Relevant bibliographies by topics / Human Computational Phantoms

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Human Computational Phantoms'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Human Computational Phantoms"

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Zankl, M., J. Becker, C. Lee, W. E. Bolch, Y. S. Yeom, and C. H. Kim. "Computational phantoms, ICRP/ICRU, and further developments." Annals of the ICRP 47, no. 3-4 (April 13, 2018): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146645318756229.

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Phantoms simulating the human body play a central role in radiation dosimetry. The first computational body phantoms were based upon mathematical expressions describing idealised body organs. With the advent of more powerful computers in the 1980s, voxel phantoms have been developed. Being based on three-dimensional images of individuals, they offer a more realistic anatomy. Hence, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) decided to construct voxel phantoms representative of the adult Reference Male and Reference Female for the update of organ dose coefficients. Further work on phantom development has focused on phantoms that combine the realism of patient-based voxel phantoms with the flexibility of mathematical phantoms, so-called ‘boundary representation’ (BREP) phantoms. This phantom type has been chosen for the ICRP family of paediatric reference phantoms. Due to the limited voxel resolution of the adult reference computational phantoms, smaller tissues, such as the lens of the eye, skin, and micron-thick target tissues in the respiratory and alimentary tract regions, could not be segmented properly. In this context, ICRP Committee 2 initiated a research project with the goal of producing replicas of the ICRP Publication 110 phantoms in polygon mesh format, including all source and target regions, even those with micron resolution. BREP phantoms of the fetus and the pregnant female at various stages of gestation complete the phantoms available for radiation protection computations.
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Chumak, V., N. Petrenko, O. Bakhanova, V. Voloskyi, and T. Treskunova. "USE OF ANTHROPOMORPHIC HETEROGENEOUS PHYSICAL PHANTOMS FOR VALIDATION OF COMPUTATIONAL DOSIMETRY OF MEDICAL PERSONNEL AND PATIENTS." Проблеми радіаційної медицини та радіобіології = Problems of Radiation Medicine and Radiobiology 25 (2020): 148–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33145/2304-8336-2020-25-148-176.

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In the dosimetry of ionizing radiation, the phantoms of the human body, which are used as a replacement for the human body in physical measurements and calculations, play an important, but sometimes underestimated, role. There are physical phantoms used directly for measurements, and mathematical phantoms for computational dosimetry. Their complexity varies from simple geometry applied for calibration purposes up to very complex, which simulates in detail the shapes of organs and tissues of the human body. The use of physical anthropomorphic phantoms makes it possible to effectively optimize radiation doses by adjusting the parameters of CT-scanning (computed tomography) in accordance with the characteristics of the patient without compromising image quality. The use of phantoms is an indispensable approach to estimate the actual doses to the organs or to determine the effective dose of workers – values that are regulated, but cannot be directly measured. The article contains an overview of types, designs and the fields of application of anthropomorphic heterogeneous physical phantoms of a human with special emphasis on their use for validation of models and methods of computational dosimetry. Key words: dose, ionizing radiation, physical, mathematical phantoms, computational dosimetry.
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Januszkiewicz, Łukasz, and Sławomir Hausman. "Simplified human phantoms for narrowband and ultra-wideband body area network modelling." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 34, no. 2 (March 2, 2015): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-10-2014-0292.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare the properties of simplified physical and corresponding numerical human body models (phantoms) and verify their applicability to path loss modeling in narrowband and ultra-wideband on-body wireless body area networks (WBANs). One of the models has been proposed by the authors. Design/methodology/approach – Two simplified numerical and two physical phantoms for body area network on-body channel computer simulation and field measurement results are presented and compared. Findings – Computer simulations and measurements which were carried out for the proposed simplified six-cylinder model with various antenna locations lead to the general conclusion that the proposed phantom can be successfully used for experimental investigation and testing of on-body WBANs both in ISM and UWB IEEE 802.15.6 frequency bands. Research limitations/implications – Usage of the proposed phantoms for the simulation/measurement of the specific absorption rate and for off-body channels are not within the scope of this paper. Practical implications – The proposed simplified phantom can be easily made with a low cost in other laboratories and be used both for research and development of WBAN technologies. The model is most suitable for wearable antenna radiation pattern simulation and measurement. Social implications – Presented results facilitate applications of WBANs in medicine and health monitoring. Originality/value – A new six-cylinder phantom has been proposed. The proposed simplified phantom can be easily made with a low cost in other laboratories and be used both for research and development of WBAN technologies.
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Erickson, David W., Jered R. Wells, Gregory M. Sturgeon, Ehsan Samei, James T. Dobbins, W. Paul Segars, and Joseph Y. Lo. "Population of 224 realistic human subject-based computational breast phantoms." Medical Physics 43, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4937597.

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Ortego-Isasa, Iñaki, Ainhoa Rezola, Yue Gao, Xiaodong Chen, and Daniel Valderas. "Minimum Representative Human Body Model Size Determination for Link Budget Calculation in Implanted Medical Devices." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 6032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136032.

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In this work, the optimum homogeneous phantom size for an equivalent whole-body electromagnetic (EM) modeling is calculated. This will enable the simple characterization of plane wave EM attenuation and far-field link budgets in Active Medical Implant (AMI) applications in the core region of the body for Industrial, Scientific, Medical and MedRadio frequency bands. A computational analysis is done to determine the optimum size in which a minimum phantom size reliably represents a whole-body situation for the corresponding frequency of operation, saving computer and laboratory resources. After the definition of a converge criterion, the computed minimum phantom size for subcutaneous applications, 0–10 mm insertion depth, is 355 × 160 × 255 mm3 for 402 MHz and 868 MHz and a cube with a side of 100 mm and 50 mm for 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively. For deep AMI applications, 10–50 mm insertion depth, the dimensions are 355 × 260 × 255 mm3 for 402 MHz and 868 MHz, and a cube with a side of 200 mm and 150 mm for 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively. A significant reduction in both computational and manufacturing resources for phantom development is thereby achieved. The verification of the model is performed by field measurements in phantoms made by aqueous solutions with sugar.
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Yeom, Yeon Soo, Han Sung Kim, Thang Tat Nguyen, Chansoo Choi, Min Cheol Han, Chan Hyeong Kim, Jai Ki Lee, et al. "New small-intestine modeling method for surface-based computational human phantoms." Journal of Radiological Protection 36, no. 2 (March 23, 2016): 230–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0952-4746/36/2/230.

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Maynard, M., J. Geyer, J. Aris, R. Shifrin, and W. Bolch. "SU-GG-I-51: Hybrid Computational Phantoms of the Developing Human Fetus." Medical Physics 37, no. 6Part3 (June 2010): 3113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3468084.

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Lee, Choonsik, Andreu Badal, Yeon Soo Yeom, Keith T. Griffin, and Dayton McMillan. "Dosimetric impact of voxel resolutions of computational human phantoms for external photon exposure." Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express 5, no. 6 (September 23, 2019): 065002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/ab2850.

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Rispoli, Joseph V., Steven M. Wright, Craig R. Malloy, and Mary P. McDougall. "Automated modification and fusion of voxel models to construct body phantoms with heterogeneous breast tissue: Application to MRI simulations." Journal of Biomedical Graphics and Computing 7, no. 1 (February 26, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jbgc.v7n1p1.

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Background: Human voxel models incorporating detailed anatomical features are vital tools for the computational evaluation of electromagnetic (EM) fields within the body. Besides whole-body human voxel models, phantoms representing smaller heterogeneous anatomical features are often employed; for example, localized breast voxel models incorporating fatty and fibroglandular tissues have been developed for a variety of EM applications including mammography simulation and dosimetry, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultra-wideband microwave imaging. However, considering wavelength effects, electromagnetic modeling of the breast at sub-microwave frequencies necessitates detailed breast phantoms in conjunction with whole-body voxel models.Methods: Heterogeneous breast phantoms are sized to fit within radiofrequency coil hardware, modified by voxel-wise extrusion, and fused to whole-body models using voxel-wise, tissue-dependent logical operators. To illustrate the utility of this method, finite-difference time-domain simulations are performed using a whole-body model integrated with a variety of available breast phantoms spanning the standard four tissue density classifications representing the majority of the population.Results: The software library uses a combination of voxel operations to seamlessly size, modify, and fuse eleven breast phantoms to whole-body voxel models. The software is publicly available on GitHub and is linked to the file exchange at MATLAB R Central. Simulations confirm the proportions of fatty and fibroglandular tissues in breast phantoms have significant yet predictable implications on projected power deposition in tissue.Conclusions: Breast phantoms may be modified and fused to whole-body voxel models using the software presented in this work; user considerations for the open-source software and resultant phantoms are discussed. Furthermore, results indicate simulating breast models as predominantly fatty tissue can considerably underestimate the potential for tissue heating in women with substantial fibroglandular tissue.
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Kainz, Wolfgang, Esra Neufeld, Wesley E. Bolch, Christian G. Graff, Chan Hyeong Kim, Niels Kuster, Bryn Lloyd, et al. "Advances in Computational Human Phantoms and Their Applications in Biomedical Engineering—A Topical Review." IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/trpms.2018.2883437.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Human Computational Phantoms"

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Tankaria, Harshal. "Validation of Electromagnetic CAD Human Phantoms." Digital WPI, 2017. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1222.

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About fifty years ago, research began in the field of computational human phantoms primarily for radiation dose calculations. This field has grown exponentially due to the potential for solving complicated medical problems. Modeling electromagnetic, structural, thermal, and acoustic response of the human body to different internal and external stimuli has been limited by the availability of numerically efficient computational human models. This study describes the recent development of a computational full-body human phantom €“ Visible Human Project (VHP) €“ Female Model. This human phantom has been validated for certain frequencies in the ISM band and beyond. The anatomical accuracy of the phantom is established by comparing the CAD phantom with the original VHP image dataset. This thesis also applies the VHP €“ Female CAD Model (version 3.1) for investigating the effects of MRI radiation. The simulation environment ANSYS HFSS is used for studying the effects of RF birdcage coil on the human phantom. Finally, a non-ionizing technique for osteoporosis detection is investigated numerically.
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Yanamadala, Janakinadh. "Development of Human Body CAD Models and Related Mesh Processing Algorithms with Applications in Bioelectromagnetics." Digital WPI, 2016. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/231.

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Simulation of the electromagnetic response of the human body relies heavily upon efficient computational CAD models or phantoms. The Visible Human Project (VHP)-Female v. 3.1 - a new platform-independent full-body electromagnetic computational model is revealed. This is a part of a significant international initiative to develop powerful computational models representing the human body. This model’s unique feature is full compatibility both with MATLAB and specialized FEM computational software packages such as ANSYS HFSS/Maxwell 3D and CST MWS. Various mesh processing algorithms such as automatic intersection resolver, Boolean operation on meshes, etc. used for the development of the Visible Human Project (VHP)-Female are presented. The VHP - Female CAD Model is applied to two specific low frequency applications: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). TMS and tDCS are increasingly used as diagnostic and therapeutic tools for numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. The development of a CAD model based on an existing voxel model of a Japanese pregnant woman is also presented. TMS for treatment of depression is an appealing alternative to drugs which are teratogenic for pregnant women. This CAD model was used to study fetal wellbeing during induced peak currents by TMS in two possible scenarios: (i) pregnant woman as a patient; and (ii) pregnant woman as an operator. An insight into future work and potential areas of research such as a deformable phantom, implants, and RF applications will be presented.
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De, Pietri Marco. "Development of a Human Unstructured Mesh Model Based on CT Scans for Dose Calculation in Medical Radiotherapy." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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Questo lavoro di tesi analizza l’opportunità di applicare dei metodi Monte Carlo nei campi della Radioterapia Superficiale e Ortovoltaica. Inizialmente i protocolli di cura attualmente esistenti sono stati studiati. Una revisione della letteratura è stata condotta sulle tipologie ed evoluzione dei fantocci umani computazionali. I passaggi pratici per la realizzazione di due tipi di fantocci basati su paziente, partendo da immagini TAC, sono stati descritti. Questi due tipi, modelli voxel e modelli a mesh non strutturate, sono stati studiati e comparati attraverso simulazioni. Dalla collaborazione con il reparto di Fisica Medica dell’Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova di Reggio Emilia, un modello di un tubo a Raggi X è stato modellato e validato con misure sperimentali. Questa sorgente è stata utilizzata su fantocci di teste attraverso simulazioni con MCNP6. In particolare è stata valutata la distribuzione spaziale della dose, dentro al modello, a tensioni crescenti all’interno del tubo. Il confronto dei risultati delle simulazioni ha permesso di valutare le interazioni dei fotoni all’interno del modello e le dosi al Planning Target Volume (PTV) e Organ At Risk (OAR) a tensioni della sorgente crescenti. Queste applicazioni hanno dimostrato che un prototipo di Sistema di Piano di Trattamento (TPS) è facilmente implementabile e può fornire preziose informazioni aggiuntive su questi tipi di radioterapia. Sebbene i protocolli esistenti siano in uso da molti anni, con innegabili tassi di cura elevati, è opinione dell’autore che l’integrazione di un TPS basato su Monte Carlo possa fornire potenziali benefici a questi tipi di radioterapia. In particolare, potrebbe fornire informazioni aggiuntive sulla scelta dei parametri di trattamento, portando a migliori risultati nella terapia e qualità di vita del paziente oncologico.
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Noetscher, Gregory Michael. "The VHP-F Computational Phantom and its Applications for Electromagnetic Simulations." Digital WPI, 2014. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/237.

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Modeling of the electromagnetic, structural, thermal, or acoustic response of the human body to various external and internal stimuli is limited by the availability of anatomically accurate and numerically efficient computational models. The models currently approved for use are generally of proprietary or fixed format, preventing new model construction or customization. 1. This dissertation develops a new Visible Human Project - Female (VHP-F) computational phantom, constructed via segmentation of anatomical cryosection images taken in the axial plane of the human body. Its unique property is superior resolution on human head. In its current form, the VHP-F model contains 33 separate objects describing a variety of human tissues within the head and torso. Each obejct is a non-intersecting 2-manifold model composed of contiguous surface triangular elements making the VHP-F model compatible with major commercial and academic numerical simulators employing the Finite Element Method (FEM), Boundary Element Method (BEM), Finite Volume Method (FVM), and Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Method. 2. This dissertation develops a new workflow used to construct the VHP-F model that may be utilized to build accessible custom models from any medical image data source. The workflow is customizable and flexible, enabling the creation of standard and parametrically varying models facilitating research on impacts associated with fluctuation of body characteristics (for example, skin thickness) and dynamic processes such as fluid pulsation. 3. This dissertation identifies, enables, and quantifies three new specific computational bioelectromagnetic problems, each of which is solved with the help of the developed VHP-F model: I. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of human brain motor cortex with extracephalic versus cephalic electrodes; II. RF channel characterization within cerebral cortex with novel small on-body directional antennas; III. Body Area Network (BAN) characterization and RF localization within the human body using the FDTD method and small antenna models with coincident phase centers. Each of those problems has been (or will be) the subject of a separate dedicated MS thesis.
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Yanamadala, Janakinadh. "Development of the VHP-Female Full-Body Computational Model and Its Applications for Biomedical Electromagnetic Modeling." Digital WPI, 2015. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/142.

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Computational modeling offers better insight into a wide range of bioelectrical and biomechanical problems with improved tools for the design of medical devices and the diagnosis of pathologies. Electromagnetic modeling at low and high frequencies is particularly necessary. Modeling electromagnetic, structural, thermal, and acoustic response of the human body to different internal and external stimuli is limited by the availability of numerically efficient computational human models. This study describes the development to date of a computational full-body human model - Visible Human Project (VHP) - Female Model. Its unique feature is full compatibility both with MATLAB and specialized FEM computational software packages such as ANSYS HFSS/Maxwell 3D. This study also describes progress made to date in using the newly developed tools for segmentation. A visualization tool is implemented within MATLAB and is based on customized version of the constrained 2D Delaunay triangulation method for intersecting objects. This thesis applies a VHP - Female Model to a specific application, transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation has been beneficial in the stimulation of cortical activity and treatment of neurological disorders in humans. The placement of electrodes, which is cephalic versus extracephalic montages, is studied for optimal targeting of currents for a given functional area. Given the difficulty of obtaining in vivo measurements of current density, modeling of conventional and alternative electrode montages via the FEM has been utilized to provide insight into the tDCS montage performance. An insight into future work and potential areas of research, such as study of bone quality have been presented too.
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Books on the topic "Human Computational Phantoms"

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Harrell, D. Fox. Subjective Computing and Improvisation. Edited by Benjamin Piekut and George E. Lewis. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199892921.013.003.

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Subjective computingis an approach to designing and understanding computational systems that serve improvisational, cultural, and critical aims typically exhibited in the arts. The termphantasmal mediadescribes media forms that evoke and reveal phantasms: blends of cultural knowledge and sensory imagination. Phantasmal media include subjective computing systems that deeply engage human culture, imagination, and aesthetics through computer programming (Harrell, 2009). Such subjective computing systems can powerfully useagency play(Harrell and Zhu, 2009), the interplay betweenuser agency(actions that users perform on systems) andsystem agency(experiences that the system enables for users), as a basis for creative expression. This chapter explores the relationship between user agency and system agency as analogous to the relationship between improvisation and composition. The result is a model articulating how subjective computing systems can embody an aesthetic approach grounded in improvisation.
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Book chapters on the topic "Human Computational Phantoms"

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Noetscher, Gregory M. "The CAD-Compatible VHP-Male Computational Phantom." In Brain and Human Body Modeling 2020, 309–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45623-8_19.

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AbstractAnatomically accurate and numerically efficient computational phantoms of humans are essential to characterizing the response of a body to a variety of electromagnetic, acoustic and other types of external stimuli. In conjunction with advances in numerical simulation techniques and computational hardware, these computational phantoms enable exploration of innovative and exciting applications, from medical diagnostic techniques and therapeutic treatments to new ways of on- and in-body communications. However, in order to provide realistic estimates through simulation, the model must represent the subject as closely as possible, necessitating that all relevant anatomical features are captured. If this is not accomplished, the model will misrepresent the true physical environment, and critical information will not be captured during the simulation. This work presents a model of a male subject based on the Visible Human Project dataset. Each component of the model is constructed of triangular surface elements, making it compatible with CAD packages and facilitating its use in simulations based on major numerical methodologies. A description of the model, the procedure used for its construction and a baseline simulation are presented together with future integration and augmentation ideas.
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Saito, Kimiaki. "Computational Human Phantoms and Their Applications to Radiation Dosimetry." In Charged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter, 623–46. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10389-24.

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Segars, W., and Benjamin Tsui. "The MCAT, NCAT, XCAT, and MOBY Computational Human and Mouse Phantoms." In Handbook of Anatomical Models for Radiation Dosimetry, 105–33. Taylor & Francis, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/ebk1420059793-c5.

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"The MCAT, NCAT, XCAT, and MOBY Computational Human and Mouse Phantoms." In Handbook of Anatomical Models for Radiation Dosimetry, 125–54. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/ebk1420059793-11.

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Skotak, Maciej, Molly T. Townsend, Eren Alay, and Namas Chandra. "The Effect of Geometrical Factors on the Surface Pressure Distribution on a Human Phantom Model Following Shock Exposure: A Computational and Experimental Study." In Fracture Mechanics Applications. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88809.

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Conference papers on the topic "Human Computational Phantoms"

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Khodajou-Chokami, Hamidreza, Adeleh Bitarafan, Dmitry V. Dylov, Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah, and Seyed Abolfazl Hosseini. "Personalized Computational Human Phantoms via a Hybrid Model-based Deep Learning Method." In 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memea49120.2020.9137114.

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Brown, James E., Rui Qiang, Paul J. Stadnik, Larry J. Stotts, and Jeffrey A. Von Arx. "MR conditional safety assessment of implanted medical devices: Advantages of computational human phantoms." In 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7592209.

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Ma, Shubin, Leena Ukkonen, Lauri Sydanheimo, and Toni Bjorninen. "Comparison of Human Head Phantoms with Different Complexities for Implantable Antenna Development." In 2018 International Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium - China (ACES). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acess.2018.8669363.

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Mandelis, Andreas. "Progress in theoretical, experimental, and computational investigations in turbid tissue phantoms and human teeth using laser infrared photothermal radiometry." In AeroSense 2002, edited by Xavier P. Maldague and Andres E. Rozlosnik. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.459586.

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Gülan, Utku, Diego Gallo, Raffaele Ponzini, Beat Lüthi, Markus Holzner, and Umberto Morbiducci. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Ascending Aorta Hemodynamics Through 3D Particle Tracking Velocimetry and Computational Fluid Dynamics." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14466.

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The complex hemodynamics observed in the human aorta make this district a site of election for an in depth investigation of the relationship between fluid structures, transport and pathophysiology. In recent years, the coupling of imaging techniques and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been applied to study aortic hemodynamics, because of the possibility to obtain highly resolved blood flow patterns in more and more realistic and fully personalized flow simulations [1]. However, the combination of imaging techniques and computational methods requires some assumptions that might influence the predicted hemodynamic scenario. Thus, computational modeling requires experimental cross-validation. Recently, 4D phase contrast MRI (PCMRI) has been applied in vivo and in vitro to access the velocity field in aorta [2] and to validate numerical results [3]. However, PCMRI usually requires long acquisition times and suffers from low spatial and temporal resolution and a low signal-to-noise ratio. Anemometric techniques have been also applied for in vitro characterization of the fluid dynamics in aortic phantoms. Among them, 3D Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV), an optical technique based on imaging of flow tracers successfully used to obtain Lagrangian velocity fields in a wide range of complex and turbulent flows [4], has been very recently applied to characterize fluid structures in the ascending aorta [5].
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Liu, Fangfang, Mingqi Shen, Taosheng Li, and Chunyu Liu. "Proton Dose Conversion Coefficients Based on Chinese Reference Adult Woman Voxel Phantom." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15506.

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In order to calculate the dose conversion coefficients for proton, the voxel model of Chinese Reference Adult Woman (CRAW) was established by the Monte Carlo transport code FLUKA according to the Chinese reference data and the Asian reference data. Compared with the reference data, the deviations of the mass for organs or tissues of CRAW is less than ±5%. Calculations have been performed for 14 incident monoenergetic protons energies from 0.02GeV to 10TeV at the irradiation incident of anterior-posterior (AP) and posterior-anterior (PA). The results of fluence-to-effective dose conversion coefficients are compared with data from the different models such as an anthropomorphic mathematical model, ICRP reference adult voxel model, the voxel-based visible Chinese human (VCH). Anatomical differences among various computational phantoms and the spatial geometric positions of the organs or tissues lead to the discrepancies of the effective dose conversion coefficients in the ranging from a negligible level to 107% at proton energies below 0.2GeV. The deviations of the coefficients, above 0.2GeV, are mostly within 10%. The results of fluence-to-organ absorbed dose conversion coefficients are compared with the data of VCH. The deviations of the coefficients, below and above 0.2GeV, are within 150% and 20%, respectively. The primary factors of the deviations for the coefficients should be due to the differences of the organ mass and the size of the body shape.
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Wu, Yican, Mengyun Cheng, Wen Wang, Yanchang Fan, Kai Zhao, Tao He, Xi Pei, et al. "Development and application of the Chinese adult female computational phantom Rad-HUMAN." In SNA + MC 2013 - Joint International Conference on Supercomputing in Nuclear Applications + Monte Carlo, edited by D. Caruge, C. Calvin, C. M. Diop, F. Malvagi, and J. C. Trama. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/snamc/201401605.

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Barufaldi, Bruno, Kristen C. Lau, Homero Schiabel, and D. A. Maidment. "Computational assessment of mammography accreditation phantom images and correlation with human observer analysis." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by Claudia R. Mello-Thoms and Matthew A. Kupinski. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2082074.

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Noetscher, G. M., A. T. Htet, N. D. Maino, and P. A. Lacroix. "The Visible Human Project male CAD based computational phantom and its use in bioelectromagnetic simulations." In 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2017.8037789.

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Yanamadala, J., V. K. Rathi, S. Maliye, H. A. Win, A. L. Tran, M. Zagalskaya, G. M. Noetscher, S. N. Makarov, M. K. Kozlov, and A. Nazarian. "Full-body visible human project® female computational phantom and its applications for biomedical electromagnetic modeling." In 2014 IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium (SPMB). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spmb.2014.7002967.

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