer capítulo explora el impacto de la rápida expansión de la industria de la confección de Camboya en el bienestar de las mujeres y los niños. Documenta un aumento considerable de la escolarización a edades tempranas, pero también un aumento de la deserción en la secundaria. También demuestra que el crecimiento de la fabricación de prendas de vestir está asociado con retrasos en el matrimonio y la maternidad y mejoras potencialmen- te duraderas en la altura de las niñas. El segundo capítulo utiliza un experimento natural de un estado australiano y muestra que la relajación de los requisitos obligatorios de matemáticas y ciencias ampíıa la brecha de género en la captacióin de materias STEM en la escuela secundaria. También documenta una externalidad positiva de los requisitos matemáticos obligatorios en la adopción de asignaturas de ciencias, lo cual es consistente con un entorno en el que es costoso estudiar ciencias sin matemáticas. El tercer capítulo presenta evidencia del crecimiento de la educación primaria privada que puede tener implicaciones negativas para la igualdad en las oportunidades educativas y los resultados del aprendizaje en la India rural.
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Leker, Laura. "Human Capital, Life Expectancy, and Economie Development." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0127.
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Dans un article de 1967, Ben-Porath a mis en évidence qu'un allongement de l'espérance de vie rendait plus rentable l'investissement en éducation. Cependant, la validité empirique de ce mécanisme au niveau macroéconomique est contestée. Le chapitre introductif de la thèse propose une revue de la littérature et discute les difficultés rencontrées pour définir une stratégie empirique pour tester l'effet Ben-Porath. La thèse apporte une contribution théorique en proposant des modélisations de l'effet Ben-Porath dont les simulations donnent une magnitude réaliste. Le chapitre 2 développe un modèle OLG dans lequel la décision d'éducation est prise selon un marchandage intergénérationnel, contrairement aux modèles existants qui supposent que la décision d'éducation revient soit entièrement au parent, soit entièrement à l'enfant. L'introduction d'un tel marchandage influe sur la dynamique de long-terme de l'économie, en particulier sur la probabilité qu'il existe une trappe à pauvreté ou une zone de croissance perpétuelle. Le chapitre 3 développe un modèle de décision d'éducation avec rendements minceriens et horizon de vie incertain. Une simulation du modèle donne une fourchette de la magnitude attendue de l'effet Ben-Porath : un gain d'une année d'espérance de vie incite à investir 0. 25 à 0. 4 années d'éducation supplémentaires. La thèse apporte également une contribution empirique en évaluant l'effet Ben-Porath sur un panel de pays de 1900 à 1980 (chapitre 3), et sur un panel de départements français sur la 2nde moitié du XIXème siècle (chapitre 4). Les résultats donnent tous un coefficient de Ben-Porath entre 0. 15 et 0. 4, ce qui correspond à l'effet théorique attendu d'après la simulation du modèle du chapitre 3.
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Ahsan, Humna. "Essays on human capital and economic development." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/essays-on-human-capital-and-economic-development(c0f0748a-0b81-4c03-8a8a-49c925126938).html.
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This thesis explores three important factors that have been central to the pursuit of economic development especially in case of developing countries. These are human capital, corruption and institutions. The first chapter presents an analysis of the role of corruption in determining the distribution of income and, with this, the degree of poverty and inequality. The analysis is based on an overlapping generations model in which individuals may seek to improve their productive efficiency (and hence earnings) by supplementing or substituting publicly provided services (such as education and health) with personal expenditures on human capital investment. Because of capital market imperfections, their ability to do this depends on their inherited wealth which serves as collateral for loans. Corruption is reflected in the pilfering of public funds and a reduction in public service provision, the effect of which is to reduce the earnings of those who rely on such services and to exacerbate the extent of credit rationing for these agents. The dynamic general equilibrium of the model is characterised by multiple steady states to which different income classes converge. Higher levels of corruption lead to higher levels of poverty and may result in complete polarisation between the rich and poor by eliminating the middle class. The second chapter presents an analysis of the threshold effects of human capital on economic growth. Using a sample of 126 countries (1970-2012), we estimate a dynamic threshold panel model following Hansen (1999) and Caner & Hansen (2004). Our results are twofold: first, there exists a significant threshold level of development (proxied by capital stock per capita) below which the effect of human capital on economic growth is insignificant, whereas it is positive significant above it; second, while looking into the impact of institutional quality, we find significant thresholds of interaction between institutional quality and development.
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Iefymenko, T. "Innovative financial management of human capital development." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2019. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/14492.
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Денисенко, Павло Анатолійович, Павел Анатольевич Денисенко, and Pavlo Anatoliiovych Denysenko. "Human capital: some modern ways of development." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2005. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19904.
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Goldschmidt, Kyle. "The fourth industrial revolution and human capital development." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62483.
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The focus of the Fourth Industrial Revolution has been on its implications on Human Capital and its need to develop “21st-Century Skills" through education to ensure future labour and capital complementarity. Human Capital combined with 21st-Century Skills, it is claimed, can together generate economic growth, jobs and propel an economy into the next Industrial Revolution. However, Schwab’s (2016) concept of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, make no distinction between the Average Worker and the Knowledge Elite and their relationship to each other and successful economic growth. The different nature of these skills is absent in the literature to date. A critical analysis of literature will be used to examine Schwab’s (2016) claim of a Fourth Industrial Revolution and assess how the Average Worker and the Knowledge Elite relate to the Fourth Industrial Revolution and 21st-Century Skills. The evidence is provided on how both the Average Worker and the Knowledge Elite are key contributors to economic growth and will be important in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
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Etcheverry, Emily. "Social capital, a resource for the human capital development of university students." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/nq23598.pdf.
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Hickie, James. "A study of human capital development in young entrepreneurs." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12033.
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In recent years young entrepreneurs have attracted considerable attention from policy makers and the media, and there is evidence that increasingly many young people aspire to start their own business. However, there has been little research into how young entrepreneurs actually build their businesses, and the limited existing research about young entrepreneurs has tended to focus on participants who have struggled to achieve business survival and growth. By contrast, this thesis investigates how young entrepreneurs are able to build high performing businesses. All participants have built a business with a turnover between £1 million and £90 million or otherwise raised at least £1 million in external investment. It takes a qualitative approach, based primarily on semi-structured interviewing, to understanding the knowledge and skills 21 young entrepreneurs used to build their businesses. It uses a human capital theory framework to analyse how the young entrepreneurs developed relevant knowledge and skills prior to start-up in order to build a business. It then considers what additional human and social capital the young entrepreneurs acquired during the venture creation process itself. The findings identify three different pathways, each of which typifies the human capital used by particular young entrepreneurs, according to their educational background and the precise age at which they started their business. The study also establishes the necessary human capital which all of the young entrepreneurs developed prior to start-up or during the early stages of starting their ventures, which was important to their success in growing a business. The study finally contributes to the debate about whether general human capital or venture-specific human capital is most important to entrepreneurs, finding that for young entrepreneurs developing pre-start-up general human capital is particularly significant.
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Zuo, Xuejin. "China's Investments in Human Capital and Long-Term Development." Graduate School of International Development. Nagoya University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6294.
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Levchenko, Oleksandr, Ilona Tsarenko, О. М. Левченко, and І. О. Царенко. "Higher education as a factor of human capital development." Thesis, Baltija Publishing, 2016. http://dspace.kntu.kr.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/3595.
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Cerra, Valerie. "Essays on growth, human capital, and income distribution /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7431.
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Johnson, Sebastian, and Filip Norman. "Godlike Views Of Human Capital : A Qualitative Case Study of Different Internal Stakeholder Views of Human Capital within an Esport Organization." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185243.
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The esport industry is growing, and it is growing fast. Research suggests that the phenomenon of esport poses a great opportunity to research the development and assessment of human expertise in our modern digitized society. Consequently, the research in this thesis is that of a case study of an esport organization through which we have sought to answer the research question: "How do stakeholders within an esport organization view human capital, that is the investment in, and the development, assessment, and treatment of players?" We answered this research question by gathering relevant empirical material through five semi-structured interviews, which we analyzed to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying reasons and different justifications as to how human capital in the organization is viewed by different stakeholders within the organization. We present four general conclusions. Firstly, there were similar views among the different stakeholders regarding investments in and development of players. Secondly, it was apparent that the stakeholders viewed the players as the core of the business. Thirdly, upper management seemed to carry more of a goal-oriented perspective on the players development as opposed to stakeholders more ‘hierarchically’ adjacent to the players. And lastly, the investments in the players' development were justified through various aspects. Through these conclusions, we i) contribute to managerial/organizational knowledge on how or how not to invest in, develop, assess, and treat human capital in an esport organization, ii) contribute theoretically by applying various different theories and concepts in an esport context; thus expanding the theoretical knowledge of the capabilities and usage of said theories and concepts, and iii) contribute to the empirical body of literature regarding the esport phenomenon by portraying different stakeholder views of human capital within an esport context.
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Mbabane, Loyiso Mzisi. "Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment : a human capital development approach." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11612.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-187).This study develops a theoretical framework for Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment, using a Human Capital Development approach. This framework is then employed to evaluate the Codes of Good Practice on Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) (Department of Trade and Industry, 2005; 2007). A 'mixed methods research approach' is utilized, in some kind of triangulation. Three research methods are used starting with focus groups; then content analysis and finally descriptive analysis. Phase one utilizes focus groups to construct the key elements of the Draft BBBEE Scorecard for Employment Equity; Skills Development and Organisational Transformation (2005). In phase two, content analysis (documentation analysis) is applied to compare and contrast the draft BBBEE Scorecard of 2005 with the final BBBEE Scorecard of 2007, using the human capital development framework for the propositions. The third phase is designed to test proposition three, which enquires into the actual implementation of BBBEE by employers. This phase utilizes secondary data from various official reports of the Commission for Employment Equity (2000-2007) to measure the nature and extent of progress on Employment Equity; Skills Development and Management Control by employers, in relation to the BBBEE policy and its targets. The BBBEE Scorecards for Employment Equity and Skills Development are found to be generally in line with human capital development principles. The Organisational Transformation Index that was in the 2005 Draft BBBEE Scorecard is found to be a useful mechanism for moving away from a transaction-based approach to BBBEE toward a transformation-based approach. To this effect, the absence of the Organisational Transformation Index in the final Codes and Scorecards of 2007 is lamented. A recommendation is made for more emphasis to be placed on the transformation of companies/ organisations. The leadership role of Chief Executive Officers and their top management in the BBBEE process is propagated. At the leadership level, the Transformational Leadership approach is posited as the one that holds a better chance of driving BBBEE successfully. Quo Vadis; the study recommends two different theoretical frameworks; a Human Capital Development framework for BBBEE at the macro-level (national policy and strategy) and the Transformational Leadership-Organisational Transformation one at the micro-level. BBBEE, it is held; ought to be integrated into the country's new National Industrial Policy Framework. Conversely, the BBBEE targets and goals should also be aligned to the country's long-term socio-economic growth strategies.
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Malmberg, Hannes. "Human Capital in Development Accounting and Other Essays in Economics." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-142100.
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Human Capital and Development Accounting Revisited. I quantify the effects on development accounting of allowing for imperfectly substitutable labor services. To estimate the degree of substitutability between skilled and unskilled labor services in a cross-country setting, it is sufficient to estimate the relative price of skilled labor services, and I develop a novel method for estimating this relative price using international trade data. My method exploits the negative relationship between relative prices of skilled labor services and relative export values in skill-intensive industries. I find an approximately constant elasticity of substitution with a value of about 1.3. When integrating my results into a development accounting exercise, I find that efficiency differences in skilled labor are more important than uniform efficiency differences in explaining world income differences. Under the traditional development accounting assumption of neutral technology differences, the skilled labor efficiency differences reflect human capital quality differences, and human capital differences can explain a majority of world income differences. Relaxing the assumption of neutral technology differences, an alternative explanation is that there are large skill-biased technology differences between rich and poor countries. Price Level Determination When Tax Payments Are Required in Money. We formalize the idea that the price level can be determined by a requirement that taxes be paid in money. We show that if households have to pay a money tax of a fixed real value and the money supply is constant, there is a unique stationary price level, and a continuum of non-stationary deflationary equilibria. The non-stationary equilibria can be excluded if we introduce an arbitrarily lax borrowing constraint. Thus, in the basic model, tax requirements can uniquely determine the price level. When money has liquidity value, tax requirements can exclude self-fulfilling hyperinflations. Swedish Unemployment Dynamics. We decompose the sources of unemployment variations into contributions from variations in different labor market flows. We develop a decomposition method that allows for a distinction between permanent and temporary employment and slow convergence to the steady state, and we apply the method to the Swedish labor market for the period 1987-2012. Variations in unemployment are driven to an approximately equal degree by variations in (i) flows from unemployment to employment, (ii) flows from employment to unemployment, and (iii) flows in and out of the labor force. Flows involving temporary contracts account for 44% of unemployment variation, even though temporary workers only constitute 13% of the working-age population. Neglecting out-of-steady-state dynamics leads to an overestimation of the importance of flows involving permanent contracts. Supply Chain Risk and the Pattern of Trade. This paper analyzes the interaction of supply chain risk and trade patterns. We construct a model where an industry's risk sensitivity is determined by the number of customized components that it uses, and countries with a low supply chain risk specialize in risk-sensitive goods. Based on our theory, we construct an empirical measure of risk sensitivity from input-output tables and customization measures. Using industry-level trade data and a variety of risk proxies, we show that countries with a low supply chain risk disproportionately export risk-sensitive goods.
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Taylor, Fiona May Social Sciences & International Studies Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "The "safety net" and human capital formation in Australia." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Social Sciences & International Studies, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43269.
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This study explores the validity of key assumptions and arguments about the nature, extent, depth, causes, and consequences of poverty that underpinned the statements and policy of the Howard Government during its decade in office. One important assumption appeared to be that an inability to afford the essentials of life plays a relatively unimportant, even negligible role in generating the low levels of human capital and school achievement exhibited by many ??poor?? parents and their children. Drawing on extensive secondary evidence from disciplines as diverse as economics, sociology, neurobiology, epidemiology and developmental psychology, the study demonstrates that these assumptions and arguments do not stand up to close empirical scrutiny. The adequacy of income support payments as a ??safety net?? from poverty, and the validity of various poverty ??lines?? are examined against the costs of obtaining the ??essentials?? that Australians believe no citizen should have to go without. This analysis reveals that the depth and prevalence of poverty in Australia is considerably more serious than has been admitted by the Howard Government and in many academic analyses. Next, the study demonstrates that the rise in so-called ??welfare dependence?? is a product of economic, rather than cultural developments; that income support ??customer?? data contradicts the claim that poverty is mostly a transitory phenomenon; and that ??work first welfare to work policies?? are not a solution to poverty, even during an economic boom. The second half of the thesis explores evidence from a variety of disciplines that suggests that the financial stress and material hardship associated with poverty have direct, indirect and cumulative impacts which commonly include compromised brain function and development and a reduced capacity for physiological and behavioural self-regulation. These consequences undermine physical and mental health, inter-personal relationships, parenting and health behaviours, learning capacities, and the development and maintenance of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities that are valued in the labour market. Contrary to the policy conclusions that flow from mis-characterisation of these consequences as symptoms of the intrinsic deficits of the poor, the multi-disciplinary evidence suggests that the real economic costs of allowing poverty to continue are likely to be higher than the costs of preventing it.
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Singh, Abhijeet. "Essays on human capital formation in developing countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:25d55dd1-464e-497b-952c-5b456036dc5d.
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This thesis consists of a short introduction and three self-contained analytical chapters. Chapter 1 focuses on the question of learning gaps and divergence in achievement across countries. I use unique child-level panel data from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam to ask at what ages do gaps between different populations emerge, how they increase or decline over time, and what the proximate determinants of this divergence are. I document that learning gaps between the four countries are already evident at the age of 5 years and grow throughout the age trajectory of children, preserving country ranks from 5 to 15 years of age. At primary school age, the divergence between Vietnam and the other countries is largely accounted for by substantially greater learning gains per year of schooling. Chapter 2 focuses on learning differences between private and government school students in India. I present the first value-added models of learning production in private and government schools in this context, using panel data from Andhra Pradesh. I examine the heterogeneity in private school value-added across different subjects, urban and rural areas, medium of instruction, and across age groups. Further, I also estimate private school effects on children's self-efficacy and agency. I find modest or insignificant causal effects of attending private schools in most test domains other than English and on children's academic self-concept and agency. Results on comparable test domains and age groups correspond closely with, and further extend, estimates from a parallel experimental evaluation. Chapter 3 uses panel data from the state of Andhra Pradesh in India to estimate the impact of the introduction of a national midday meal program on anthropometric z-scores of primary school students, and investigates whether the program ameliorated the deterioration of health in young children caused by a severe drought. Correcting for self-selection into the program using a non-linearity in how age affects the probability of enrollment, we find that the program acted as a safety net for children, providing large and significant health gains for children whose families suffered from drought.
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Hansen, Vera. "The effects of new entries on economic growth : a story on advanced and laggard sectors : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce and Administration in Economics /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1158.
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Xiao, Yao. "The role of human capital in economic growth: a case study /." Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2005. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/2433.
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Verkhohlyad, Olha. "The development of an improved human capital index for assessing and forecasting national capacity and development." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3148.
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Baptist, Simon James. "Technology, human capital and efficiency in manufacturing firms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a7472534-d3f1-4c3b-8078-98d686a33e72.
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Accounting for output per worker differences across countries has been an ongoing topic of research in economics. This thesis expands upon standard approaches by allowing for technological heterogeneity and exploiting firm and worker level data to determine the microeconomic sources of variation in both productivity and earnings. An intercontinental comparison using production functions for the Ghanaian and South Korean manufacturing sectors in Chapter 2 finds, in contrast to the conclusions of much of the macroeconomic literature, that there is no difference in total factor productivity (TFP). The microeconomic sources of the difference in value added per worker lie within the technology of firms, which is defined as the way in which inputs are used. Two important dimensions of this difference are the larger role of material inputs and the much lower rate of return to schooling in Ghana. In Chapter 3 a more general specification investigates intra-African variation in production, which is much smaller than the intercontinental difference. The pattern of cross-country heterogeneity is that, as GDP per capita rises, the relative input of materials falls, those of capital and labour rise and the returns to education increase. Differences in TFP are limited. Possible sources of the low returns to schooling in Ghana are investigated in Chapter 4 using earnings and production functions. Conditional upon selection into occupations, the only group of workers for whom education appreciably increases earnings are those employed in skilled jobs with more than ten years of education. The evidence is consistent with a lack of technological sophistication being the source of these low returns. Investment in new production processes by firms will increase the return to education and raise incomes and output. Reducing the share of intermediate inputs in production is key to the transition from low to high productivity activities. Technology is the critical element that can explain the performance of manufacturing firms across countries.
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Politis, Anastasios E. "Human capital development and competence structures in changing media production environments." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, NADA, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-25.
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This doctoral thesis discusses the competence structures and the development of human capital in the graphic arts and media sector. The study has focused on exploring the new media landscape and in particular the structural changes that influence the sector, the print-versuselectronic- media debate and the future of print media. The influence of new technologies and management concepts on the graphic arts and media sector has also been investigated, as has the role and the importance of people in new societal and industrial settings as well as new ways of managing and developing people in changing media environments.
The primary research objective was to identify the competence requirements and characteristics for existing and potential employees in the graphic arts and media sector and, in particular, the areas of digital printing and cross-media publishing. The second objective was to elucidate the various actions and strategies established and applied for the professional development of people in the graphic arts and media sector, such as further training, recruitment policies and the evaluation and certification of competence. The third objective of the study was to suggest the formation of a strategy for the professional development of people in the graphic arts and media sector – namely the creation of a human capital development strategy. An important issue was to identify the various components (or substrategies) of the strategy and determine if it was possible to integrate them under a common platform.
The work has been based on literature studies, industry reports and observations, market analyses and forecasts, and empirical studies. Participatory research methods have also been used. In addition, case-study research has been performed at the company and sector levels. Human resource management and development concepts have been surveyed to determine whether they are efficient for the professional development of people in the entire spectrum of an industry sector.
The graphic arts and media sector – including print media – will remain active for the foreseeable future; however, the results presented here show that the sector has been significantly influenced by structural changes that have taken place over the last decade, affecting organizations, companies and people involved in the sector, and this process of change will continue.
The study shows that there is indeed a need for new competence in people employed in or to be recruited to the graphic arts and media sector. The initial identification and description of the competences for the new structure of the graphic arts and media industry is proposed. Various actions for the development of people in the sector, mainly regarding education, further and continuous learning, and recruitment, are also identified. However, these activities have been established mainly at the national level by various organizations (educational institutes, industrial partners and the governmental/European Union authorities).
Finally, the principal characteristics of a human capital development strategy are described, and components (or substrategies) that form a strategy that could be introduced for the graphic arts and media sector in Europe are proposed.
Keywords: Graphic arts and media sector, digital printing, cross-media publishing, human capital, intellectual capital, human resource management and development, human capital development strategy.
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Amini, C. "Essays in development economics : poverty, foreign direct investment and human capital." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1384779/.
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This thesis addresses three keys issues in economic development. The first relates to the interplay between foreign direct investment, institutions and natural resources. The second issue explored is the extent to which economic growth contributes to poverty reduction. The third question relates to the determinants of human capital, as proxied by secondary school grades. I explore the first two points with cross-country panel econometric analysis of developing economies, while for the last I first explore cross section variation and then focus specifically on the case of a middle-income country of transition: Russia. These topics are important not only from a scholarly point of view but also for practical policy purposes. In the first case I find that the presence of natural resources modifies the relationship between FDI and institutions. In particular, higher levels of natural resources, notably oil, mitigate the positive effect of good institutions on the amount of foreign direct investment. If this is the case the usual policy recommendation that improved institutions should attract more foreign investments may not be relevant in resource rich economies. In the second case I find, in line with the literature, that economic growth is an important instrument for poverty reduction. However I extend the literature by showing that a number of factors have a significant effect on the poverty elasticity of growth. The empirical analysis demonstrates how changes in human capital, as measured with health or schooling, have substantial impact on the poverty elasticity of growth. Finally, turning to the determinants of students’ performances, I find that in Russia, as in other countries, educational scores are robustly linked to the characteristics of students' families and schools. In particular, I find some evidence that increased school resources and autonomy have a positive impact on student performance in Russia. This suggests therefore that policy makers can improve student performance by facilitating lower student-teacher ratios and increasing autonomy.
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Beyers, Ronald Noel. "Promoting human capital development through ICT creativity and innovation / R.N. Beyers." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4248.
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There is a growing call for more skilled workers-especially in the scarce skills of science,
engineering and technology (SET). The current educational system is failing to address
these issues, learners are being ill-prepared to cope with the demands of a society that has
moved on; and learners are being prepared for a society that no longer exists in practice. In
order to address this problem, this thesis calls for a greater emphasis on issues of digital
inclusion, integration of whole communities, understanding of the dynamics of integrating
ICTs into the classroom, exploring opportunities for the expansion of rapid-prototyping at
school level and the promotion of digital literacy. Though this is not a definitive list, the
researcher has developed working solutions to each of these issues, as presented in five journal articles.
Investigations were conducted in the Tshwane area with male and female learners in both primary and secondary schools. The selection of the learners from both advantaged and disadvantaged institutions was left to the teachers. Design research was the main methodology adopted for this research. The investigations started in 200'1 and the bulk of the work was concluded between 2007-2010. Greater emphasis is placed on a qualitative approach with limited quantitative analysis.
The findings of this research indicate the need to extend the scope of the investigation and to massify the different interventions. The pedagogical shift has been away from information transfer, towards using information communication technologies to promote creativity and innovation in a stimulating constructivist environment This has led to an opportunity to track learner involvement in SET events over their school careers and to identify talented individuals. In addition, the findings indicate that there is little difference between learners from advantaged and disadvantaged communities. Added to this is the development of a solution to
address the digital divide through the creation of virtual interactive classrooms which can digitally include learners from geographically separated classrooms in remote communities.
The strategic importance of ICTs, creativity and innovation are key components of a Human
Capital Development strategy, especially at a time when there is a growing shortage of
scarce skills in key areas. Post Grade 12 interventions are short term solutions that are not sustainable. This thesis calls for the establishment of a SET pipeline from grassroots level, in order to grow the feeder stock for a national system of innovation as a long-term investment
in the future.Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Kendall, Jake. "Local banks, human capital, and regional development in India and Brazil /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Reyes, Luna Rodolfo. "Leveraging the capacity of human capital in a product development organization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100384.
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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 100-103).
This research has as fundamental purpose, the generation of strategies for the product development organization in Ford of Mexico; the goal is to increase the capability of the workforce for the development of future work streams. In this thesis, a network model for organizational architectures referred as organizational design structure matrix is used to identify the main interactions among the project teams; this interaction pattern is compared to product interfaces captured in a product DSM model. A case study from Ford Motor Company is utilized; the development is narrowed to the analysis of the front end system of a new CD platform vehicle during the main stages of the product development process. To set up a context for this thesis, I elaborate the product development process from Ford and describe the main design challenges from the case study. In this thesis, I also explain the role that communication plays in an organization due to team geographic location and categories within the organization. DSM concepts and methods are explained to converge further in the application of the product development organization case study. I start the research with the creation of the product DSM for the front end system team through data collection, and interviews with the core engineering group at the company; surrogate data from current production CD vehicles was analyzed. I survey the Ford front end system team to understand the frequency and level of interaction among component teams during the development of the project. Technical maturity level of each team member is collected as well. Additional data from the program management team is acquired to cross reference project team performance with organizational communication. I compare the data set collected with the product architecture DSM to determine mismatches in the organization interactions. In addition, a series of clustering analyses are also compared to improve the team design structure matrix; these results allow us to convey strategies and recommendations to Ford of Mexico organization, to ultimately enhance the product development organization capabilities.
by Rodolfo Reyes Luna.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
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Alamu, Abimbola Peter. "Human Capital Development Strategies for the Tourism, Hospitality, and Leisure Industry." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2513.
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A shortage of skilled labor could cost the tourism, hospitality, and leisure industry (THL) a loss of $610 billion and 14 million jobs by 2024. The literature contains the contributions of specialist THL institutions but not that of the industry leaders to ameliorating this human capital (HC) challenge. The purpose of this multicase study was to explore the HC productivity strategies used by THL business leaders in Nigeria that improved employee productivity despite the lack of specialist THL institutions. The human capital theory (HCT) was the conceptual framework of the study. Coding of data derived from semistructured interviews with 3 THL industry leaders followed the modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen method. Triangulation of the interview data, site observations and company documents resulted in 5 strategy themes. The study indicated that recruiting persons with essential social capital, inducting them into high ethical standards, providing in-house training, motivating with reward and recognition, and adoption of affordable technologies are key industry strategies for THL HC development. The study findings can be adopted into THL organizations human resource management strategies and as input for training managers in the THL industry. The results of this study may contribute to social change by keeping more people gainfully engaged, increasing the dignity and prosperity of THL employees and their families, and reducing the undesirable effects of unemployment such as the high crime rate in southern Nigeria.
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Mainali, R. M. "The economics of inequality and human capital development : evidence from Nepal." Thesis, City University London, 2014. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/3512/.
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This thesis has three pieces of empirical studies that analyse economic inequality across social groups (castes and gender) and its impact on human capital endowments in developing countries with particular reference to Nepal. Three aspects of inequalities have been examined: disincentive in educational attainment in female arising from labour market discrimination, disproportional representation of low-caste workers in better jobs and inequity in health care utilisation and health outcomes across castes. This study contributes to the literature of economics by developing a new theory and extending existing econometric models in analysing economic inequality across social groups. The first piece of research examines the impact of marital anticipation on female education in the presence of labour market discrimination. It develops a theoretical model for jointly determining the age at marriage and female education. The model hypothesizes that as females are not rewarded in the labour market as much as men are; married women are encouraged to engage in household work as a result of the intra-household division of labour in their marital union. Thus, parental anticipation of this effect affects their daughter's age at marriage and can influence investment in girls' schooling. It then estimates the causal effect of age at marriage on education in light of the theoretical model using household data from Nepal.
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Al, Sakka F. A. M. "Human capital development in special economic zones : the case of Dubai." Thesis, University of Salford, 2014. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/31867/.
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The notion of human capital as an economic asset was first emerged in 1961 when Theodore Schultz coined the phrase. In the current most serious economic crisis since the 1930s, strategists and analysts in governments and commercial institutions are turning to people as being the most important asset in regaining economic stability and growth. This study aims to establish a framework to measure the impact of special economic zones on human capital accumulation within the context of Dubai. This framework will help decision makers to set up effective policies for future economic zones and to focus resources on key factors to accelerate the development of local human capital which is vital for the city’s economic growth. The specific research questions were: To what level does human capital accumulation occur within Dubai SEZs? What characterises human capital development in SEZs? What are the drivers of human capital development in Dubai SEZs? The research was carried out in three phases. The first phase was an exploratory study used to localise the variables, introduce adjustment, validate, verify, discuss variables obtained from the literature review, and to present the conceptual framework. The second phase measured the impact as well as the relationship of each variable on human capital development, to explain how human capital is developed within special economic zone firms, to gather more data and information about the localised variables influencing human capital development, and to collect data to build up a Human Capital Index. The third phase compares the impact of special economic zones on human capital in a cross comparison of firms’ development. An in-depth literature review was conducted on human capital and special economic zones. By focusing on the macro and micro levels, the study shed light on the factors that drive human capital development. The study established a framework to measure the impact of special economic zones on human capital accumulation within the context of Dubai. The proposed framework is characterised by education level, years of experience, the level of continuous knowledge accumulation, employees’ ability to build competence, and the application of the learnt education, knowledge and practice. The framwork proposed that human capital development is driven by the firm’s type, size, financial performance, free zone level of clustering, culture of avoidance and collectivness, and finally, the level of technical know-how spillover. The research concludes that human capital development does take place in Dubai special economic zones but at a moderate level. Human capital development is affected by the firm’s type, its financial performance, the level of clustering in the free zone, and what level of technical know-how spillover has influenced human capital development within Dubai free zones. In contrast, the culture of collectiveness is realised to have a minor effect on human capital development within free zone firms, while an avoidance culture is recognised to have no impact whatsoever.
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Gama, Victor Azambuja. "Os efeitos da qualidade da educação sobre a acumulação de capital humano e o crescimento econômico no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-03062014-153434/.
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O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar empiricamente a relação entre indicadores de qualidade da educação e o crescimento econômico no Brasil, com ênfase em medidas de qualidade da educação, representadas pelos resultados de provas em proficiência escolar ao nível dos estados brasileiros. A análise empírica, seguindo os conceitos de Hanushek e Kimko (2000) sobre a qualidade da educação, utilizou como referência metodológica dois modelos macroeconômicos tradicionais da análise do crescimento com capital humano: (i) o modelo de crescimento baseado na equação de Mincer; (ii) modelo de Solow estendido sugerido por Mankiw, Romer e Weil (1992). Utilizando a metodologia de dados em painel, os resultados sugerem que a quantidade de capital humano teve uma contribuição maior para o crescimento do produto por trabalhador do que a qualidade da força de trabalho. Alguns fatores que podem explicar a baixa contribuição da qualidade do capital humano para o crescimento são: o curto período de análise, a dificuldade em se obter medidas mais precisas de qualidade do capital humano, e na média, a qualidade do capital humano no país é comparativamente baixa (em relação a outros países), como resultado das muitas e reconhecidas deficiências do sistema educacional brasileiro.This research aims analyze empirically the relationship between indicators of education quality and economic growth in Brazil, emphasizing the measures of education quality represented by the results on school proficiency tests at the Brazilians states level. The empirical analysis, following the concepts of Hanushek e Kimko (2000) about quality education, was based on two traditional macroeconomic growth models with human capital: (i) the growth model based on the Mincer equation, (ii) extended Solow model suggested by Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992). Using the panel data methodology, the results suggest the quantity of human capital had a greater contribution to the output per worker growth than the labor force quality. Some factors that may explain the low contribution of human capital quality to growth is the short period of analysis, the difficulty to define quality measures of human capital, and, on average, the quality of human capital in the country which is relatively low (compared with other countries), as a result of the many and recognized deficiencies of the Brazilian educational system.
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Chung, Seung-hun. "Three Essays on Regional Development." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1566143437804679.
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Zuo, Na. "NATURAL RESOURCE, REGIONAL GROWTH, AND HUMAN CAPITAL ACCUMULATION." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/58.
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The dissertation research will comprise three essays on the topic of the resource curse hypothesis and its mechanisms. The phenomenon of low economic growth in resource-rich regions is recognized as the “resource curse”. These essays will contribute to an understanding of the regional resource-growth relation within a nation.
Essay one tests the resource curse hypothesis at the U.S. state level. With a system of equations model, I decompose the overall resource effect to account for the two leading explanations — crowding-out and institution effects, thus investigate whether the institutions mediate the crowding-out effects. I did not find evidence of an overall negative effect on growth by resource wealth. Both the crowding-out and institution appear present, but they offset: the resource boom crowds out industrial investments, but good institutions mitigate the overall effect. Resources do reduce growth in states with low-quality institutions, including Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas.
Essay two compares the effects of resource revenues on the economic growth and growth-related factors across Chinese provinces and American states, using panel data from 1990 to 2015. With the Instrumental Variable (IV) strategy, I show that regions with higher resource revenues grow faster than other regions in both China and the U.S. The positive resource effect is larger and more statistically significant in the U.S. Further testing impacts of three resource-related policies in China, e.g. the market price reform, the fiscal reform, and the Western Development Strategy, I show that the market price reform together with the privatization process on coal resources contribute the positive resource effect in China. Though strong and positive resource – growth relations appear in both countries, evidence also suggests consistent negative resource effects on certain growth-related factors in both countries, such as educational attainments and R&D activities.
Essay three explores the schooling response to the oil and gas boom, taking advantage of timing and spatial variation in oil and gas well drilling activities. Development of cost-reducing technologies at the time of higher crude oil and natural gas prices in the early 2000s has accelerated shale oil and gas extraction in the United States. I show that intensive drilling activities have decreased grade 11 and 12 enrollment over the 14 year study window − approximately 36 fewer students per county on average and overall, 41,760 fewer students across the 15 states enrolled considered in the analysis. On average, with one additional oil or gas well drilled per thousand initial laborers, grade 11 and 12 enrollment would decrease 0.24 percent at the county level, all else equal. I investigate heterogeneous effects and show that the implied effect of the boom is larger in states with a younger compulsory schooling age requirement (16 years of age instead of 17 or 18), lower state-level effective tax rate on oil and gas productions, traditional mining, non-metro, and persistent poverty counties.
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Mabeu, Marie Christelle. "Institutions and Immutable Causes of Human Capital." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40683.
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My doctoral thesis examines the broad question of whether appropriately designed institutions and policies can address the short- and long-term consequences of determinants of human capital which are "immutable'' by nature or are perceived as such. I consider three different types of immutable determinants of human capital: male versus female biology; colonization; and traditional norms of gender roles. In Chapter 1, I examine whether, and how, change in political regime type affects excess male infant mortality. Analyzing data on more than 3 million live births from sub-Saharan African countries, I exploit within-mother variation in political regime type to find that excess male infant mortality significantly decreases following a transition to democracy. I identify competitiveness of executive recruitment, constraints on the chief executive, and political participation as the features of democracy that matter most. Examining causal mechanisms, I find that democracy fosters the provision of health inputs, including maternal education, tetanus immunization, breastfeeding, and normal birth weight, all of which have stronger health benefits for boys than for girls, despite being found to be ex-ante "gender-neutral'' in my setting. In Chapter 2, I examine how colonial reproductive laws interact with market incentives to shape long-term fertility behavior in Africa. Exploiting the arbitrary division of ancestral ethnic homelands and the resulting discontinuity in institutions across the British-French colonial borders, I find that women in former British areas are more likely to delay sexual debut and marriage, and have fewer children. However, these effects disappear in areas close to sea, where market access and the opportunity cost of childbearing appear to be high irrespective of the colonizer identity. This heterogeneous impact of colonial origins extends to measures of local economic development and household welfare. Examining causal mechanisms, I argue that the fertility effect of colonial origins is directly linked to colonial population policies and reproductive laws and their impact on the use of modern methods of birth control. I find little evidence that the fertility effect of British colonization operates through education or income. While British colonization is linked to higher female education levels, this occurs mainly close to the sea while the fertility effects do not. Again, while income levels differ, the fertility gap between British and French colonies opened prior to 1980, while the income gap opened-up after 1990. This chapter highlights the heterogeneous nature of the colonial origins of comparative fertility behavior and economic development, and implies that economic incentives may overcome historical determinism. In Chapter 3, I examine the interplay between legal origins and pre-colonial cultural norms of gender roles in determining female economic empowerment in sub-Saharan Africa. Taking advantage of the arbitrary division of ancestral ethnic homelands across countries with different legal origins, I directly compare women among the same ethnic group living in civil law countries and common law countries. I find that women in common law countries are significantly more educated, are more likely to work in the professional sector, and are less likely to marry at young age. However, these effects are either absent or significantly lower in settings where ancestral cultural norms do not promote women's rights and empowerment. In particular, I find little effect in bride price societies, patrilocal societies, and societies where women were not involved in agriculture in the past.
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Dobey, Blane R. "Social capital and high school football: a game plan for the development of human and cultural capital." FIU Digital Commons, 1998. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3068.
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The origin of this study was twofold: a concern for the lack of human and cultural capital in many of today's adolescents and a desire to understand the role that athletic participation plays in this situation. The focus of this study is to examine the development of human and cultural capital in the Black male adolescent as a result of his participation in the high school football program. This study is based on a year-long ethnography in three Miami-Dade County high school football programs. Specifically, the social capital and the resources it makes available in each football program was examined as a significant variable in the development of human and cultural capital in the adolescent. It is my hope that this study contributes to the understanding of the process and outcome of athletic participation.
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Miranda, Nonato Assis de. "Desenvolvimento e educação : analise das relações de causalidade atraves da molegaem de equações estruturais." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/251998.
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Orientador: Dirceu da SilvaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: Esta Tese de Doutorado refere-se a uma pesquisa empírica de natureza exploratória cujo objetivo precípuo foi investigar a relação entre desenvolvimento e educação. Partindo do pressuposto que a educação contribui para o desenvolvimento humano, buscou constatar se existe alguma relação de causalidade ou dependência entre os fatores: educação, longevidade e renda que compõem o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) proposto pelo Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD) no ano 1990. Diante dessas considerações, testou um modelo criado à luz da literatura que trata do assunto, em especial, a Teoria do Capital Humano, para mensurar as concepções de estudantes universitários acerca do assunto. Nestes termos, para verificar a adequação do modelo proposto, empreendeu-se uma coleta de dados junto a alunos dos cursos de Licenciaturas em Pedagogia, Letras, Matemática e Física, e bacharelado em economia e administração em quatro instituições universitárias, das quais duas são de natureza pública e duas do setor privado, estabelecidas nas cidades de São Paulo e Campinas (Estado de São Paulo). Dada a natureza da pesquisa, optou-se por realizar um survey com uso de questionário tipo escala de Likert obtendo-se uma amostra não probabilística de 843 respondentes. Para tratamento e interpretação dos dados, utilizou-se da Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (SEM) que faz parte da Análise Fatorial Confirmatória. Verificou-se que a relação causal entre os construtos endógenos e o construto exógeno, definido como Investimento em Educação (IE), apresentou resultados que demonstram a aderência dos dados amostrais pelo modelo causal proposto. Contatou-se que o construto Renda (RD) apresentou a relação causal mais forte com o investimento, seguido dos construtos Longevidade (LG) e Desenvolvimento Humano (DH)
Abstract: This Doctorial Tesis is an empirical research of exploratory nature which its main objective was to investigate the relationship between development and education. Starting from the presupposed that education contributes to the human development, it has sought to see if there is any causal or dependency relationship among factors: education, longevity and income that compose the Human Development Index - HDI proposed by the United Nation Development Program - UNDP in the year of 1990. Stemming from these considerations, it tested a model created from the literature that studies the theme, in special the Human Capital Theory, to measure the undergraduate students¿ conceptions. In these terms, to verify the adequacy of the considered model there were used colleted data from academics of Pedagogy, Literacy, mathematics and Physics, and bachelorism in Economy and Businessman Administration in four public and private universities in the cities of Sao Paulo and Campinas (both in the State of Sao Paulo). It has used a questionnaire type Likert scale and obtained a non probabilistic survey of 843 responses. To treatment and interpretation of the data, the statistics technique used was the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) that belongs to the Confirmatory Factorial Analyses (CFA). It has found that the causal relation between the endogenous constructs and the exogenous construct defined as Education Investment was tested and presented resulted that had demonstrated adherence of the data to the considered model. The income construct was the one that presented the strongest causal relation with the investment followed by the Longevity and Human Development constructs
Doutorado
Educação, Ciencia e Tecnologia
Doutor em Educação
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Gray, Annemarie. "The challenge of inclusive human capital development : lessons from Boston's healthcare sector." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90098.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 83-87).
The pathways to enter and move up in the American labor market look very different today than fifty years ago, in part due to the erosion of traditional coordination between employers, workers, and training providers. Navigating this new reality disproportionately weighs on individuals facing limited access to education and additional barriers to employment. Some cities have experimented with sector-specific workforce development strategies to address these challenges. Using the healthcare sector in Boston as a case study, this thesis traces the evolution of one such strategy and discusses the impact of these programs on the employment outcomes for participants. Four decades of work has resulted in meaningful changes in the internal processes of some large employers and has broadened the conversation around the need to address labor market challenges. Yet these efforts have led to limited improvements in post-training employment outcomes for low-skilled individuals.
by Annemarie Gray.
M.C.P.
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Horpynchenko, O., Anna Levchenko, О. В. Горпинченко, and А. О. Левченко. "Lifelong Learning As A Factor Of Qualitative Development Of The Human Capital." Thesis, Baltija Publishing, 2016. http://dspace.kntu.kr.ua/jspui/handle/123456789/3729.
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Gunawan, Prayitno. "Temporal Migration and Community Development in Rural Indonesia." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199292.
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Kerr, Andrew Nicholas. "Human capital, informality and labour market outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d5ef74f9-8fc0-45ff-9c30-b15de04b4e25.
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In this thesis I explore three topics in labour economics, using micro data from South Africa and Tanzania. South Africa suffers from extremely high income inequality, in part as a result of comprehensive Apartheid-era racial discrimination. The first topic explores possible explanations for the extremely large earnings differences across different types of employment for black South Africans, using the KwaZulu-Natal Income Dynamics Study data. I analyse the relative importance of individual ability and institutions, including public sector wage setting and trade unions, in determining earnings. My results suggest that human capital explains much of the earnings differentials within the private sector, including union premiums, but cannot explain the large premiums for public sector workers. Self-employment is very common in urban Tanzania but, unlike South Africa, survey data show that there are large overlaps in the distribution of earnings in private wage employment and self-employment. This suggests that self-employment represents a viable alternative to wage employment in small, low productivity firms for the majority of urban Tanzanians. In chapter three I build an equilibrium search model of the urban Tanzanian labour market to explain the choice of wage and self-employment and the variation in earnings across and within these sectors. In the final topic I explore the effect of education on earnings in Tanzania. Estimating the returns to education has stimulated much recent work in applied econometrics as researchers advance their understanding of the effect of individual heterogeneity on the possibility of estimating the returns to education. In my attempt to purge estimates of the return to education of the influence of individual heterogeneity, I use an education reform in Tanzania as a natural experiment that provides exogenous variation in education. When using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) I find high and strongly convex, increasing returns to education. My best attempt at separating out the effect of individual heterogeneity suggests that returns are still high but that they may actually be concave.
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RANGEL, JUNIOR João Francisco Lins Brayner. "Empreendedorismo e capital humano no desenvolvimento local : o caso de Lajes – PE." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2009. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4538.
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The aim of this dissertation was to identify the relationship and importance of human capital with entrepreneurship and its resulting importance to the creation of wealth and promotion of local development. The research was developed in Lajes, a rural community located in the municipality of Caruaru, in the state of Pernambuco, whose economic activities are now predominantly urban. Theoretical frameworks on non-agricultural activities were considered, namely those of Schumpeter. An analysis of the sources of the economic development process was also taken into account in relation to the entrepreneurship behavior of the community and policies and strategies for local development were also considered. This way, the basic research problem was posed as the productive activity of a rural community which was mainly agricultural and became transformed, by the influence of technology and innovation, in an entrepreneurship community, producing petty commodity products for the urban market, mainly textile final products. This community differentiation led to the creation of wealth and contributed to the improvement of its well being and the promotion of local development without, reference made, the apparatus of state policies.
O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a relação e importância do capital humano associado ao empreendedorismo, a influência dessa relação na geração de riquezas e conseqüente desenvolvimento local. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em Lajes, comunidade localizada no Segundo Distrito municipal de Caruaru–PE, situado na zona rural do município, cujas atividades empreendedoras são predominantemente não-agrícolas. Foram consideradas abordagens teóricas sobre atividades não-agrícolas, como também enfoques do conhecimento e empreendedorismo, sobretudo em Schumpeter. Foi fomentada uma análise sobre desenvolvimento econômico através do comportamento empreendedor de uma comunidade e algumas reflexões sobre políticas públicas no aspecto do desenvolvimento local. Desta forma, o problema foi identificado através da observação da atividade produtiva de uma comunidade situada na zona rural, originalmente agrícola que passa a adotar através da aquisição de conhecimento e revelação da capacidade empreendedora, a identificação de oportunidade com uma atividade não-agrícola, qual seja a produção de confecções, e que assim consegue gerar riqueza e melhoria na qualidade de vida. Por fim, verificou-se que pode haver desenvolvimento local, inclusive com a ausência de políticas públicas.
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Ekuma, Kelechi. "Rethinking civil service human capital in a developing context : a capability development perspective." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/rethinking-civil-service-human-capital-in-a-developing-context-a-capability-development-perspective(c4c7d377-9d74-4a56-b541-a85290adb1d3).html.
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In recent years, a research consensus has coalesced around the notion that human capital development and an efficient public service are critically important determinants of societal transformation, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, there is no similarly wide agreement on how to systematically drive improvements in the quality of a nation's human capital or its public service. This thesis contributes to this debate and adds to the literature on strategies for effective civil service human capital development and management in a developing context. Specifically, the study interrogates and explores the experience of a developing country - Nigeria, to illustrate the dynamics of a typical civil service human capital and capability development (CD) strategy. I critically examine the social and relational complexities of the policy process and how dominant neo-liberal logic is constituted, forming part of the metanarrative in state identities that perpetuate unequal power relations, elite interests, and ineffective institutional arrangements. Influenced by post structural and social constructivist philosophies, the research challenges the dominant neo-liberal orthodoxy on human capital. In this regard and utilising a case study approach, the study critically explores and reveals how the standards for human capital development are negotiated in the Nigerian federal civil service (NFCS), and examines the discourses and practices they produce. I utilise the sociology of knowledge approach to discourse (SKAD) as well as policy documents and semi-structured interviews with senior policy planners, to capture the nuanced realities and everyday meanings that are lost in dominant metanarratives of civil service human capital reforms in SSA. These explorations are positioned within the broader development debates about the need to adopt social constructivist research frames to better understand contextual issues in the capability development (CD) process. The research findings indicate that while most reform programmes in the NFCS have been captivated by the capacity development and service delivery rhetoric, the complex interplay between the dearth of human capabilities and the politicisation of the implementation process means that the impact of such policies have been very minimal. The study reveals that the relational complexities between policy agents have been engendered largely by the nature of Nigeria's political economy, which appears to have produced dynamic and interweaving unequal power relations that have helped constitute discourses centred on institutional inefficiencies, including: 'patronage', 'intense rent-seeking', and 'personalisation' of the policy process that are currently ongoing. These discourses are actively navigated, produced and reproduced according to Nigeria's social and political contexts. I argue that this socially constituted and re-constituted locale creates a complex and uniquely challenging context for reforms, such that developing civil service capacities has become a major challenge, because 'reform' policies tend to serve the interests of a few powerful elites, who are bent on maintaining the status quo. The thesis makes key recommendations that recognise these challenges and provides policy options and a framework to help the Nigerian federal service embark upon a capability development initiative that will help improve the efficiency of the Service and lead to accelerated national development.
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Dotzel, Kathryn Rose. "Three Essays on Human Capital and Innovation in the United States." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1499284768818425.
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Crespo, Pedro Flores. "An analysis of the relationship between higher education and development by applying Sen's human capabilities approach : the case of three technological universities in Mexico." Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246977.
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Bruce, C. Andrea. "Human Capital Development in the Cayman Islands: The Perception of Local Tertiary Education." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/455846.
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Educational LeadershipEd.D.
The remarkable economic success of the Cayman Islands is primarily driven by its large expatriate population. Expatriates make up over one-third of the total population of the Islands and half of the labor force. This has led some Caymanians to demand more opportunities for local individuals. However in April 2014, one of the two local newspapers commented that the problem was that the quality of local graduates was below the standard required by the private sector. This suggests that there is a serious dislocation between the Caymanian education system and the labor market. This also suggests that there may be increasing tension in the future between expatriates and locals with regard to job opportunities, hiring policies, the role of the educational system and the quality of its outputs. This case study examined how local higher education is perceived by the key stakeholders within the Cayman Islands, with a specific focus on its efficacy in preparing students for the labor force. The study also examined what the higher education institutions are doing to help students develop the skills that are required by employers and desired by the labor force; and where there might be opportunities to improve the quality and efficiency of higher education systems and ensure a closer match to the needs of employers in the future. The study examined perceptions primarily through the viewpoint of employers, using human capital development theory, with additional perspectives from social theory and systems thinking. The primary sources of data were semi-structured interviews with employers in major industries in the islands, university faculty in higher education institutions, and recent graduates from these institutions.
Temple University--Theses
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Clifton-Sprigg, Joanna Malgorzata. "To leave or not? : parental emigration decisions and human capital development of children." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29699.
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Fields, Marcus Jamal. "The Oakland Fund Human Capital Strategy Development: Making Oakland a Magnet for Talent." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:16645017.
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How best can NewSchools Venture Fund, “a nonprofit venture philanthropy firm working to transform public education for low-income children” (NewSchools Venture Fund, 2014), make investments which result in making Oakland K-12 schools a magnet for high quality educator talent? At all levels of the education ecosystem, from systems level leaders to the teachers in every classroom, human capital is the single most significant factor in influencing educational outcomes for learners (Childress S. , Elmore, Grossman, & King, 2007). Human capital is a system. It includes the people who do the work, the efforts to attract them to the system, the efforts to develop their skills and practices once they are in the system and the conditions that sustain them in the system over time.
Like other urban education systems across the nation Oakland struggles to attract, engage and sustain talent. The Oakland Fund, a division of NewSchools Venture Fund focused specifically on transforming the education ecosystem in Oakland, has identified three areas of investment intended to bring about Oakland’s education renaissance. The Oakland Fund’s investments seek to add 10,000 high quality seats, make Oakland a magnet for talent and build a coalition of engaged and active community organizations and leaders to drive the transformation (Oakland Fund Prospectus, 2014). My strategic project was to develop a credible and effective theory of action and strategy for making Oakland a magnet for talent.
This capstone focuses on how current research on human capital was contextualized to the Oakland education ecosystem and combined with stakeholder input to develop a theory of action to drive our investment strategy for greatest positive impact. The resultant product provides the Oakland Fund with a clear direction forward in the work of making Oakland a magnet for talent.
My approach to the leadership of this project and my ability to effectively adjust that approach to the organizational culture at NewSchools Venture Fund was key to the process of strategy development. It required shifting my frame of mind from that of a site leader, who was successful in transforming school culture because of my ability to get buy in through deep engagement of key stakeholders in all aspects of the work, to that of an Ed.L.D. resident leader expected to produce a credible human capital strategy for the Oakland Fund. Recognizing how different components of the process played out in terms of who needed to be involved in doing the work and how each team member engaged most effectively was key to the success of the project and the source of much of my own learning.
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Chung, Tsung Ping. "The role of education and training in the development of the Malaysian economy." Thesis, University of Kent, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246574.
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Fitz-Lewis, Thecla. "Human Resources Strategies for Retaining Employees in St. Lucian Banks." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5703.
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Retention issues have been a challenge for human resources (HR) leaders for years. Organization HR leaders face employee retention challenges that lead to the loss of talented employees and a decline in the organization's quality of service, which negatively affects profitability. Based on Schultz's human capital theory, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies HR leaders used to retain employees. Data collection included company archival documentation review and face-to-face semistructured interviews with 11 purposefully selected HR leaders from 3 banks in the northern region of St. Lucia. Data analysis included using Yin's 5-step method, coding the transcribed interviews to identify relevant themes, member checking to strengthen the reliability and validity of the interpretations of participants' responses, and review of company documents. The 5 main themes revealed were strategies of employee retention, human capital development, culture of engagement, succession planning, and leader-member exchange, which affects employees' commitment and organizational profitability. Human resources leaders in organizations may use the findings of this study to develop effective strategies to retain employees, which could lead to individual achievement. Social change implications include the importance of investing in human capital that may lead to succession planning to promote business sustainability and economic growth in St. Lucia and other countries.
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Almeida, Emanoel Rodrigues. "The role of social production in the genesis, development and the human race becoming." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2017. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=19588.
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nÃo hÃA pesquisa de Kalr Marx orbitou em torno de dois distintos, mas simultÃneos momentos metodolÃgicos: o que à a realidade social e como reproduzi-la idealmente, investigaÃÃo e exposiÃÃo, respectivamente. O processo analÃtico de apreensÃo e reproduÃÃo ideal de seu objeto real de estudo se iniciou no seio da tradiÃÃo filosÃfica hegeliana, atravessa a tradiÃÃo dos socialistas utÃpicos, atà chegar à tradiÃÃo dos economistas clÃssicos. Esse movimento se deu atravÃs de um processo de superaÃÃo: Karl Marx se apropriou destas tradiÃÃes, apreendeu-as em seus fundamentos, condicionamentos e limites, avanÃando criticamente. Neste empreendimento, Marx descobre: 1) que a existÃncia real dos homens determina a consciÃncia; 2) que a produÃÃo dos bens materiais e espirituais foi o primeiro ato histÃrico dos homens e que, como exigÃncia desse processo real, 3) a reproduÃÃo ideal da vida real dos homens deve tomar como ponto de partida a produÃÃo social. Assim, como resultado de sua pesquisa, Karl Marx nos deu uma teoria do ser social: sua gÃnese e seu afastamento das barreiras naturais em direÃÃo à (de) generidade humana. Isto posto, o objetivo geral de nosso estudo à reproduzir idealmente o movimento da produÃÃo social na gÃnese, no desenvolvimento e nas tendÃncias do ser social. Decorrem dele, os seguintes objetivos especÃficos: 1) reproduzir o movimento da produÃÃo social na gÃnese do ser social; 2) revelar a produÃÃo social atravÃs da dissoluÃÃo da valorizaÃÃo do valor no processo de reproduÃÃo do ser social; 3) rastrear, nas tendÃncias do ser social, as possibilidades ontolÃgicas para a produÃÃo do valor supremo com vista à efetivaÃÃo do reino da liberdade. A partir da perspectiva ontolÃgica marxiana-lukacsiana, iremos proceder com o estudo de nosso objeto, ancorados fundamentalmente nas obras: MARX (1985; 2011), ENGELS (1986), LUKÃCS (2012; 2013), e nos estudos de ROSDOLSKY (2001), RUBIN (1980), RUMIANTISEV (1980), DUSSEL (2012), entre outros. SÃo resultados de nossa pesquisa: 1) a produÃÃo social permitiu a passagem da forma orgÃnica à forma social do ser; 2) na gÃnese do ser social, a produÃÃo social se realizava na forma de valores de uso; 3) com a formaÃÃo da propriedade privada, a reproduÃÃo do ser social se deu atravÃs do processo de valorizaÃÃo do valor; 4) a agudizaÃÃo das contradiÃÃes do processo de valorizaÃÃo do valor pÃs em movimento a valorizaÃÃo do valor e a desvalorizaÃÃo da produÃÃo social; 5) ao mesmo tempo, tem criado condiÃÃes objetivas necessÃrias para uma possÃvel produÃÃo social de valor supremo; 6) embora a produÃÃo social crie as condiÃÃes objetivas para a emancipaÃÃo humana, ela, enquanto coroamento da humanidade, serà uma escolha dos homens, em Ãltima instÃncia
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Demarco, Diogo Joel. "Educação e desenvolvimento: o índice paulista de responsabilidade social nos municípios do noroeste paulista." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-19042007-161848/.
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Trata-se de pesquisa empírica cujo objeto são os indicadores do Índice Paulista de Responsabilidade Social (IPRS). À luz deste índice, se analisa educação e desenvolvimento nos municípios do noroeste paulista, buscando compreender que fatores levam aos bons resultados nos indicadores de escolaridade, obtidos por um grupo de municípios com baixos níveis de riqueza, denominados de grupo 3 do IPRS. O trabalho busca, por meio de um olhar crítico da composição das variáveis do IPRS, analisar a capacidade destas expressarem a realidade do ambiente educacional dos municípios e, ao mesmo tempo, serem úteis na definição de políticas visando fortalecer as dinâmicas de desenvolvimento dos mesmos. Com isso objetiva contribuir com o debate sobre a formulação de indicadores educacionais mais adequados à análise do desenvolvimento na atualidade. Parte-se da constatação da relevância da educação nas atuais dinâmicas de desenvolvimento, não mais compreendido como sinônimo de crescimento econômico, ressaltando a inclusão da dimensão educacional nos instrumentos de mensuração do desenvolvimento humano. São discutidos os conceitos de desenvolvimento como liberdade e de capital social como parâmetros para se compreender o surgimento de uma nova geração de indicadores de desenvolvimento dentre os quais o índice paulista. Estes conceitos são abordados com base nas referências teóricas fornecidas por Sen, Putnam, Bourdieu e Coleman, objetivando analisar a capacidade do IPRS em incorporar estes conceitos nas suas dimensões. Paralelamente a isso se apresenta e analisa os indicadores do IPRS no estado de São Paulo e nos municípios da região noroeste, buscando compreender o que leva a emergência de um grupo expressivo de municípios pobres em termos de riqueza mas com indicadores sociais satisfatórios. Para tanto são utilizados os dados secundários do banco de dados do IPRS da Fundação Seade. Com isso se constata dois aspectos: a relevância da dimensão escolaridade nos bons resultados sociais obtidos por estes municípios e a insuficiência dos indicadores educacionais do índice paulista, especialmente no que se refere a incorporar outras variáveis quantitativas relacionadas ao ambiente educacional disponível quanto variáveis referentes à qualidade dos processos educativos desenvolvidos. As seguintes considerações finais são apresentadas: o IPRS é um indicador que avança na sua estruturação e capacidade de retratar a realidade do desenvolvimento dos municípios, fugindo da padronização dos indicadores sintéticos, contudo, ainda apresenta limitações no que tange a capacidade de analisar o ambiente educacional e a qualidade da educação ofertada e, conseqüentemente, contribuir de maneira efetiva como instrumento de monitoramento e avaliação das políticas que visam fortalecer as dinâmicas de desenvolvimento dos municípios paulistas.The following study is an empirical research, having as its object the indicators of the Índice Paulista de Responsabilidade Social (São Paulo Index of Social Responsibility, here referred as IPRS). Having this Index as reference, we analyze education and development of the cities located in the Northwest of São Paulo State, aiming to understand which factors lead to the good results in schooling indicators obtained by a group of low income cities, rated in group 3 in the IPRS. The study?s purpose is to analyze (through a detailed and critical look at the variables that compose the IPRS) its capacity of expressing the reality of the educational environment in the cities as well as being useful in the definition of policies that would aim to strengthen its development actions. Considering this, we intend to contribute to the debate on the creation of educational indicators that would be more adequate to the analysis of development nowadays. We take as a premise the relevance of education in the current development actions, not seen as a synonym to economical growth anymore, stressing the inclusion of the educational dimension in the measuring instruments of human development. We address the concepts of development seen as freedom and social capital as a guideline to understand the advent of a new generation of development indicators among which is the São Paulo index. These concepts are approached based on the references of theories given by Sen, Putnam, Bourdieu and Coleman, purposing to analyze the capacity of IPRS to encompass all these concepts within its boundaries. Concurrently, we present and examine the IPRS indicators in São Paulo State and in the cities of the Northwestern region, attempting to understand what leads to the appearance of an expressive number of low income cities with satisfactory social indicators. In order to do that we use the secondary data of the IPRS database from Fundação Seade. Considering this, two aspects are evidenced: the relevance of the schooling dimension in the good social results obtained by these cities and the inadequacy of the educational indicators in the São Paulo index, especially in taking into consideration other quantitative variables related to the educational environment available and to the quality of the educational processes developed. The following final points are then presented: the IPRS is an indicator that moves towards to its organization and capacity of depicting the reality of the cities development, distancing itself from the standardization of synthetic indicators, though still presenting some limitation regarding the ability to analyze the educational environment and the education quality offered, and thus effectively collaborate as an instrument of monitoring and assessment of the policies that aim the strengthening of the development actions for São Paulo cities.