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1
Bucci, Alberto. "Monopoly power in human capital-based growth." Acta Oeconomica 55, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 121–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.55.2005.2.1.
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Using a balanced growth model with human capital accumulation and R&D activity, this paper examines how imperfect competition in the product market affects economic growth and the sectoral distribution of skills in the long-run. We find that steady-state growth is driven only by incentives to acquire human capital and is independent of scale effects. In the model imperfect competition in the product market has a positive growth effect, while influencing the allocation of skills to different economic activities. High R&D investment is not necessarily associated with high output growth.
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Pedrosa Silva Duarte, Maria Adelaide, and Marta Cristina Nunes Simões. "Tertiarization and Human Capital: Do They Matter for Growth? Insights From Portugal." Annals of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University - Economics 61, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 30–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aicue-2014-0001.
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Abstract We investigate the existence of causality among sectoral productivity, services sector expansion, human capital, and aggregate productivity over the period 1970-2006 in the Portuguese economy taking into account the contribution of services sub-sectors with different potential for productivity improvements, market and non-market services. The main aim is to examine whether the increasing tertiarization of the Portuguese economy constituted an obstacle or an opportunity for its aggregate productivity performance and if the expansion of the services sector is related to human capital availability, based on the former disaggregation of the services sector. The evidence suggests bidirectional causality between sectoral and aggregate productivity, with sectoral employment shares and human capital not revealing themselves as relevant for the explanation of the other variables nor being influenced by them. Across services categories, non-market services seem to be the most influential one, making a positive and lasting contribution to aggregate productivity, while market services seem to have had no influence on aggregate productivity dynamics
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Máté, Domicián. "Impact of human capital on productivity growth in different labour-skilled branches." Acta Oeconomica 65, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.65.2015.1.3.
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The primary objective of this study is to analyse the impact of human capital accumulation on productivity growth in a sectoral approach. In our estimations, we followed a specific taxonomy to identify the features of output and employment growth tendencies in four different labour-skilled branches in OECD countries. Besides determining the differences of output and labour structure by standard descriptive statistics, we used a dynamic panel regression method to investigate the connection between physical and human capital, employment, and productivity growth in each sector. All in all, we found an increasing role of human capital (HC) from the period between 1985 and 2007. Analysing the time series panel data of these countries, our results also yield valid relationships between the level of education and productivity growth.
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Javaid, Muhammad Nadeem, and Gulzar Ahmed. "Productivity Dynamics: A Case of Pakistan." Review of Economics and Development Studies 7, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/reads.v7i2.350.
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This study estimates the total factor productivity (TFP) for Pakistan at aggregate and sectoral level from 1982 to 2016 with a data set rebased at 2005-06. We employ actual returns to scale instead of the oversimplified assumption of constant returns to scale for measuring the TFP. Our results show that average economic growth during this period is 4.7 percent with 0.7 percent contribution from TFP. While, average TFP growth for Agriculture, Industry, and Services sector is 1.5, 4.6, and 4.3 percent, respectively. Besides, there is a noticeable decreasing trend in TFP as well as economic growth relative to 1980’s. Further, our analysis reveals that the physical and human capital contribution in productivity is quite negligible at aggregate and sectoral level. This implies that sizeable investments in human capital formation can further help the economy to attain high growth trajectory in the short to medium terms.
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Yuki, Kazuhiro. "SECTORAL SHIFT, WEALTH DISTRIBUTION, AND DEVELOPMENT." Macroeconomic Dynamics 12, no. 4 (September 2008): 527–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100508070296.
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Two phenomena are widely observed when an economy departs from an underdeveloped state and starts rapid economic growth. One is the shift of production, employment, and consumption from the traditional sector to the modern sector, and the other is a large increase in educational levels of the population. The question is why some economies have succeeded in such structural change, but others do not. To examine the question, an overlapping generations (OLG) model that explicitly takes into account the sectoral shift and human capital accumulation as sources of development is constructed. It is shown that, for a successful structural change, an economy must start with a wealth distribution that gives rise to an adequate size of the “middle class.” Once the economy initiates the “take-off,” the sectoral shift and human capital growth continue until it reaches the steady state with high income and equal distribution. However, when the productivity of the traditional sector is low, irrespective of the initial distribution and the productivity of the modern sector, it fails in the sectoral shift and ends up in one of steady states with low income and high inequality. Thus, sufficient productivity of the traditional sector is a prerequisite for development.
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Adediyan, Aderopo, and Osayuwamen Lillian Omorenuwa. "Sectoral analysis of Human Capital Investment, Labour Productivity and Poverty in Nigeria." SRIWIJAYA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS 1, no. 2 (August 24, 2021): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.29259/sijdeb.v1i2.131-146.
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This paper is on the analysis of human capital investment and labour productivity in a situation of a rising incidence of poverty in Nigeria on a sectoral basis between 1986 and 2019. Adopting the Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) technique, three sectors were considered in the analysis: the agricultural, industrial and service sectors. Key in the results of the study is in two folds. In the first case, there is a direct positive effect of human capital investment on labour productivity, and a direct negative impact of poverty on labour productivity across the three sectors. In the second case, poverty decreases the contribution of human capital investment to labour productivity growth in the agricultural and industrial sectors in the short run only. But there is insufficient evidence on this in the service sector.
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Prishlyak, E. A., and S. G. Rad’ko. "Studying the Factors Affecting the Generation of Human Capital in the Russian Federation." Management Science 8, no. 2 (August 11, 2018): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2404-022x-2018-8-2-94-105.
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The key parameter that determines the competitiveness of modern organizations, regions, countries and individuals is the level of formed and accumulated human capital as an integral assessment of the investment result in the stock of knowledge, skills, physical health, innovative potential. In recent years, the study of trends in the formation and effective use of human capital in the Russian economy has become particularly relevant in complex studies. The purpose of this study is analysis of the factors affecting the human capital formation in the Russian Federation. The study methods include statistical and dynamic analysis, synthesis. The information and empirical base of the study included the materials of the Federal State Statistics service, analytical materials of research institutes, materials of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey Higher School of Economics (RLMS-HSE). As a result, there were revealed the quantitative characteristics of the human capital of the Russian Federation, necessary for the analysis and determination of effective actions aimed at the formation of human capital in the Russian environment, taking into account the sectoral and regional characteristics of the competitiveness of personnel, enterprises, industries, regions. Furthermore, the identification of the institutional environment factors that determine significant long-term changes in the quality of human capital was carried. The analytical study of the main factors of human capital formation identified the key problems of the process: the reduction of the natural population growth level, the population health (the increase in the number of patients with serious socially significant diseases), the low level of organization innovative activity and insufficient funding for research and development, sectoral and territorial differentiation in payment for labour and as a consequence the unbalanced distribution of labour resources.
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Tanzi, Vito, and Howell H. Zee. "Human Capital Accumulation and Public Sector Growth." IMF Working Papers 95, no. 95 (1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451950441.001.
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Shobande, Abdul Olatunji, and Charles Etukomeni. "Financing Human Development for Sectorial Growth: A Time Series Analysis." Timisoara Journal of Economics and Business 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjeb-2017-0004.
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Abstract The role which financing human development plays in fostering the sectorial growth of an economy cannot be undermined. It is a key instrument which can be utilized to alleviate poverty, create employment and ensure the sustenance of economic growth and development. Thus financing human development for sectorial growth has taken the center stage of economic growth and development strategies in most countries. In a constructive effort to examine the in-depth relationship between the variables in the Nigerian space, this paper provides evidence on the impact of financing human development and sectorial growth in Nigeria between 1982 and 2016, using the Johansen co-integration techniques to test for co-integration among the variables and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to ascertain the speed of adjustment of the variables to their long run equilibrium position. The analysis shows that a long and short run relationship exists between financing human capital development and sectorial growth during the period reviewed. Therefore, the paper argues that for an active foundation for sustainable sectorial growth and development, financing human capital development across each unit is urgently required through increased budgetary allocation for both health and educational sectors since they are key components of human capital development in a nation.
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Monteiro, Goncalo, and Stephen J. Turnovsky. "The composition of productive government expenditure." Indian Growth and Development Review 1, no. 1 (April 18, 2008): 57–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538250810868134.
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PurposeRecent research supports the role of productive government spending as an important determinant of economic growth. Previous analyses have focused on the separate effects of public investment in infrastructure and on investment in education. This paper aims to introduce both types of public investment simultaneously, enabling the authors to address the trade‐offs that resource constraints may impose on their choice.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ a two‐sector endogenous growth model, with physical and human capital. Physical capital is produced in the final output sector, using human capital, physical capital, and government spending on infrastructure. Human capital is produced in the education sector using human capital, physical capital, and government spending on public education. The introduction of productive government spending in both sectors yields an important structural difference from the traditional two‐sector growth models in that the relative price of human to physical capital dynamics does not evolve independently of the quantity dynamics.FindingsThe model yields both a long‐run growth‐maximizing and welfare‐maximizing expenditure rate and allocation of expenditure on productive capital. The welfare‐maximizing rate of expenditure is less than the growth‐maximizing rate, with the opposite being the case with regard to their allocation. Moreover, the growth‐maximizing value of the expenditure rate is independent of the composition of government spending, and vice versa. Because of the complexity of the model, the analysis of its dynamics requires the use of numerical simulations the specific shocks analyzed being productivity increases. During the transition, the growth rates of the two forms of capital approach their common equilibrium from opposite directions, this depending upon both the sector in which the shock occurs and the relative sectoral capital intensities.Research limitations/implicationsThese findings confirm that the form in which the government carries out its productive expenditures is important. The authors have retained the simpler, but widely employed, assumption that government expenditure influences private productivity as a flow. But given the importance of public investment suggests that extending this analysis to focus on public capital would be useful.Originality/valueTwo‐sector models of economic growth have proven to be a powerful tool for analyzing a wide range of issues in economic growth. The originality of this paper is to consider the relative impact of government spending on infrastructure and government spending on human capital and the trade‐offs that they entail, both in the long run and over time.
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Atemnkeng, Johannes Tabi, and Daniel Mbu Tambi. "Growth equity and sectoral decompositions of aggregate poverty changes in Cameroon." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 9, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-08-2016-0125.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide insight to policy-makers into a framework for action, which is needed to effectively reduce poverty in its monetary and non-monetary dimensions. Design/methodology/approach Specifically, an exact decomposition analysis is conducted that is based on the Shapley value method, and investigated the growth and redistribution effects as well as changes due to mobility and sector-specific effects of the variation in both income/expenditure and non-income poverty dimensions. Findings Growth in mean consumption and household assets accounted for the bulk of the improvement in poverty reduction and the results complement the evidence obtained from the “sectoral decomposition” of poverty in Cameroon which may indeed have a strong bearing on the sectoral shares of poverty. The temptation is resisted, however, not to deny that redistribution also has an important role to play, yet there must be severe limits to what can be achieved by growth neutral redistribution. The redistribution effect had an ameliorating tendency in household asset deprivation among farming households. Originality/value This paper is a well-written piece using quite rigorous and interesting methodological approach. To obtain a measure of non-income dimensions of well-being, the authors constructed composite indices on household assets reflecting household access to a range of physical assets and services including human capital by polychoric principal component analysis method.
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عبد, عبد الكريم. "التغيرات البنيوية في الاقتصاد العراقي." Al-Kitab Journal for Human Sciences 1, no. 2 (October 4, 2020): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/kjhs.01.02.p13.
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Any country that is trying to achieve basic economic goals in the forefront of growth and stability and full employment. Economic growth must include quantitative, qualitative and sustained changes in macroeconomic structure over several decades. Because Iraq has enormous human and natural resources, foremost of which is oil, the Iraqi economy has not undergone significant qualitative and quantitative changes in favor of economic growth as a strategic objective, but in a single economy that relies heavily on oil resources.In order to examine the changes in the structure of the Iraqi economy, these changes in the structure of the population were examined from a biological and a literal point of view. Structural changes were also examined in the sectoral distribution of the GDP, the sectoral distribution of the labor force and the structural changes in foreign trade. Changes in population structure were not positive and did not contribute to the desired economic growth. The sectoral distribution of GDP and the sectoral distribution of the labor force was also not positive for achieving major economic objectives. The analysis of changes in the structure of foreign trade, resource use and the structure of aggregate demand in the Iraqi economy shows a decline in the contribution of capital formation in GDP, which is the main driver of economic growth against the growth of the share of total consumption and private sector exports excluding the oil sector.The study concluded that the imbalance in the structure of the Iraqi economy has continued as a result of a number of problems that began in the 1980s as a result of the war with Iran and the ensuing economic siege throughout the 1990s, as well as the instability of the security and political situation since 2003.
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Arcelay, Irene, Aitor Goti, Aitor Oyarbide-Zubillaga, Tugce Akyazi, Elisabete Alberdi, and Pablo Garcia-Bringas. "Definition of the Future Skills Needs of Job Profiles in the Renewable Energy Sector." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 2, 2021): 2609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092609.
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The growth of the renewable energy industry is happening at a swift pace pushed, by the emergence of Industry 4.0. Smart technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), Big Data, the Internet of Things (IoT), Digital Twin (DT), etc. enable companies within the sector of renewable energies to drastically improve their operations. In this sectoral context, where upgraded sustainability standards also play a vital role, it is necessary to fulfil the human capital requirements of the imminent technological advances. This article aims to determine the current skills of the renewable energy industry workforce and to predict the upcoming skill requirements linked to a digital transition by creating a unified database that contains both types of skills. This will serve as a tool for renewable energy businesses, education centers, and policymakers to plan the training itinerary necessary to close the skills gap, as part of the sectoral strategy to achieve a competent future workforce.
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Tahir, Muhammad, Tooba Mazhar, and Muhammad Asim Afridi. "Trade openness and sectoral growth in developing countries: some new insights." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 12, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-01-2019-0001.
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Purpose The trade–growth nexus has been researched during the past few decades. However, the impact of trade openness on different sectors of the economy is not well explored. The purpose of the current study is to focus on developing countries to examine the impact of trade openness on three main sectors: industrial, service and agricultural. Design/methodology/approach The study applied econometric techniques that control unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity to obtain robust and reliable results. Findings The results revealed that trade openness impacts different sectors differently. Trade openness positively impacts agriculture and industrial sectors, whereas it negatively affects the service sector. A similar trend is observed with regard to employment as it affects service sector negatively and creates a positive impact on other sectors, namely, agriculture and industrial sectors. Furthermore, it was found that human capital has a negative effect on all sectors, whereas financial development has positive effects on service and industrial sectors and negative effect on agriculture sector. The results are robust because of the method of estimation and the addition of some relevant variables. Practical implications The policymakers should focus on trade in agricultural and industrial sectors and should discourage trade in the service sector. Originality/value This study has examined the impact of trade openness on sectoral growth by focusing on the developing world, which is an under-researched area in the literature.
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Inklaar, Robert, and Marcel P. Timmer. "PRODUCTIVITY CONVERGENCE ACROSS INDUSTRIES AND COUNTRIES: THE IMPORTANCE OF THEORY-BASED MEASUREMENT." Macroeconomic Dynamics 13, S2 (September 2009): 218–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100509090117.
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Cross-country studies of economic growth have been hampered by the scarcity of reliable data on productivity at the industry level; see Bernard and Jones [American Economic Review, 91 (4) (2001), 1168–1169] and Rogerson [Journal of Political Economy, 116 (2) (2008), 235–259]. We bring together literature on industry prices, human capital, and capital assets to construct industry-level productivity measures that are well grounded in neoclassical production theory. These theory-based measures differ widely from the crude measures commonly used in the literature. We use these to confirm and strengthen the finding of Bernard and Jones [American Economic Review, 86 (5) (1996), 1216–1238] that for advanced OECD countries, patterns of convergence across sectors have differed since 1970: whereas productivity in market services converged, there is no convergence in manufacturing. More detailed analysis confirms that patterns of convergence are highly industry-specific. There is no dominant convergence trend in sectoral productivity growth across advanced countries.
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Ologbenla, Patrick. "Institutional Quality. Human Capital and Industrial Sector Growth in Ecowas." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Oeconomica 65, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/subboec-2020-0011.
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Abstract The industrial sector has been identified as a tool for effective economic diversification among developing countries but major challenges of the sector have been the institutional and human capital in these economies. Consequently, the need to re-assess the relationship among the three is pertinent. The study investigates empirically, the impacts of institutional quality and human capital on the industrial sector growth of the ECOWAS. The methodology adopted is quantitative with the use of panel data analysis. Findings from the analysis show that both human capital and institutional quality in the ECOWAS have not supported industrial growth significantly. However, the result shows that macroeconomic variables such as inflation rate and exchange rate have the largest effect on the growth of the industrial sector of ECOWAS. The study used ECOWAS that has not been used by any of the previous authors and the economic bloc is in dire need of economic diversification. It is recommended that ECOWAS countries should improve on their institutional quality and human capital development for them to be effective in promoting the growth of their industrial sector.
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Anwar, Sajid. "Foreign investment, human capital and manufacturing sector growth in Singapore." Journal of Policy Modeling 30, no. 3 (May 2008): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2007.12.008.
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Lindley, Joanne, and Steven Mcintosh. "Finance Sector Wage Growth and the Role of Human Capital." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 79, no. 4 (February 15, 2017): 570–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/obes.12155.
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Casi, Laura, and Laura Resmini. "Foreign direct investment and growth: Can different regional identities shape the returns to foreign capital investments?" Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 35, no. 8 (February 9, 2017): 1483–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654417690906.
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In this paper we argue that informal institutions, or more generally, what is called social capital, can act as one of the mediating factors determining the size and the direction of foreign direct investment-induced spillovers on growth and productivity at regional level. The idea is that when a foreign firm sets up a new production plant in a location, the nature and the quality of its relationships with local workers and firms are affected by the endowment of social capital of that location. A ‘wrong’ social capital may make these relationships difficult, thus limiting the capacity of the host economy to convert foreign direct investment-induced spillovers into local competencies conducive to growth. We operationalized informal institutions in terms of generalized trust, associational activity, and cultural closeness and we found that spillover effects do not arise: (1) when generalized trust is too ‘self-referential’, (2) the level of associational activities is low, and (3) cultural closeness towards foreigners and external culture dominate the society. We also found that foreign presence is not universally beneficial, since positive spillovers are associated with EU-originating foreign firms and foreign direct investment in services only. These results have policy implications for the EU regions. In order to maximize the returns from foreign direct investment, the issue of the origin of foreign investors as well as the sectoral composition of foreign direct investment inflows should be carefully considered. Furthermore, investments in education may help regions to benefit more from the foreign presence because human capital and social capital are likely to be complementary.
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BULKHAIROVA, Zhanna Serikovna, Zhanara Shansharovna NURTAYEVA, Zhulduz Davitovna IMASHOVA, Gaukhar Amangeldievna SAIMAGAMBETOVA, and Sayassat Rahmetovna ABDIYEVA. "Effective Human Capital Management as a Growth Factor in the Agricultural Production Sector." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 4 (June 30, 2018): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.4(34).05.
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In the present research, the authors consider theoretical and practical aspects of effective human capital management as a growth factor in agricultural production. In the current highly competitive environment, rational and effective management of human capital can improve the performance indicators of the company and thus generate growth in its production. The problems of the formation and development of human capital have been analyzed by both domestic and foreign scientists; however, there are numerous problems that must be addressed, especially in agriculture. Considering special characteristics of agricultural enterprises, the authors attempted to solve these problems by optimizing the structure of human capital, proposed the procedure, made calculations according to this procedure and assessed the obtained results; conducted SWOT analysis of the human capital management in agricultural enterprises and drew the conclusions in the end of the article.
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Palacio Chaverra, Andrés Fernando, and Igor Martins. "What Caused Poverty Reduction In Brazil During The 2000s: Sectoral Growth Or Public Expenditures." OASIS, no. 31 (November 12, 2019): 185–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n31.11.
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Qué causó la disminución de la pobreza en Brasil durante la primera década del siglo 21 es la pregunta principal en este estudio. Nuestra contribución radica en incorporar una perspectiva de cambio estructural para evaluar la evolución de la pobreza en un contexto de altos precios en la agricultura y decentralización de la política social a nivel federal, estatal y municipal. Presentamos, entonces, un modelo de primeras diferencias para captar los efectos de ingreso medio por sectores y de gasto público descentralizado, sin ningun afán de comprobar causalidad. Confirmamos hallazgos previos en la literatura de que el sector de servicios, en lugar de la agricultura, es el que más contribuye a la reducción sostenida de la pobreza. Sorprendentemente, la administración pública es el principal subsector en rama de servicios. También encontramos que los gastos estatales y municipales en capital humano contribuyen más a la reducción de la pobreza que los gastos federales asociados con los programas de transferencias condicionales de efectivo. En resumen, afirmamos que los beneficios de las políticas descentralizadas asociadas con el capital humano se pueden ver a corto plazo y, por lo tanto, elevan el nivel de los políticos para mantener y cuidar estas políticas. Además, el sector de servicio público, que es uno de los principales empleadores en la economía actual, debe encontrar formas de innovar y mejorar la productividad para que la reducción de la pobreza sea sostenible a largo plazo.
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Jude Omokugbo, Obasanmi, and Idogun Henry Imogiemhe. "Impacts of Human Capital Development on Real Sectors Growth in Nigeria." Journal of Finance and Accounting 8, no. 1 (2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jfa.20200801.14.
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Li, Qing, and Yanrui Wu. "Intangible capital, ICT and sector growth in China." Telecommunications Policy 44, no. 1 (February 2020): 101854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101854.
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Kuranov, G. O., L. A. Strizhkova, and L. I. Tishina. "Inter-Industry and Factor Models in Macroeconomic Analysis and Inter-Industry Research." Voprosy statistiki 28, no. 2 (May 3, 2021): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2021-28-2-5-23.
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The return of the economy to normal development conditions in the post-coronavirus period implies not only the understanding of the new content and the relationship between quality and growth dynamics but also the advancement of methods for analyzing and forecasting economic dynamics and growth factors at macroeconomic, inter-sectoral and sectoral levels. The article examines the possibilities of using two main research tools for these purposes: inter-industry models based on the Input-Output tables, and macroeconomic and industry factor models.The authors not only cover a long history of the application of classical models of this type but also demonstrate new directions of their use in solving specific tasks of analysis and forecasting in a market economy based on the analysis of a modern system of «Input-Output» tables and development of the investment and fixed assets block model. In addition, the development of macroeconomic analysis methods that can be implemented through the sharing of inter-industry and factor models is highlighted. Based on factor models evaluation, the authors identify unique characteristics of individual periods of development of the Russian economy in the first 20 years of this century, the evolution of dynamic trends and reveal the role of main economic growth factors, as well as anticipated limitations of these factors in the long-term period. Using the research findings and taking into account requirements of the new wave of technology, the conclusion is made about the crucial role of the growing investments in innovation and infrastructural sectors of the economy and enhancing the efficiency of investment activities, but this applies even more to improving the quality of human capital. Formalized and non-formalized aspects of its assessment are noted. The latter address the problems of training and nurturing highly-skilled specialists (doers), but above all of unlocking the creative potential of the young generation, which have yet to create a new technological and social structure. The article also proposes the solution for several instrumental and methodological issues related to the development and use of models of this type. It is shown that sharing of cross-sectoral models, macroeconomic and sectoral factor functions allow for a more comprehensive approach to the analysis and forecasting of the economy, it links growth factors to production, and reflects the direct and inverse relationship between demand and supply. Directions for modeling of the necessary fixed capital investments coupled with production dynamics, support of the production facilities and carry-over (incomplete) construction, which, are according to the authors, an important step towards building a dynamic cross-industry balance.
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Peneder, Michael. "The Employment of IT Personnel." National Institute Economic Review 184 (April 2003): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950103184001007.
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The rapid advance and diffusion of new information technologies left pronounced imprints on the formation of human capital. Firstly, it favoured the growth of specific computer related occupations, secondly it raises the demand for higher levels of workforce education. Although IT equipment is the showcase of a general purpose technology, pervading the production process in any kind of economic activity, there is substantial heterogeneity among industries in terms of IT-labour intensity. The article demonstrates that these differences are sufficiently systematic to establish a new sectoral classification, which captures substantial portions of the total variation in the above dimensions. More specifically, the results contrast popular beliefs about a uniform dissemination of new information technologies in all sectors.
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Bucci, Alberto, and Giovanna Segre. "Culture and human capital in a two-sector endogenous growth model." Research in Economics 65, no. 4 (December 2011): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2010.11.006.
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Hamid, Abdul, and J. Hanns Pichler. "Human Capital Spillovers, Productivity and Growth in the Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 48, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v48i2pp.125-140.
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Manufacturing is an important sector of Pakistan’s economy. The main focus of this paper is to analyse the major factors of value-added growth and productivity in the manufacturing sector by using Translog Production Technology over the period 1971-72 to 2004-05. The empirical findings show that the contribution of productivity and human capital is around one- third of the total value-added growth in manufacturing sector which is less than the contribution attributed to these factors in developed and many other developing countries. Conventional factors like capital and labour are still the mainstay in the value-added growth of Pakistan’s manufacturing sector. JEL classification: O1, O3, O4, O14, O15, O31 Keywords: Human Capital Spillovers, Total Factor Productivity, Absolute and Relative Shares
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La Torre, Davide, Simone Marsiglio, and Fabio Privileggi. "FRACTALS AND SELF-SIMILARITY IN ECONOMICS: THE CASE OF A STOCHASTIC TWO-SECTOR GROWTH MODEL." Image Analysis & Stereology 30, no. 3 (November 1, 2011): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v30.p143-151.
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We study a stochastic, discrete-time, two-sector optimal growth model in which the production of the homogeneous consumption good uses a Cobb-Douglas technology, combining physical capital and an endogenously determined share of human capital. Education is intensive in human capital as in Lucas (1988), but the marginal returns of the share of human capital employed in education are decreasing, as suggested by Rebelo (1991). Assuming that the exogenous shocks are i.i.d. and affect both physical and human capital, we build specific configurations for the primitives of the model so that the optimal dynamics for the state variables can be converted, through an appropriate log-transformation, into an Iterated Function System converging to an invariant distribution supported on a generalized Sierpinski gasket.
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Rico, Paz, and Bernardí Cabrer-Borrás. "Entrepreneurship, firms creation and regional performance." European Journal of Management and Business Economics 28, no. 2 (July 8, 2019): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejmbe-07-2018-0077.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse if the divergences in the economic growth of the Spanish regions are a result of sectoral differences, company size or technological level of the new firms that emerge in the market. Design/methodology/approach For this purpose, a model is specified and estimated in which the total factor productivity of Spanish regions is explained by business dynamics, innovation, human capital and the level of entrepreneurship in each region. Findings The results obtained lead the authors to conclude that entrepreneurship understood as both the creation of new firms and entrepreneurial activity, have a positive effect on productive efficiency and can explain the differences in the economic growth of the regions. In addition, the stock of human capital and the promotion of innovation act as catalysts for the productive efficiency of the regions. However, the results show that it is not enough to generate new firms to boost economic growth; these businesses must also be oriented towards sectors that promote technological innovation and with the objective to reach an adequate size. Originality/value Empirical studies use either the creation of new firms or the index of entrepreneurial activity as alternative measures of entrepreneurship. In this research, however, both variables are considered together. Specifically, the creation of new companies is used as a measure of regional business dynamics, and the entrepreneurial activity index, provided by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, as a measure of regional entrepreneurship. The main novelty of this paper’s approach is that it considers different types of entrepreneurial capital in considering productive sector, size and technological level of the new companies.
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Oyinlola, Mutiu Abimbola, and Abdulfatai Adedeji. "Human capital, financial sector development and inclusive growth in sub-Saharan Africa." Economic Change and Restructuring 52, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10644-017-9217-2.
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Anas, Muhammad. "Reforming Spending Policy and Its Impact on Indonesia’s Economy: The Case of Fuel Subsidy and Infrastructure." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 20, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v20i1.7733.
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The quality of Indonesia’s infrastructure up until 2014 was considered uncompetitive, and one of the reasons was that there was not enough money spent on infrastructure, and too much on fuel subsidy. In November 2014, the government of Indonesia decided to cut the expenditure for fuel subsidy and reallocate the money to invest on public services. This study was conducted with the intention to quantify the impact of the program on economic growth and income distribution in Indonesia using Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) model. Simulation results indicated that the impact from social and human capital infrastructure was bigger than that of economic infrastructure, although the simulation for both categories resulted in an increase of sectoral output and domestic income. Therefore, improving infrastructure, especially social, is vital to stimulate economic activity in the long run.
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Dev, S. Mahendra. "Labour Market Inequalities in India: Dimensions and Policies." Indian Journal of Human Development 12, no. 2 (August 2018): 217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703018791386.
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This article deals with dimensions of labour market inequalities and policies for reducing these inequalities. The problem of inequality can be found across sectors, wages and earnings, quality of work, labour market access and, between organized and unorganized sector. Labour market segmentation is another important issue regarding inequalities. Reducing labour market inequalities is important for the sustainability of growth, reduction in poverty and a rise in human development in India. Macro policies, sectoral policies, skill related policies, education and social protection policies are important for reduction of labour market inequalities. At the global level, technological change has been one of the factors responsible for increasing labour market inequalities between skilled and unskilled workers. India has to be prepared for technological revolution and its implication for employment. The country has to address the “fundamental challenge” of improving human capital for all the workers in order to reduce inequalities. Political economy issues have to be tackled in order to address raising inequalities.
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Cieślik, Andrzej. "Bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne w Polsce: stan obecny i perspektywy rozwoju." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 17, no. 1 (December 2019): 245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2019.1.11.
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In the process of globalization of national economies, multinational enterprises are now playing an increasingly important role. Along with the growth of the importance of these enterprises, the structure of foreign directinvestment (FDI) is also evolving. So far, the majority of FDI was located in highly developed countries, and these investments were made in human capital intensive industries, the majority of which belonged to the services sector. In recent decades, there has been an increase in FDI inflows to developing and transforming countries. It is related to the liberalization and internationalization of their economies, as well as a significant decrease in transport costs and the costs of doing business across national borders. Over the last three decades, Poland also recorded a significant inflow of FDI, becoming one of important recipients of foreign capital among the new EU Member States (EU). The main purpose of this article is to analyze the last three decades of development of companies with foreign capital in Poland. This paper presents a descriptive analysis of FDI trends in Poland, including the number and size of companies with foreign capital, the source of this capital according to the investor’s country of origin, as well as the sectoral and industry structure of FDI in Poland. The results of this analysis allow, among other things, to identify key regularities related to the FDI made in Poland before and after the EU accession, as well as their reference to new theories of a multinational enterprise.
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Antoci, Angelo, Marcello Galeotti, and Paolo Russu. "Global analysis and indeterminacy in a two-sector growth model with human capital." International Journal of Economic Theory 10, no. 4 (November 10, 2014): 313–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijet.12042.
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Zaman, Sumia Bint, Muhammad Ishaq, and Muhammad Azam Niazi. "Contribution of Agriculture Sector in Economic Growth of Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis." Journal of Applied Economics and Business Studies 5, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34260/jaebs.527.
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There has been controversy in the field of development economics about the significance of the role of agriculture sector in economic growth. Going through the data, it indicates that agriculture sector is significant contributor to the economy of Pakistan as it contributes about 19% in national GDP. This study was designed to statistically test the contribution of agriculture sector in economic growth of Pakistan through estimation of relationship between agriculture sector and Pakistan’s economic growth using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test and Error Correction Model (ECM). Time series data on selected variables was utilized from 1961-2018. Study found that real agricultural value added has a significant positive impact on real GDP per capita in the long-run where one percent increase in real agricultural value added increases the real GDP/capita by 0.35%. This indicated that the promotion of agriculture sector leaves far reaching effects with respect to economic growth of the country. These results advocated for the development of agriculture sector in line with the long-term goals of economic growth and emphasized in investing in agriculture sector. Coefficient of error correction term (ECT) is -0.62 meaning that if there is any disequilibrium, it will restore @ 62 percent in the first period. Results also proved the importance of capital formation both the physical capital and human capital. Finding suggested that we should investment in human health to enhance the economic growth as suggested by exogenous growth theory. Moreover, it can also be suggested to create conducive environment and economic opportunities to reap the benefits of demographic dividends of decreased mortality in the long-run. As per analysis, maintaining stability is critically important for economic growth. Moreover, literature hypothesize the positive effect of TOT for economic growth, but analysis indicated that TOT has not been able to put any significant impact on economic growth. Further, trend analysis also pointed out that TOT has been fluctuating over the time. It can be inferred from the analysis that there is need to stabilize TOT and restructure the exports of the country to generate the significant positive impact.
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Philippon, Thomas. "Financiers versus Engineers: Should the Financial Sector be Taxed or Subsidized?" American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 158–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.2.3.158.
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I study the allocation of human capital in an economy with production externalities, financial constraints, and career choices. Agents choose to become entrepreneurs, workers, or financiers. Entrepreneurship has positive externalities but requires the services of financiers. In the second best solution, the financial sector should be taxed in exactly the same way as the nonfinancial sector. When direct subsidies to investment and scientific education are not feasible, subsidizing the financial sector increases growth if externalities are driven by physical capital as in Paul M. Romer (1986), and decreases growth if externalities are driven by human capital as in Robert E. Lucas, Jr. (1988). (JEL E44, H21, H25, L26, O41)
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Барбурски and J. Barburski. "Assessement of human factor management in the polish banking sector." Administration 1, no. 2 (December 3, 2013): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1982.
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The paper is devoted to the management evaluation of critically important development driver, i.e. human factor and specifically in the banking sector of Polish economy for the period of 1999—2011. The paper is composed of preamble, two parts and summary. Part I includes selective definitions of “human capital” and “intellectual capital” in the framework of organizational growth. Part II deals with examination and evaluation of data on employment, payroll costs and operational efficiency in the banking sector for the period of 1999—2011.
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Zhang, Wei-Bin. "Gender Discrimination, Education and Economic Growth in a Generalized Uzawa-Lucas Two-Sector Model." Timisoara Journal of Economics and Business 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tjeb-2014-0001.
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Abstract This paper is mainly concerned with relationships between economic growth and gender discrimination in labor markets and education. Although discrimination in different fields has well been addresses and modelled in the economic literature, there are only a few growth models with endogenous wealth and human capital accumulation, gender time distribution between work, leisure and education under gender (positive or negative) discrimination. The production and economic structures, human capital accumulation are based on the Uzawa-Lucas model, while the utility function and gender division of labor, leisure time and study time are based on the model by Zhang. The model takes account of learning by education in modeling human capital accumulation. We simulate the model to demonstrate the existence of equilibrium points and motion of the national economy. We also conduct a comparative dynamic analysis in regard to changes in discrimination in the education sector, women’s propensity to stay at home, women’s propensity to receive education, women’s knowledge utilization efficiency, and the propensity to save.
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Gómez, Manuel A. "Equilibrium dynamics in the one-sector endogenous growth model with physical and human capital." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 28, no. 2 (November 2003): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1889(02)00180-x.
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Azulaidin. "Factors Affecting the Growth of the Agricultural Sector in Langkat Regency." Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial 7, no. 4 (December 13, 2020): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/konfrontasi2.v7i4.124.
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Regional economic development has an important role in the success of development at the national level. The state of the national economy is structured by the state of the regional economy. Seeing the condition of Indonesia which has a large area and a relatively large number of provinces, the availability of infrastructure and physical capital has an important role in increasing economic growth. Production infrastructure can be provided by both the government and the private sector. The government as the main development agent has a big responsibility in providing infrastructure and adequate capital for both public and private interests. In addition, the availability of labor as a human resource in addition to nature, capital and technology also has an important role for the economy. The agricultural business in Langkat Regency in 2018 contributed to the formation of a total GRDP of 35.06 percent, a decrease from 2016 which was 35.61 percent. Meanwhile, the growth rate has slowed down from 5.33 percent in 2017 to 4.76 percent in 2018. Factors that affect growth in Langkat Regency are land area, capital accumulation, population and labor growth, technological advances, exports and agricultural budgets that affect the growth rate of the agricultural sector.
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Bond, Eric W., Ping Wang, and Chong K. Yip. "A General Two-Sector Model of Endogenous Growth with Human and Physical Capital: Balanced Growth and Transitional Dynamics." Journal of Economic Theory 68, no. 1 (January 1996): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeth.1996.0008.
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Abaneme, Esther Ngozi, Andy Titus Okwu, and Rowland Tochukwu Obiakor. "DO GENDER EMPLOYMENT AND WAGE DISPARITIES AFFECT LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN NIGERIA?" Caleb Journal of Social and Management Sciences 06, no. 01 (August 31, 2021): 185–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.26772/cjsms20210601010.
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Labour productivity is a vital economic indicator that is closely linked to competitiveness, economic growth and living standard within an economy. It provides the general information about efficiency and quality of human capital in the production process. This study examined the effects of gender employment and wage disparities on sectoral labour productivity in Nigeria for the period 1991 to 2019, using error correction model (ECM). The results showed that the effects of gender employment and wage disparities on labour productivity differed in the sectors, both in the short-run and long-run. The finding remained valid even when the disparities were moderated with education. Therefore, the study concluded that the effects of gender disparities on productivity in the sectors were heterogeneous. Consequently, the paper emphasised the need for the Federal Government of Nigeria to implement female education-friendly policies. Also, there is the need for employers in the Nigeria productive sectors to jettison gender prejudice in their employment decisions so as to engender increased and sustainable labour productivity.
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Xu, Xing. "Mechanism and Test of the Impact of Lack of Human Capital on Ecological Development in Innovation Sector." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (March 12, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6665251.
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Based on the endogenous growth model and scenario simulation, this paper theoretically analyzes the internal mechanism of the impact of the lack of human capital in innovation departments on ecological development. The simulation results show that the lack of human capital in the innovation sector not only has a significant inhibitory effect on ecological development, but this inhibitory effect positively depends on the accumulation effect of R&D stock on knowledge production and the effect of learning-by-doing. On this basis, the empirical test of the above conclusions with the help of interprovincial panel data confirms its correctness, and the empirical results are robust. Therefore, it is recommended that the government builds an appropriate human capital allocation and compensation mechanism to induce human capital to enter the innovation sector, so as to shape a development and innovation efficiency model that is consistent with economic and ecological goals.
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Fujio, Minako. "Undiscounted optimal growth in a Leontief two-sector model with circulating capital: The case of a capital-intensive consumption good." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 66, no. 2 (May 2008): 420–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2006.01.008.
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Tajerin, Tajerin, Akhmad Fauzi, Bambang Juanda, and Luky Adrianto. "TENDENSI PROSES KONVERGENSI DAN PENENTU PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI WILAYAH PULAU UTAMA DI INDONESIA, 1985-2010." Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 8, no. 2 (June 13, 2017): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jsekp.v8i2.5671.
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Ketimpangan ekonomi antar wilayah pulau utama di Indonesia merupakan sesuatu yang secara alamiah akan terjadi. Hal ini karena, sebagai negara epulauan, Indonesia memiliki enam wilayah pulau utama dengan karakteristik yang berbeda, yang tentunya akan menyebabkan pola pembangunan dan tingkat kemampuan tumbuh yang berbeda pula. Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1) Menganalisis tendensi proses konvergensi ekonomi antar wilayah pulau utama, dan; (2) Menduga faktor penentu pertumbuhan ekonomi wilayah pulau utama dan konrtibusinya terhadap tendensi konvergensi. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan unit analisis wilayah pulau utama dan data sekunder periode 1985-2010 yang dianalisis dengan pendekatan ekonometrika model data panel. Hasil penelitian mununjukkan bahwa tendensi proses konvergensi ekonomi wilayah pulau utama di Indonesia selama periode analisis telah terjadi namun berlangsung lambat dengan kecepatan konvergensi ekonomi sebesar 3,22-8,50% per tahun (secara kondisional). Berdasarkan model fixed-effect, peubah modal fisik dan modal manusia berpengaruh positif terhadap tingkat pertumbuhan PDRB per kapita kondisi mapan. Sementara peubah resultan dari pertumbuhan penduduk dan penyusutan modal berpengaruh negatif terhadap tingkat pertumbuhan PDRB per kapita kondisi mapan. Dengan mengontrol peubah-peubah penentu pertumbuhan ekonomi, mampu mendorong kecepatan tendensi proses konvergensi meningkat sebesar 1,56-4,75% per tahun dengan half-life time 10,34-31,76 tahun. Hal ini berarti bahwa untuk mempercepat konvergensi ekonomi antar wilayah utama Indonesia dibutuhkan peningkatan modal fisik dan modal manusia yang terdistribusi secara lebih merata, dan diikuti pengendalian pertumbuhan penduduk dan penyusutan modal. Mengingat bahwa wilayah pulau utama di Indonesia memiliki sumberdaya kelautan yang besar, maka kebijakan untuk mempercepat konvergensi tersebut perlu diimplementasikan dengan mempertimbangkan peran kelautan yang disinergikan dengan upaya meningkatkan interrelasi (konektivitas) sektoral dan spasial antar wilayah di Indonesia. Title: Tendency of Convergence Process and Determinant of Economic Growth of Main Island Regions in Indonesia, 1985-2010The economic disparity among the main island regions in Indonesia is a natural occurrence. Due to the fact that, as an archipelago, Indonesia is consisted of six main island regions, each with its own indigenous characteristic, thus generating different development patterns and different developing abilities. Therefore, a research has been done to: (1) Analyze the tendency of economic convergenceprocess among the main island regions; and (2) Estimate the determinant factors of economic growth within the main island regions, as well as their contributions toward the convergence tendency. The research was conducted with the main island regions as the analysis unit, and secondary data covering a 25 years period, spanning from 1985 to 2010. The data acquired were analyzed using a data panel econometric model. The analysis resulted in a finding that there has been a convergence tendency among the main island regions in Indonesia during the period analyzed. The economic convergence rate found was considered low with an estimated rateper annum of 3,22%-8,5% (Conditionally). Based on the fixed effect model, both physical and human capitals were the variables which positively affecting the growth of the steady state per capita Regional Gross Domestic Product. While population growth and capital depreciation were the variables which negatively affecting the growth of the steady state per capita Regional Gross Domestic Product. The simulation done using the model developed showed that by controling the previously mentioned economic growth determinant factors, it was possible to induce faster convergence process tendency per annum rate to 1,56%-4,75%, with reduced half-life time to 10,24-31,76 years. Therefore, a faster regional economic convergence would require more physical and human capital to be distributed evenly among the main island regions, while constraining population growth and capital depreciation. Considering that each main island region owns a relatively abundant marine resource, therefore the convergence rate inducing policy should be implemented by pushing the role of marine sectors, while strengthening the sectoral and spatial connectivity among regions in Indonesia.
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AFIN, RIFAI. "East Java Growth Dynamics: Need More Physical Capital or Quality of Labor? The Case of Manufacturing Sector." Journal of Developing Economies 2, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jde.v2i2.6551.
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This paper identifies the dynamic pattern of East Java growth of manufacturing sector and addresses the basic questions of individual economic firms whether they would be better off if increasing physical capital or investment in human capital. To know which one of the two main inputs in industrial sector that is more needed than the other, the marginal productivity of each production factors must be identified. I estimate the models which accommodate the optimum input level searching by applying general method of moment (GMM) and panel instrumental variable (IV) techniques on some reduced form models. I find that on the demand function of labor and capital as the first step of IV or Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) show that the elasticity of both of them are inelastic and elasticity of labor demand is more sensitive than capital. In the production function as the second step, yields that the most productive production factors is labor so that investment in this factor production is beneficial for industrial growth in East Java. On the other side, the physical capital has not been reached the optimum level but the elasticity of capital in production is low. Hypothetically, the inelasticity of physical capital is because macroeconomic aspects which is monetary policy and expected economic situation. Considering these two arguments, quality of labor should be more concerned in the context of regional economy of East Java because capital aspect cannot be interfered at regional level at least for large capital scale.Keywords: Capital, Labor, Growth, General Method of Moment (GMM), Instrumental Variable (IV)
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Brahim, Houneida Ben, and Slim Hadoussa. "The Effects of Human Capital on the Total Quality Management: High Technology Sectors." Journal of Management Research 10, no. 3 (May 7, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v10i3.13103.
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The firms should place quality at the top of its strategic priority if they want to survey and attain competitive advantage. Among the most effective quality techniques that have been verified by several organizations from several sectors and countries, there is the Total Quality Management (TQM) technique. Besides, literature indicates that human capital is considered as the substantial source of growth and organizational sustainability of companies. In this sense, this study seeks to investigate the effect of human capital on the achievement of TQM. A questionnaire survey was developed and distributed to a sample of 146 employees working in companies installed in Tabuk region in Saudi Arabia. SPSS software program was used for statistical data analysis. Results showtwo critical success factors of TQM which are the cooperative and supportive leadership, and the employees' job satisfaction.
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Fakih, Ali, and Pascal L. Ghazalian. "What factors influence firm perceptions of labour market constraints to growth in the MENA region?" International Journal of Manpower 36, no. 8 (November 2, 2015): 1181–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-02-2014-0050.
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Purpose – Labour market constraints constitute prominent obstacles to firm development and economic growth of countries located in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The purpose of this paper is to examine the implications of firm characteristics, national locations, and sectoral associations for the perceptions of firms concerning two basic labour market constraints: labour regulations and labour skill shortages. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical analysis is carried out using firm-level data set sourced from the World Bank’s Enterprise Surveys database. A bivariate probit estimator is used to account for potential correlations between the errors in the two labour market constraints’ equations. The authors implement overall estimations and comparative cross-country and cross-sector analyses, and use alternative estimation models. Findings – The empirical results reveal some important implications of firm characteristics (e.g. firm size, labour compositions) for firm perceptions of labour regulations and labour skill shortages. They also delineate important cross-country and cross-sector variations. The authors also find significant heterogeneity in the factors’ implications for the perceptions of firms belonging to different sectors and located in different MENA countries. Originality/value – Reforms in labour regulations and investment in human capital are important governmental policy interventions for promoting firm development and economic growth in the MENA region. This paper contributes to the empirical literature by analysing the factors influencing the perceptions of firms located in the MENA region concerning labour regulations and labour skill shortages. It provides policy-makers with information needed in the design of labour policies that attenuate the impacts of labour market constraints and enhance the performance of firms and the long-run economic growth.
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Stauvermann, Peter Josef, and Ronald Ravinesh Kumar. "Productivity growth and income in the tourism sector: Role of tourism demand and human capital investment." Tourism Management 61 (August 2017): 426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.03.006.
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Hansen, Høgni Kalsø, and Lars Winther. "Regional development and the impact of the public sector in Denmark: employment growth and human capital." Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography 114, no. 2 (July 3, 2014): 156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00167223.2014.952750.
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