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Journal articles on the topic 'Human crania'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Juengst, Sara L., Richard Lunniss, Abigail Bythell, and Juan José Ortiz Aguilu. "Unique Infant Mortuary Ritual at Salango, Ecuador, 100 BC." Latin American Antiquity 30, no. 4 (November 12, 2019): 851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2019.79.

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The human head was a potent symbol for many South American cultures. Isolated heads were often included in mortuary contexts, representing captured enemies, revered persons, and symbolic “seeds.” At Salango, a ritual complex on the central coast of Ecuador, excavations revealed two burial mounds dated to approximately 100 BC. Among the 11 identified burials, two infants were interred with “helmets” made from the cranial vaults of other juveniles. The additional crania were placed around the heads of the primary burials, likely at the time of burial. All crania exhibited lesions associated with bodily stress. In this report, we present the only known evidence of using juvenile crania as mortuary headgear, either in South America or globally.

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Hubbe, Mark, Walter A. Neves, Frank L'Engle Williams, and George J. Armelagos. "On the Misclassification of Human Crania." Current Anthropology 48, no. 2 (April 2007): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/512985.

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3

Yinyun, Z. "Fossil human crania from Yunxian, China: Morphological comparison withHomo erectus crania from Zhoukoudian." Human Evolution 13, no. 1 (January 1998): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02439367.

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4

Lindström, Tobias. "Retrieving, Curating and Depositing Skulls at Pitted Ware culture Sites." Current Swedish Archaeology, no. 28 (December 14, 2020): 147–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2020.07.

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At many Middle Neolithic sites in south-central Scandinavia associated with the hunter-gatherer complex known as the Pitted Ware culture, the skulls of humans and animals seem to have been treated differently from other skeletal elements. This is evident, for example, in inhumation graves lacking crania or entire skulls as well as numerous finds of cranial and mandibular fragments scattered in cultural layers or deposited in hearths and pits. Despite parallels in overall treatment and find contexts, the selective handling of human skulls has generally been regarded as a mortuary practice and thus qualitatively different from the handling of animal skulls. Focusing primarily on the head bones themselves and relating their treatment to the wider use of skeletal remains allows us to consider a more complex system of retrieving, modifying, curating and depositing crania and mandibles. Drawing on the overlapping general treatment of human and animal remains, it is suggested that head bones from both humans and animals were efficacious objects that could be used in depositional acts.

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Zichello, Julia M., Karen L. Baab, Kieran P. McNulty, Christopher J. Raxworthy, and Michael E. Steiper. "Hominoid intraspecific cranial variation mirrors neutral genetic diversity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 45 (October 22, 2018): 11501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802651115.

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Natural selection, developmental constraint, and plasticity have all been invoked as explanations for intraspecific cranial variation in humans and apes. However, global patterns of human cranial variation are congruent with patterns of genetic variation, demonstrating that population history has influenced cranial variation in humans. Here we show that this finding is not unique toHomo sapiensbut is also broadly evident across extant ape species. Specifically, taxa that exhibit greater intraspecific cranial shape variation also exhibit greater genetic diversity at neutral autosomal loci. Thus, cranial shape variation within hominoid taxa reflects the population history of each species. Our results suggest that neutral evolutionary processes such as mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift have played an important role in generating cranial variation within species. These findings are consistent with previous work on human cranial morphology and improve our understanding of the evolutionary processes that generate intraspecific cranial shape diversity within hominoids. This work has implications for the analysis of selective and developmental pressures on the cranium and for interpreting shape variation in fossil hominin crania.

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6

Li, Zhan-Yang, Xiu-Jie Wu, Li-Ping Zhou, Wu Liu, Xing Gao, Xiao-Mei Nian, and Erik Trinkaus. "Late Pleistocene archaic human crania from Xuchang, China." Science 355, no. 6328 (March 2, 2017): 969–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aal2482.

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7

Spence, Michael W., and Grégory Pereira. "THE HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE MOON PYRAMID, TEOTIHUACAN." Ancient Mesoamerica 18, no. 1 (2007): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536107000090.

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AbstractBeginning with Building 4, each new version of the Moon Pyramid in Teotihuacan was initiated with a major sacrificial event. These events invariably included human victims, males ranging in age from about 14 to 60 or more years (Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) = 37). Many display cranial modification and dental decoration. In the earliest offering, Burial 2, the lone human was merely one element in a complex tableau. In subsequent sacrifices, the human victims increased in number and became a major focus of the event. There was also a growing dichotomy among them, with numbers of decapitated victims being included in the sacrifices. Skeletal elements from the pyramid fill suggest still other rituals involving human crania (MNI = 11), but the context of these is not yet clear.

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8

Anton, Susan C., Carolyn R. Jaslow, and Sharon M. Swartz. "Sutural complexity in artificially deformed human (Homo sapiens) crania." Journal of Morphology 214, no. 3 (December 1992): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052140307.

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9

Zhang, Yameng, and Lynne A. Schepartz. "Three-dimensional geometric morphometric studies of modern human occipital variation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): e0245445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245445.

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Objectives To investigate three-dimensional morphological variation of the occipital bone between sexes and among populations, to determine how ancestry, sex and size account for occipital shape variation and to describe the exact forms by which the differences are expressed. Methods CT data for 214 modern crania of Asian, African and European ancestry were compared using 3D geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistics, including principal component analysis, Hotelling’s T2 test, multivariate regression, ANOVA, and MANCOVA. Results Sex differences in average occipital morphology are only observed in Europeans, with males exhibiting a pronounced inion. Significant ancestral differences are observed among all samples and are shared by males and females. Asian and African crania have smaller biasterionic breadths and flatter clivus angles compared to Europeans. Asian and European crania are similar in their nuchal and occipital plane proportions, nuchal and occipital angles, and lower inion positions compared to Africans. Centroid size significantly differs between sexes and among populations. The overall allometry, while significant, explains little of the shape variation. Larger occipital bones were associated with a more curved occipital plane, a pronounced inion, a narrower biasterionic breadth, a more flexed clivus, and a lower and relatively smaller foramen magnum. Conclusions Although significant shape differences were observed among populations, it is not recommended to use occipital morphology in sex or population estimation as both factors explained little of the observed variance. Other factors, relating to function and the environment, are suggested to be greater contributors to occipital variation. For the same reason, it is also not recommended to use the occiput in phylogenetic studies.

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Gupta, Neha, Dr Anjoo Yadav, Prof R. J. Thomas, and Ankit Shrivastava. "Incidence of Foramen Vesalius in Adult Human North Indian Crania." IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 13, no. 5 (2014): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0853-13553438.

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11

Nagy, Annie. "An Osteological Analysis of Ten Human Crania from Costa Rica." Annals of Carnegie Museum 76, no. 4 (February 2008): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2992/0097-4463(2008)76[265:aoaoth]2.0.co;2.

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12

Keita, S. O. Y., Frank L’Engle Williams, Robert L. Belcher, and George J. Armelagos. "On Meroitic Nubian Crania, Fordisc 2.0, and Human Biological History." Current Anthropology 48, no. 3 (June 2007): 425–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/507184.

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13

Ledogar, Justin A., Paul C. Dechow, Qian Wang, Poorva H. Gharpure, Adam D. Gordon, Karen L. Baab, Amanda L. Smith, et al. "Human feeding biomechanics: performance, variation, and functional constraints." PeerJ 4 (July 26, 2016): e2242. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2242.

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The evolution of the modern human (Homo sapiens) cranium is characterized by a reduction in the size of the feeding system, including reductions in the size of the facial skeleton, postcanine teeth, and the muscles involved in biting and chewing. The conventional view hypothesizes that gracilization of the human feeding system is related to a shift toward eating foods that were less mechanically challenging to consume and/or foods that were processed using tools before being ingested. This hypothesis predicts that human feeding systems should not be well-configured to produce forceful bites and that the cranium should be structurally weak. An alternate hypothesis, based on the observation that humans have mechanically efficient jaw adductors, states that the modern human face is adapted to generate and withstand high biting forces. We used finite element analysis (FEA) to test two opposing mechanical hypotheses: that compared to our closest living relative, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), the modern human craniofacial skeleton is (1) less well configured, or (2) better configured to generate and withstand high magnitude bite forces. We considered intraspecific variation in our examination of human feeding biomechanics by examining a sample of geographically diverse crania that differed notably in shape. We found that our biomechanical models of human crania had broadly similar mechanical behavior despite their shape variation and were, on average, less structurally stiff than the crania of chimpanzees during unilateral biting when loaded with physiologically-scaled muscle loads. Our results also show that modern humans are efficient producers of bite force, consistent with previous analyses. However, highly tensile reaction forces were generated at the working (biting) side jaw joint during unilateral molar bites in which the chewing muscles were recruited with bilateral symmetry. In life, such a configuration would have increased the risk of joint dislocation and constrained the maximum recruitment levels of the masticatory muscles on the balancing (non-biting) side of the head. Our results do not necessarily conflict with the hypothesis that anterior tooth (incisors, canines, premolars) biting could have been selectively important in humans, although the reduced size of the premolars in humans has been shown to increase the risk of tooth crown fracture. We interpret our results to suggest that human craniofacial evolution was probably not driven by selection for high magnitude unilateral biting, and that increased masticatory muscle efficiency in humans is likely to be a secondary byproduct of selection for some function unrelated to forceful biting behaviors. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a shift to softer foods and/or the innovation of pre-oral food processing techniques relaxed selective pressures maintaining craniofacial features that favor forceful biting and chewing behaviors, leading to the characteristically small and gracile faces of modern humans.

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14

Knüsel, Christopher J., and Gillian C. Carr. "On the significance of the crania from the River Thames and its tributaries." Antiquity 69, no. 262 (March 1995): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00064395.

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Bradley & Gordon, writing in ANTIQUITY in 1988, reported a distinct pattern in the distribution and dates of the many human crania that have been found in the River Thames. Issue is taken with that view, and the insight it promised in relating human remains to the prehistoric British interest in watery places

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15

Kamath, Venkatesh, Muhammed Asif, Radhakrishna Shetty, and Ramakrishna Avadhani. "Binary logistic regression analysis of hard palate dimensions for sexing human crania." Anatomy & Cell Biology 49, no. 2 (2016): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5115/acb.2016.49.2.151.

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Williams, Frank L’engle, Robert L. Belcher, and George J. Armelagos. "Forensic Misclassification of Ancient Nubian Crania: Implications for Assumptions about Human Variation." Current Anthropology 46, no. 2 (April 2005): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/428792.

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17

Jain, Deepali, O. P. Jasuja, and Surinder Nath. "Sex determination of human crania using Mastoid triangle and Opisthion–Bimastoid triangle." Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 20, no. 4 (May 2013): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2012.09.020.

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18

G, Singh, Das S, Das SR, Patra M, and Shamal SN. "A Study on the Variations of Pterion in Human Crania in Odisha." International Journal of Current Research and Review 13, no. 11 (2021): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/ijcrr.2021.131135.

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19

Schulting, Rick J., and Michael Wysocki. "‘In this Chambered Tumulus were Found Cleft Skulls …’: an Assessment of the Evidence for Cranial Trauma in the British Neolithic." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 71 (2005): 107–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000979.

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Interpersonal violence is a powerful expression of human social interaction. Yet a consideration of violence in the past has done relatively little to inform our discussions of the British Neolithic. Here, we present the results of an examination of some 350 earlier Neolithic crania from mainly southern Britain. Of these, 31 show healed or unhealed injuries suggestive of interpersonal violence. We suggest a conservative estimate of 2% fatal cranial injuries, and 4 or 5% healed injuries. These data are used as a platform to discuss possible contexts for, and consequences of, violence. We argue that, regardless of its actual prevalance, the reality or the threat of interpersonal violence can have an important affect on both the behaviour of individuals and the structure of society.

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20

Erdal, Yilmaz Selim. "Bone or Flesh: Defleshing and Post-Depositional Treatments at Körtik Tepe (Southeastern Anatolia, PPNA Period)." European Journal of Archaeology 18, no. 1 (2015): 4–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957114y.0000000072.

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Cutmarks on the bones of ten individuals from Körtik Tepe, a Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Southeastern Anatolia, were analysed using a bioarchaeological approach. Half of the ten individuals possess cutmarks on their crania only while the other five have cutmarks on both their cranial and postcranial bones. Diagnoses of these cutmarks suggest they were made on fresh cadavers, while skeletal data and burial customs reveal that the individuals with cutmarks were subject to human intervention in the decomposition process, understood as post-burial practices rather than secondary burials. This conclusion is supported by the application of plaster and paint as part of the burial customs. The process of defleshing is interpreted as an attempt to purify the corpse and to separate death from life.

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Singh, Arvind Kumar, and Richa Niranjan. "Study of Pterygospinous and Pterygoalar Bars in Relation to Foramen Ovale in Dry Human Skulls." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 08, no. 03 (July 2019): 097–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698602.

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Abstract Background Anatomical knowledge of bony bridges around the foramen ovale may be helpful for diagnostic and invasive neurosurgical procedures like electroencephalogram analysis, trigeminal rhizotomy, biopsy of cavernous sinus tumors, and mandibular nerve block.Lateral pterygoid plate forms an important landmark for mandibular anesthesia; therefore, any variation related to lateral pterygoid plate is likely to create confusion during the maneuver of anesthesia. Aims and Objective The aim of the study was to explore any bony obstacle within and around Foramen ovale. Obstacles in form of ossified complete or incomplete ligaments. Additional foramina formed by ligaments or any bony enlargement might disturb the structures passing through the Foramen ovale. Methods Around 530 dried crania (from medical colleges in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh) were observed to find ossified ligaments and foramen formed by them. Crania associated with bilateral enlarged lateral pterygoid plate other than the average width of 1.5 cm were included in this study. Length of ligaments and width of pterygoid plate were measured by digital Vernier calipers. Results Out of 530 crania, unilateral 52 ossified pterygospinous ligament (incomplete 31 and complete 21) were observed. Among them some rare variation was found along with ossified pterygospinous and pterygoalar ligament, one cranium along with unilateral pterygospinous bar was also having bar within foramen ovale, forming an accessory osseous compartment, found to be rare kind of variation. Another unilateral complete pterygospinous bar was enclosing two foramens instead of one. Only single cranium was found to have pterygoalar bar, related medial to foramen ovale. One cranium was associated with bilateral enlarged lateral pterygoid plate (i.e., 2.5 cm) was also found to be obliterating the space, that is, retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal space for surgeons. Conclusion This study would provide the anatomical knowledge of these bony bridges around the foramen ovale and may be helpful for diagnostic and neurosurgical procedure like microvascular decompression by percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia, percuatneous biopsy of cavernous sinus tumor and mandibular nerve block by lateral subzygomatic route. Thus, lateral pterygoid plate forms an important landmark for mandibular anesthesia.

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Fatima, Nafees, Shamir Rahman, Md Jawed Akhtar, and Vinod Kumar. "Duplication of hypoglossal canal in North Indian human skulls." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 6 (May 27, 2017): 2301. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20172423.

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Background: The hypoglossal canal is one among the permanent components of occipital bone of both human being and animal skull, which transmits the twelfth cranial nerve, meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery and emissary veins. This is commonly known as anterior condylar canal. In some cases, this canal is divided by a bony spicule leading to a variant known as double hypoglossal canal. Such partition of hypoglossal canal predisposes the roots of twelfth cranial nerve to entrapment in the occipital bone during ossification which subsequently may leads to an alteration in the tongue movement as well as speech. The objectives of the present study were to obtain the incidence of the variant of double hypoglossal canal in north Indian population especially in Bihar and compare the incidence of such type of variation in skull of different parts of our country as well as various races of the world.Methods: The present study was carried out on 110 undamaged dry adult human crania of unknown age and sex for any variations in the hypoglossal canal or incidence of double hypoglossal canal.Results: We observed 15 cases (13.63%) of double hypoglossal canal in which 8 (7.27%) specimens had unilateral while 7 (6.36%) specimens had bilateral double hypoglossal canal. Double hypoglossal canal was more common in right side. In 5 cases (4.54%) unilateral bony spicules were seen.Conclusions: The study about the hypoglossal canal and its different variation is very important to clinicians, anatomist, forensic experts as well as anthropologists too. The knowledge about the different dimensions of hypoglossal canal is also very essential for neurosurgeons and radiologist for the planning of the surgeries around the posterior cranial fossa for tumors like schwannoma of hypoglossal nerve and treatment of sleep apnea syndrome. Hence the detailed morphometric study of hypoglossal canal will be helpful for the planning of surgical intervention around the base of skull becomes easier and safer.

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Sejrsen, Birgitte, Jan Jakobsen, and Inger Kjær. "Human palatal growth evaluated on medieval crania using nerve canal openings as references." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 99, no. 4 (April 1996): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199604)99:4<603::aid-ajpa6>3.0.co;2-u.

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Katz, David, and Martin Friess. "Technical Note: 3D From Standard Digital Photography of Human Crania-A Preliminary Assessment." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 154, no. 1 (January 13, 2014): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22468.

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Cunningham, Deborah L., and Daniel J. Wescott. "Within-group human variation in the Asian Pleistocene: the three Upper Cave crania." Journal of Human Evolution 42, no. 5 (May 2002): 627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2001.0547.

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Paiva, Luiz Airton Saavedra de, and Marco Segre. "Sexing the human skull through the mastoid process." Revista do Hospital das Clínicas 58, no. 1 (2003): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0041-87812003000100004.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance for sex determination of the measurement of the area formed by the xerographic projection of 3 craniometric points related to the mastoid process: the porion, asterion, and mastoidale points. METHOD: Sixty skulls, 30 male and 30 female, were analyzed. A xerographic copy of each side of the skull was obtained. On each xerographic copy, the craniometric points were marked to demarcate a triangle. The area (mm²) of the demarcated triangle for each side of the skull (right (D) and left (E) sides) was determined, and the total value of these measures (T) was calculated. RESULTS: Concerning the right area of the male and female skulls, 60% of the values overlapped; for the left area, 51.67% overlapped, and for the total area, 36.67% overlapped. The analysis of the differences between the sexes in the areas studied was significant for the 3 areas. Regarding the total area, which is the preferred measurement because of the asymmetry between the sides of the skull, the value of the mean was 1505.32 mm² for male skulls, which was greater than the maximum value obtained in the female skulls. The value of the mean for female skulls was 1221.24 mm², less than the minimum value obtained for the male skulls. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a significant result in the 3 studied areas, (D), (E), and (T). The total area values show less overlapping of values between the sexes, and therefore can be used for sexing human skulls. For the population studied, values of the total area that were greater than or equal to 1447.40 mm² belonged to male crania (95% confidence). Values for this area that were less than or equal to 1260.36 mm² belonged to female crania (95% confidence).

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Ray, B., SG Kalthur, B. Kumar, MRK Bhat, AS D'souza, HS Gulati, LK KN, and B. VS. "Morphological variations in the basioccipital region of the South Indian skull." Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences 3, no. 2 (September 22, 2015): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i2.13457.

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Background: The craniovertebral junction is a transitional region of spine that exhibits extensive structural variability. Variations of basiocciput are of interest for anatomists and clinicians because they produce clinical symptoms or lead to misinterpretations of radiological images.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 202 dry human skull bone (12 occipital bone and crania 190) belonging to south Indian population for variations of basiocciput over a period of six years.Results: Prevalence of hyperostotic variants was significantly higher than hypostotic variants in present study. Most common type observed was of precondylar tubercle (2.48%) followed by fossa navicularis (1.49). The prevalence of other variations such as prebasioccipital arch, third occipital condyle, exostosis and basioccipital cleft was similar (0.5%) in the study population.Conclusions: These cranio-vertebral anomalies will be useful not only to anatomists, radiologists and surgeons while dealing with base of the skull and basiocciput in particular but also to study anthropological significance and may guide the future researchers in comparative human anatomy.Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.3(2) 2014: 124-128

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Makandar, U. K., P. R. Kulkarni, and A. N. Suryakar. "Comparative Study of Incidence of Parietal Foramina in North and South Indian Human Crania." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 7, no. 2 (2013): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0973-9130.7.2.027.

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Jain, Deepali, Om Prakash Jasuja, and Surinder Nath. "An assessment of sex using craniofacial measurements of human crania by discriminant function analysis." Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine 24, no. 4 (December 20, 2016): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4323/rjlm.2016.294.

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Makandar, U. K., Vishudda M. Kaushal, R. Rajendra, and B. G. Patil. "Comparative Study of Incidence of Inca Bones in North and South Indian Human Crania." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 8, no. 2 (2014): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-9130.2014.00711.7.

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McCollum, Melanie A., Chet C. Sherwood, Christopher J. Vinyard, C. Owen Lovejoy, and Fred Schachat. "Of muscle-bound crania and human brain evolution: The story behind the MYH16 headlines." Journal of Human Evolution 50, no. 2 (February 2006): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.10.003.

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Tubbs, R. Shane, E. George Salter, and W. Jerry Oakes. "The intracranial entrance of the atlantal segment of the vertebral artery in crania with occipitalization of the atlas." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 4, no. 4 (April 2006): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2006.4.4.319.

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Object An anomalous vertebral artery (VA) position can jeopardize an otherwise successful procedure, such as a posterior cranial fossa decompression for hindbrain herniation, and may increase the propensity for VA occlusion. Methods The authors describe the detailed anatomy of the entrance site of the VA in adult human crania in which there is occipitalization of the atlas. They found that if the atlantal posterior arch or hemiarch was fused to the occiput one should anticipate encountering an anomalous osseous pathway as the VA enters into the cranium, as evidenced by this finding in 80% of their specimens. An anomalous entry pathway was present in all but one left-sided specimen in which the left posterior hemiarch was not fused to the occiput and one right-sided specimen in which there was an unfused and rudimentary posterior arch of the atlas. Conclusions The clinician should consider the possibility that the VA takes anomalous routes into the skull in cases in which there is occipitalization of the atlas.

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Tryon, Christian A., Isabelle Crevecoeur, J. Tyler Faith, Ravid Ekshtain, Joelle Nivens, David Patterson, Emma N. Mbua, and Fred Spoor. "Late Pleistocene age and archaeological context for the hominin calvaria from GvJm-22 (Lukenya Hill, Kenya)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 9 (February 17, 2015): 2682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417909112.

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Kenya National Museums Lukenya Hill Hominid 1 (KNM-LH 1) is a Homo sapiens partial calvaria from site GvJm-22 at Lukenya Hill, Kenya, associated with Later Stone Age (LSA) archaeological deposits. KNM-LH 1 is securely dated to the Late Pleistocene, and samples a time and region important for understanding the origins of modern human diversity. A revised chronology based on 26 accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates on ostrich eggshells indicates an age range of 23,576–22,887 y B.P. for KNM-LH 1, confirming prior attribution to the Last Glacial Maximum. Additional dates extend the maximum age for archaeological deposits at GvJm-22 to >46,000 y B.P. (>46 kya). These dates are consistent with new analyses identifying both Middle Stone Age and LSA lithic technologies at the site, making GvJm-22 a rare eastern African record of major human behavioral shifts during the Late Pleistocene. Comparative morphometric analyses of the KNM-LH 1 cranium document the temporal and spatial complexity of early modern human morphological variability. Features of cranial shape distinguish KNM-LH 1 and other Middle and Late Pleistocene African fossils from crania of recent Africans and samples from Holocene LSA and European Upper Paleolithic sites.

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Jain, Deepali, O. P. Jasuja, and Surinder Nath. "Evaluation of foramen magnum in sex determination from human crania by using discriminant function analysis." El Mednifico Journal 2, no. 2 (February 2, 2014): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18035/emj.v2i2.82.

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NAGAOKA, TOMOHITO, KAZUHIRO UZAWA, and KAZUAKI HIRATA. "Evidence for weapon-related traumas in medieval Japan: observations of the human crania from Seiyokan." Anthropological Science 118, no. 2 (2010): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1537/ase.091007.

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Kimbel, William H., and Yoel Rak. "The cranial base of Australopithecus afarensis : new insights from the female skull." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1556 (October 27, 2010): 3365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0070.

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Cranial base morphology differs among hominoids in ways that are usually attributed to some combination of an enlarged brain, retracted face and upright locomotion in humans. The human foramen magnum is anteriorly inclined and, with the occipital condyles, is forwardly located on a broad, short and flexed basicranium; the petrous elements are coronally rotated; the glenoid region is topographically complex; the nuchal lines are low; and the nuchal plane is horizontal. Australopithecus afarensis (3.7–3.0 Ma) is the earliest known species of the australopith grade in which the adult cranial base can be assessed comprehensively. This region of the adult skull was known from fragments in the 1970s, but renewed fieldwork beginning in the 1990s at the Hadar site, Ethiopia (3.4–3.0 Ma), recovered two nearly complete crania and major portions of a third, each associated with a mandible. These new specimens confirm that in small-brained, bipedal Australopithecus the foramen magnum and occipital condyles were anteriorly sited, as in humans, but without the foramen's forward inclination. In the large male A.L. 444-2 this is associated with a short basal axis, a bilateral expansion of the base, and an inferiorly rotated, flexed occipital squama—all derived characters shared by later australopiths and humans. However, in A.L. 822-1 (a female) a more primitive morphology is present: although the foramen and condyles reside anteriorly on a short base, the nuchal lines are very high, the nuchal plane is very steep, and the base is as relatively narrow centrally. A.L. 822-1 illuminates fragmentary specimens in the 1970s Hadar collection that hint at aspects of this primitive suite, suggesting that it is a common pattern in the A. afarensis hypodigm. We explore the implications of these specimens for sexual dimorphism and evolutionary scenarios of functional integration in the hominin cranial base.

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Chovalopoulou, Maria-Eleni, and Andreas Bertsatos. "Estimating Sex of Modern Greeks Based on the Foramen Magnum Region." Journal of Anthropology 2017 (July 31, 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9129801.

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Sex determination is one of the principal aims when examining human skeletal remains. One method for sex determination is based on metric criteria using discriminant functions. However, discriminant function sexing formulas are population-specific. In the present study, we determined the use of the foramen magnum as well as the occipital condyles for sex determination on adults from a modern Greek population. Seven parameters were examined (4 obtained from the foramen magnum; 3 obtained from the occipital condyles) and the sample consisted of 154 adult crania (77 males and 77 females). The results indicate that the foramen magnum region exhibits sexual dimorphism and the mean values for all parameters were higher in males than females. In comparison, the occipital condyles provide a higher determination of the correct sex than the foramen magnum. The combination of the occipital condyle variables allowed for the development of discriminant functions that predicted the correct sex in 74% of all cases. Finally, although other anatomical regions can discriminate the sexes with higher accuracy, the functions developed in this study could be cautiously used in cases of fragmented crania.

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Elias, N., Y. Hourani, R. M. Arbogast, G. Sachau-Carcel, A. Badawi, and D. Castex. "Human and Cattle Remains in a Simultaneous Deposit in the Hellenistic Necropolis of Jal al Bahr in Tyre: Initial Investigations." Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris 29, no. 1-2 (October 25, 2016): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13219-016-0168-3.

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Excavations at the Hellenistic necropolis of Jal al Bahr in Tyre (southern Lebanon) have uncovered eight human skeletons buried together with the remains of five cattle crania and mandibles and five vertebral segments (thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae in various combinations). This deposit, which is separate from the primary single burials in the necropolis, revealed human bodies buried in atypical positions simultaneously with cattle remains and has raised the question of the significance of these remains. Archaeoanthropological and archaeozoological approaches were used in this study to elucidate and discuss funerary practices that differed from the classic burial practices known to exist in Hellenistic Tyre.

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Gunz, Philipp, Simon Neubauer, Dean Falk, Paul Tafforeau, Adeline Le Cabec, Tanya M. Smith, William H. Kimbel, Fred Spoor, and Zeresenay Alemseged. "Australopithecus afarensis endocasts suggest ape-like brain organization and prolonged brain growth." Science Advances 6, no. 14 (April 2020): eaaz4729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz4729.

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Human brains are three times larger, are organized differently, and mature for a longer period of time than those of our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. Together, these characteristics are important for human cognition and social behavior, but their evolutionary origins remain unclear. To study brain growth and organization in the hominin species Australopithecus afarensis more than 3 million years ago, we scanned eight fossil crania using conventional and synchrotron computed tomography. We inferred key features of brain organization from endocranial imprints and explored the pattern of brain growth by combining new endocranial volume estimates with narrow age at death estimates for two infants. Contrary to previous claims, sulcal imprints reveal an ape-like brain organization and no features derived toward humans. A comparison of infant to adult endocranial volumes indicates protracted brain growth in A. afarensis, likely critical for the evolution of a long period of childhood learning in hominins.

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Gresky, Julia, Juliane Haelm, and Lee Clare. "Modified human crania from Göbekli Tepe provide evidence for a new form of Neolithic skull cult." Science Advances 3, no. 6 (June 2017): e1700564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700564.

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NAGAOKA, TOMOHITO, YUKO MIYAUCHI, NANA NAKAYAMA, and KAZUAKI HIRATA. "Metric traits of the crania and limb bones of medieval human skeletons from Kamakura City, Japan." Anthropological Science 123, no. 1 (2015): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1537/ase.150108.

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Gokhman, I. I., and A. V. Gromov. "HUMAN CRANIA FROM THE TES BURIAL GROUND, KAMENKA III: THE ANALYSIS OF METRIC AND NONMETRIC TRAITS." Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 37, no. 1 (March 2009): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeae.2009.05.016.

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Morehart, Christopher T., Abigail Meza Peñaloza, Carlos Serrano Sánchez, Emily McClung de Tapia, and Emilio Ibarra Morales. "Human Sacrifice During the Epiclassic Period in the Northern Basin of Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 23, no. 4 (December 2012): 426–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.23.4.426.

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AbstractThis article examines changes in ritual practices during the Epiclassic period in central Mexico. It presents data recovered from recent excavations of a shrine discovered in Lake Xaltocan in the northern Basin of Mexico. Pottery and AMS dates place the construction and use of the shrine in the Epiclassic period. The shrine was first built during or soon after the collapse of the Teotihuacan state. With the decline of Teotihuacan and the emergence of competing centers, ritual practitioners began human sacrifice: the remains of over 30 individuals were documented, including 13 complete severed crania. This practice suggests conflict as the political landscape became decentralized. Despite how broader processes may have affected behavior, the shrine, ritual practice was fundamentally local. We present archaeobotanical evidence of offerings of food, incense, and flowers that elucidates the microlevel nature of ritual at the shrine.

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Makandar, UK, and P. R. Kulkarni. "Comparative Study of Angles between Coronal, Sagital and Lambdoid Sutures of North and South Indian Human Crania." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 7, no. 2 (2013): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0973-9130.7.2.015.

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Jurda, MikoláŠ, Petra Urbanová, and Miroslav Králík. "The Post-Mortem Pressure Distortion of Human Crania Uncovered in an Early Medieval Pohansko (Czech Republic) Graveyard." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 25, no. 4 (May 19, 2013): 539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.2321.

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Perring, Dominic. "London's Hadrianic War?" Britannia 48 (March 2, 2017): 37–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x17000113.

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ABSTRACTRecent work has advanced our understanding of human crania found in London's upper Walbrook valley, where skull deposition appears to have peaked during the occupation of the Cripplegate fort, itself probably built soon after London's Hadrianic fire. Although this fire is usually considered to have been accidental, parallels can be drawn with London's Boudican destruction. This article explores the possibility that these three strands of Hadrianic evidence — fire, fort and skulls — find common explanation in events associated with a British war of this period. This might support the identification of some Walbrook skulls as trophy heads, disposed asnoxiiin wet places in the urbanpomerium.

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Shearer, Brian M., Sabrina B. Sholts, Heather M. Garvin, and Sebastian K. T. S. Wärmländer. "Sexual dimorphism in human browridge volume measured from 3D models of dry crania: A new digital morphometrics approach." Forensic Science International 222, no. 1-3 (October 2012): 400.e1–400.e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.06.013.

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OGIHARA, NAOMICHI, HARUYUKI MAKISHIMA, and HIDEMI ISHIDA. "Geometric morphometric study of temporal variations in human crania excavated from the Himrin Basin and neighboring areas, northern Iraq." Anthropological Science 117, no. 1 (2009): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1537/ase.080130.

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Corruccini, Robert S. "Metrical reconsideration of the Skhul IV and IX and Border Cave 1 crania in the context of modern human origins." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 87, no. 4 (April 1992): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330870405.

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Kendir, Simel, Halil Ibrahim Acar, Ayhan Comert, Mevci Ozdemir, Gokmen Kahilogullari, Alaittin Elhan, and Hasan Caglar Ugur. "Window anatomy for neurosurgical approaches." Journal of Neurosurgery 111, no. 2 (August 2009): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2008.10.jns08159.

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Object Knowledge of the cranium projections of the gyral structures is essential to reduce the surgical complications and to perform minimally invasive interventions in daily neurosurgical practice. Thus, in this study the authors aimed to provide detailed information on cranial projections of the eloquent cortical areas. Methods Ten formalin-fixed adult human skulls were obtained. Using sutures and craniometrical points, the crania were divided into 8 windows: superior frontal, inferior frontal, superior parietal, inferior parietal, sphenoidal, temporal, superior occipital, and inferior occipital. The projections of the precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, transverse temporal gyri, Heschl gyrus, genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, calcarine sulcus, and sylvian fissure to cranial vault were evaluated. Results Three-fourths of the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus were in the superior parietal window. The inferior frontal gyrus extended to the inferior parietal window in 80%. The 3 important parts of this gyrus were located below the superior temporal line in all hemispheres. The orbital and triangular parts were in the inferior frontal window, and the opercular part was in the inferior parietal window. The superior temporal gyrus was usually located in the inferior parietal and temporal windows, whereas the supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus were usually located in the superior and inferior parietal windows. The farthest anterior point of the Heschl gyrus was usually located in the inferior parietal window. The mean positions of arachnoid granulations were measured as 3.9 ± 0.39 cm anterior and 7.3 ± 0.51 cm posterior to the bregma. Conclusions Given that recognition of the gyral patterns underlying the craniotomies is not always easy, awareness of the coordinates and projections of certain gyri according to the craniometric points may considerably contribute to surgical interventions.

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