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Herrera, Brianne. "Genomic and Climatic Effects on Human Crania from South America: A Comparative Microevolutionary Approach." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu155536516598977.
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Kolatorowicz, Adam. "Patterns of Morphological Integration in Modern Human Crania: Evaluating Hypotheses of Modularity using Geometric Morphometrics." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429881785.
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Maleki, Ehsan A. "Control of human-operated machinery with flexible dynamics." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50305.
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Heavy-lifting machines such as cranes are widely used at ports, construction sites, and manufacturing plants in a variety of material-transporting applications. However, cranes possess inherent flexible dynamics that make fast and precise operation challenging. Most cranes are driven by human operators, which adds another element of complexity. The goal of this thesis is to develop controllers that allow human operators to easily and efficiently control machines with flexible dynamics. To improve the ease of human operation of these machines, various control structures are developed and their effectiveness in aiding the operator are evaluated. Cranes are commonly used to swing wrecking balls that demolish unwanted structures. To aid the operator in such tasks, swing-amplifying controllers are designed and their performance are evaluated through simulations and experiments with real operators. To make maneuvering of these machines in material-transporting operations easier, input-shaping control is used to reduce oscillation induced by operator commands. In the presence of external disturbances, input shaping is combined with a low-authority feedback controller to eliminate unwanted oscillations, while maintaining the human operator as the primary controller of the machine. The performance and robustness of the proposed controllers are thoroughly examined via numerical simulations and a series of experiments and operator studies on a small-scale mobile boom crane and a two-ton dual-hoist bridge crane.
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O'Higgins, Paul. "A morphometric study of cranial shape in the Hominoidea." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1989. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/710/.
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This study investigates the applicability of a number of traditional and newer methods of morphological description to the problem of defining hominoid cranial form. The aim has been to produce an objective assessment of the relative merits of the methods from both a practical and theoretical perspective. The thesis is presented in three parts. In the first, several approaches which offer potential in the description of cranial morphology are reviewed and the phenetic relationships of the crania of extant hominoids are examined using data obtained by a variety of new (shape factors, least squares, and Fourier analysis) and more traditional (dimensions, angles and indices) approaches to morphological description. The analysis concentrates on a comparison of the resulting patterns of group dispositions and on an examination of the ability of the various approaches to allow an accurate determination of the affinities of crania of unknown provenance. The results indicate that there is little difference in the patterns of phcnetic relationships obtained although it appears that the analyses based upon linear and angular measurements and Fourier coefficients provide the widest separation between the groups. The second study employs linear and angular measurements and Fourier coefficients in an examination of within-group cranial variability. In general the results lead to similar conclusions about the patterns of sexual dimorphism in extant hominoid crania and the influence of size on cranial morphology. The analyses of Fourier data differ from those of linear and angular measurements, however, in that purely size related variation is given a smaller weighting relative to morphological variation attributable to other sources. In the third part the fossil record relating to the evolution of Homo is reviewed. The third study employs these same two approaches to morphological description in a study of the patterns of cranial variation between certain fossil hominids. By contrast with the first study the pattern of phenetic relationships between OTUs appears to be considerably influenced by the choice of measurement method although there is a common underlying pattern of group dispositions. The reasons for these differences are considered in the light of the results of multivariate morphometric studies of cranial form undertaken by other workers. From these studies it is concluded that: a) the results obtained by studies employing landmark dependent and data with reduced landmark dependence may differ to some degreea nd that this difference is principally related to differences in the ways in which the various anatomical regions influence the measurements, b) the choice of method for craniometric problems should be determined with due regard for the task at hand, c) the investigator should be aware of the potential pitfalls and advantages of each method in furnishing answers to specific questions, d) the investigator should be aware of the fact that the use of different morphological descriptions may give rise to different results.
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Jeffery, Nathan. "Fetal development and evolution of the human cranial base." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392131.
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Peng, Chen Chih. "Interfaces and control systems for intuitive crane control." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31782.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.Committee Chair: Singhose, William; Committee Member: Sadegh, Nader; Committee Member: Ueda, Jun. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Bernardo, Danilo Vicensotto. "Diversidade craniana humana e suas implicações evolutivas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-22012013-112723/.
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As últimas décadas têm apresentado um crescente número de contribuições para o entendimento sobre quando e onde ocorreu o surgimento do Homo sapiens. Modelos baseados nessas evidências, geralmente, sugerem que a gênese dos humanos modernos ocorreu na África, há cerca de 200.000 anos antes do presente, de onde migraram para as outras partes do mundo. Análises da diversidade genética de populações atuais corroboram esse cenário, ao sugerir que, a partir de uma origem única, a espécie foi, gradativamente, perdendo variabilidade à medida que as populações divergiram, espacial e temporalmente, umas das outras e de suas ancestrais africanas. No que se refere especificamente à morfologia craniana, diversos autores sugerem a existência deste mesmo padrão de decréscimo da variabilidade em função do distanciamento em relação a África, embora seja, também, reconhecida entre os especialistas a partição da diversidade craniana humana entre dois padrões fundamentais: um representado pela morfologia similar àquela que caracterizou os primeiros Homo sapiens, antes que o processo de raciação, no sentido de diversificação, tivesse ocorrido, representado pela denominada \"morfologia generalizada\"; e outro representado pelas demais variações morfológicas, correspondendo às populações já diversificadas fora da África, denominada \"morfologia especializada\". Nesse sentido, o entendimento dos processos evolutivos envolvidos nos eventos de diferenciação morfológica gera bastante controvérsia entre os especialistas. Embora a maioria das informações já obtidas aponte para o fato de que a morfologia craniana evoluiu, majoritariamente, por processos estocásticos, algumas evidências sugerem que, ao menos em condições ambientais extremas, algumas regiões anatômicas cranianas específicas tenham uma parcela de sua variabilidade morfológica fixada por seleção natural. Nesse contexto, o objetivo primordial desta pesquisa é caracterizar a evolução da variação craniana humana, abordada a partir de dois tópicos centrais: 1) A investigação da composição, padrão de ocorrência, distribuição e estruturação da diversidade morfológica craniana humana; e, 2) A análise do contexto evolutivo da variação observada no crânio humano, em função de suas características de integração, modularidade e estase evolutiva investigadas a partir da exploração de seus padrões de variância e covariância. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as características métricas cranianas (24 variáveis do protocolo Howells) de 9.287 indivíduos, distribuídos em 161 populações autóctones de dispersão mundial. Apenas indivíduos morfologicamente íntegros constituíram o banco de dados, eliminando qualquer efeito devido à ocorrência de \"missing values\". Informações adicionais às séries presentes no banco de dados foram utilizadas para uma melhor caracterização geográfica e cronológica dessas populações, e que possibilitou o cálculo das distâncias geográficas entre elas e a estratificação dos dados sob diferentes critérios. Bancos de dados complementares, compostos por marcadores moleculares (mtDNA e microssatélites) também foram utilizados para a análise exploratória comparativa de questões específicas. Os resultados obtidos para as análises da composição, distribuição e estruturação da diversidade craniana humana mostram que grupos populacionais particulares, normalmente associados à alguma região geográfica específica, apresentam padrões de diversificação diversos daqueles observados para todas as populações analisadas de maneira conjunta, o que sugere a ocorrência de respostas evolutivas específicas associadas às condições particulares, como seleção, por exemplo. Em relação às investigações do contexto evolutivo da variação observada, inferida pelos padrões de correlação, covariância e modularidade investigados em diferentes agrupamentos populacionais, os resultados gerados demonstraram que, de maneira geral, os padrões de variância/covariância e a magnitude dos padrões de correlação entre os caracteres apresentam-se de maneira estável, com raras exceções ao estado de estase evolutiva predominante. Em suma, os resultados obtidos através das diferentes estratégias empregadas nesta tese reforçam a ideia de que a evolução da morfologia craniana é melhor explicada por um modelo que assuma a ocorrência de diferentes ditames evolutivos, como deriva genética e seleção natural, por exemplo, que, devido ao recente processo de diversificação da espécie apresentam, de maneira generalizada, em estado de estaseThe last decades have seen a growing number of contributions to the understanding of when and where was the emergence of Homo sapiens. Models based on this evidence generally suggests that the genesis of modern humans occurred in Africa some 200,000 years before present, where migrated to other parts of the world. Analysis of genetic diversity of current populations corroborate this scenario, suggesting that, from a single source, the species was gradually losing variability as the populations diverged, spatially and temporally, from each other and from their African ancestors. With regard specifically to the cranial morphology, several authors suggest the existence of this same pattern of decreasing variability as a function of distance from Africa, although it is also recognized among experts partition the human cranial diversity between two fundamental patterns: one represented by morphology similar to that characterized the first Homo sapiens before the process raciação in the sense diversifying, occurred, represented by the so-called \"general morphology\" and the other represented by other morphological variations, corresponding to the populations already been diversified Africa, called \"specialized morphology.\" In this sense, understanding the evolutionary processes involved in the events of morphological differentiation generates a lot of controversy among experts. Although most of the information already obtained point to the fact that the cranial morphology evolved mostly by stochastic processes, some evidence suggests that, at least in extreme environmental conditions, some cranial specific anatomical regions have a portion of their morphological variability determined by natural selection. In this context, the primary objective of this research is to characterize the evolution of human cranial variation, approached from two themes: 1) The investigation of the composition, pattern of occurrence, distribution and structuring of human cranial morphological diversity, and, 2) analysis of the context of evolutionary change observed in the human skull, due to its characteristics of integration, modularity and evolutionary stasis investigated from the exploitation of their patterns of variance and covariance. For this, we used the metric cranial characteristics (24 variables protocol Howells) of 9287 individuals distributed in 161 indigenous peoples worldwide dispersion. Only morphologically intact individuals constituted the database, eliminating any effect due to the occurrence of \"missing values\". Additional information on these series in the database were used to better characterize geographic and chronological these populations, and that allowed the calculation of geographical distances between them and the stratification of the data under different criteria. Databases additional compounds by molecular markers (mtDNA and microsatellites) were also used for exploratory comparative analysis of specific issues. The results for the analyzes of the composition, structure and distribution of human cranial diversity show that particular population groups, usually associated with a specific geographic region, provide diversification patterns different from those observed for all populations analyzed jointly, suggesting the occurrence of specific evolutionary responses associated with particular conditions, such as selection, for example. Regarding investigations of evolutionary context of the variation observed, inferred by patterns of correlation, covariance and modularity investigated in different population groups, the results generated showed that, in general, the patterns of variance / covariance and magnitude of correlation patterns between characters are presented in a stable manner, with rare exceptions the state of evolutionary stasis predominant. In summary, the results obtained through the different strategies employed in this thesis reinforce the idea that the evolution of cranial morphology is best explained by a model that assumes the occurrence of different evolutionary dictates, as genetic drift and natural selection, for example, that due to the recent process of diversification of species present in a generalized way, in a state of stasis
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Casado, Ana M. Casado. "Quantifying Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Cranium." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1503071996908773.
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Brahler, Emily A. "Ancient Cranial Modifications with Medical and Cultural Significance." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1430677637.
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Vance, Veronica L. W. "Age related changes in the post-cranial human skeleton and its implication for the determination of sex." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05182009-131018.
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Simpson, Ellie Kristina. "Variation in cranial base flexion and craniofacial morphology in modern humans." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37790.
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Cranial base flexion has been used extensively as a baseline or standard from which to interpret differences in craniofacial growth and morphology. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 414 adults representing seven samples from around the world were compared for variation in cranial base and facial morphology. The samples represent Australian Aboriginal, New Zealand Maori ( Polynesian ), Thai, Chinese, white American, African Sotho / Xhosa / Zulu and African Khoi / San populations. Seven angles of cranial base flexion, five craniofacial angles and nine cranial base and facial dimensions were measured on tracings of lateral cephalometric radiographs. Numerous significant correlations were found between cranial base flexion angles, craniofacial angles and dimensions of the cranial base and craniofacial skeleton. A positive correlation was found between the orientation of the foramen magnum, clivus and the anterior cranial base, with a negative correlation between these angles and the orientation of the hard palate. There was also a parallel relationship between the orientation of the foramen magnum and the anterior cranial base ( measured from pituitary point to nasion ). Cranial base flexion, craniofacial angles and dimensions differed significantly between some samples. Despite this, there was no evidence of distinct facial types between samples. Multivariate statistics revealed some discrimination between some samples for dimensions ; however, if angles were used alone, less than 50 % of individuals could be correctly assigned to their sample of origin. Most of the variation could be attributed to variation between individuals, rather than variation between samples. The range of variation in cranial base flexion is considerable, and needs to be taken into account when comparing samples. Flexion of the cranial base is generally insufficient to distinguish people from different geographic samples. The functional and evolutionary significance of the relationship between the orientation of the foramen magnum and cranial base flexion is discussed for its potential usefulness as a reference line for interpreting craniofacial morphology.Thesis (Ph.D.)--Medical School and Dental School, 2005.
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Sorensen, Khalid Lief. "Operational Performance Enhancement of Human Operated Flexible Systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24773.
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Recent decades have been witness to explosive leaps in manufacturing productivity. Advances in communication technology, computing speed, control theory, and sensing technology have been significant contributors toward the increased productivity and efficiency that industry has exhibited. The continued growth of technological equipment and engineering knowledge challenges engineers to fully utilize these advancements in more sophisticated and useful automation systems.
One such application involves enhancing bridge and gantry crane operation. These systems are used throughout the globe, and are critical aspects of industrial productivity. Consequently, improving the operational effectiveness of cranes can be extremely valuable.
Effective control of cranes can be largely attributed to two distinct, but related aspects crane manipulation: 1) the expertise of operators, which are responsible for issuing commands to the structures, and 2) the dynamic properties of cranes, which influence how the structures respond to issued commands. Accordingly, the operational efficiency of cranes can be influenced by changing both the way that operators issue commands to cranes, and also how the crane responds to issued commands.
This thesis is concerned with dynamic control theory of flexible machines, and human/machine interaction, especially as these areas relate to industrial crane control. In the area of dynamic control, this thesis investigates control strategies that are specifically suited for use on systems that possess common actuator nonlinearities, like saturation, rate limiting, dead-zone, backlash, and finite-state actuation. In the area of human/machine interaction, this thesis investigates the effects of different crane interface devices on the operational efficiency of cranes.
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Juarez, Jessica K. "Validation study of blunt force impact to the human cranium." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1242834279.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.Advisor: Alan P. Sullivan, III. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Aug. 11, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: blunt force; cranium. Includes bibliographical references.
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Ruddenklau, Kate Johanna. "The characterisation of cranio-facial form in young West Australians of different population affinity." University of Western Australia. Centre for Forensic Science, 2010. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0043.
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One major area of forensic science is to provide identifications of previously unidentifiable individuals. Many of these techniques rely on the accurate interpretation of the morphology of the facial form. An individual's facial form is the result of a complex interaction of their genetic ancestry and the many environmental factors they are exposed to throughout their lives. Facial studies to date have primarily focused on single populations, or on comparing different populations residing in different areas. Very few have looked at the relationships between the facial forms of different populations living in the same area of individuals of mixed population ancestry. In this study the facial morphology of 431 West Australian young adults was analysed, and the relationship between their self reported population affinity and their facial form investigated. The impact of factors such as sexual dimorphism and body mass on facial form were also considered. The relationship between the facial morphology of individuals of mixed population heritage and their parent populations was studied, as was the effect that migration can have on facial form. Strong relationships between self-reported population affinity and facial form were demonstrated over the range of populations in the study. Sex and body mass were seen to have an impact on the morphology of the face; but they did not eclipse the influence of the genetic population affinity. Individuals with ancestry derived from more than one population were seen to resemble one population over another in different areas of the face rather than demonstrating an equal combination of both parent populations. A migration effect was seen in the facial forms of even the first generation offspring of migrants.
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Beier, Judith Josefa Barbara [Verfasser]. "Analyses of cranial trauma in Neanderthal and modern human fossil remains / Judith Josefa Barbara Beier." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2023. http://d-nb.info/1241537259/34.
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Juarez, Jessica Kristy. "A Validation Study of Blunt Force Impact to the Human Cranium." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1242834279.
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Reis, Jose Eduardo da Silva. "Identificação humana pela superposição das imagens de fotografia, do cranio e de radiografias padronizadas." [s.n.], 1992. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288328.
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Orientador: Nelson MassiniDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T06:35:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reis_JoseEduardodaSilva_M.pdf: 3328216 bytes, checksum: 48dcbe2db5deed37a62e3217bf8d687d (MD5) Previous issue date: 1992
Resumo: O estudo da superposição das imagens de fotografias e de crânios como um dos métodos de identificação humana tem sido usados pelos autores desde a década de 30. Com o desenvolvimento tecnológico do recurso de televisão, os estudiosos do assunto procuraram aprimorar a técnica de superposição de imagens de fotografias e de crânios, assinalando-se e comparando-se as várias estruturas anatômicas do crânio com as respectivas regiões das fotografias, utilizando-se de câmeras de vídeo, mesa de mixagem e monitores de televisão. Os autores consultados desenvolveram várias técnicas adotando procedimento diferentes e utilizando-se de equipamentos os mais variados, de acordo com os objetivos de suas pesquisas. Alguns desenvolveram pesquisas metódicas e outros procuraram idealizar adaptações técnicas para resolução de alguns casos de identificação. Com o objetivo de contribuirmos com este processo de identificação humana, idealizamos uma técnica padronizada que nos permitiu executar a identificação pela superposição de imagens por meio de televisão com maior segurança. Foram utilizados 24 cadáveres, sendo que 19 possuíam fichas clínicas odontológicas e fotografias das pessoas suspeitas e 05 possuíam apenas fotografias. O método empregado constitui-se de três câmeras de vídeo, uma mesa de mixagem das imagens e três monitores de televisão. Os crânios foram previamente preparados com registros de dezenove pontos craniométricos, assinalando-os com esfera de chumbo e posteriormente radiograÍados, em norma frontal (postero-anterior) e lateral, com auxílio de "um cefalostato. Foram realizados a superposição separadamente da fotografia e do crânio, da fotografia e da radiografia e do crânio e da radiografia, no sentido de se comparar" o maior número de coincidência possíveis entre as diversas estruturas. Foram também realizadas , simultaneamente, a superposição da imagem, da fotografia, do crânio e das radiografias, possibilitando uma análise comparativa das diversas estruturas com maior segurança. Verificamos que em todos os casos que constituiram a nossa amostragem, o emprego da técnica idealizada, constatamos perfeita coincidência dos dezenove pontos craniométricos estudados, possibilitando a identificação com maior segurança
Abstract: Not informed.
Mestrado
Odontologia Legal e Deontologia
Mestre em Ciências
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Murray, Aaron Robert. "The effects of non-invasive cranial nerve neuromodulation on the autonomic nervous system in human research participants." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19818/.
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The normal ageing process is underpinned by progressive autonomic nervous system dysfunction, which can lead to the development of conditions such as heart failure. In recent years there has been substantial interest in the therapeutic potential of electrical neuromodulatory therapies such as vagus nerve stimulation. However, vagus nerve stimulation is an invasive technique requiring the use of a surgical procedure and non-invasive methods could have greater clinical utility. This thesis investigated the cardiovascular autonomic effects of two non-invasive cranial nerve neuromodulatory techniques in humans: transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) and non-invasive trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS). tVNS applied to the tragus of the ear to stimulate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (ABVN) was found to increase heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity in healthy older participants (n = 18) and patients with heart failure (n = 8). Microneurography in aged volunteers (n = 5) showed this change in autonomic function may have been partly due to a reduction in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). However a validation study of stimulation at different ear sites detected a similar change in HRV elicited by helix stimulation in a subset of healthy volunteers (n = 12), suggesting a role for the auriculotemporal (trigeminal) nerve, which also innervates the tragus, in the observed autonomic effects. TNS applied to supraorbital region in healthy participants (n = 26) found no evidence however of changes in HRV or BRS, suggesting that this technique has a limited effect on cardiovascular autonomic function. Further clinical studies are needed to determine if tVNS applied to the tragus could be an effective adjunctive therapy for disorders where autonomic dysregulation is present. In addition, the precise mechanisms behind the autonomic effects of tVNS should be further investigated in animal studies in order to optimise the technique and inform future translational studies.
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Russell, Dana J. "Human Cranial Growth and Shape Change: Are Fetal Rates and Morphologies Extended Throughout the First Year of Life?" Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/anthro_theses/43.
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Selection for increased encephalization in humans necessitated extensive brain growth after birth. To estimate changes in rates of growth and corresponding shape changes during gestation and infancy, chord and arc distances were obtained from the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones of 44 human fetuses, neonates, and infants (one year old and younger). Rates of growth in chord and arc measurements were calculated and compared using linear regression of log-transformed variables, followed by ANCOVA. Curvature of bone lengths and widths were estimated by chord/arc indices. Fetal rates of cranial growth were significantly slower while the fetal frontal and occipital bones were significantly more curved than those of infants. Fetal rates of cranial growth decrease during the first six postnatal months, in conjunction with rapid changes in shape, except for parietal superior-inferior height where bossing of the bone is similar in fetuses and neonates.
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LEE, Ai Ling. "Cranial and Dental Metric Analyses of the Human Skeletal Remains from Fais Island, The Federated States of Micronesia." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/97961.
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Hammer, Niels, Juliane Glätzner, Christine Feja, Christian Kühne, Jürgen Meixensbeger, Uwe Planitzer, Stefan Schleifenbaum, Bernhard N. Tillmann, and Dirk Winkler. "Human vagus nerve branching in the cervical region." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-161409.
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Background: Vagus nerve stimulation is increasingly applied to treat epilepsy, psychiatric conditions and potentially chronic heart failure. After implanting vagus nerve electrodes to the cervical vagus nerve, side effects such as voice alterations and dyspnea or missing therapeutic effects are observed at different frequencies. Cervical vagus nerve branching might partly be responsible for these effects. However, vagus nerve branching has not yet been described in the context of vagus nerve stimulation. Materials and methods: Branching of the cervical vagus nerve was investigated macroscopically in 35 body donors (66 cervical sides) in the carotid sheath. After X-ray imaging for determining the vertebral levels of cervical vagus nerve branching, samples were removed to confirm histologically the nerve and to calculate cervical vagus nerve diameters and cross-sections. Results: Cervical vagus nerve branching was observed in 29%of all cases (26% unilaterally, 3% bilaterally) and proven histologically in all cases. Right-sided branching (22%) was more common than left-sided branching (12%) and occurred on the level of the fourth and fifth vertebra on the left and on the level of the second to fifth vertebra on the right side. Vagus nerves without branching were significantly larger than vagus nerves with branches, concerning their diameters (4.79mm vs. 3.78mm) and cross-sections (7.24 mm2 vs. 5.28mm2). Discussion: Cervical vagus nerve branching is considerably more frequent than described previously. The side-dependent differences of vagus nerve branching may be linked to the asymmetric effects of the vagus nerve. Cervical vagus nerve branching should be taken into account when identifying main trunk of the vagus nerve for implanting electrodes to minimize potential side effects or lacking therapeutic benefits of vagus nerve stimulation.
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Rivera, Frances. "How thick-headed are we? : differences in robust and gracile cranial vault thickness in modern humans." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708540.
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LaFever, Kristin E. "Spatial and temporal winter territory use and behavioral responses of whooping cranes to human activities." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1877.
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Karban, Miranda Elaine. "The ontogeny of occipital bone convexity in a longitudinal sample of extant humans." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6154.
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The occipital bun, a distinctive convexity of the occipital squama, is often considered to be a uniquely derived Neandertal trait. Some scholars, however, consider the occipital morphology found in some early modern and extant human crania (often described as “hemi-buns”) to be homologous with Neandertal occipital buns. A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain occipital bun/hemi-bun development, including neck muscle function, head carriage, brain growth timing, and cranial base cartilage growth timing, as well as braincase and facial integration. The feature, however, has never before been metrically quantified in a large subadult sample or studied in a well-documented growth series. The primary goal of this dissertation, therefore, was to assess hemi-bun growth and development in a combined comparative sample of extant humans amassed from the following growth series: the University of Toronto Burlington Growth Study, the Iowa Facial Growth Study, the Oregon Growth Study, the University of Oklahoma Denver Growth Study, the Wright State University Fels Longitudinal Study, and the Michigan Growth Study.
Cephalograms from these studies facilitated the collection of longitudinal cranial growth and development data. In total, measurements were collected from 468 cephalograms representing 16 males and 10 females. Measured subjects represented the ends of the range of variation in adult midsagittal occipital bone shape, including subjects with defined hemi-buns, as well as subjects lacking all evidence of hemi-bun morphology. Frontal and lateral cephalograms were measured for each subject at 9 age points, spanning from 3.0 to 20.4 years of age. A total of 16 landmarks and 153 sliding semi-landmarks were digitized at each age point. Geometric morphometric analyses, including relative warps analysis and two-block partial least squares analysis, were conducted to assess patterns of cranial covariation and sexual dimorphism in occipital bone growth and possible attendant variation in occipital bun development or absence.
In both bunned and non-bunned subjects, midsagittal occipital shape was found to be established very early in ontogeny, and then to remain largely unchanged between 3 years of age and adulthood. This result contradicts previous developmental hypotheses, which posit that occipital bunning results from a pattern of late posteriorly-directed brain growth. No evidence of sexual dimorphism in hemi-bun shape was found to exist in this extant human sample; however, defined hemi-buns were found to covary significantly with an elongated and low midsagittal neurocranial vault in both sexes. Other aspects of cranial morphology, including cranial and basicranial breadth, midcoronal vault shape, and basicranial angle, did not covary significantly with occipital bun morphology at any of the sampled age points.
These results reveal that occipital bunning, at least in this sample, is not a discrete trait, but instead develops along a continuum in association with a distinct pattern of neurocranial elongation. Previous studies have suggested that Neandertal occipital buns are similarly associated with elongated cranial vaults. While more work must be done to quantify occipital bun morphology in fossil subadults, this study finds no evidence to disprove the developmental homology of the feature in modern humans and Neandertals, and therefore further undermines the idea that occipital bunning is a unique Neandertal trait.
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Toro-Ibacache, María Viviana. "A finite element study of the human cranium : the impact of morphological variation on biting performance." Thesis, University of Hull, 2013. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8493.
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This thesis investigated the relationship between craniofacial morphology and masticatory mechanics using finite element analysis (FEA). Chapter 1 is a literature review of the relevant background: bone mechanics, jaw-elevator muscle anatomy, imaging techniques, FEA and geometric morphometrics. The second, third and fourth chapters comprise experimental work aiming to provide a framework for FE model construction and loading. The second chapter aimed to validate the method for FE model building and assess the sensitivity of models to simplifications. Models with simplified bone anatomy and resolution predicted strains close to those measured experimentally. The third chapter assessed the predictability of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) from bony features. It was found that muscle CSA, an estimator of muscle force, has low predictability. The fourth chapter assessed FE model sensitivity to variations in applied muscle forces. Results showed that a cranial FE model behaved reasonably robustly under variations in the muscle loading regimen. Chapter 5 uses the conclusions from the previous studies to build FE models of six human crania, including two individuals with artificial deformations of the neurocranium. Despite differences in form and the presence of deformation, all performed similarly during biting, varying mainly in the magnitudes of performance parameters. The main differences related to the form of the maxilla, irrespective of neurocranial deformation. The most orthognatic individuals with the narrowest maxilla showed the most distinctive deformation during incisor and molar bites, and achieved the greatest bite force efficiency. However, bite forces were similar among individuals irrespective of the presence of artificial deformation. This appears to relate to the preservation of normal dental occlusion, which in turn maintains similar loading and so morphogenesis of the mid face. Altogether, the results of this thesis show that FEA is reliable in comparing masticatory system functioning and point to how variations in morphology impact skeletal performance.
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Tapper, Gordon A. "The machine that sings : modernism, Hart Crane, and the culture of body /." New York : Routledge, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40927584c.
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Manoel, Cristiano. "Avaliação morfometrica de cranios humanos brasileiros por meio de tres diferentes metodologias." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288447.
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Orientador: Paulo Henrique Ferreira CariaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Metodos Craniometricos, tem sido regularmente aplicado na determinacao do genero em diversas regioes mundiais. Avaliar morfometricamnte o indice de confiabilidade de tre metodologias distintas para determinacao do genero na populacao brasileira. Foram avaliados 215 cranios humanos brasileiros com genero, idade e etnia identificados, pertencentes a Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo. Foram utilizadas as metodologias, do cranio, area do triangulo mastoideo e do forame magno, de acordo com os criterios, estabelecidos por Yscan & Steyn (1999), Kemkes & Gobel (2006) e Gunay & Altinkok (2000). Os valores obtidos foram submetidos a analise estatistica, calculo do coeficiente de correlacao Intra-classe, test t student, com nivel de significancia de 5%, regressao logistica multipla, odss Ratio, Mann-Whitney e ANOVA multivariada. A analise por meio do metodo craniometrico revelou que o genero influenciou (p<0,05) em todas as mensuracoes. Nao houve diferenca significante da posicao do processo mastoide entre os grupos etnicos e os generos (p>0,05), porem houve prevalencia do genero masculino sobre o feminino nas mensuracoes Po-Ms e As - Po (p<0,05). A analise estatistica (ANOVA e Tukey test) revelou que o genero influenciou na largura do forame magno, sendo os masculinos (30,3±0,20) maiores que os femininos (29,4±0,23), mas nao o comprimento (p<0,05). As tres diferentes metodologias empregadas apresentaram diferencas morfometricas entre os generos para as caracteristica craniofaciais do brasileiro. Portanto, em conjunto com outras tecnicas antropologicas pode contribuir para a determinacao do genero de individuos desconhecidos.
Abstract: Craniometryc methods, has been regularly applied, for providing assistance in the gender determination in various regions in the worldwide. To evaluate morphometrically the reliability of three differents methodologies for gender determination in Brazilian population. Were evaluated 215 Brazilians human skulls with gender, age and ethnicity previously identified, belong to the Federal University of Sao Paulo. The following methodology, the skull craniometry, triangle mastoid area and foramen magnum, according to the criteria established by Yscan & Steyn (1999), Gobel & Kemkes (2006) and Gunay & Altinkok (2000). The datas were submitted to statistical analysis, Intra-class correlation coefficient, student t test, with level significance 5%, multiple logistic regression, odss Ratio, Mann-Whitney and multivariate ANOVA. The analysis by the craniometric method showed that gender influenced (p <0.05) in all measurements, more in men than women. There was no significant difference in the mastoid process position between the ethnic groups and genders (p> 0.05), but there was prevalence of male over female in the measurements and the Po-Ms - Po (p <0.05). ANOVA and Tukey test showed that gender influenced the width of the foramen magnum, and the male (30.3 ± 0.20) higher than the female (29.4 ± 0.23) but not the length (p <0.05). The three differents methods show mophometric difference between sexes for the craniofacial characteristics of the Brazilian. Therefore, together with other anthropological techniques can help to determine the gender of unknown individuals and be used in assotiation with medical expertise and odontolegais.
Mestrado
Anatomia
Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental
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Eriksson, Matilda. "Tandslitage som åldersbedömningsmetod : Vad berättar tänderna om diet?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388583.
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The intention with this thesis is to improve the method to assess dental wear as an age indicator by examining its correlation with the closure of cranial suture and the influence diet has on dental wear. This thesis explores this correlation through a comparative study between a collection of skulls with unknown context and a control group with known context. Age assessment of cranial sutures is one of the oldest and most questionable methods of physical anthropology. The studies that were carried out in the beginning of the 21st century have shown a useful correlation between the cranial sutures closure and age assessment. Research on food is essential for understanding a society, and dental health has always been important for wellbeing. A difference between populations today and historical populations is the dental wear that causes infections. All these premises make this research interesting to explore further, to learn more about what the teeth can tell us about historic populations.
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Papamargariti, Varvara. "Investigating health in medieval Uppsala : An osteological analysis of skulls from the anatomical collection of Museum Gustavianum." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-393028.
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Denna studie behandlar hälsan i det medeltida Uppsala genom osteologiska analyser på 32 skallar från Gustavianums anatomiska samling. Skallarna i fråga är del av en större grupp med mänskliga benrester som hittades vid Östra Ågatan år 1909. Gruppen består enbart av skallar; det finns ingen information om var de postkananiala skeletten finns. Studiens syfte är att undersöka sjukdom och hälsa i gruppen för att således kunna utöka informationen som finns om den medeltida hälsan i Uppsala. Den osteologiska analysen kompletteras med en diskussion om skallanas fyndplats i en möjlig relation till den närliggande medeltida Vårfrukyrkans kyrkogård. Benprover från fyra av skallarna i studien har använts för C-14 analys för att kunna fastställa den kronologiska kontexten då det inte finns någon ytterligare information om utgrävningen. C-14 analysen bekräftade den medeltida hypotesen. Den bekräftade tidsbestämmelsen tillsammans med den begränsade informationen om utgrävningsplatsen vid Östra Ågatan 37 möjliggör hypotesen att skallarna kan vara del av Vårfrukyrkans kyrkogård. Hälsoutredningen har baserats på kön och åldersbedömning likväl som på identifiering av de patologiska tillstånden som benen och tänderna befinner sig i. Totalt bedömdes 20 individer som troligen manliga, samt fem som eventuellt kvinnliga. På sju av individerna var könsbedömning inte möjlig. Urvalet består av unga och vuxna individer och majoriteten av individerna bedömdes som medelålders (35–50 år). Beträffande metaboliska sjukdomar inom palaeopatologin identifierades tumörer och trauman på vissa kranier. Alla individer var drabbade av tandsjukdomar i högre eller lägre utsträckning. De tandsjukdomar som förekom på de undersökta tänderna var tandsten, parodontit, karies, ante mortem tandlossning samt periapikala kaviteter. Studien visar att individer var utsatta för ett tufft liv och behövde utstå våld, smärta, obehag, perioder av sjukdom och undernäring sedan barndom, men också att de var anpassningsbara och kunde övervinna vissa av de förhållanden som de drabbades av.The present study deals with health in medieval Uppsala through the osteological analysis of 32 skulls from the Anatomical collection of Museum Gustavianum. The skulls in question form part of a larger group of human skeletal remains found in Östra Ågatan in 1909. The group is consisted exclusively of skulls; there is no information about the whereabouts of the postcranial bones. The aim of the study is to investigate health and illness in the group in order to add to the existing body of information on health and living conditions in medieval Uppsala. A discussion on the location the skulls were found and the possible association of with the cemetery of the nearby medieval Church of Our Lady is complimentary to the osteological analysis. Samples of bone from four of the skulls under study were used in a 14C analysis in order to determine the chronological context since no further information on the excavation exists today. The 14C analysis confirmed the medieval hypothesis. The confirmed temporal context together with the limited spatial information of the location of the excavation in Östra Ågatan 37 allow for the hypothesis that the skulls were part of the cemetery of the Church of Our Lady. Health investigation has been attained by sex and age assessments as well as identification of pathological conditions on the bones and the dentition. In total, 20 individuals were assessed as possibly male and 5 as possibly female, while sex assessment was not possible for 7 individuals. The sample consists of juveniles and adults, with the majority of the individuals being assessed as middle adults (35-50 years). In terms of palaeopathology metabolic disease, tumours and trauma were identified on cranial bones of some individuals. All individuals were affected by dental disease in a higher or lesser degree. Dental diseases present on teeth examined were calculus, periodontitis, carries, ante mortem tooth loss and periapical cavities. The study shows that individuals were subjects to a tough life, having to deal with violence, pain and discomfort, periods of illness and malnutrition since childhood, but were also able to adapt and overcome some of the conditions that afflicted them.
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Martínez, Abadías Nieves. "Evolutionary patterns of the human skull. A quantitative genetic analysis of craniofacial phenotypic variation / Patrons evolutius del crani humà: Anàlisi geneticoquantitativa de la variacio fenotípica craniofacial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/804.
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This thesis is the final outcome of the project "Quantitative genetics of craniofacial traits: a functional approach to heritability", which received support from the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research in 2004.The main goal is to integrate geometric morphometric with quantitative genetics in order to estimate the genetic variation underlying skull morphology and to assess its capability to evolve. The analyses herein are based on a sample of human skulls from Hallstatt, an Austrian village from the Alps. The uniqueness of this sample for evolutionary anthropological studies is the availability of associated genealogical data.
The results show that substantial amounts of genetic variation underlying both size and shape and pervasive genetic integration are the two main aspects that characterize the genetic architecture of the human skull. The main developmental regions of the human skull (namely the face, the neurocranium and the basicranium) have similar amounts of genetic variation. There is evidence for genetic constraints, which reduce the evolutionary potential of the human skull. These correspond to shape features that can not evolve because they do not have sufficient genetic variation. The ability to evolve is restricted by complex patterns of covariation among cranial regions which direct evolution towards certain trajectories of morphological change that would maintain an operational and functional skull shape.
Simulation analyses suggest a re-interpretation of the selective scenarios for human evolution. The origin of any one of the derived characters of modern humans may have facilitated the evolution of the others. The morphological changes associated with bipedalism may have enhanced the evolution of a more globular and expanded neurocranial shape, which could be favoured afterwards by selection for bigger and more complex brains.
Natural selection has significantly acted over the last 200 years, since strong directional selection on skull shape and weak stabilizing selection on skull size has been detected at Hallstatt's population. However, other microevolutionary forces contributed to the evolution of skull morphology but in opposite directions, causing a non correspondence between secular trends and the response to selection patterns. The skull responds to these pressures through complex and widespread networks of genetic and epigenetic interactions.
Aquesta tesi és el resultat final d'un projecte titulat "Quantitative genetics of craniofacial traits: a functional approach to heritability", que va rebre finançament per part de la Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research l'any 2004.
El principal objectiu d'aquest projecte és integrar els mètodes de Morfometria Geomètrica i de Genètica Quantitativa per quantificar la variació genètica que determina la morfologia del crani humà i estimar la seva capacitat d'evolucionar. Les anàlisis realitzades estan basades en una mostra de cranis moderns de Hallstatt, una localitat dels Alps austríacs. Aquesta és una mostra única per a estudis d'antropologia evolutiva perquè els cranis tenen informació demogràfica i genealògica associada.
Altres objectius específics de la tesi es detallen a continuació:
1) Quantificar els patrons de variació-covariació genètica, fenotípica i ambiental de la morfologia craniofacial humana, a través de caràcters craneomètrics univariats i multivariats.
2) Analitzar els patrons d'integració morfològica del crani humà, tant a nivell fenotípic com genètic.
3) Estimar la capacitat evolutiva del crani humà.
4) Simular l'evolució dels caràcters derivats de la morfologia craniofacial dels humans moderns.
5) Detectar l'acció de la selecció natural en el crani humà, combinant dades demogràfiques d'èxit reproductiu amb dades morfològiques.
Els resultats obtinguts evidencien que els dos aspectes que caracteritzen l'arquitectura genètica del crani humà són, d'una banda, els elevats nivells de variació genètica que determinen tant la forma com la grandària del crani humà; i per l'altra, els patrons dominants d'integració morfològica. Les tres regions principals del crani (la cara, el neurocrani i el basicrani) presenten nivells similars de variació genètica, però la base del crani és la que mostra una major integració.
Les anàlisis de Genètica Quantitativa indiquen l'existència de límits genètics al canvi morfològic, que redueixen la capacitat de resposta a la selecció. Aquests límits corresponen a característiques morfològiques que no poden evolucionar perquè no tenen suficient variació genètica heretable. La capacitat evolutiva del crani humana està restringida i dirigida cap a determinades trajectòries de canvi morfològic que mantindrien una forma cranial operativa i funcional.
Les anàlisis de simulació de la selecció mostren que l'origen de qualsevol dels caràcters derivats dels humans moderns pot haver facilitat l'evolució dels altres, fet que suggereix una reinterpretació dels escenaris selectius de l'evolució humana. Concretament, els resultats indiquen que l'evolució del bipedisme podria haver estimulat l'evolució d'una volta cranial més gran i més globular, que posteriorment podria haver estat afavorida per la selecció per un cervell de major grandària i més complex, tal com indiquen les evidències moleculars.
Finalment, s'ha detectat que la selecció natural ha operat en l'evolució de la forma del crani de la població de Hallstatt durant els últims 200 anys. Els resultats mostren una acció significativa de selecció direccional en la forma del crani i de selecció estabilitzadora en la grandària del crani. No obstant això, es detecta que altres forces microevolutives (flux gènic, mestissatge, variació ambiental) han participat en aquest procés evolutiu, però en direccions oposades a les seleccionades.
La conclusió general d'aquesta tesi posa de manifest que el crani humà es troba sota l'acció de nombroses forces evolutives, que actuen simultàniament i dirigint el canvi morfològic. El crani respon a aquestes pressions a través de complexes xarxes d'interacció genètica i epigenètica.
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Coussens, Anna Kathleen. "Molecular regulation of calvarial suture morphogenesis and human craniofacial diversity." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16481/.
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This body of work is concerned with the genetics of craniofacial morphology and specifically with that of the cranial sutures which form fibrous articulations between the calvarial bones. The premature fusion of these sutures, known as craniosynostosis, is a common developmental abnormality and has been extensively utilised here as a tool through which to study the genetics of suture morphogenesis and craniofacial diversity. Investigations began with a search for polymorphisms associated with normal variation in human craniofacial characteristics. Denaturing High-Performance Liquid chromatography was used to identify polymorphisms in two genes causative for craniosynostosis by analysing DNA from a large cohort of individuals from four ethnogeographic populations. A single nucleotide polymorphism in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 was identified as being associated with variation in the cephalic index, a common measure of cranial shape. To further, and specifically, investigate the molecular processes of suture morphogenesis gene expression was compared between unfused and prematurely fusing/fused suture tissues isolated from patients with craniosynostosis. Two approaches, both utilising Affymetrix gene expression microarrays, were used to identify genes differentially expressed during premature suture fusion. The first was a novel method which utilised the observation that explant cells from both fused and unfused suture tissue, cultured in minimal medium, produce a gene expression profile characteristic of minimally differentiated osteoblastic cells. Consequently, gene expression was compared between prematurely fused suture tissues and their corresponding in vitro de-differentiated cells. In addition to those genes known to be involved in suture morphogenesis, a large number of novel genes were identified which were up-regulated in the differentiated in vivo state and are thus implicated in premature suture fusion and in vivo osteoblast differentiation. The second microarray study involved an extensive analysis of 16 suture tissues and compared gene expression between unfused (n=9) and fusing/fused sutures (n=7). Again, both known genes and a substantially large number of novel genes were identified as being differentially expressed. Some of these novel genes included retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), glypican 3 (GPC3), C1q tumour necrosis factor 3 (C1QTNF3), and WNT inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1). The known functions of these genes are suggestive of potential roles in suture morphogenesis. Realtime quantitative RT PCR (QRT-PCR) was used to verify the differential expression patterns observed for 11 genes and Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy was used to investigate the protein expression for 3 genes of interest. RBP4 was found to be localised on the ectocranial surface of unfused sutures and in cells lining the osteogenic fronts while GPC3 was localised to suture mesenchyme of unfused sutures. A comparison between each unfused suture (coronal, sagittal, metopic, and lambdoid) demonstrated that gene expression profiles are suture-specific which, based on the identification of differentially expressed genes, suggests possible molecular bases for the differential timing of normal fusion and the response of each suture to different craniosynostosis mutations. One observation of particular interest was the presence of cartilage in unfused lambdoid sutures, suggesting a role for chondrogenesis in posterior skull sutures which have generally been thought to develop by intramembranous ossification without a cartilage precursor. Finally, the effects of common media supplements used in in vitro experiments to stimulate differentiation of calvarial suture-derived cells were investigated with respect to their ability to induce in vivo-like gene expression. The response to standard differentiation medium (ascorbic acid + β-glycerophosphate) with and without dexamethasone was measured by both mineralisation and matrix formation assays and QRT-PCR of genes identified in the above described microarray studies. Both media induced collagen matrix and bone nodule formation indicative of differentiating osteoblasts. However, the genes expression profiles induced by both media differed and neither recapitulated the levels and profiles of gene expression observed in vivo for cells isolated from both fused and unfused suture tissues. This study has implications for translating results from in vitro work to the in vivo situation. Significantly, the dedifferentiation microarray study identified differentially expressed genes whose products may be considered candidates as more appropriate osteogenic supplements that may be used during in vitro experiments to better induce in vivo-like osteoblast differentiation. This study has made a substantial contribution to the identification of novel genes and pathways involved in controlling human suture morphogenesis and craniofacial diversity. The results from this research will stimulate new areas of inquiry which will one day aid in the development of better diagnostics and therapeutics for craniosynostosis, and other craniofacial and more general skeletal abnormalities.
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Peng, Chen-Chih. "Methods for improving crane performance and ease of use." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50343.
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Cranes are widely used in material-handling and transportation applications, e.g. in shipyards, construction sites, and warehouses. As they are critical to the economic vitality of modern-day industries, improving crane performance and ease of use are important contributors to industrial productivity, low production costs, and workplace safety.
In a typical crane operation, a payload is lifted, moved to its destination, and then lowered into place. This dissertation aims to improve crane performance and reduce task difficulty for the human operator in the movements mentioned above, namely: 1) Moving payloads laterally in the horizontal plane, 2) Lifting payloads off the ground, and 3) Lowering or laying down payloads on the ground.
The design of a novel and intuitive human-machine control interface is the focus for improving operations that involve moving payloads laterally. The interface allows operators to drive a crane by simply moving a hand-held device through the desired path. The position of the device, which is tracked by sensors, is used to generate command signals to drive the crane. This command is then input-shaped such that payload oscillations are greatly reduced, making it much easier for the operator to drive the crane. Several facets of this crane control method are examined, such as control structure and stability, usability contexts, modes of operation, and quantitative measures (by means of human operator studies) of performance improvements over standard crane control interfaces.
Lifting up a payload can be difficult for the operator, if the hoist is not properly centered above the payload. In these potentially dangerous and costly ``off-centered" lifts, the payload may slide on the ground and/or oscillate in the air after it is hoisted. Newtonian and Coulomb friction models that focus on the stiction-sliding-separation contact dynamics are derived and experimentally verified to study off-centered lifts. Then, with the goal of aiding operators during lift operations, simple but practical, self-centering solutions are proposed and implemented.
Laying down or lowering a payload to the ground can also be challenging for operators in certain situations. For example, laying down a long, slender payload from a vertical orientation in the air, to a horizontal position on a flat surface. If the operator does not properly coordinate the motions of the crane in the vertical and horizontal directions simultaneously, then the potential hazards that may occur during these operations include: 1) slipping of the pivot about which the payload rotates, leading to sudden and dangerous payload movements; and 2) excessive hoist cable angles that lead to ``side-pull" problems. Newtonian and Coulomb friction models are derived to describe this lay-down scenario. The forces and motions experienced by the payload are then used to determine the motion trajectories that the crane and payload should follow to execute a successful lay-down maneuver.
Finally, a special chapter is included to address the oscillation control of systems that have on-off nonlinear actuators, such as cranes powered by relay-controlled circuits. Due to their simplicity, ruggedness, and long service life, this type of crane can be commonly found in older factories or in applications where precise motion control is not a strict requirement. However, controlling payload oscillations on this type of crane is challenging for two reasons: 1) Relays that can only be turned on or off allow for only limited control over the crane velocity; and 2) These cranes typically have nonlinear asymmetrical acceleration and deceleration properties. Methods are derived for determining the relay switch-times that move single-pendulum and double-pendulum payloads with low residual oscillations.
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Brondeau, François de. "La morphologie de la base du crâne et ses relations avec le maxillaire et la mandibule : variations et auxologie." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13670/document.
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Un examen des relations basicrânio-faciales et leurs variations au cours de l'ontogenèse est réalisé chez l'homme moderne. L'étude de la « typologie » faciale sagittale (classe squelettique) est envisagée en relation avec la configuration de la base du crâne. L'objectif est d'établir un modèle de développement basicrânio-facial conduisant aux différentes typologies faciales de l'homme actuel. - Une première étude bidimensionnelle a pour but de définir les variables de la base du crâne caractéristiques des relations faciales dans les dysmorphoses sagittales extrêmes. Ces résultats soulignent le lien entre flexion de la base du crâne, sa région postérieure et le décalage antéro- postérieur de la face. - Une seconde étude sur scanners Rx s'attache aux interactions entre la dimension transversale et sagittale. Elle confirme l'importance du positionnement antéro-postérieur des structures basicrâniennes dans la conformation faciale sagittale. Elle révèle peu de liens entre la dimension transversale de la base du crâne et les prognathismes maxillaire et mandibulaire, mais souligne l'influence de l'orientation des pyramides pétreuses, de l'écartement des processus ptérygoïdiens et de la flexion sphénoïdale. - Une troisième étude longitudinale analyse l’évolution des variables mises en évidence selon l'âge et le stade d'évolution dentaire pour chaque classe squelettique. Les paramètres basicrâniens ne sont pas prédéfinis à la naissance, ceux décrivant la flexion et la région postérieure de la base du crâne deviennent caractéristiques plus tardivement. Les stades occlusion de la denture temporaire et évolution de la première molaire permanente sont des évènements clés dans le lien entre la base du crâne et le type facial. Un modèle de développement basicrânio-facial est proposé à partir des trois conformations crânio-faciales dégagées (dysmorphoses squelettiques). Des perspectives en anthropologie des populations anciennes et actuelles sont proposéesBasicranio-facial relationships and their variations during ontogenesis are studied on the modern human. The study of the sagittal facial typology (skeletal class) has been realized in relation with the cranial base shape. The aim was to establish a model of the basicranio-facial development leading to the different facial typologies of modern human. - A first two-dimensional study aims to define the variables of the cranial base caracteristical of the facial relations in the extreme sagittal dysmorphoses. The results show the link between the flexion of the cranial base, its posterior region and the facial antero-posterior discrepancy. - A second study on X-ray scanners looks into the interactions between the transverse and sagittal dimension. The results suggest the importance of the antero-posterior positioning of the cranial structures in sagittal facial shape. This study reveals few relationships between the basicranial transverse dimension and maxillary, mandibular prognathism, but shows the influence of the petrous pyramids orientation, the distance between pterygoid processes and the cranial base angle flexion. - A third longitudinal study analyzes the evolution of the variables observed in relation with the age and the stage of dental evolution for each skeletal class. The basicranial parameters are not predetermined at birth, those describing flexion and the posterior region of the cranial base become characteristic later on. The stages of the deciduous occlusion denture and of the first permanent molar evolution are key events for the link between cranial base and facial type. Based on the three craniofacial shapes described (skeletal dysmorphoses) a basicranio-facial development model is proposed. Perspectives in ancient and modern population anthropology are suggested
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Von, Cramon-Taubadel Noreen. "More than the sum of its parts? : a model-bound morphometric approach to investigating the differential preservation of population history in the human cranium." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612331.
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Nyström, Matilda. "Kranierna från Östra Ågatan : En studie om 10 av 180 kranium från den anatomiska samlingen på Gustavianum- Uppsala Universitetsmuseum, Historiska samlingar." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-362213.
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This paper reviews a study of the skulls from the anatomy collection at Gustavianum, Uppsala university museum, historical collections in Uppsala, Sweden. The skulls were found in the central parts of Uppsala, on an area called Östra Ågatan, which is known for being one of the oldest parts in town. The skulls have been dated to medieval period between 11th and 14th centrury and came to be a part of the anatomical collection. Only skulls are available today in the big collection. Cranial metrics were recorded, probably by the Anatomical department for all skulls in the large anatomical collection. Östra Ågatan is today a road located near Fyrisån, a river that flows through the city. Uppsala is well known for being one of the oldest city in Sweden and Europe. People have lived here for several centuries, and today the area are currently being used the same. The study aims to collect information about the health status on the medieval humans living in Uppsala. Also, to see if the skulls had a connection to the nearby churches that were located near the area under the same period. Questions that the study are examining is, -If the skulls have any connection to a church in the nearby area that they were found in? -Do the skulls have any pathologies, non-metric features or damage?
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Villalba, Moreno Óscar Jesús. "La fisura petrotimpánica. Estudio anatómico y radiológico en cadáver humano." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/275976.
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La fisura petrotimpánica (FPT), que se establece entre la porción timpánica y petrosa del hueso temporal, se sitúa en la región posteromedial de la fosa mandibular y representa una vía de comunicación entre el oído medio y la ATM. Actualmente esta relación anatómica ha adquirido gran importancia por su posible implicación en la fisiopatología de la otitis media y de los procesos inflamatorios y degenerativos (artritis inflamatoria y artrosis) que afectan a la ATM.
Objetivos: Los objetivos del estudio fueron estudiar las características morfométricas de la FPT desde un punto de vista anatómico y radiológico, correlacionar las imágenes sagitales de la FPT por tomografía computarizada multicorte helicoidal (TCMH) con la criosección anatómica correspondiente, analizar las relaciones existentes entre las mediciones de las variables y presentar la FPT como posible vía de propagación de procesos infecciosos o inflamatorios entre el oído medio y la ATM.
Material y métodos: Hemos utilizado 15 especímenes cadavéricos a los que hemos realizado un estudio radiológico mediante un tomógrafo computarizado multidetector de 16 coronas y un estudio anatómico a partir de criosecciones en el plano sagital. Se han anotado las principales características morfométricas y morfodescriptivas obteniendo 52 registros para cada espécimen. El método estadístico para analizar los resultados incluye análisis bivariado para determinar la variabilidad intra y entre observadores así como el coeficiente de correlación intraclase, la concordancia entre los observadores y la correlación y concordancia entre las variables del estudio anatómico y radiológico.
Resultados: Los resultados indican que la FPT es un conducto óseo a partir del cual se establece una relación anatómica por continuidad entre la ATM y el oído medio. La TCMH permite identificar la FPT en los planos sagital, axial y coronal oblicuo, siendo las imágenes sagitales comparables a la anatomía seccional correspondiente ya que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las variables morfométricas del estudio radiológico y anatómico, presentando además una correlación significativa.
Conclusiones: Las dimensiones que presenta la FPT la habilitan como una posible vía de propagación por continuidad de procesos infecciosos o inflamatorios entre el oído medio y la ATM, especialmente en fisuras cortas y anchas.Vestigial foramen and fissures between the TMJ and the middle ear account for possible reciprocal spread of infection between these two anatomical regions. The petrotympanic fissure represents an important anatomical feature that connects the mandibular fossa and the middle ear. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphology of petrotympanic fissure with multislice helical computed tomography (MHCT) and frozen sagittal anatomic sections. Material and methods: we selected 15 unoperated cadaver temporal bones for the study. All of these bones had intact middle ear and mandibular fossa. Imaging was performed with fresh preparations. Subsequent the specimens were frozen and sectioned on the sagittal plane. The sagittal anatomy of the mandibular fossa and the petrotympanic fissure were correlated with MHCT images. Results: The petrotympanic fissure is a tunnel-shaped structure that connects the mandibular fossa and the middle ear. The study found that the sagittal frozen sectional anatomy correlated with MHCT images coincidentally to describe the petrotympanic fissure. Conclussions: The course and the dimensions of the petrotympanic fissure represents a possible pathway for spread of infection from the middle ear to the temporomandibular joint, specially in short and wide open fissures.
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Nebie, Ouada. "Examining the neuroprotective and neuro-restorative efficacy of heat-treated human platelet pellet lysate in traumatic brain injury models." Thesis, Lille, 2021. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/EDBSL/2021/2021LILUS001.pdf.
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Les lésions cérébrales traumatiques (LCT) restent un défi de santé publique de nos jours car celles-ci touchent plus de cinquante millions de personnes dans le monde par an. Leur prise en charge nécessite généralement des soins de longue durée et ceci engendre malheureusement des dépenses financières importantes estimées à plus de 400 millions de dollars US par an. Les LCT font partie des plus complexes traumatismes affectant le cerveau humain. Dans les cas chroniques par exemple, l’une des complications des LCT est la persistance de la neuroinflammation qui conduit inévitablement à une dégénérescence neuronale et à un déficit cognitif. Malheureusement, les stratégies d'intervention se heurtent encore à plusieurs obstacles malgré les progrès technologiques actuels. Des efforts sont faits pour arrêter ce « tueur silencieux », mais jusqu'à nos jours, aucune stratégie ne s’est avérée efficace contre les perturbations physiologiques à long terme des LCT.De nos jours, il apparaît de plus en plus clairement que le lysat plaquettaire contient une pléthore de molécules actives pouvant exercer des activités neuroprotectrices. Ce produit neuroprotecteur naturel pourrait donc être bénéfique dans le traitement des maladies neurodégénératives comme l’ont montré des études antérieures avec des modèles expérimentaux d’accidents vasculaires cérébraux, de sclérose latérale amyotrophique et de la maladie de Parkinson.Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que l’injection de ce lysat plaquettaire dans une zone lésée du cerveau favoriserait la cicatrisation et réduirait la mort neuronale.Notre projet avait donc pour but de développer une approche innovante pour le traitement de la lésion traumatique cérébrale. Nous visions à donner la preuve du concept de l'intérêt d’utiliser le lysat chauffé de plaquettes humaines (HPPL) comme agent neuroprotecteur.Du HPPL a été préparé à partir de concentrés plaquettaires non viro-inactivés et viro-inactivés selon une procédure préalablement établie. L’impact sur la viabilité des cellules, l’absence d’activité pro-inflammatoire, le potentiel de stimuler la cicatrisation du HPPL ont été évalué à l'aide de modèles cellulaires pertinents. L’activité d’inhibition de la ferroptose par le HPPL a été aussi investiguée en utilisant des cellules de LUHMES et des cultures primaires de neurones. En fin, des modèles de LCT de souris ont été utilisés pour évaluer le potentiel « neuro-restaurateur » du HPPL. Nous avons ciblé ici son impact sur la fonction motrice, la neuroinflammation, le stress oxydatif et la perte synaptique. Des tests de comportement, d'expression de gènes, d’histologie, d'ELISA, de Western blot et d’analyse protéomique ont été utilisés au cours de cette étude.L'étude in vitro a révélé que les HPPL contiennent une pléthore de molécules bioactives qui sont non-toxiques pour les cellules, ni n’induisent de stress aux cellules traitées. Bien plus, les HPPL n'ont pas exercé d’impact négatif sur l'expression des protéines synaptiques et neuronales, et ont conservé leur potentiel « anti-ferroptose ». L'administration du HPPL à des souris ayant des LCT, a amélioré leur fonction motrice, atténué l'inflammation et le stress oxydatif et réduit la perte synaptique.En résume, le HPPL/I-HPPL possède une activité neuroprotectrice révélée à travers les essais in vitro. In vivo, il a réussi à inverser le déficit moteur, moduler l’activation des cellules gliales et le stress oxydatif provoqués par la LCT induite aux sourisTraumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a global health challenge nowadays, impacting over 50 million people per year globally. This situation is partly linked to the fact that TBI is among the central nervous system disorders whose management mostly requires long-term care. It incurs a substantial economic burden to health systems and costing the global economy more than $400 million. In either high, middle, or low-income countries, TBI is associated with significant economic and societal changes that deserve attention. The disease is described as one of the most complexes, inducing some disproportionate effects between the countries. Unfortunately, the intervention strategies are still facing several limitations at the global level despite all the health sciences’ progress. These obstacles are the surge of neuroinflammation, leading to progressive neuronal degeneration and cognitive deficit. Efforts are made to stop this “silent killer”, but there is a failure to manage the long-term burden of TBI efficiently until now.Nowadays, there is growing evidence that platelet lysates are full of bioactive compounds, and they could constitute a powerful natural neuroprotective agent. Few studies have already shown their therapeutic potential in stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. Thus, we hypothesized that the delivery of human platelet lysate at an injured area in the brain could provide a suitable environment for recovery.The current project is intending to develop an innovative approach for the treatment of TBI. We aim to give the proof-of-concept of the interest of using heat-treated human platelet pellet lysate (HPPL) as a neuroprotective agent in TBI using experimental models.We used cells and animal models of TBI to achieve our goal. We first prepared HPPL from non-pathogen-reduced platelet concentrates (PCs) and pathogen-inactivated PCs (I-HPPL) according to a previously established procedure. We evaluated their safety and functionality using cell models relevant to TBI, including viability assays, wound healing, anti-inflammatory activity, protein expressions, and anti-ferroptosis effect. The safety assessment of the platelet biomaterial was done using neuronal and endothelial cells and its neuroprotective potential with primary neurons, dopaminergic cells line and, a ferroptosis inducer.Mouse TBI models were used to assess the therapeutic potential of HPPL. We targeted it impact on motor function, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and synaptic loss. Behavior tests, gene expression, fluorescent staining, ELISA, Western blot, and proteomics have been used during the investigation. The in vitro experiment performed to investigate the platelet lysate’s safety demonstrated clearly that HPPL/I-HPPL contain bioactive molecules and did not affect cell’s viability or induced stress. Moreover, HPPL and I-HPPL did not affect synaptic and neuronal protein expression and revealed anti-ferroptosis potential. This finding leads to further investigation of HPPL's beneficial effect in vivo. HPPL administration to TBI mice improved their motor function, mitigated the inflammation and oxidative stress. HPPL also decreased the synaptic proteins lost.HPPL is safe and exerted neuroprotective activity in vitro. It successfully reversed the motor deficit, inflammation, and stress triggered by brain injury in mice
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Saueressig, Frederico. "Avaliação microscópica do processo de reparo ósseo na presença de enxerto ósseo humano liofilizado mineralizado e demineralizado e membrana de cortical bovina em calota craniana de ratos." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/548.
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license.txt: 581 bytes, checksum: 44ea52f0b7567232681c6e3d72285adc (MD5)The aims of this study was to evaluate new bone formation and biocompatibility by the utilization of Human Demineralized and Mineralized Freeze- Dried Bone Graft (U. S. Tissue & Cell®) and evaluate if Bovine Bone Cortical Membrane (Gen-derm®) enhances the bone repair through the repair process in osseous cavities containing these materials. For that, 36 albinos rats (Rattus norvegicus) distributed in six groups according to the time of sacrifice (7, 14, 21, 30, 60 and 90 days). With a spherical drill of 2mm in diameter at low rotation three osseous cavities were made in the calvaria of each animal. One cavity had anterior orientation and two posterior one. The left posterior cavity was filled with Human Demineralized Freeze-Dried Bone Graft, the right posterior with Human Mineralized Freeze-Dried Bone Graft, while the anterior cavity did not received any material forming the control group. In three animals of each group the cavities were covered by biological membranes. The animals were sacrificed at intervals of 7, 14, 21, 30, 60 and 90 days. The specimens obtained were processed by the paraffin technique, sectioned in the transversal way and stained by H&E. The microscopic evaluation consisted in histomorphometric analysis by the measurement of the proportion of new bone formation as well the number of giant multinucleated cells in each cavity. The obtained numbers were submitted to statistic usage, using the Anova test and Bonferroni´s pairwise comparisons, considering pS0,05.The obtained results allowed us to concluded that: 1) The Bovine Bone Cortical Membrane enhances the bone repair; 2) Human Demineralized and Mineralized Freeze-Dried Bone Graft showed osteocondute properties; 3) Human Demineralized and Mineralized Freeze-Dried Bone Graft are biocompatible; 4) The animal model are suitable for the research design.
Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: avaliar o potencial de formação óssea frente à utilização de enxerto ósseo humano liofilizado desmineralizado e mineralizado da marca U. S. Tissue & Cell®; avaliar se a utilização da membrana de cortical bovina nacional Gen-derm®, influencia na cicatrização óssea e avaliar a biocompatibilidade dos enxertos ósseos, através do processo de reparo do tecido ósseo em cavidades contendo os referidos materiais. Para a realização do experimento, utilizaram-se 36 ratos albinos (Rattus norvegicus) distribuídos em seis grupos de seis animais cada, conforme a época do sacrifício (7, 14, 21, 30, 60 e 90 dias). Com uma broca esférica de 2 mm de diâmetro em baixa rotação, foram confeccionadas três cavidades, duas na porção mais posterior e uma na anterior da calota craniana de cada animal. A perfuração posterior esquerda foi preenchida com Enxerto Ósseo Humano Desmineralizado Liofilizado, a perfuração posterior direita com Enxerto Ósseo Humano Mineralizado Liofilizado e a perfuração anterior foi preenchida com o coágulo sangüíneo do animal, servindo dessa forma como grupo controle. Em três animais de cada grupo a membrana biológica foi utilizada cobrindo as cavidades preenchidas pelos biomateriais.Os animais foram sacrificados nos intervalos de 7, 14, 21, 30, 60 e 90 dias e os espécimes obtidos, processados pela técnica da parafina, sendo os cortes realizados em sentido transversal e corados por HE. A avaliação microscópica consistiu numa análise histomorfométrica, através da mensuração da área de proporção de tecido ósseo neoformado, bem como do número de células gigantes multinucleadas presentes no campo histológico. Os valores obtidos foram submetidos a avaliação estatística pela Análise de Variância (Anova) e comparações múltiplas pelo método de Bonferroni, considerando pS0,05. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que: 1) o uso da membrana de cortical óssea bovina desmineralizada interferiu positivamente na cicatrização óssea; 2) os materiais enxerto ósseo humano liofilizado desmineralizado e mineralizado apresentam propriedades osteocondutoras; 3) os materiais enxerto ósseo humano liofilizado desmineralizado e mineralizado são materiais biocompatíveis; 4) O modelo animal utilizado se mostrou adequado para o design da pesquisa.
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Attasek, Ondřej. "Analýza rizik obsluhy jeřábu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377647.
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The topic of this master's thesis is focused on the area of safety in lifting technology. Specifically, to prevent mistakes during bridge crane operations and to increase reliability of the human factor. The thesis summarizes the most important legislative regulations for crane operators, including the requirements for operation. Furthermore, there are analysis of bridge crane accidents including data about number of occupational accidents. Other part of the thesis deals with analysis HTA, human HAZOP, BOMECH and FMEA. Conclusions are set based on these analyzes and preventive measures are suggested.
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Saueressig, Frederico. "Avalia??o microsc?pica do processo de reparo ?sseo na presen?a de enxerto ?sseo humano liofilizado mineralizado e demineralizado e membrana de cortical bovina em calota craniana de ratos." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2005. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/1067.
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Previous issue date: 2005-12-07Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: avaliar o potencial de forma??o ?ssea frente ? utiliza??o de enxerto ?sseo humano liofilizado desmineralizado e mineralizado da marca U. S. Tissue & Cell?; avaliar se a utiliza??o da membrana de cortical bovina nacional Gen-derm?, influencia na cicatriza??o ?ssea e avaliar a biocompatibilidade dos enxertos ?sseos, atrav?s do processo de reparo do tecido ?sseo em cavidades contendo os referidos materiais. Para a realiza??o do experimento, utilizaram-se 36 ratos albinos (Rattus norvegicus) distribu?dos em seis grupos de seis animais cada, conforme a ?poca do sacrif?cio (7, 14, 21, 30, 60 e 90 dias). Com uma broca esf?rica de 2 mm de di?metro em baixa rota??o, foram confeccionadas tr?s cavidades, duas na por??o mais posterior e uma na anterior da calota craniana de cada animal. A perfura??o posterior esquerda foi preenchida com Enxerto ?sseo Humano Desmineralizado Liofilizado, a perfura??o posterior direita com Enxerto ?sseo Humano Mineralizado Liofilizado e a perfura??o anterior foi preenchida com o co?gulo sang??neo do animal, servindo dessa forma como grupo controle. Em tr?s animais de cada grupo a membrana biol?gica foi utilizada cobrindo as cavidades preenchidas pelos biomateriais. Os animais foram sacrificados nos intervalos de 7, 14, 21, 30, 60 e 90 dias e os esp?cimes obtidos, processados pela t?cnica da parafina, sendo os cortes realizados em sentido transversal e corados por HE. A avalia??o microsc?pica consistiu numa an?lise histomorfom?trica, atrav?s da mensura??o da ?rea de propor??o de tecido ?sseo neoformado, bem como do n?mero de c?lulas gigantes multinucleadas presentes no campo histol?gico. Os valores obtidos foram submetidos a avalia??o estat?stica pela An?lise de Vari?ncia (Anova) e compara??es m?ltiplas pelo m?todo de Bonferroni, considerando pS0,05. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que: 1) o uso da membrana de cortical ?ssea bovina desmineralizada interferiu positivamente na cicatriza??o ?ssea; 2) os materiais enxerto ?sseo humano liofilizado desmineralizado e mineralizado apresentam propriedades osteocondutoras; 3) os materiais enxerto ?sseo humano liofilizado desmineralizado e mineralizado s?o materiais biocompat?veis; 4) O modelo animal utilizado se mostrou adequado para o design da pesquisa.
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Lesser, Juan Carlos Cisneros. "Avaliação do trauma intracoclear causado pela inserção do feixe de eletrodos do implante coclear via fossa média em ossos temporais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5143/tde-03052017-152606/.
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Introdução: O acesso pela via da fossa craniana média para colocação do implante coclear provou ser uma alternativa valiosa em pacientes com otite média crônica e cavidades de mastoidectomia instáveis, cócleas parcialmente ossificadas e em alguns casos de displasia do ouvido interno. Até hoje não existem pesquisas que descrevam se a inserção do feixe de eletrodos pela via da fossa média pode ser feita com um mínimo de traumatismo intracoclear, comparável ao observado nas inserções pela janela redonda. Objetivo: Avaliar o trauma intracoclear com dois modelos distintos de implante quando o feixe de eletrodos é inserido por cocleostomia na fossa craniana média em ossos temporais. Método: 20 ossos temporais retirados antes de 24 horas pós-óbito, foram implantados através do local da cocleostomia no giro basal da cóclea identificado no assoalho da fossa cerebral média. Dez peças receberam um implante reto e dez um pré-curvado, e foram fixadas em resina epóxi. Foi realizada tomografia computadorizada para determinar a colocação adequada do feixe eletrodos, profundidade de inserção e a distância entre a janela redonda e a cocleostomia. Por último, as peças foram polidas em série, tingidas e visualizadas por estereomicroscópio para avaliar a posição do feixe e trauma intracoclear. Resultados: A tomografia mostrou um posicionamento intracoclear do feixe de eletrodos nas 20 peças. No grupo dos implantes retos a média de eletrodos inserido foi 12,3 (10 a 14) e dos pré-curvados 15,1 (14 a 16) com uma diferença significativa (U=78, p=0,0001). A mediana de profundidade de inserção foi maior para o eletrodo pré-curvado (14,5mm) que para o reto (12,5mm) com diferenças estatisticamente significativas (U = 66, p = 0,021). Só uma das 20 inserções foi atraumática e 70% tiveram graus de trauma altos (grau 3 ou 4). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas do grau de trauma entre os dois tipos de feixes nem quando as inserções foram no sentido da janela redonda, comparado com o sentido do giro médio. Conclusões: A técnica cirúrgica utilizada permitiu a inserção do feixe de eletrodos na cóclea em todas as peças, porém sem garantir uma inserção na escala timpânica e com alto risco de trauma nas microestruturas da cócleaIntroduction: In recent years, a middle fossa approach has been described for the insertion of cochlear implants, and it proved to be a reliable alternative for implantation in patients with chronic supurative otitis media, unstable mastoid cavities with recurrent otorrhea, partially ossified cochlea and in some cases of inner ear dysplasia. Until now, no research has been done to describe if this approach allows for anatomic preservation and non-traumatic insertions comparable to those through the round window. Objective: To evaluate cochlear trauma when the cochlear implant electrode is inserted through a middle fossa approach by means of histologic and imaging studies in temporal bones. Methods: 20 temporal bones retrieved before 24 hours after death were implanted through a middle cranial fossa cochleostomy in the basal turn of the cochlea. Ten received a straight electrode and 10 a perimodiolar electrode. After reducing the bone size with preservation of the inner ear structures, the temporal bones were fixed, dehydrated and embedded in an epoxy resin. CT scans were performed to determine if an adequate direction of insertion was attained, the depth of insertion and the distance between the cochleostomy and the round window. At last, the samples were polished by micro-grinding technique and microscopically visualized to evaluate intracochlear trauma. Results: The CT-scan showed an adequate intracoclear position of the electrode in all the samples. In the straight electrode group the average number of inserted electrodes was 12.3 (10 to 14) against 15.1 (14- 16) for the perimodiolar (U=78, p=0.0001). The median depth of insertion was significantly larger for the perimodiolar electrode group (14.4mm vs. 12.5mm U=66, p = 0.021). Only one atraumatic insertion was achieved and 70% of the samples had important trauma (grades 3 and 4). No differences were identified for the trauma grades between the two groups of electrodes. Also, there were no differences in trauma if the cochlear implants were inserted in the direction of the basal turn of the cochlea or in the direction of the middle and apical turns. Conclusions: The surgical technique that was used allowed for a proper intracochlear insertion of the electrodes in all 20 temporal bones but it does not guarantee a correct scala tympani position and carries high trauma risk for the intracochlear microstructures
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Potter, James Jackson. "Input-shaped manual control of helicopters with suspended loads." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50342.
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A helicopter can be used to transport a load hanging from a suspension cable. This technique is frequently used in construction, firefighting, and disaster relief operations, among other applications. Unfortunately, the suspended load swings, which makes load positioning difficult and can degrade control of the helicopter. This dissertation investigates the use of input shaping (a command-filtering technique for reducing vibration) to mitigate the load swing problem. The investigation is conducted using two different, but complementary, approaches. One approach studies manual tracking tasks, where a human attempts to make a cursor follow an unpredictably moving target. The second approach studies horizontal repositioning maneuvers on small-scale helicopter systems, including a novel testbed that limits the helicopter and suspended load to move in a vertical plane. Both approaches are used to study how input shaping affects control of a flexible element (the suspended load) and a driven base (the helicopter). In manual tracking experiments, conventional input shapers somewhat degraded control of the driven base but greatly improved control of the flexible element. New input shapers were designed to improve load control without negatively affecting base control. A method for adjusting the vibration-limiting aggressiveness of any input shaper between unshaped and fully shaped was also developed. Next, horizontal repositioning maneuvers were performed on the helicopter testbed using a human-pilot-like feedback controller from the literature, with parameter values scaled to match the fast dynamics of the model helicopter. It was found that some input shapers reduced settling time and peak load swing when applied to Attitude Command or Translational Rate Command response types. When the load was used as a position reference instead of the helicopter, the system was unstable without input shaping, and adding input shaping to a Translational Rate Command was able to stabilize the load-positioning system. These results show the potential to improve the safety and efficiency of helicopter suspended load operations.
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Samsel, Mathilde. "Microévolution et bioarchéologie des groupes humains de la fin du Pléistocène et du début de l'Holocène en Europe occidentale : apports de l'anthropologie biologique aux connaissances sur le Paléolithique final et le Mésolithique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0072/document.
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La fin du Pléistocène et le début de l’Holocène sont marqués par des bouleversements environnementaux d’une ampleur et d’une intensité exceptionnelles en Europe de l’Ouest. Ces quelque huit millénaires ont été scindés en périodes chronoculturelles principalement à partir de critères typotechnologiques de l’industrie lithique, correspondant au Paléolithique final, et au premier et au second Mésolithique. L’identité biologique des groupes humains de cette période n’avait jusqu’alors jamais été étudiée de façon spécifique et la réalité anthropologique de ces partitions pose question. À partir d’un corpus réactualisé de 70 sites couvrant les territoires actuels de la France, de l’Allemagne, de la Belgique, du Luxembourg, de la Suisse, de l’Italie, de l’Espagne et du Portugal, ce sont 617 spécimens pour les restes osseux et 251 pour les restes dentaires qui ont été analysés. Des caractéristiques squelettiques ont été enregistrées et analysées selon un protocole unique : proportions squelettiques comme la stature, l’indice brachial et l’indice crural, morphométrie crânienne et mandibulaire, analyse par morphométrie géométrique de la conformation du neurocrâne et variations anatomiques non métriques crâniennes et dentaires. L’ensemble des données recueillies a fait l’objet de traitements statistiques adaptés, descriptifs, multivariés et exploratoires. Parmi les résultats obtenus, l’analyse métrique et morphologique de la mandibule révèle des changements microévolutifs de la morphologie mandibulaire en lien avec l’intensification de l’élargissement du spectre des ressources consommées au cours du Mésolithique. Un fonctionnement différent des groupes est proposé entre ceux établis sur les zones côtières et les continentaux. Les groupes côtiers seraient organisés selon un système plutôt fermé, traduit par la structuration régionale des données anthropobiologiques, alors que les groupes continentaux, bien qu’ayant un ancrage local, possèderaient des réseaux d’échanges plus larges et/ou plus réguliers. Enfin, la permanence des groupes humains du Paléolithique final au Mésolithique est avancée, ainsi qu’au sein des zones côtières durant tout le Mésolithique, alors qu’une discontinuité populationnelle entre premier et second Mésolithique est mise en évidence dans l’aire continentale. L’hypothèse d’une arrivée de nouveaux groupes depuis les régions situées plus à l’est, poussés par la progression néolithique en Europe centrale à partir du VIIème millénaire cal BC est avancée, rejoignant un des scenarii proposés à partir de l’analyse de l’ADN ancienEnvironmental changes of exceptional magnitude and intensity occurred during the Late Pleistocene and the Early Holocene in Western Europe. These- some eight millennia- have been divided into chronocultural periods based on typotechnological lithic industries, corresponding to the Late Palaeolithic and the Early and Late Mesolithic. The biological identity of the human groups from this lengthy period of time has never previously been studied in a systematic way, and the anthropological meaning of these divisions remains unclear. In order to fill this gap in knowledge, this thesis presents the results of analyses of an up-to-date sample of 617 skeletal specimens and 251 dental remains covering 70 sites from France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Italy, Spain and Portugal. Skeletal characteristics, including skeletal proportions- stature, brachial and crural indices -, cranial and mandibular morphometrics, geometric morphometric analysis of the neurocranium, and non-metric skeletal and dental traits were recorded and analysed using a single protocol. All data collected were subjected to suitable descriptive, multivariate and exploratory statistical treatments. Among the results obtained, the metric and morphological analysis of the mandible reveals micro-evolutionary morphological changes related to the intensified exploitation of a broader spectrum of food resources during the Mesolithic. Human groups in coastal zones differ from those located further inland. Coastal groups evince a rather closed system, reflected by a regional structure of bioanthropological data, whereas inland groups, while locally based, are characterized by broader and/or more regular networks of population interaction. Finally, there appears to be continuity between human groups from the Late Palaeolithic to the Early Mesolithic, as well as throughout the Mesolithic in coastal areas, while population discontinuity between the Early and Later Mesolithic is highlighted in the continental area. The arrival of new groups from areas further east, driven by Neolithic population advances through Central Europe from the 7th millennium BC cal is hypothesised, similar to one of the scenarios proposed from the analysis of aDNA
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Joaquim, Cláudia Filipa Pinto. "" (In) Discriminando a Ancestralidade: Estimativa numa amostra de indivíduos do sexo masculino da Coleção de Esqueletos Identificados do Século XXI da Universidade de Coimbra"." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/90180.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Antropologia Forense apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaA Ancestralidade enquanto parâmetro do Perfil Biológico tem sido alvo de um interesse crescente por parte de investigadores da área da Antropologia. Muitos dos métodos utilizados atualmente para estimar a afinidade populacional passam pelo estudo métrico e/ou morfológico do crânio e dos dentes. O crânio é considerado o elemento mais importante na avaliação de diferenças populacionais (Brues, 1990). No entanto, nem sempre se encontra suficientemente bem preservado, tornando-se impreterível a investigação de métodos fiáveis a partir do esqueleto pós-craniano (Liebenberg et al., 2015), sobretudo com base nos ossos que se preservam mais frequentemente (fémur, tíbia e ossos coxais). O fémur apresenta-se como a escolha lógica logo depois do crânio, tendo sido já documentadas diversas diferenças métricas e não-métricas entre os vários grupos populacionais (Stewart, 1962; DiBernnardo e Taylor, 1983; Trudell, 1999; Gill, 2001). Em menor escala, e com menos literatura associada, também a tíbia se mostra com grande potencial para a estimativa da ancestralidade (Farrally e Moore, 1975). Ainda que, nos últimos anos, tenham surgido avanços metodológicos a nível métrico e morfológico, ainda muito falta para que a ancestralidade seja tida como um parâmetro estimado com elevada taxa de precisão. Apesar do fémur ser o osso pós-craniano mais exaustivamente estudado, o seu uso na estimativa da ancestralidade na população portuguesa nunca foi investigado. O presente estudo avalia o potencial da variação métrica do fémur e da tíbia para a estimativa da ancestralidade e explora a aplicabilidade do método desenvolvido, com esse objetivo, por Shirley et al. (2014) à população portuguesa. Para tal é usada uma amostra de indivíduos do sexo masculino da Coleção de Esqueletos Identificados do Século XXI. O estudo apenas terá em conta os indivíduos do sexo masculino uma vez que Shirley et al. (2014) não desenvolveram funções discriminantes para indivíduos do sexo feminino.
Ancestry as a parameter of the Biological Profile has been the subject of growing interest by on the part of Anthropology researchers. Most of the methods currently used to estimate population affinity include the metrical and morphological analysis of the skull and teeth. The skull is considered to be the most important element in the evaluation of population differences (Brues, 1990); however, it is not always well preserved, making it mandatory to investigate reliable methods based on the postcranial skeleton (Liebenberg et al., 2015), taking into account the most frequently preserved bones (femur, tibia, and coxals). The femur presents itself as the logical choice after the skull, and several metrical and non-metrical differences between distinct various populations have already been documented (Stewart, 1962; DiBernnardo and Taylor, 1983; Trudell, 1999; Gill, 2001). On a smaller scale, and with less associated literature, also the tibia shows great potential for the estimation of ancestry (Farrally and Moore, 1975). Although, in the last years, methodological advances have been made both at the metric and morphological level, still much must be made so that ancestry is taken as a parameter with high rate of precision. Although the femur is the most extensively studied post-cranial bone, its ability to estimate ancestry in the Portuguese population has never been investigated. Therefore, the present study analyses the metric variation of the femur and tibia of male individuals belonging to the 21st Century Identified Skeletal Collection (Ferreira et al., 2014) and explores the applicability of the method developed by Shirley et al. (2014) to the Portuguese population. The study will only take into account the male subjects since Shirley et al. (2014) did not develop discriminant functions for the female subjects.
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Anderson, Peter John. "The human cranial sutures in health and disease." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/57417.
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Title page, table of contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library.This thesis describes the structure of normal cranial sutures and those which have undergone premature fusion or craniosyntosis. It also reports the results of investigations of human sutures to identify possible underlying aetiologies which result in premature fusion. The study also investigates the effects of these abnormally fused sutures on the affected individuals, in particular the secondary effect on intercranial volume both in those with just a single affected suture and those with multiple sutures involved as part of a syndrome.
http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1277057
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Dentistry, 2007
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Cross, Pamela J., and R. Wright. "The Nikumaroro bones identification controversy: First-hand examination versus evaluation by proxy — Amelia Earhart found or still missing?" 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7286.
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YesAmerican celebrity aviator Amelia Earhart was lost over the Pacific Ocean during her press-making 1937 round-the-world flight. The iconic woman pilot remains a media interest nearly 80 years after her disappearance, with perennial claims of finds pinpointing her location. Though no sign of the celebrity pilot or her plane have been definitively identified, possible skeletal remains have been attributed to Earhart. The partial skeleton was recovered and investigated by British officials in 1940. Their investigation concluded that the remains were those of a stocky, middle-aged male. A private historic group re-evaluated the British analysis in 1998 as part of research to establish Gardner (Nikumaroro) Island as the crash site. The 1998 report discredited the British conclusions and used cranial analysis software (FORDISC) results to suggest that the skeleton was potentially a Northern European woman, and consistent with Amelia Earhart. A critical review of both investigations and contextual evidence shows that the original British osteological analyses were made by experienced, reliable professionals, while the cranial analysis is unreliable given the available data. Without access to the missing original bones, it is impossible to be definitive, but on balance, the most robust scientific analysis and conclusions are those of the original British finding indicating that the Nikumaroro bones belonged to a robust, middle-aged man, not Amelia Earhart.
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許博凱. "An investigation on dynamic properties of a human cranium." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50706672338675840514.
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碩士正修科技大學
機電工程研究所
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Because the present skull surgery's automated technology is not mature, the skull drilling hole security in the surgery process is dependent upon the doctor individual experience and technology. So it is a very danger to operate the shull surgery if the doctor lacks clinical experience. (1)In this investigation, the reverse-engineering analysis is employed to construct the 3D cranium model, and the finite element analysis. ANSYS software is also used to study the dynamic propenties of a human cranium. (2)The damping propenties is also considered in this work. (3)Numerical and experimental analysis results are employed to make the safer medical operation sage in this work. (4)From results of numerical and experimental analysis, it is found that the dynamic characteristics and damping pnpeitue of a human cranium can be undastood.
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Lindal, Joshua. "The role of the human nasal cavity in patterns of craniofacial covariation and integration." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31096.
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Climate has a selective influence on nasal cavity morphology. Due to the constraints of cranial integration, naturally selected changes in one structure necessitate changes in others in order to maintain structural and functional cohesion. The relationships between climate and skull/nasal cavity morphology have been explored, but the integrative role of nasal variability within the skull as a whole has not. This thesis presents two hypotheses: 1) patterns of craniofacial integration observed in 2D can be reproduced using 3D geometric morphometric techniques; 2) the nasal cavity exhibits a higher level of covariation with the lateral cranial base than with other parts of the skull, since differences in nasal morphology and basicranial breadth have both been linked to climatic variables. The results support the former hypothesis, but not the latter; covariation observed between the nasal cavity and other cranial modules may suggest that these relationships are characterized by a unique integrative relationship.February 2016
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Vance, Veronica Liane Wanek. "Age related changes in the post-cranial human skeleton and its implication for the determination of sex." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24793.
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The study of skeletal differences between males and females has rarely taken into account the physical change in hard tissue characteristics with the onset of advanced age. Anatomical change through degenerative modification may pose a challenge when diagnosing the sex of an unknown individual, especially if age is unknown. The aim of this study was to establish whether sexual dimorphism changes with age. This issue was addressed by using three types of procedural analyses. Firstly, standard measuring techniques were utilized to determine sex from 593 individuals. Visual (morphological) assessment was then performed on 608 individuals using sexually dimorphic traits in the distal humerus and pelvis. Lastly, over 300 individuals were analyzed with geometric morphometries using four locations on the postcranial skeleton. Younger females and males (50 years of age and younger) were then compared to older individuals (over 50 years of age) to determine if sexual dimorphism was increasing or decreasing with the onset of age. Long bone measurements of the postcranial skeleton increased with the onset of age in the most osteoporotic sample (South African white females). Males exhibited an increase in size, mainly in the knee and elbow joints, and black females remained static in their measurements with age. Older white females especially can sometimes incorrectly be misclassified as males. Visual techniques indicated that all populations have similar non-metric morphology in the distal humerus and pelvis. Classification accuracies in females decreased when viewing the distal humerus, indicating a decrease in sexual dimorphism at this location. Females appeared static in their pelvic morphology with the onset of age. Males remained sexually dimorphic throughout life in the humerus and pelvis. Geometric morphometries showed that the morphology of the distal humerus is sexually dimorphic, and does not change with age. Morphometries also confirmed the marked sexual dimorphism in the pelvis, and showed virtually no change in sexual dimorphism when comparing young to old groups.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Anatomy
Unrestricted
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DeWalt, Gloria Jessica. "Immunocytochemical evaluation of cellular changes in a mouse model of direct cranial blast and advanced chronic traumatic encephalopathy in human postmortem brains." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/27053.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health concern. Although moderate and severe forms of TBI receive considerable attention, mild TBI accounts for the majority of all injuries. The first two aims of this work used a rodent model of mild blast to simulate primary injury (damage from the blast wave only). The first aim evaluated potential changes in interneurons containing the calcium-binding proteins calretinin or parvalbumin. In addition, morphological changes in astrocytes and microglia were assessed. Brains were analyzed 48 hours and one month following exposure to single or repeated blasts, with a focus on the hippocampus due to its integral role in learning and memory. Results showed significant region-specific alterations in microglia morphology 48 hours following blast. The absence of structural alterations in microglia one month following blast indicated that the regional hippocampal vulnerability may be transient. The second aim compared glial morphologies in the retina and brain (the lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, and visual cortex) 48 hours or one month following multiple blasts. Fiber degeneration has received considerable attention, however, less is known about the status of glia throughout the visual pathway following mild blasts. Although no structural alterations were detected, it is possible that alterations in glia occurred at a more acute time scale as changes in glia can be rapid and reversible.
The final aim of this work focused on the immunocytochemical characterization of tau pathology in the visual cortices of human postmortem brains with advanced chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE is a devastating tauopathy associated with mild, repetitive TBIs. Although visual deficits are reported in CTE, the primary visual cortex is often spared. The main hypothesis under investigation was whether visual association areas would have tau pathology, despite sparing of primary visual cortex. In addition, a sub-class of interneurons containing parvalbumin was used to evaluate a potential cell-specific vulnerability. Results showed increased tau pathology in visual association areas in advanced CTE, that was largely absent from the primary visual cortex. There was no effect on parvalbumin positive interneurons. The results of this work provides valuable insight regarding potential cell-specific resistance to CTE pathology.2018-11-03T00:00:00Z