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Davin, Marion. "Essays on growth and human capital : an analysis of education policy." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM2018/document.
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Cette thèse se compose de quatre essais théoriques, portant sur le capital humain et la croissance. L'objectif est de proposer de nouvelles approches afin de mieux identifier l'impact des politiques éducatives. Plus précisément, dans les chapitres un à trois, nos analyses sont menées dans un cadre à deux secteurs, dans la mesure où les différents secteurs qui composent une économie ne sont pas influencés de la même façon par l'éducation. Dans le quatrième chapitre nous nous intéressons aux enjeux politiques liés à la gestion des problèmes environnementaux en considérant le lien entre éducation et environnementThis dissertation consists of four essays on human capital and growth. It aims at proposing approaches to better understand the influence of education policy. Specifically, we take into account sectoral properties, since education does not affect each sector in the same way. We also deal with the link between education and the environment, to address environmental challenges that are one of the major political issues
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Tucker, Joseph James. "A Three Sector, Integrated Approach To Economic Growth Modeling: Production, Human Capital, and Health Education." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1216491725.
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Gomes, Orlando Manuel da Costa. "O debate crescimento neo-clássico / crescimento endógeno num modelo de crescimento bi-sectorial." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19708.
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Mestrado em Economia Monetária e FinanceiraCom o objectivo de comparar equilíbrios de longo prazo de crescimento nulo / crescimento positivo, é construído um modelo de optimização inter-temporal do consumo para um agente representativo que enfrenta duas restrições de recursos, as quais descrevem o processo de produção em cada um dos dois sectores (produtivo e educativo) que se supõe existirem na economia. Tendo sempre subjacente um ambiente de concorrência perfeita, o modelo estudado permite separar três casos, dois respeitantes a situações de crescimento endógeno e um outro que define um equilíbrio de crescimento nulo que pode ser identificado com a teoria de crescimento nco-clássica. Conclui-se, através de simulação numérica, que existem diferenças importantes entre as duas classes de modelos (de crescimento neo- clássico e de crescimento endógeno) quer no processo de ajustamento para o equilíbrio, quer na caracterização do próprio estado de equilíbrio, quer ainda na forma como este pode ser perturbado cxogenamente através, por exemplo, de um choque tecnológico.
With the objective of confronting zero growth / positive growth long run steady- states, it is built an inter-temporal consumption optimisation model for a representative agent who faces two resource constraints, which describe the production process on each of the two sectors (productive and educational) that are supposed to exist on the economy. Always with an underlying perfect competition environment, the model studied permits to separate three cases, two respecting to endogenous growth situations and another one that defines a zero growth steady-state that can be identified with the neo-classical growth theory. It is found, through numerical simulation, that exists important differences between the two classes of models (neo-classical growth models and endogenous growth models) in the adjustment process towards the steady-state, in the characterisation of the steady-state itself and also in the way that this steady -state can be exogenously disturbed through, for example. a technological shock.
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Hansen, Vera. "The effects of new entries on economic growth : a story on advanced and laggard sectors : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce and Administration in Economics /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1158.
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Cruz, González Bernabé Edgar. "Development Patterns in Multi-Sector Growth Models." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386517.
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Common patterns of structural change in the sectoral composition of production, consumption and labor force are observed across countries during the economic development process. These patterns of change consist mainly of a large shift of employment, production and consumption from agriculture to manufacturing, and then from manufacturing to the service sector. This process of structural transformation or structural change has been extensively documented. Empirical evidence shows that the decline in the employment share of agriculture and the increase in employment share of service is a systematic feature in both developed and developing countries.
In this regard, there is a growing literature that investigates the economic factors explaining both economic growth and structural change in a general equilibrium framework. Based on their assumptions on the structure of preferences and the sectoral production technologies, models of structural change are classified in two broad approaches: the demand and the supply explanations of structural change.
The demand-based explanation emphasizes the role of changes in the composition of the demand on structural change. In this branch of the literature, demand changes are based on the assumption of cross-sector differences in income-elasticity of the demand. Therefore, structural change is driven by the Engel law: as income rises, demand for agriculture goods decreases and less labor is demanded in the agriculture sector to produce goods. Thus, labor moves to those sectors that are facing an increasing demand for goods and services. Consequently, the shares of employment and value added in agriculture decrease as income increases, which is consistent with empirical evidence.
The supply-based explanation emphasizes the role of technological differences across sectors to explain structural transformations. In this branch of the literature, sectoral differences in the growth rates of total factor productivity (TFP), on the one hand, and sectoral differences in physical capital intensity, on the other hand, drive structural change. In the first case, when there are only sectoral differences in the pace of technological progress, less labor is required to produce goods in the progressive sectors (those sectors with the highest TFP growth rates) and labor moves from the progressive to the stagnant sectors (those sectors with the lowest TFP growth rates). In the second case, as capital deepening takes place, less labor is demanded to produce goods in the capital-intensive sectors and labor moves from these sectors to the labor-intensive ones.
This thesis contributes to the literature on economic growth and structural change by analyzing three novel mechanisms. The three self-contained chapters of this Thesis analyze the effects non-constant technological progress, human capital accumulation, and changes in the uses of time on structural change and their implications on economic growth.
The first chapter analyses the effect of technological adoption on structural change. The observed differences in the patterns of industrialization are explained based on sectoral differences in the adoption of technologies. This chapter makes to clear contributions to related literature. First, a technological adoption function is estimated at the sectoral level. Second, the equilibrium of a model of structural change with non-constant biased technological change is characterized. The comparison with the results obtained in the literature show that this model with adoption has a better performance in explaining the patterns of structural change.
The second chapter analyses the effect of human capital accumulation on the sectoral composition of employment. To this end, it develops a multisector growth model with human capital accumulation. The main contribution is to show that the initial imbalance between physical and human capital determines the patterns of structural change. The analysis of this chapter is challenging, which shows the huge capacity of Edgar to work with different growth models.
The third chapter analyses how the increase in leisure time contributes to explain the rise of the service sector. This chapter makes three contributions. First, using input-output data, it measures the size and evolution of the sector of recreational services. These are services consumed during the leisure time. It is shown that the increase in the time devoted to leisure is parallel to the increase in the consumption of recreational services. Second, a multisector exogenous growth model is used to show that taking into account the interaction between leisure and recreational services improves the performance of multisector growth models in explaining the patterns of structural change. Finally, this model is used to show that labor income taxes may explain cross-country differences in both leisure time and the sectoral composition of employment.
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Speck, Stefan. "A multi-sectoral neo-Austrian capital theoretic approach to economy-environment interactions." Thesis, Keele University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259546.
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Eriyattukuzhiyil, Ummer. "Human capital accumulation and economic growth." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272346.
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Schick, Andreas Michael. "Height, Human Capital, and Economic Growth." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306273610.
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Graca, Job. "Essays on capital market imperfections, human capital and growth." Thesis, University of Essex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242257.
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Ragacs, Christian. "Minimum wages, human capital, employment and growth." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2002. http://epub.wu.ac.at/224/1/document.pdf.
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This paper deals with the effects of minimum wages on human capital accumulation, and steady state employment and growth. The minimum wage is introduced in a model of endogenous growth driven by human capital accumulation. Unemployed agents maximize utility given the information that they are unemployed facing changed budget constraints. This situation is implemented in a "non-market-clearing equilibrium" framework. We show that the steady state rate of growth is not affected by the minimum wage and that in the steady state the system yields full employment. These effects are generated by intertemporal adjustments of the employed households who re-act to the relatively higher minimum wage which increases skills accumulation. (author's abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Lauri, Pekka. "Human capital, dynamic inefficiency and economic growth /." Helsinki : Helsinki School of Economics, 2004. http://helecon3.hkkk.fi/pdf/diss/a237.pdf.
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Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus, and Tapas Mishra. "Human Capital, Age Structure and Growth Fluctuations." Taylor & Francis, 2011. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3055/1/HCASGFOct07.pdf.
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This article assesses the empirical relationship between per capita income growth fluctuations and the age-structured human capital variations across four groups of geographically clustered developed and developing countries from spatial perspective. We estimate a spatial Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model of income dynamics where the distance between countries is defined on relational space based on their similarity in appropriation tendency of human capital in the production processes. These distances are computed using a newly developed human capital data set which fully characterizes the demographic structure of human capital, and thus underlines the joint relevance of demography and human capital in economic growth. Spatial effects on growth interdependence and complementarity are then explored with respect to the proposed distance metrics. Our results imply that significant cross-country growth interdependence based on human capital distances exists among defined country groups suggesting the need for a cooperative policy programme among them. We also find that the relationship between economic growth and human capital is highly nonlinear as a function of the proposed human capital distance.
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Mhd, Bani Nor Yasmin. "Essays on growth, poverty and human capital inequality." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28222.
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This thesis is a collection of three empirical essays on growth, poverty and human capital inequality in a global panel. The objective of the first essay entitled: “Volatility and Growth: The Role of Education” is to examine whether the significance of volatility-growth relationship varies according to the average years of education. Unlike the focus of the previous literature on establishing the link between volatility and growth, we attempt to establish the channel through which volatility affects growth. The main contribution of our work is that while the level of volatility negatively affects growth, the effect is mediated via education. This is true even for countries with low as well as moderately high levels of volatility. The result of the interaction term, which is the key interest in this chapter, is robust to changes in definitions of variables and specification. This finding is consistent with Canton's (2000) theoretical work. The second essay, “Does Education Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries?” investigates the direct effects of education on poverty in developing countries using dynamic panel estimation techniques. The results suggest that higher education, developed financial system along with growth lead to significant poverty reduction. On the other hand, unequal income distribution is associated with increases in poverty. The results are robust to alternative model specification and estimation techniques. The policy implication is that poverty reduction is more effective if we focus on developing the education system instead of relying on growth and other channels, for example foreign aid or health. The third essay deviates from the usual study of inequality and globalization. It analyzes the relationship between seven measures of globalization and education inequality using a panel of 112 countries covering the period 1970-2009. We use the KOF index of Globalization and its three different dimensions (economic, social, and political) as our main proxy for globalization. In addition, we also employ openness, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and freedom to trade internationally (EF Index) in our study. We find that globalization has a robust negative effect on human capital inequality, even when we control for other factors. Results suggest that education inequality increases with globalization in middle and high-income countries but the effect is the opposite in low-income countries. This is the key contribution of our study where we find a variation of impact within the developing countries in contrast to the standard Hecksher-Ohlin Trade Theory. The result also holds when we restricted the sample to specific countries and add several other covariates. In contrast, the alternative measures of globalization have no such robust effects.
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Cerra, Valerie. "Essays on growth, human capital, and income distribution /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7431.
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Hussain, Babar. "Essays on human capital, institutions and economic growth." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/essays-on-human-capital-institutions-and-economic-growth(601c744f-1354-4368-b369-1973b4bb3fe3).html.
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This thesis provides both theoretical and empirical evidence to identify why the effect of human capital on economic growth differs across countries. Chapter 1 provides a theoretical explanation of the weak effects of human capital on economic growth in a dynamic general equilibrium model of corruption and growth where the bureaucrats acts as the agents of government to administer public policy. Corruption in this model arises from the incentive of the bureaucrat to appropriate (steal) public resources, thereby reducing the provision of public services. The decision of the corruptible bureaucrat affects public finances and hence the capital accumulation in the economy. Education has two opposing effects, a positive productivity enhancing effect and a negative bureaucratic stealing efficiency of corrupt bureaucrats. If the latter dominates the former the net effect may result in an insignificant (or even negative) effect of human capital on growth. The second chapter explains empirically why previous studies do not find link between human capital and economic growth, again looking at the role of corruption. In this chapter, we provide cross sectional evidence on this issue by explicitly introducing the role of corruption together its interaction with human capital. The empirical analysis first revisits the Rogers (2008) study, where he uses an arbitrary level of corruption to divide the full sample of countries into subsamples of high and low corruption countries and concludes that human capital matters only in low corruption countries. However, using a range of corruption data and sample periods, our results do not confirm his findings. Our preferred specification allows the effects of human capital to be conditional on the level of corruption, which is implemented through the inclusion of both a corruption measure and its interaction with human capital. Although we generally find the expected positive sign on human capital and a negative sign on the interaction term, these often lack in significance. We repeat the analysis using instrumental variable estimation and find a similar pattern of results, and hence conclude that cross sectional evidence is uninformative for empirical analysis of the role of human capital in economic growth. In the third chapter, we employ panel data analysis to investigate the relationship between human capital and economic growth by considering an exhaustive range of institutional measures, along with corruption. These various institutional measures are used to capture different aspects of institutions on the impact of human capital on economic growth. Our growth regressions include the interaction of institution and human capital, in addition to the direct effect of institution and human capital. The coefficient on interaction term can be interpreted as showing whether human capital and institutions appear to be compliments or substitutes for their impact on growth. Our results generally show positive and significant coefficients on human capital and institutions, with a negative coefficient on the interaction term. The results suggest that, for policy purposes, the government needs to carefully identify the level of human capital to be pursued in relation to the quality of institutions.
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Zuo, Na. "NATURAL RESOURCE, REGIONAL GROWTH, AND HUMAN CAPITAL ACCUMULATION." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/58.
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The dissertation research will comprise three essays on the topic of the resource curse hypothesis and its mechanisms. The phenomenon of low economic growth in resource-rich regions is recognized as the “resource curse”. These essays will contribute to an understanding of the regional resource-growth relation within a nation.
Essay one tests the resource curse hypothesis at the U.S. state level. With a system of equations model, I decompose the overall resource effect to account for the two leading explanations — crowding-out and institution effects, thus investigate whether the institutions mediate the crowding-out effects. I did not find evidence of an overall negative effect on growth by resource wealth. Both the crowding-out and institution appear present, but they offset: the resource boom crowds out industrial investments, but good institutions mitigate the overall effect. Resources do reduce growth in states with low-quality institutions, including Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas.
Essay two compares the effects of resource revenues on the economic growth and growth-related factors across Chinese provinces and American states, using panel data from 1990 to 2015. With the Instrumental Variable (IV) strategy, I show that regions with higher resource revenues grow faster than other regions in both China and the U.S. The positive resource effect is larger and more statistically significant in the U.S. Further testing impacts of three resource-related policies in China, e.g. the market price reform, the fiscal reform, and the Western Development Strategy, I show that the market price reform together with the privatization process on coal resources contribute the positive resource effect in China. Though strong and positive resource – growth relations appear in both countries, evidence also suggests consistent negative resource effects on certain growth-related factors in both countries, such as educational attainments and R&D activities.
Essay three explores the schooling response to the oil and gas boom, taking advantage of timing and spatial variation in oil and gas well drilling activities. Development of cost-reducing technologies at the time of higher crude oil and natural gas prices in the early 2000s has accelerated shale oil and gas extraction in the United States. I show that intensive drilling activities have decreased grade 11 and 12 enrollment over the 14 year study window − approximately 36 fewer students per county on average and overall, 41,760 fewer students across the 15 states enrolled considered in the analysis. On average, with one additional oil or gas well drilled per thousand initial laborers, grade 11 and 12 enrollment would decrease 0.24 percent at the county level, all else equal. I investigate heterogeneous effects and show that the implied effect of the boom is larger in states with a younger compulsory schooling age requirement (16 years of age instead of 17 or 18), lower state-level effective tax rate on oil and gas productions, traditional mining, non-metro, and persistent poverty counties.
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Johansson, Lucas. "Does human capital create economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa? : An empirical analysis of the relationship between human capital and economic growth." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-27841.
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The objective of this thesis is to investigate if human capital has a significant impact on economic growth. This is tested with a panel data regression model where data is taken annually from the Sub-Saharan Africa region between the years 1988-2011. The final regression model displayed education as a positive factor for GDP per capita growth, but not at a significant level. This result resembles many previous studies, and leads to the conclusion that we do not have a significant relationship between education enrolment and economic growth. The result raises the question if enrolment rates in school are a valid variable to capture human capital with, and calls for more investigations on the quality aspect of education.
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Lin, Guan. "THREE ESSAYS CONSIDERING HUMAN CAPITAL COMPOSITION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/436939.
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EconomicsPh.D.
Human capital has long been recognized as a crucial determinant of economic development. The main contribution of my dissertation is to both theoretically and empirically demonstrate the idea that the composition (different types of education) of human capital determines technological progress and affects long-run economic growth. As compared to traditional human capital and growth literature, it emphasizes the composition effect of human capital, rather than the level effect, on economic development. It provides a new perspective in characterizing the stages of economic development along the growth path. Optimal human capital composition benefits not only lesser developed countries who usually lack educational resources but also developed countries with limited population growth potential. The first chapter, titled ``Education, Technology, Human Capital Composition and Economic Development'', develops a framework of endogenous educational decisions and technological progress to explore the human capital composition and its effects on economic growth. In this model, growth is driven by technological advancement, which depends on the human capital composition. Individuals can choose from different types of workers: unskilled workers, generalists or specialists. Both generalists and specialists, through technological progress, are able to enhance growth. The model considers the role of technology stock, coordination cost, education cost and worker's innate ability on the human capital composition and economic growth. The main result shows the improvement in the composition of human capital promotes economic growth in most economic stages. However, this positive effect tapers off as the economy reaches complete specialization. This provides a possible explanation for the convergence of economic growth to zero asymptotically in the long run. I extend the argument into an open economy framework in the second chapter, titled ``Migration Effects on Home Country's Composition of Human Capital and Economic Development''. This chapter examines migration effects on domestic composition of human capital and economic growth. The net effect of migration depends on two facets. On one hand, the possibility of migration provides incentives for workers to invest in education and consequently increases the fraction of skilled workers in home country's human capital composition. On the other hand, increased population of skilled emigrants hinders the accumulation of human capital. A sufficient condition for beneficial migration is derived: if the ex ante domestic fraction of unskilled worker is relatively high, allowing the home country to achieve faster economic growth with migration. The last chapter, titled ``The Effect of Tertiary Education Composition on Economic Growth'', differentiates types of tertiary education by ISECD levels and empirically investigates their effects on economic growth. I use panel data on a group of 77 countries for the period 1998-2011. In dynamic panel data estimation, a potential endogeneity bias could arise due to the inclusion of lagged dependent variables. Several methods are applied to overcome the issue, such as Anderson-Hsiao estimator, the Difference Generalized Method of Moments estimator and the System Generalized Method of Moments estimator. The study shows a significantly positive relationship between short-cycle tertiary education and real GDP per capita for both developed and developing countries. However, undergraduate and graduate education only positively correlate to economic growth in developed countries. The empirical results are informative for developed countries as well as developing countries. Understanding the contribution of tertiary education in different levels allows them to effectively allocate resources and appropriately integrate it in growth policies.
Temple University--Theses
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Corredor, Juana Patricia Tellez. "Human capital formation, learning and growth in open economies." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2005. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1845.
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During the last decades two factors have been recognised as major deten-ninants of economic growth. Firstly, the ongoing integration of international capital markets has rendered foreign physical capital a crucial factor in the performance of open economies. Secondly, in addition to greater capital mobility, there has been an increasing awareness among economists that economic growth swivels around the production and use of knowledge. The connections relating those two crucial factors (i. e. physical capital mobility and knowledge production) have been, however, seldom explored in the relevant literature. This is an important omission which we seek to remedy in this thesis. The main objective of this dissertation is, essentially, to explore the joint role of physical capital and knowledge accumulation in the economic growth process, when physical capital mobility exists. Another important objective is to study the role of knowledge accumulation in attracting foreign physical capital. For this purpose, we advance two theoretical models of growth to explore these connections, from an exogenous and an endogenous point of view respectively. An empirical application complements the theoretical approach concentrating on the long-term linkages between human capital accumulation and physical capital movements. The thesis comprises three chapters. In Chapter I we construct a two-country Solow-Swan growth model in which 'knowledge production' is treated as pure human capital accumulation. In this model, physical capital moves freely across borders and human capital is immobile, whilst the interest rate is determined endogenously. In Chapter 2 we develop a two-country endogenous growth model with capital flows. This time, 'knowledge production' is achieved by means of a learningby- doing process in both countries, this being a side-effect of world physical capital accumulation. Once again, physical capital is mobile between countries, whilst labour is immobile, and the interest rate is determined endogenously. in Chapter 3 we build on the connections between knowledge production and physical capital accumulation explored theoretically in previous chapters. Essentially, we investigate the extent to which human capital differences across countries could account for differences in physical capital inflows, after controlling for other factors. The main result obtained throughout our investigation is the confirmation of the existence of strong links relating knowledge production to international capital flows. Both theory and data seem to strongly support this conclusion.
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Tran, Nhat Thien. "An essay on human capital accumulation and economic growth." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLE001/document.
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Le modèle de Solow (1956) est une référence parmi les théories qui cherchent la cause de la croissance économique. Dans ce modèle, ce ne sont pas les deux facteurs de production (travail et capital physique) mais le progrès technique qui parait être le moteur principal de la croissance. Mankiw, Romer et Weil (1992) améliorent ce modèle de Solow en y introduisant l’accumulation du capital humain, et montrent empiriquement pourquoi les variables qui sont initialement supposées comme exogènes dans le modèle de Solow varient de façon aussi remarquable entre pays. Leur résultat s’appuie sur les rôles plus importants des facteurs de production, en particulier du capital humain. Cette thèse s’inspire des arguments développés par Lucas (2015) qui réclame la nécessité de placer le capital humain au centre de la croissance économique, sans aucune source d’externalité.La nouveauté de la dissertation est l’introduction du capital humain à la Lucas (1988) dans un modèle de type Ramsey (1928), en ajoutant progressivement différents niveaux de complexité, afin d’aboutir à un modèle unifiant les différents sources de croissance économique, permettant non seulement d’étudier l’interaction entre le capital physique et le capital humain, mais aussi de mettre en évidence le rôle central du procès d’accumulation du capital humain.Comme nous le savons bien, un modèle à la Ramsey est, dans un certain sens, équivalent à un modèle à générations imbriquées augmenté par l’altruisme intergénérationnel à la Barro (1974). Il est intéressant de considérer d’autres formes d’altruisme intergénérationnel en présence d’accumulation du capital humain. Cette thèse explore l’impact de l’altruisme paternaliste au sens d’Abel et Warshawsky (1988) dans une société hétérogène où les ménages diffèrent par leur degré d’altruisme, ce qui se traduit par le fait que chaque agent économique a sa propre manière d’investir dans l’éducation des descendants.L’éducation ne concerne pas seulement les individus, mais également les institutions publiques. L’investissement en l’éducation pour générer du capital humain, est par la suite, supposé n’être qu’un choix public, c’est-à-dire par le biais des dépenses publiques en faveur de l’éducation, financées par les recettes fiscales. Nous nous intéressons alors aux dynamiques associées à l'interaction entre l'accumulation du capital physique et humain et, par conséquent, à la croissance économique. Dans ce contexte, l’impact des politiques fiscales sur la croissance est également étudié.Plusieurs enjeux économiques, par exemple le piège de pauvreté, ou celui du revenu intermédiaire, peuvent être modélisés à l’aide des modèles dans lesquels on n’a plus la propriété de concavité de la fonction d'utilité. Pour cette raison, il serait utile d’explorer des modèles avec technologies non concaves, en présence d’accumulation du capital humainThe model of Solow (1956) is a seminal reference among the theories that seek to understand the cause of economic growth. In this model, it is not the factors of production (labor and capital) but the technical progress that gives rise to economic growth. Mankiw Romer and Weil (1992) augment this model by introducing human capital accumulation and show empirically why the variables considered exogenous in Solow's model vary in such a remarkable manner among countries. Their results emphasize the importance of factors of production, particularly of human capital. This thesis is inspired by the arguments of Lucas (2015) who calls for the necessity of putting human capital at the center of economic growth without any source of externalities.The novelty of the thesis is the formation of human capital à la Lucas (1988) in Ramsey (1928) model. By gradually adding different layers of complexity, the dissertation arrives at a unified picture of different source of economic growth, allowing for the interaction between physical and human capital where savings and time play a non-trivial role.As is well-known, the Ramsey model in a certain way is equivalent to an OLG model with intergenerational altruism in the sense of Barro (1974). It is interesting to consider other forms of intergenerational altruism in presence of human capital accumulation. This thesis explores the impact of paternalistic altruism in the sense of Abel and Warshawsky (1988) in a heterogeneous economy where the agents differ in their degree of altruism, which is manifest in their manner of investment in the education of their offspring.Education concerns not only the individuals but also public institutions. Investment in education to generate human capital can therefore be considered a public choice, that is to say, by the bias in public spending on education financed by tax revenues. We are interested in the dynamics associated with the interaction between the accumulation of physical and human capital, and consequently in economic growth. In this context, the impact of taxation policy on growth is also studied.Many economic phenomena, for example, poverty trap and middle-income trap, can be analyzed in models where the concave property of the utility function no longer holds. For this reason, it would be useful to explore these models of non-concave technology in presence of human capital accumulation
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Chen, Ching-Yi. "Human Capital Investment in Taiwan." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500299/.
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This thesis attempts to analyze the relationship between economic growth and human capital investments in Taiwan. The study's general hypothesis is that increases in human capital investments will stimulate the growth of gross national product. The data were drawn from official Taiwanese publications from different sources. The first chapter emphasizes the importance of human capital investments. Chapter II reviews the related literature. Chapter III specifies the model and research methods. Chapter IV analyzes the impact of human capital investments on gross national product. The study is summarized and conclusions are drawn in Chapter V. Materials collected to analyze the above problem reveal that human capital investments have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. In fact, human capital investments and economic growth are mutually affected.
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Ahsan, Humna. "Essays on human capital and economic development." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/essays-on-human-capital-and-economic-development(c0f0748a-0b81-4c03-8a8a-49c925126938).html.
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This thesis explores three important factors that have been central to the pursuit of economic development especially in case of developing countries. These are human capital, corruption and institutions. The first chapter presents an analysis of the role of corruption in determining the distribution of income and, with this, the degree of poverty and inequality. The analysis is based on an overlapping generations model in which individuals may seek to improve their productive efficiency (and hence earnings) by supplementing or substituting publicly provided services (such as education and health) with personal expenditures on human capital investment. Because of capital market imperfections, their ability to do this depends on their inherited wealth which serves as collateral for loans. Corruption is reflected in the pilfering of public funds and a reduction in public service provision, the effect of which is to reduce the earnings of those who rely on such services and to exacerbate the extent of credit rationing for these agents. The dynamic general equilibrium of the model is characterised by multiple steady states to which different income classes converge. Higher levels of corruption lead to higher levels of poverty and may result in complete polarisation between the rich and poor by eliminating the middle class. The second chapter presents an analysis of the threshold effects of human capital on economic growth. Using a sample of 126 countries (1970-2012), we estimate a dynamic threshold panel model following Hansen (1999) and Caner & Hansen (2004). Our results are twofold: first, there exists a significant threshold level of development (proxied by capital stock per capita) below which the effect of human capital on economic growth is insignificant, whereas it is positive significant above it; second, while looking into the impact of institutional quality, we find significant thresholds of interaction between institutional quality and development.
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Dupriez, Quentin. "Inequality and growth : a labor mobility and human capital analysis." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1814/.
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We analyze the multiple connections between inequality and growth from a theoretical perspective. We first consider the debate on poverty, the Kuznets curve and the convergence of developing countries in an open-economy context. The economy is dual as in Kuznets. The two sectors interact in several important ways, however, which makes them complementary. Labor mobility between the two sectors is not perfect, and capital flows from abroad can only be directed to one of the two sectors. We show that inequality arises as a result of the limited mobility of labor across sectors despite the mobility of capital, and that it decreases monotonically with development. We also show how the "poor" benefit in several ways from an opening of the economy to capital flows, even though they may seem to gain less than the "rich" initially. While duality may be an appropriate description of many developing countries, it does not fit the structure of developed economies. We then consider an extension of a Schumpeterian model of endogenous growth with a continuum of sectors and where growth occurs through purposeful technological progress. Extending the process of creative destruction to jobs, we show how rigidities in the reallocation of the labor force across sectors generates equilibrium inequality. We also look at how such rigidities affect steady-state growth, which allows us show that inequality and growth may be related in a non-linear and non-monotonic way. This sheds new light on the growth/inequality nexus and underscores why it may be difficult to find a clear empirical relationship. Inequality has also tended to increase significantly over the past decades in most industrial countries. Skill-biased technological change is often advanced as the main explanation for such a rise. We note, however, that a large part of the increase in inequality can be attributed to the concentration of income and wealth at the very top of the distribution, which skill-biased technological change cannot explain. We argue that the increased prevalence of winner-take-all markets may explain this phenomenon and seek to explain why agents may want to acquire human capital to participate in such markets, as opposed to education. We show how incentives may be such that the poor are attracted disproportionately to invest in winner-take-all markets and thus reinforce ex-ante inequality and harm growth.
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Schiopu, Ioana C. "Essays in human capital accumulation, growth and dynamic public policies." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3331255.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Economics, 2008.Title from home page (viewed on Jul 23, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-11, Section: A, page: 4448. Advisers: Gerhard Glomm; Michael Kaganovich.
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Lim, King Yoong. "Essays on human capital, innovation, and growth with heterogeneous abilities." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/essays-on-human-capital-innovation-and-growth-with-heterogeneous-abilities(5ad03a4f-b16d-40bf-a1f6-3a4c34de79c9).html.
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The critical role of human capital in promoting innovation-driven growth has long been recognised, though when in the presence of heterogeneous abilities among individuals, its complex interactions with other cross-cutting factors in an economy are less understood. A rigorous examination of these links is important towards gaining better understanding of externalities among policies, notably in the context of real-world policymaking where reforms are often implemented in packages. This thesis examines the links of human capital (with heterogeneous abilities), growth, and two such policy areas, foreign direct investment (FDI) and labour market reforms, using multisectorial endogenous growth models. Chapter 1 develops an imitation-innovation (continuous time) growth model with heterogeneous labour and foreign multinationals (MNCs) to examine industrial transformation for a developing host economy. With FDI modelled at the disaggregated level of foreign experts, we formalise a MNC composition-determination framework that explains Dunning's `internalisation advantage' (1977) as being driven by the presence of asymmetric views on productivity of domestic workers. Specifically, foreign experts perceive heterogeneity among the productivity of domestic workers. As productivity is a transformation of ability, this allows us to link the skills acquisition decision and foreign subsidiaries' operational mode choice along the same ability distribution in the host economy. In addition, asymmetry is also introduced specifically for Vertical MNCs to capture the increasingly costly nature for foreign experts to identify the best among the most productive workers in a host economy. Calibrated for Malaysia, these novel features enable the model to generate simulation results that are consistent with some stylised observations documented in the FDI literature, and uncover complementarities between human capital and FDI-promoting policies. These complementarities are stronger with endogenous technological change. In Chapter 2, the effects of labour market reforms are studied in an innovation-driven, overlapping generations (OLG) model of endogenous growth with a heterogeneous labour force, labour market rigidities, and structural unemployment. The model is parameterised for stylised high- and middle-income economies and used to perform a range of experiments, including both individual labour market reforms (cuts in the minimum wage and unemployment benefit rates) and composite reform programmes involving additional measures. The results show that individual reforms may generate conflicting effects on growth and welfare in the long run, even in the presence of positive policy externalities. A reduction in training costs may also create an oversupply of qualified labour and higher unemployment in the long run. Public investment in infrastructure, partly through its productivity effects on innovation, can help to mitigate this oversupply problem. In short, the studies in these two chapters show that, when the supply side of the labour market is explicitly modelled by introducing heterogeneous abilities, promoting innovation-driven growth is no longer a straightforward reform provision of "throwing everything at the wall to see if it sticks", as there are much more complex interactions in terms of policy externalities to be understood.
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Palamuleni, Mercy Laita. "Three essays on the macroeconomics of human capital and growth." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18267.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Economics
William F. Blankenau
This dissertation encompasses three essays on the macroeconomics of human capital and economic growth. Below are the individual abstracts for each essay. Essay 1: Does Public Education Spending Increase Human Capital? I investigate the effect of public education spending on the quality of human capital as measured by international student test scores in science and mathematics, conditional on the efficiency of a country's governance. Combining World Bank country level data on government efficiency with rich micro data from the OECD PISA-2009, I estimate a human capital production function from student level data. Prior work suggests that public education expenditures are inconsequential for student achievement. I illustrate that public education spending matters for student test scores when one uses student level data instead of aggregate country level data. These results are robust to controlling for governance measures such as corruption control and regulatory quality. An implication is that less efficient government does not preclude improving test scores through education spending. Essay 2: Inequality of Opportunity in Education: International Evidence from PISA. I provide lower-bound estimates of inequality of opportunity in education (IEO) using micro-data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). The measure represents variation in student mathematics test scores which can be explained by predetermined circumstances (including parental education, gender, and additional community variables). I explore the heterogeneity of the measure at the top and bottom of the test score distribution, and demonstrate that IEO accounts for 10 percent of the variation in test scores for students at the top and bottom of the test score distribution. Using this inequality measure I establish three main conclusions. (1) IEO decreases overall in response to an increase in preprimary enrollment rates. An implication here is that improvements in early childhood education might mitigate the effects of IEO factors for some students. (2) IEO increases in a manner which relates to overall inequality. This indicates the possibility of a more general persistence to inequality factors. An implication is that equity-based education policies can be a key tool for reducing income inequality. (3) There is evidence of an equity-efficiency tradeoff in education. An implication here is that public education policies aimed at reducing IEO might hinder overall education efficiency, in that it decreases academic achievement for some groups of students. Essay 3: Public Education Spending and Economic Growth: The Role of Governance. Although the theoretical literature often connects public education spending to growth, individual empirical findings sometimes conflict. In this paper I propose that inefficiencies in public education spending might explain these inconsistencies. Using a dataset from both developed and developing countries observed over the period of 1995 to 2010, I demonstrate that the efficiency of public education spending on growth depends on a country's level and quality of governance. I also find evidence that increasing educational spending is associated with higher economic growth only in countries that are less corrupt. These findings have important implications for the formation of effective education policies in developing countries. They illustrate that efficient public education spending augments economic growth in a way that increased spending alone does not match.
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Toche, Patrick. "Essays in dynamic economics : growth, unemployment and taxes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365650.
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Kangur, Alvar. "Complementarities in growth and business cycles." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.547770.
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Sjögren, Anna. "Perspectives on human capital : economic growth, occupational choice and intergenerational mobility." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Samhällsekonomi (S), 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-651.
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This dissertation consists of three essays, taking different perspectives on human capital. The first essay looks at human capital from a growth perspective. Essays two and three focuses on the individual’s occupational decision and its relation to family background. The first essay attempts to capture the effects on long run economic growth and transitional dynamics of the interaction between human capital and R&D. We do this by allowing for endogenous human capital accumulation in an economy where the number of products and technologies expands because profit maximizing entrepreneurs do R&D. We find that, in the absence of scale effects, long run growth is determined by the economy’s capacity to accumulate human capital. A relative lack of R&D capital causes the economy to grow slowly during its transition to the steady state, while a relative abundance of R&D capital gives high growth rates during transition. In the second essay, the classical Roy-model of selection on the labor market is extended in order to analyze intergenerational mobility. This is done through the introduction of ability uncertainty that is linked to family background. In contrast to to additional human capital models of intergenerational mobility, this mechanism rather than differences in access to capital markets links occupational oucomes of offspring to parents. We study the effects of income redistribution on mobility and talent allocation. It is found that redistribution has implications for intergenerational mobility and talent allocation through its influence on individual occupational choices. However, we conclude that the presence of a trade-off between redistribution and intergenerational mobility depends on the extent of similarity of occupations with regard to ability sensitivity and wage rates, and on the degree of individual risk aversion. Whether redistribution occurs only within an occupation or simultaneously within and across occupations is also inportant for the implicatons for mobility and talent allocation. In essay three, a model of occupational choice and human capital investment is developmed and tested. The model allows family background to influence occupational choice through access to economic resources, differences in costs of schooling, and ability uncertainty linked to background similar to that discussed in essay two. It is predicted that life time utility of children from less well-off background is more sensitive to economic incentives when risk aversion is strong. The model also predicts that people are more sensitive to economic incentives when considering occupations distant from their parent occuations. The implications of the theoretical model are tested and largely confirmed on Swedish data using a mixed multinominal logit framework which explicitly accounts for unobserved ability heterogeneity.Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1998
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Sjögren, Anna. "Perspectives on human capital : economic growth, occupational choice and intergenerational mobility /." Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.) (EFI), 1998. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/498.htm.
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Magrini, Stefano. "Modelling regional economic growth : the role of human capital and innovation." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/868/.
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This thesis investigates the role of human capital and innovation activity in the process of economic growth within a system of regions. It starts by reviewing existing theories of economic growth paying particular attention to the literature on “endogenous growth”, the large body of empirical literature addressing economic growth and that has investigated the “convergence issue”. A methodology based on the direct analysis of cross-sectional distributions of per capita income is then developed and applied to per capita income data for 122 European Union (EU) functionally defined regions over the period 1979-1990. The results show a clear tendency for some of the richest European regions to grow away from the others. The comparison of these results with those derived from a similar analysis for the commonly used administrative regions of the EU reveals some significant distortions imposed by adopting an administrative definition. A formal theoretical explanation of these results is then offered. In particular, it is argued that regional disparities in per capita income owe their existence to the pattern of specialisation between ‘knowledge creating’ and ‘knowledge applying’ regions. Specialisation is explained in terms of differences in the availability of useful knowledge at different locations. In the perfect foresight, stable equilibrium of the two-region model developed here, therefore, the region that specialises in innovation related activities (knowledge creating) enjoys a permanently higher level of per capita income. Moreover, it is shown that, on reasonable assumptions, a process of integration that reduces the cost of physical distance leads to faster growth in the long-run for the system as a whole, but at the expense of an increase in regional disparities. Finally, some predictions are derived and tested empirically. Using cross-sectional regressions, the fundamental determinants of the growth rate of a region are investigated. The results are supportive of the model, confirming the role played by the concentration of innovative activities and spatial spillovers of knowledge.
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Aspin, Liam. "Inequality and growth : income distribution and the accumulation of human capital." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323212.
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Mawson, Daniel. "Endogenous growth, human capital and the structure of the labour market." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247509.
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Xiao, Yao. "The role of human capital in economic growth: a case study /." Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2005. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/2433.
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Neri, Frank. "Schooling quality and economic growth." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phn445.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 148-155. This thesis investigates whether cross-country variations in schooling quality (the productivity of the time spent studying) affect the empirical results in studies of economic growth based on an augmented method of Solow. It was found that schooling quality is positively and statistically significantly associated with mean economic growth rates in regressions which control for physical capital investment rates, population growth rates and secondary school enrolment rates. Education levels of parents, hours of homework and the non-teaching duties of teachers were also significant determinants.
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Cameron, Gavin. "Innovation and economic growth." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338761.
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Pozzolo, Alberto Franco. "Three essays on endogenous growth in open economies." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313147.
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Childs, Cyrus Trevor. "Urban Growth & The Creative Class." Thesis, Boston College, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/476.
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Thesis advisor: Richard ArnottThis research examines the relationship between urban characteristics in 1990 and urban population growth between 1990 and 2000, primarily investigating the impact of creative and talented people on growth. Findings establish correlations between metropolitan statistical area (MSA) growth and natural and urban amenities. Urban growth in the 90's is positively correlated with dry, warmer weather and to the Bohemian index, a new measure of cultural amenities. This research produced results to suggest that creative capital or the Creative Class did not significantly impact urban growth in the 90's
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Alamgir-Arif, Rizwana. "Three Essays on Human Capital, Child Care and Growth, and on Mobility." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22672.
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This thesis contributes to the fields of Public Economics and Development Economics by studying human capital formation under three scenarios. Each scenario is represented in an individual paper between Chapters 2 to 4 of this thesis.
Chapter 2 examines the effect of child care financing, through human capital formation, on growth and welfare. There is an extensive literature on the benefits of child care affordability on labour market participation. The overall inference that can be drawn is that the availability and affordability of appropriate child care may enhance parental time spent outside the home in furthering their economic opportunities. In another front, the endogenous growth literature exemplifies the merits of subsidizing human capital in generating growth. Again, other contributions demonstrate the negative implications of taxes on the returns from human capital on long run growth and welfare. This paper assesses the long run welfare implications of child care subsidies financed by proportional income taxes when human capital serves as the engine of growth. More specifically, using an overlapping-generations framework (OLG) with endogenous labour choice, we study the implications of a distortionary wage income tax on growth and welfare. When the revenues from proportional income taxes are channelled towards improving economic opportunities for both work and schooling investments in the form of child care subsidies, long run physical and human capital stock may increase. A higher level of growth may ensue leading to higher welfare.
Chapter 3 answers the question of how child care subsidization works in the interest of skill formation, and specifically, whether child care subsidization policies can work to the effect of human capital subsidies. Ample studies have highlighted the significance of early childhood learning through child care in determining the child’s longer-term outcomes. The general conclusion has been that the quality of life for a child, higher earnings during later life, as well as the contributions the child makes to society as an adult can be traced back to exposures during the first few years of life. Early childhood education obtained through child care has been found to play a pivotal role in the human capital base amongst children that can benefit them in the long run. Based on this premise, the paper develops a simple Overlapping Generations Model (OLG) to find out the implications of early learning on future investments in human capital. It is shown that higher costs of child care will reduce skill investments of parents. Also, for some positive child care cost, higher human capital obtained through early childhood education can induce further skill investments amongst individuals with a higher willingness to substitute consumption intertemporally. Finally, intervention that can internalize the intra-generational human capital externalities arising from parental time spent outside the home - for which care/early learning is required to be purchased for the child - can unambiguously lead to higher skill investments by all individuals. Chapter 3 therefore proposes policy intervention, such as child care subsidization, as the effect of such will be akin to a human capital subsidy.
The objective of Chapter 4 is to understand the implications of inter-regional mobility on higher educational investments of individuals and to study in detail the impact of mobility on government spending for education under two particular scenarios – one in which human capital externalities are non-localized and spill over to other regions (e.g. in the form of R&D), and another in which the externalities are localized and remain within the region. It is shown that mobility enhances private investments in education, and all else equal, welfare should be higher with increased migration. The impacts on government educational expenditures are studied and some policy implications are drawn. In general, with non-localized externalities, all public expenditures decline under full-migration. Finally under localized externalities, the paper finds that governments will increase their financing of education to increasingly mobile individuals only when agglomeration benefits outweigh congestion costs from increases in regional population.
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Cardoso, Catarina. "The role of human capital in the Iberian countries' growth and convergence." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8523.
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This thesis examines the role of human capital in the growth and convergence of the Iberian countries. Using a newly computed series for human capital at the NUTS III level for the Portuguese regions, the comparison between Portugal and Spain suggests a positive role for human capital proxied by the average years of schooling in both Iberian countries regional growth, which supports the hypothesis that higher levels of education improved the regions‟ ability to adopt new technology; although the levels of education indicate that secondary schooling is important for technology adoption in Portugal, but not in Spain, and its effect is higher than that of tertiary education. Using Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA), two convergence clubs are identified within the Iberia Peninsula (Core and Periphery), but convergence occurs mainly in the Periphery group and education plays a positive and significant role only in the Core club.
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GonzaÌlez, Francisco Antonio. "Immigration and the allocation of time : endogenous growth with human capital heterogeneity." Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433598.
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Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus, Gernot Doppelhofer, Florian Huber, and Philipp Piribauer. "Human Capital Accumulation and Long-Term Income Growth Projections for European Regions." Wiley, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jors.12339.
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We propose an econometric framework to construct projections for per capita income growth and human capital for European regions. Using Bayesian methods, our approach accounts for model uncertainty in terms of the choice of explanatory variables, the nature of spatial spillovers, as well as the potential endogeneity between output growth and human capital accumulation. This method allows us to assess the potential contribution of future educational attainment to economic growth and income convergence among European regions over the next decades. Our findings suggest that income convergence dynamics and human capital act as important drivers of income growth for the decades to come.
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Baptist, Simon James. "Technology, human capital and efficiency in manufacturing firms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a7472534-d3f1-4c3b-8078-98d686a33e72.
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Accounting for output per worker differences across countries has been an ongoing topic of research in economics. This thesis expands upon standard approaches by allowing for technological heterogeneity and exploiting firm and worker level data to determine the microeconomic sources of variation in both productivity and earnings. An intercontinental comparison using production functions for the Ghanaian and South Korean manufacturing sectors in Chapter 2 finds, in contrast to the conclusions of much of the macroeconomic literature, that there is no difference in total factor productivity (TFP). The microeconomic sources of the difference in value added per worker lie within the technology of firms, which is defined as the way in which inputs are used. Two important dimensions of this difference are the larger role of material inputs and the much lower rate of return to schooling in Ghana. In Chapter 3 a more general specification investigates intra-African variation in production, which is much smaller than the intercontinental difference. The pattern of cross-country heterogeneity is that, as GDP per capita rises, the relative input of materials falls, those of capital and labour rise and the returns to education increase. Differences in TFP are limited. Possible sources of the low returns to schooling in Ghana are investigated in Chapter 4 using earnings and production functions. Conditional upon selection into occupations, the only group of workers for whom education appreciably increases earnings are those employed in skilled jobs with more than ten years of education. The evidence is consistent with a lack of technological sophistication being the source of these low returns. Investment in new production processes by firms will increase the return to education and raise incomes and output. Reducing the share of intermediate inputs in production is key to the transition from low to high productivity activities. Technology is the critical element that can explain the performance of manufacturing firms across countries.
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Castro, José Luis. "Determinants of the Economic Growth in Mexico : An Exogenous Growth Model." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-7369.
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This bachelor thesis aims to uncover the determinants of the economic growth in Mexico with an exogenous growth model. The study is based in an Augmented Solow Model em-ployed by Mankiw, Romer and Weil in
"A contribution to the Empirics of the Economic Growth" (1992). The model uses annual data of Mexico from 1960-2007 and the regressions and tests are developed in the econometric package Stata 10 for eight different periods. The thesis not only uses the Effective Labour and Physical Capital as Inputs in the production Function, but also employs the variable of Human Capital as an economic determinant of growth in the production function. The results of the model correspond with the actual scenario in Mexico; more weight to the Effective Labour (76.34%) rather than to Human Capital (2.12%) or Physical Capital (21.54%) as determinants of growth.
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Demissie, Meskerem. "FDI, Human Capital and Economic Growth : A panel data analysis of developing countries." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-29496.
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FDI inflow to developing countries has shown a drastic increase in the past few decades. Accordingly, many policy makers and academics are concerned about policies that attract FDI inflows to enhance economic growth from the positive spillover effects of FDI. Hence this study examines the general impact of FDI on the economic growth of 56 developing countries for the period 1985-2014. In order to analyze the growth effect of FDI into different macroeconomic situations, the sample countries are grouped into 24 low-income developing countries and 32 upper middle-income countries. The overall panel data analysis based on endogenous growth theory supported the positive growth effect of FDI for the pooled 56 countries and upper middle- income countries. However the growth effect of FDI for low-income countries tend to be statistically significant but negative. Moreover, to investigate the absorptive capacity of the host country an interactive term of FDI and human capital is included to estimate the general model. The regression results from the interactive term denote that the growth effect of FDI is dependent on the level of human capital in the host country. Hence a minimum level of human capital is essential in order to maximize and absorb the positive growth effect of FDI.
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Gilpin, Gregory A. W. "Three essays on public policy, human capital, and economic growth theory and evidence /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3380080.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Economics, 2009.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 12, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-12, Section: A, page: 4798. Adviser: Michael Kaganovich.
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GarciÌa-Peñalosa, Cecilia. "Distribution and growth : essays on human capital, R&D and skill differentials." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294213.
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Hippe, Ralph. "Human capital formation in Europe at the regional level : implications for economic growth." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00997695.
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This thesis highlights the formation of human capital in the European regions and its implications for economic growth. It is characterised by its combined regional, long-term and European approach. To this end, I refer to Unified Growth Theory and New Economic Geography as the most important recent theoretical contributions and construct an unparalleled new and large database on regional human capital and other economic factors from numerous diverse sources. For the empirical analysis, spatial and GIS methods are employed in addition to standard econometric models. In this way, the thesis explores human capital formation in the regions of the European continent between 1790 and 2010. Moreover, it underlines the relationship between human capital proxies, the determinants of human capital and the long-run impact of human capital on economic growth.
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Roomi, Muhammad. "The role of social capital and human capital in the growth of women-owned enterprises in the United Kingdom." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2013. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/20680ab9-6d29-4f43-90d2-a2788490b70a/1/.
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Research investigating women-owned businesses has developed considerably over the past two decades. There are, however, few British studies that have specifically focussed on growth oriented women-owned businesses. The current study aims to fill this gap. Its purpose is to explore the effect of social capital and human capital on the growth of women-owned enterprises in the UK. The research contributes to the knowledge of women's entrepreneurship as the first to study the moderating role of human capital in building and using social capital in the UK. It develops the theoretical premise that women entrepreneurs with higher human capital gain credibility and centrality in networks, accumulating social capital based on their importance for other network members and their business stakeholders. This mixed method study involves both collecting and analysing quantitative and qualitative data. Statistical analysis using SPSS was applied to analyse quantitative data collected through 517 on-line completed questionnaires from three different regions. The qualitative data collected through face to face interviews with 42 women entrepreneurs were also analysed and interpreted. The findings suggest that the social capital possessed by women entrepreneurs plays an important role in the growth of enterprises. Women entrepreneurs use different sources to build and use their social capital at different stages of growth and in different industry sectors such as manufacturing or services. Women entrepreneurs with higher human capital are more likely to identify opportunities, generate ideas and show creative thinking in introducing novel products, services, location, processes or systems, which makes their growth path exponential. There are implications of this study for women entrepreneurs to build and use their social and human capital for the growth of their enterprises. And there are also implications for politicians and business organisations, who must devise policies to develop opportunities for existing or potential women entrepreneurs for building their human based capital.
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Badinger, Harald, and Gabriele Tondl. "Trade, human capital and innovation. The engines of european regional growth in the 1990s." Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2002. http://epub.wu.ac.at/964/1/document.pdf.
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This paper investigates the growth factors of EU regions in the 1990s. We test the hypothesis that regional growth is determined by endogenous growth factors, trade and technological catching-up in a growth accounting framework. Our estimations suggest that growth of EU regions is positively related to the accumulation of physical and human capital. Innovation activity as well as international technology transfer are important for growth. The latter is facilitated if a region is well endowed with human capital. Further, we observe that technological catching-up is promoted by intensive foreign trade, a result which underlines the importance of trade openness for EU regions. (authors' abstract)Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut