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Kelsey, Clay. "The Application of a Modified Human Development Index: Spatial Modeling of Socioeconomic Well-being for Florida Counties." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001512.
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Orsi, Rafael Alves. "Reflexões sobre o desenvolvimento e a sustentabilidade : o que o IDH e o IDHM podem nos mostrar? /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104400.
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Orientador: Manuel Rolando BerriosBanca: Ana Tereza Cáceres Cortez
Banca: Solange Terezinha de Lima Guimarães
Banca: Claudete de Castro Silva Vitte
Banca: Paulo Roberto Joia
Resumo: Qualquer tentativa de compreensão do significado do conceito de desenvolvimento e suas implicações, certamente, confronta-nos com inúmeros olhares e concepções. Diante das diferentes maneiras de concebê-lo, nem sempre encontraremos coerência entre as formas distintas de estruturar o conhecimento e apreender a realidade. Foi com essa preocupação que nos lançamos na elaboração desta pesquisa, questionando o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM), a partir de três indagações: Serão esses índices bons indicadores para aferir o desenvolvimento das mais diferentes e diversas comunidades? Qual concepção de desenvolvimento está embutida em cada um deles? De acordo com essas concepções, poderíamos inferir algum grau de sustentabilidade ambiental aos índices? Para trilhar um caminho que nos permitisse asseverar sobre essas perguntas, selecionamos alguns países e municípios paulistas e cruzamos informações do IDH e IDHM com indicadores ambientais, como a Pegada Ecológica para os países e o Índice de Avaliação Ambiental (IAA) para os municípios. Acreditamos que a partir da análise desses dados e à luz de diversos teóricos pudemos ponderar sobre importantes aspectos na compreensão de um desenvolvimento que não seja fragmentado e reducionista e possa estruturar-se para, ao mesmo tempo, proporcionar equidade social, fortalecimento econômico e conservação dos sistemas naturais.
Abstract: Any attempt to understand the meaning of the concept of development and its implications certainly confronts us with several views and notions. When facing the different ways of looking upon it, we will not always find coherence between the different forms of structuring knowledge and apprehending reality. By taking into account this concern, we decided to carry out this research, which calls into question the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) based on three queries: Are these indices good indicators to estimate the development of so many different communities? What notion of development is integral to each of them? According to such notions, could we assume these indices to have any degree of environmental sustainability? In order to go through a path that allowed us to verify these queries, we selected some countries and some cities in São Paulo state and then we crossed information from the HDI and the MHDI with environmental indicators, such as the Ecological Footprint (for the countries) and the Environmental Assessment Index (for the cities). We believe that based on these data and in the light of many theorists we were able to reflect on important aspects related to the understanding of a development that is not fragmented or reduced and is capable of structuring itself to simultaneously provide social equity, economic enhancement, and conservation of natural systems.
Doutor
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Persson, Sanna, and Jerry Pettersson. "The connection between household savings ratio and human development index : Which factors affect the household savings ratio?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-87939.
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This thesis investigates which factors affecting savings behavior by using a fixed effect regression model. To see what affects the household savings rate the following independent variables is considered: Natural logarithm of trend per capita income, natural logarithm of deviation from trend per capita income, growth of disposable income, real interest rate, inflation, wealth in relation to household disposable income, foreign savings in relation to disposable income, dependency ratio and human development index. To see whether changes of human development within a county impacts the household´s savings ratio this variables was included in a separate regression. To avoid possible biasedness from ordinary least square, a panel data technique called fixed effect regression model is used. The investigated time period is between year 1999 and 2016 and to make a restriction, variables from 25 developed countries were studied. The involved economic theories in this work are Keynesianism, permanent income hypothesis and the savings theory behind Maslow´s behavioral pyramid. The result made by using this study is that growth in income and foreign savings in relation to disposable income is insignificant and can´t be used in explaining the differences between household´s savings. Human development index within a country has a negative effect on the savings ratio but a conclusion regarding whether changes in HDI´s does affect savings can´t be made and more research within that field is needed.
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Orsi, Rafael Alves [UNESP]. "Reflexões sobre o desenvolvimento e a sustentabilidade: o que o IDH e o IDHM podem nos mostrar?" Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104400.
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Qualquer tentativa de compreensão do significado do conceito de desenvolvimento e suas implicações, certamente, confronta-nos com inúmeros olhares e concepções. Diante das diferentes maneiras de concebê-lo, nem sempre encontraremos coerência entre as formas distintas de estruturar o conhecimento e apreender a realidade. Foi com essa preocupação que nos lançamos na elaboração desta pesquisa, questionando o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM), a partir de três indagações: Serão esses índices bons indicadores para aferir o desenvolvimento das mais diferentes e diversas comunidades? Qual concepção de desenvolvimento está embutida em cada um deles? De acordo com essas concepções, poderíamos inferir algum grau de sustentabilidade ambiental aos índices? Para trilhar um caminho que nos permitisse asseverar sobre essas perguntas, selecionamos alguns países e municípios paulistas e cruzamos informações do IDH e IDHM com indicadores ambientais, como a Pegada Ecológica para os países e o Índice de Avaliação Ambiental (IAA) para os municípios. Acreditamos que a partir da análise desses dados e à luz de diversos teóricos pudemos ponderar sobre importantes aspectos na compreensão de um desenvolvimento que não seja fragmentado e reducionista e possa estruturar-se para, ao mesmo tempo, proporcionar equidade social, fortalecimento econômico e conservação dos sistemas naturais.
Any attempt to understand the meaning of the concept of development and its implications certainly confronts us with several views and notions. When facing the different ways of looking upon it, we will not always find coherence between the different forms of structuring knowledge and apprehending reality. By taking into account this concern, we decided to carry out this research, which calls into question the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) based on three queries: Are these indices good indicators to estimate the development of so many different communities? What notion of development is integral to each of them? According to such notions, could we assume these indices to have any degree of environmental sustainability? In order to go through a path that allowed us to verify these queries, we selected some countries and some cities in São Paulo state and then we crossed information from the HDI and the MHDI with environmental indicators, such as the Ecological Footprint (for the countries) and the Environmental Assessment Index (for the cities). We believe that based on these data and in the light of many theorists we were able to reflect on important aspects related to the understanding of a development that is not fragmented or reduced and is capable of structuring itself to simultaneously provide social equity, economic enhancement, and conservation of natural systems.
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Nova, Milton Jaques da. "O impacto dos gastos pÃblicos no Ãndice de desenvolvimento humano: o caso dos municÃpios do CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1886.
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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar como os gastos pÃblicos no Ãmbito dos municÃpios cearenses afetam a variaÃÃo do Ãndice de Desenvolvimento Humano â IDH. à iniciado com uma discussÃo sobre desenvolvimento humano, bem-estar e a sua mensuraÃÃo. Faz-se uma explanaÃÃo sobre polÃticas de combate à pobreza no Brasil e no CearÃ, discutindo-se o efeito da polÃtica de gastos pÃblicos sobre indicadores de bem-estar. Um modelo economÃtrico à desenvolvido e estimado para se examinar o impacto dos gastos pÃblicos sobre o IDH. A principal conclusÃo desse trabalho à que os gastos totais (e gastos correntes) per capita pouco influenciam o IDH, enquanto que os gastos destinados à EducaÃÃo e HabitaÃÃo impactam positivamente o IDH dos municÃpios cearenses. Esse resultado fornece subsÃdios para o Gestor PÃblico e aos cidadÃos no sentido da definiÃÃo das polÃticas pÃblicas que determinam o direcionamento dos gastos nos municÃpios.This research examines the impact of the public expenditure on the Human Development Index â HDI of municipalities in Ceara State. This study discusses the concepts and quantitative ways of measuring human development and welfare. It also presents an overview of the impact of the poverty eradication policies on welfare at the national level and also in Ceara State. It is developed and estimated an econometric model to assess how public expenditure impacts the HDI. The main conclusion of this study is that total expenditure has only a weakly influence on the IDH, while public expenditures on education and housing have a positive and statistically significant impact on the HDI. This finding has important policy implication since it may help policymakers to design and implement public policies.
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Wadvalla, Irshaad. "Sustainable Community Development in the Supply Chains of Swedish Multinationals located in Developing Countries: A Case Study of the CSR Strategy at IKEA & Ericsson AB, using the HDI as a benchmark to measure progress." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-302401.
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This thesis is based on a case study approach investigating the impact of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategies on community development in corporate supply chains that are located in developing countries. The cases chosen for the in-depth analysis are two notable Swedish multinationals, Ericsson, and IKEA. These cases were not fully comparable due to the imbalance in the available data. The study employed the Brundtland definition of sustainable development, under the broader theoretical framework of stakeholder theory. The impact of the two CSR strategies were measured against the eight variables of the Human Development Index (HDI), centred on the proposition that positive progress on these would be an enabler for accomplishing the objectives of the sustainable development goals (SDG’s). In the case of IKEA, using both semi-structured interviews and empirical data, it was premised that the partnership between IKEA and Rangsutra, as part of the CSR strategy titled, “People Planet Positive 2020” is delivering meaningful change in line with the suggested benchmark of the HDI/SDG. In the case of Ericsson, it was not possible to determine what change has been effected due to the lack of primary and secondary information, though they are helping to develop communities through certain pilot programs in association with other actors. It was further determined that there is a lack of source material available, and additional studies are required to evaluate the extent of empowerment that CSR programs in global Swedish enterprises generate in communities that are part of their supply network.
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Szczerba, Christopher. "The Effects of Development on Policies in the Prevention of International Human Trafficking." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1644.
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Governments and leaders across the globe almost universally agree that human trafficking is a modern atrocity that has harshly negative effects for individuals, communities, entire states and the international community. Nevertheless, they are not in agreement on how best to investigate cases and provide aid to victims. Many states lack the resources to effectively
create and implement policies. Governments must act to protect their citizens and people within their borders. Policies are necessary to correctly identify victims, investigate accusations, bring cases to trial and prevent vulnerable populations from becoming victimized through awareness. This thesis asserts that there is a link between the development level of a state and its ability to limit the grotesque crimes of trafficking that occur within its borders. Using the United Nation's annual report which details the development ranking of individual states, it is possible to comparatively analyze the ability of these states to comply with international standards established by the United States of America in the protection of victims of human trafficking. Special attention is paid to the challenges that societies face when there are drastic changes to states' economic activity or political stability and how these affect the frequency of trafficking occurrences and a government’s ability to respond.B.A.
Bachelors
Political Science
Sciences
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Soares, Emádina Gomes Rodrigues. "O que revelaram os índices de desenvolvimento humano na cidade de Manaus." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2010. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2509.
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Previous issue date: 2010-05-04CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
primeiro aconteceu no período áureo da borracha e o segundo na implantação da Zona Franca de Manaus e do seu Polo Industrial. O crescimento acelerado exerce uma forte pressão na infra-estrutura existente da cidade, uma vez que a população necessita de mínimas condições para uma boa vivência urbana, bem como disponibilidade de serviços e equipamentos urbanos. O surgimento de assentamentos desordenados, sem o devido controle, ocasionou uma cidade com problemas, tais como: carência de infra-estrutura básica, água encanada, energia, esgoto, asfalto e serviços públicos essenciais. O Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD) é a entidade das Nações Unidas que tem a missão de promover mudança e conectar países à experiências, conhecimentos e recursos, apontando soluções que se consiga sociedades e Nações fraternas e socialmente justas. O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) é uma ferramenta do PNUD que sintetiza o nível de sucesso atingido pela sociedade no atendimento a três necessidades básicas e universais do ser humano: acesso ao conhecimento (dimensão educação), direito a uma vida longa e saudável (dimensão longevidade) e direito a um padrão de vida digno (dimensão renda). A construção de indicadores socioeconômicos tem como principal finalidade permitir uma análise da dinâmica das coletividades em seus vários aspectos, proporcionando, dessa forma, subsídios para a avaliação e estabelecimento de objetivos e prioridades. Esta dissertação intitulada O que revelaram os Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano na Cidade de Manaus , está delimitada à Cidade de Manaus, no período 1991- 2000 e tem como objetivo geral investigar as características qualitativas e quantitativas dos Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), 1991-2000. Quanto aos os objetivos específicos, passa-se a enumerá-los: Verificar alguns dos melhores Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) do Brasil e no exterior; examinar os melhores e os piores Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) entre os municípios do Estado do Amazonas; analisar as Unidades de Desenvolvimento Humano (UDHs) do município de Manaus, bem como os IDHMs desta capital. Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura com finalidades descritivas, explicativas e analíticas
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JÃnior, Josà Alberto Alves de Albuquerque. "O impacto das receitas no Ãndice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) dos municÃpios do estado do CearÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2004. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1735.
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Universidade Federal do CearÃEste trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o aspecto das receitas municipais no cÃlculo do Ãndice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH).Inicialmente, faz-se uma explanaÃÃo sobre o Ãndice de Gini, mostrando-se a possibilidade concreta de um paÃs crescer economicamente sem necessariamente promover a distribuiÃÃo de renda. Faz-se tambÃm uma conceituaÃÃo sobre o IDH, mostrando-se a forma de cÃlculo e uma anÃlise dos nÃmeros de alguns paÃses, do Brasil, com uma anÃlise mais detalhada dos municÃpios do estado do CearÃ.Em um estudo empÃrico sobre os municÃpios do CearÃ, tendo como base as receitas municipais de 1995 a 1999, utiliza-se um modelo economÃtrico, com o qual conclui-se que o impacto de um choque na receita municipal à sentido com maior intensidade nos municÃpios que tÃm maior IDH e nos anos mais distantes da mediÃÃo do Ãndice, o que permite-se que a melhoria do IDH està relacionada à polÃticas de mÃdio e longo prazo, a fim de que haja um prazo de maturaÃÃo para obtenÃÃo de resultados, devendo ser essa uma das grandes preocupaÃÃes dos governantes pÃblicos.
The objective of this paper is to assess the aspect of the municipal revenues in calculating the Human Development Index (HDI). First, an explanation is given on the Gini Index showing the real possibility for a country to grow economically without necessarily promoting the distribution of income. A judgement is also made on the HDI, showing how to calculate it as well as an analysis of numbers of some countries, of Brazil, including a more detailed analysis of the municipalities in the State of CearÃ. In an empirical study of CearÃâs municipalities, an econometric model is used based on the 1995 to 1999 municipalitiesâ revenues. With that mode we conclude that the impact of a shock in the municipal revenue is more intensely felt in those municipalities that have a higher HDI and in the years farther away from the index measuring. Hence, we can say that the improvement in the HDI is related to medium and long-term policies so that there is a maturation period to obtain results and this should be a concern of the public rulers.
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Mentone, Fernando Augusto. "Energia renovável e desenvolvimento: uma abordagem econômica e social." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9445.
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Previous issue date: 2015-03-19The objective of this paper is to evaluate the existence of the relationship between renewable energy generation and the Human Development Index (HDI) in short and long terms, based on methodology previously proposed and excluding from the analysis the economic effects generated by the energy production itself. The results indicate that the relationship between the variables exists, but there are different effects between the groups of countries in short and long term, suggesting that governments strategically adopt energy policies with different assumptions
O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar a existência da relação entre a geração de energia renovável e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) no curto e longo prazos, baseado em metodologia anteriormente proposta e excluindo-se da análise os efeitos econômicos gerados pela própria produção da energia. Os resultados apontam que a relação entre as variáveis existe, porém há efeitos diferentes entre os grupos de países no curto e longo prazos, sugerindo que governos adotam estrategicamente políticas energéticas com premissas diferentes
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Schubert, Alexander Enrico René [Verfasser], Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Lütge, and Stefan [Gutachter] Schaltegger. "Soziale Verantwortung und Nachhaltigkeit im Bankensektor : eine globale Betrachtung in Abhängigkeit von der Institutsgruppen-Zugehörigkeit und dem UN „Human Development Index“ (HDI) / Alexander Enrico René Schubert ; Gutachter: Christoph Lütge, Stefan Schaltegger ; Betreuer: Christoph Lütge." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1135385610/34.
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Wilke, Helena Cecília Barreto Bruno. "Política e PNUD: resiliência, desenvolvimento humano e vulnerabilidades." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19844.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
This research surveys the development of the fundamental concepts and guidelines of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Its creation dates back to a period of liberalism and expanding of international organizations, seeking for democratic peace, still under the effects of World War II. Its purposes are correlated to designs created after the Cold War, when security and development, which were based on anthropological concepts, begin to respond to the restructuring of the planetary governmentality. The Human Development Index (HDI), adopted by the UNDP since the 1990s, is an important tool in identifying and constructing the so-called vulnerabilities as threats both for local and global governments. The survey of the Conjunct Program “Segurança com Cidadania”, coordinated by the UNDP in a neighborhood of Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, disclosure the operational model of the HDI, together with the so-called “segurança cidadã” specifically designed for Latin America, which was recently incorporated to the Sustainable Development Objectives (SDO). The Restorative Justice is considered a complementary planetary connection aiming to broaden the formal penal system, flexibilizing sentences and implementing social policies in schools and communities. The present study verified the UNDP's effectiveness in enforcing penal practices operated in the name of the alleged neutrality of human development throughout the manufacture of responsible and resilient conducts that underpins the management of collective misery
Esta pesquisa mapeia a produção dos principais conceitos e abordagens do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD). Sua emergência remonta a um período de revisões liberais e expansão das organizações internacionais ancoradas na busca pela paz democrática, ainda sob os efeitos da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Seus empreendimentos evidenciam delineamentos mais acabados após a chamada Guerra Fria, quando a segurança e o desenvolvimento, calcados no humano, passam a responder aos redimensionamentos da governamentalidade planetária. O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), adotado pelo PNUD a partir da década de 1990, mostra-se importante instrumento na identificação e construção das chamadas vulnerabilidades como virtuais ameaças aos governos do e no planeta. A análise do Programa Conjunto Segurança com Cidadania, coordenado pelo PNUD em um bairro na capital do Espírito Santo, expõe o funcionamento do IDH, aliado à abordagem da chamada segurança cidadã – específica à América Latina, recentemente incorporada aos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). A Justiça Restaurativa situa-se como uma de suas conexões planetárias preferenciais ao complementar e ampliar o sistema penal formal e mostra sua flexibilidade punitiva ao implementar políticas sociais em escolas e comunidades. A pesquisa constatou a eficiência do PNUD em irradiar práticas penalizadoras operadas em nome da pretensa neutralidade do desenvolvimento humano, por meio da produção de condutas responsáveis e resilientes que sustentam a gestão compartilhada da miséria
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Nhancale, Paulo. "Reform of legal protection of persons with disabilities in Mozambique." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/18631.
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Mozambique is a least developed country (LDC), and is among the five lowest on the Human Development Index and is known to have no specific protection of people with disabilities (PWDs) with as up to specific legislation has been adopted but g but general laws on social welfare. Although the 2004 Constitution has a generic protection norm nothing much can be found in the whole system. Unfortunately, the 1990 Constitution was more protective and more specifics; the former roughly reduced the extent of protection that existed before. It can be said that Mozambique does not have any protection of PWDs at all.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
nf2012
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Anjos, Rafael Madureira dos. "Relação entre investimento em saúde e desenvolvimento dos estados brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96132/tde-13122010-115745/.
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Este trabalho se propõe analisar a relação entre o investimento em saúde e desenvolvimento dos estados brasileiros - medido pelo Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano- (IDH) mediante a utilização da tecnologia de produção denominada FDH (Free Disposal Hull - Fronteira com livre descarte de recursos). Para os estados não eficientes, serão identificados os percentuais de alteração dos insumos necessários para que estados sejam eficientes. Na seqüência, são selecionados os estados eficientes e com baixo índice de desenvolvimento, para serem utilizados pelos governos estadual e federal como prioridade em uma política de desenvolvimento para o Estado brasileiro, uma vez que, esses estados, por serem eficientes, com o aumento de investimento em ativos de saúde, aumentarão seu índice de desenvolvimento. Em suma, tem-se que os resultados permitirão algumas considerações sobre a eficiência em alocação de recursos nos diferentes ativos de saúde, possibilitando auxiliar a tomada de decisão do gestor público, no que diz respeito à alocação dos recursos disponíveis para área da saúde.In this work it has attempted to appraise, quantitatively, the efficiency levels of the brazilians states. It is analyzed the relationship between output (development) and inputs (Health Assets) by constructing nonparametric efficiency frontiers. The technique of efficiency analysis were used to determine this frontier is the FDH approach. For the not efficient states, the percentages of alteration of inputs will be identified (Health Assets) necessary so that states are efficient. In the sequence, the efficient states and with low index of development will be selected, to be used for the state and federal governments as priority in one politics of Brazil development, a time that, these states, for being efficient, with the increase of investment in health asset, will increase its index of development. The results will be provided useful insights into the assessment of the administrative efficiency Health Assets.
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Ferreira, Luiz Antonio. "BOLSA FAMÍLIA: IMPORTANTE DETERMINANTE PARA A EDUCAÇÃO E CRESCIMENTO SOCIOECONÔMICO DO BRASIL." Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, 2012. http://tede.metodista.br/jspui/handle/tede/975.
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-29This study approaches a new and unexplored subject, the Brazilian Family Aid Program. Bibliography practically does not exist and academic entities seldom discuss the subject because it is still under development. References are found in lectures, newspapers and magazine articles. This is an exploratory and analytical search, approaching evidence basis and sources. The Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) is a Brazilian Family Aid Program granted under conditionality rules. It can be considered a unique tool for income distribution, working towards an effective solution for families surviving under extreme poverty. The program started by the merger of three other poverty aid programs of dubious effectiveness Scholarship Aid, Cooking Gas Aid and Food Card. The PBF benefits families surviving under poverty conditions, with R$ 70 to R$ 140 monthly of per capita income and under extreme poverty conditions, below R$ 70 monthly of per capita income. Also, the PBF establishes conditional participation rules associated to education and health prevention for children. Presently the PBF supports 13 million families that fit rules and are enrolled in the Cadastro Único (Central Control Registration Roll). That registration roll practically covers the totality of the population under poverty situation line as defined by PNAD - 2006 (National Household Survey - 2006).The PBF control methodology allows income transfer to regions left under poverty conditions in past history. The PBF formed a new consumer community, new entrepreneurs, moreover, attracted investors. In regard to education there is reduction in illiteracy. The Human Development Index (HDI) shows vegetative growth, Brazil is the 84th country ranked among the 187 nations controlled by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2011. The dimensions that compose the index for Brazil had poor growth lately, in particular the expected years of schooling for children at school enrollment age (in Brazil, 6 years old) declined during the last decade (2000-2010). It is likely that there is a structural issue with the Brazilian education sector. There is a socio-economic growth in regions where poverty has been endemic, in particular Northeast Region. The findings also reveal migration reversal that in past were North/Northeast Regions to Southeast Region as well as fecundity rate reduction, which are remarkable advantages. Brazil entered into the demographic bonus , a situation when the economically active population exceeds the dependent population , this is also an advantage because attracts investments and is a push towards economic growth. Despite of positive improvements, they appear to be insufficient, the human development in Brazil is far from excellence, presently a HDI of 0,718, with a growth of 0,769% annually (2000-2010) it will take 35/36 years to meet the Australian HDI of 0,943%. Unless chances help us, dreams to join the winners are unlikely. The Programa Bolsa Família , however, proves to be a social front towards inequality; the participants of the plan, originally classified under poverty line were rescued.
Esta dissertação trata de um tema relativamente novo, com literatura escassa, praticamente sem estudos teóricos que o abordem. Referenciais são encontrados em publicações feitas em seminários e palestras bem como em artigos e notas jornalísticas. Esta dissertação se trata de trabalho exploratório, analítico descritivo com base documental. O Programa Bolsa Família, tema central deste trabalho, é uma ferramenta para distribuição de renda que funciona de forma simples e tem sido efetiva para o atendimento de famílias que vivem abaixo da linha de pobreza. Ele é resultado da fusão de vários outros programas dispersos e com efetividade questionável Bolsa Escola, Auxílio Gás e Cartão Alimentação. O Programa Bolsa Família beneficia famílias em situação de pobreza com renda mensal de R$ 70 a R$ 140 per capita e em extrema pobreza com renda mensal abaixo de R$ 70 reais per capita. Também estabelece condicionalidades de educação e saúde. Atualmente, há cerca de 13 milhões de famílias inscritas no Programa Bolsa Família que cumprem as condições do Cadastro Único esta é praticamente a totalidade das famílias pobres segundo critérios do PNAD 2006 (Pesquisa Nacional de Domicílios). Na realidade, houve substancial injeção de recursos em áreas outrora relegadas ao acaso, criando novos consumidores, bem como empreendedores, além de atrair investimentos. Quanto à educação, nota-se que há redução do analfabetismo. Há um crescimento vegetativo do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) no qual o Brasil situa-se em 84⁰ lugar dentre as 187 nações controladas pelo PNUD (Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento) em 2011. As variáveis que compõem o índice crescem timidamente, destaca-se queda no item expectativa de escolaridade esperada das crianças em idade de ingresso na escola (no Brasil, aos seis anos), que caiu no período 2000-2011, esse fato pode indicar falha estrutural no ensino brasileiro. Esse estudo indica que há desenvolvimento socioeconômico em áreas carentes, particularmente na Região Nordeste. Observa-se também a reversão da migração que historicamente era de norte/nordeste a sudeste. Também nota-se redução da taxa de fecundidade das brasileiras, o que é vantajoso. O Brasil também está com a vantagem do Bônus demográfico , quando a população economicamente ativa supera a população dependente, o que é um excelente fator de crescimento por atrair investimentos. Apesar de melhorias observadas na década 2000-2010, elas ainda são insuficientes. Quanto ao desenvolvimento humano , o Brasil está muito distante das nações desenvolvidas, com IDH de 0,718, que cresceu na última década à taxa de 0,769% ao ano. Nesse ritmo, até alcançarmos o IDH norueguês -- primeiro colocado, ou o australiano -- segundo colocado, que é de 0,943 serão necessários 35/36 anos. Isso nos leva a pensar que, a não ser que o acaso nos ajude, o sonho de nos juntarmos aos primeiros é questionável. Com respeito ao Programa Bolsa Família, esse prova ser uma frente social para a eliminação da desigualdade, seus beneficiários eram classificados como pobres e extremamente pobres e foram resgatados.
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Ryšavá, Iveta. "Softwarové pirátství v prostředí odlišných kultur." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124605.
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The aim of this thesis is to statistically determine the dependence rate of software piracy in the cultural foundation of the country and other factors. Data obtained from internet were the resources of my work. They were from the results of different surveys and case studies. The data contain values of individual indicators, each for a maximum number of countries. The nature of the collected data leads to the analysis of quantitative variables such were selected correct statistical methods. Dependence of the quantitative variables was measured by simple linear regression. The rate of this dependence determines the correlation analysis. In my case Spearman's correlation coefficient was used. Any dependence was investigated with a pair of indicators. In each of pairs was as the dependent variable rate of software piracy. For better understanding I have used the graphs. From my thesis, I expect evaluate past and current situation about software piracy in the Czech Republic and in the world, and that shows influences the amount of computer crime.
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Boman, Niclas. "The effect of foreign direct investments on human development in the region of sub-saharan Africa." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-17348.
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This paper aims to explore the relationship between Foreign Direct Investments and the standard of living in terms of the Human Development Index in the region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The theory of economic growth is based on Solow. For the region of Sub-Saharan Africa, Foreign Direct Investments ought to be of great importance to finance the investments needed to achieve economic growth according to Solow. The reason for this is that the region of Sub-Saharan Africa lacks the ability to finance these investments with its own savings. The focus of the report is the Foreign Direct Investments; although the variable shows no significant correlation to the Human Development Index, there is a significant positive correlation between Foreign Direct Investments and health expenditure as a percentage of total government expenditure, one of the driving forces behind an improved Human Development Index.
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Filipe, Carina da Conceição. "A happiness index of human development." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/10303.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsNowadays many social scientists defend the advantages to define a measure of well being able to complement the GDP per capita. This work project proposes a new index of human development: the happiness index. Many studies have been undertaken in order to determine the best measurement of happiness. Happiness is much more than just feeling good, it is also living and doing well. Thus, in order to create a measure of happiness, it is required to evaluate all factors that intervene and, on the other hand, to consider the best practices, combining growth, environmental sustainability and efficiency. The estimation was made based on data for 83 countries, and then applied to 130 countries in the period 1997-2005. Countries with the highest GDP per capita or Human Development Index are not the ones with the higher happiness index.
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Hristakopoulos, Michael A. "Human development and institutional design the comparative performance of presidential regimes." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/440.
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Measures of human development, no matter their specific methodology, have always placed Costa Rica substantially higher than its neighbor, Nicaragua, but no apparent governmental, resource, or historical discrepancy can account for this gap. This thesis uses two case studies to examine this phenomenon from three different theoretical perspectives, and conclude which has the greatest explanatory power to account for the disparity between these two particular governments. Political scientists have noted that parliamentary systems lend themselves to better governance when compared with their presidential countersystems. Shugart and Carey (1992) cite peculiarities within some presidential models which may account for lower rates of human development. Another approach, offered by Tsebelis (2002) produces a more generalized explanation of this phenomenon, while Lawrence Harrison (1985) offers an entirely different, culture-based explanation. This thesis seeks to examine the validity of these claims, using Costa Rica and Nicaragua as case studies. Limiting the thesis to these two presidential governments will highlight the variation that exists within the presidential model, and possibly shed light on the most significant variables.B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science
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Maboloc, Christopher Ryan. "The Concept of Human Development: A Comparative Study of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum." Thesis, Linköping University, Centre for Applied Ethics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11974.
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This thesis is an examination of the concept of human development and does a comparative study of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. Sen rectifies the emphasis on income by welfare economics, and argues for the ‘equality of capability’; a goal that he says can be achieved by means of the intrinsic and instrumental role of democracy. However, the author notes that Sen’s development paradigm is inadequate as an account for what constitutes the kind of well-being that is fully human and asserts that Sen’s framework should be concretized politically. In view of this, the author argues that Nussbaum’s articulation of a ‘threshold of capabilities’, anchored on her reading Aristotle’s concept of human flourishing and Marx’s insight on human dignity, is a politically realistic human development framework. Nussbaum thinks that the essential human capabilities are entitlements that must be constitutionally guaranteed to ensure a decent and dignified human life for all. As a response to the reality of pluralism, Nussbaum says that the universality of these entitlements can be secured by means of an overlapping consensus. Furthermore, the extreme poverty in many nations which exposes women and children to much vulnerability has provoked the author to inquire about the applicability of Nussbaum’s framework to the global arena. As such, the thesis argues for the radical expansion of the Human Development Index used by the United Nations Development Program in measuring the quality of human life, notably the inclusion of political liberties and gender equality. In addition to this, the study puts forward the argument that global human development is best achieved through democracy, and asserts that global institutions have a moral duty to protect and promote the central human capabilities.
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Harrison, Makiko Ito. "The human development index : a search for a measure of human values." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2499/.
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The thesis investigates methods of evaluating indexes that measure concepts of human values. My understanding of indexes, especially on how they relate to the real world and concepts (that are the objectives of the measurement), is influenced by my study of literature on models used in economic and in physics. We learn from this study of models the following: (1) regularities described in theories do not represent real world phenomena, which consist of many different forces acting simultaneously; (2) but such regularities are true in models, because they describe specific conditions under which regularities in nature are displayed; (3) there are more than one model that can represent the same phenomenon depending on which particular aspect of the phenomenon to focus on; and (4) the success of a model has to be evaluated partly by criteria that are independent from theoretical ones. Since the role indexes play in relation to real world and concepts are similar to the role models play in relation to theories, I have applied the above knowledge to propose the following three criteria to evaluate successful indexes: (1) Purpose-dependent criteria: criteria that are based on particular motivations of the measurement project; (2) Theory-dependent criteria: criteria that are reflected in the theories that expressly or implicitly guide the development of the project of measurement; and (3) Conditions-dependent criteria: criteria that are based on the conditions under which the index measures what it is designed to measure. I apply these three criteria of successful indexes to examine two projects of measuring human values, one called the Human Development Index developed by the United Nations Development Programme and the other called the Life Satisfaction Indicator developed by an officer at the Economic Planning Agency in Japan. Among the findings from the examination of those two indexes are that they can be the products of a mixture of concerns that include convenience, conventions, practicality, politics and consistency with relevant theories, and some of these concerns may conflict with each other. Another important finding is that because there are many assumptions made and simplifications applied in order to choose a quantitative representation of a human value, the application of the measure is limited. I conclude that both in using and in evaluating indexes of human values, it is important that we are aware of such limitations, so that we can more effectively know both how to avoid misusing the indexes and how to improve them over time.
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Hinterschweiger, Marc. "Modernisierung messen Eine kritische Untersuchung des Human Development Index /." St. Gallen, 2005. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/02606697001/$FILE/02606697001.pdf.
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Verkhohlyad, Olha. "The development of an improved human capital index for assessing and forecasting national capacity and development." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3148.
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Al, Haji Ghazwan. "Towards a Road Safety Development Index (RSDI) : Development of an International Index to Measure Road Safety Performance." Licentiate thesis, Linköping : Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2989.
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Pollitt, Ernesto. "Human development as a probabilistic process: lessons from thirty years working on child development in the Third World." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/100774.
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The thesis of chis paper is that the predicrions of !ater human development based on a single event during early life generally have a weak interna! validiry. These limitations are not due to problems of study design but ro un erroneous conceptualization of the very nature of development. This is not determined by main effects but by the complex relationships among domains wirhin the organism and between the organism and the physical and che social environment. The propasa! is ro model human development as a probabilistic process that gradually shapes its developmental trajectory.La tesis de este trabajo es que las predicciones sobre la dirección del desarrollo humano basándose en un solo evento ocurrido durante los primeros años de la vida generalmente tienen una débil validez interna. Las limitaciones de dichas predicciones no se deben a las limitaciones inherentes a los estudios que han puesto a prueba la validez de la predicción sino a una conceptualización errada sobre la naturaleza misma del desarrollo. Este no está determinado por efectos principales sino por complejas relaciones recíprocas entre los diferentes componentes del organismo y entre este y el ambiente físico y social. Se propone que hay que modelar el desarrollo como un proceso probabilístico cuya trayectoria se va forjando gradualmente.
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Lindman, Cecilia, and Jenny Sellin. "Measuring Human Development : The Use of Principal Component Analysis in Creating an Environmental Index." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-163601.
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In the current development debate, much critique has been directed towards the modern measures of welfare that attempt to assess human well-being according to more dimensions than just per capita income. One such measure is the United Nations Development Programme‟s Human Development Index (HDI), which is comprised by measures of education, health and income. The HDI has been subject to many evaluations concluding that it is intrinsically correlated with GDP, and is believed to possess poor statistical quality due to the arbitrary weighting of the included variables. It has also been proposed that the environment and its sustainability are of importance to human welfare, and should be included in measures of well-being. In this paper, Principal Component Analysis is performed on a number of environmental variables to create a scientifically weighted index that can be incorporated into composite welfare measures. Inclusion of the new environment index into the HDI greatly reduces the correlation between income and the index, as it incorporates environmental issues that are not significantly correlated with level of income.
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Morawetz, David. "Latin America revisited The Human Face of Two Success Stories in Economic Development." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118262.
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Smith, Daniel Oliver. "Identifying High-Potential Work Areas in Engineering for Global Development: Linking Industry Sectors to the Human Development Index." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8447.
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Those working in Engineering for Global Development seek to improve the conditions in developing countries. A common metric for understanding the development state of a given country is the Human Development Index (HDI), which focuses on three dimensions: health, education, and income. An engineer’s expertise does not always align with any of those dimensions directly, while they still hope to perform impactful work for human development. To discover other areas of expertise that are highly associated with the HDI, correlations and variable selection were performed between all World Development Indicators and the HDI. The resultant associations are presented according to industry sector for a straightforward connection to engineering expertise. The associated areas of expertise can be used during opportunity development as surrogates for focusing on the HDI dimensions themselves. The data analysis shows that work related to "Trade, Transportation, and Utilities", such as electricity distribution, and exports or imports, "Natural Resources and Mining", such as energy resources, agriculture or access to clean water, and "Manufacturing", in general, are most commonly associated with improvements in the HDI in developing countries. Also, because the associations were discovered at country-level, they direct where geographically particular areas of expertise have been historically associated with improving HDI.
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Guzmán, Estrada Lucia Alejandra. "Human Rights and Sustainable development: A shared vision. Entrevista a la Dra. María del Carmen Sacasa de Ventura." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117524.
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This interview with the National Coordinator of United Nations seeks to publicize which is the link between the United Nations and Human Rights from the count of short historical data of the institution in Peru; and what is the role of this promoting human rights with the objectives of Sustainable Development for 2030.La presente entrevista a la Coordinadora Nacional de Naciones Unidas de Perú busca dar a conocer cuál es el vínculo entre las Naciones Unidas y los Derechos Humanos a partir del recuento de breves datos históricos de la institución en el Perú; y el cuál es el rol de esta en la promoción de los Derechos Humanos con los objetivos del Desarrollo Sostenible en agenda para el 2030.
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Bomfim, Marianna Percinio Moreira. "A Capability Approach de Amartya Sen e o indicador de desenvolvimento humano (IDH)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9195.
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Previous issue date: 2012-08-16Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This dissertation aims to introduce the components of the economic theory of well-being proposed by Sen, called capability approach, and to discuss its influence on the human development index (HDI) - an indicator of well being presented in the annual reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).To that effect, firstly the methodological path done by Sen in the elaboration of his approach is presented. To do so, the author retake the thoughts of Adam Smith, analyses the economic theory of well-being and its utilitarian foundations and uses concepts present on Kenneth Arrow s and John Rawls works. Then, the reviews made regard the income and GDP when used as indicators of human development are listed, backing the creation of HDI as an alternative to a less restrictive measure. Besides the concept of human development that supports the indicator, it is presented: the calculation process developed from 1990, some criticisms and suggestions suffered in the last twenty years and the construction of a new HDI in 2010.In conclusion, we discuss the influence of Sen s approach in the UNDP indicator, beyond the limitations of the analyzes of well-being, given that existing tools can not capture all dimensions of human development presented in the theory, inferring that, regard the great progress made on the human condition evaluation due to today, it is still necessary theoretical and technical improvement for a broader understanding of people s well-being
O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar os elementos constitutivos da teoria econômica do bem-estar proposta por Sen, denominada capability approach, e discutir sua possível influência no índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH), indicador de bem-estar social apresentado nos relatórios anuais do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD). Com esse objetivo, apresenta-se inicialmente o percurso metodológico feito por Sen para construção de sua abordagem. Para tanto, o autor retoma o pensamento de Adam Smith, analisa a Teoria Econômica do Bem-estar e seus alicerces utilitaristas, e se utiliza de conceitos presentes nos trabalhos de Kenneth Arrow e John Rawls. Em seguida, parte das críticas feitas à renda e ao PIB quando utilizados como indicadores do desenvolvimento humano são elencadas, respaldando a criação do IDH como forma alternativa a uma mensuração menos restrita. Além do conceito de desenvolvimento humano que suporta o indicador, são apresentados: o processo de cálculo inicial, parte das críticas e sugestões sofridas nos últimos vinte anos, e a construção de um novo IDH, em 2010. À guisa de conclusão, é discutida a influência da abordagem seniana no indicador do PNUD, além das limitações das análises de bem-estar, dado que as ferramentas existentes não conseguem captar todas as dimensões do desenvolvimento humano apresentadas na teoria, inferindo-se que apesar do grande progresso na avaliação da condição humana feito até o momento, se faz ainda necessário aprimoramento teórico e grande melhoria técnica para uma compreensão mais ampla do bem-estar das pessoas
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Mahadi, Alizan. "Adopting the Capabilities Approach in Developing a Global Framework on Sustainable Development." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-187614.
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The Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development is expected to result in the launching of a process to devise a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2015. Whilst indicators are perceived to be a good vehicle of monitoring progress, currently there is no universally agreed method of measuring sustainable development. This thesis addresses this issue through assessing whether the capabilities approach can be adopted for a global framework in measuring sustainable development. In order to determine this, both theoretical and practical implications will have to be understood. The former is addressed through reviewing the compatibility between the key concepts of sustainable development and the capabilities approach. The latter is addressed through obtaining empirical evidence on the key drivers in selecting indicators via focus group discussions and a quantitative survey with key individuals involved in the Sustainable Development Indicators (SDIs) project in Malaysia. It was found that a weak conceptual basis can be attributed as the major challenge for establishing global sustainable development indicators. Whilst recognising that a range of mechanisms are required for operationalization, it was concluded that the capabilities approach provides a sound conceptual basis, framed on the basis of justice and equity in expanding and sustaining the capabilities of current and future generations to pursue their needs.
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Mahadi, Alizan. "Adopting the Capabilities Approach in Developing a global Framework for measuring Sustainable Development." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-187609.
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The Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development is expected to result in the launching of a process to devise a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2015. Whilst indicators are perceived to be a good vehicle of monitoring progress, currently there is no universally agreed method of measuring sustainable development. This thesis addresses this issue through assessing whether the capabilities approach can be adopted for a global framework in measuring sustainable development. In order to determine this, both theoretical and practical implications will have to be understood. The former is addressed through reviewing the compatibility between the key concepts of sustainable development and the capabilities approach. The latter is addressed through obtaining empirical evidence on the key drivers in selecting indicators via focus group discussions and a quantitative survey with key individuals involved in the Sustainable Development Indicators (SDIs) project in Malaysia. It was found that a weak conceptual basis can be attributed as the major challenge for establishing global sustainable development indicators. Whilst recognising that a range of mechanisms are required for operationalization, it was concluded that the capabilities approach provides a sound conceptual basis, framed on the basis of justice and equity in expanding and sustaining the capabilities of current and future generations to pursue their needs.
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Pánková, Barbara. "Analýza úrovně kvality života pomocí shlukové analýzy a porovnání s Human Development Indexem." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264466.
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Nowadays quality of life is often discussed topic. In defining this term, there is considerable ambiguity and disunity, since there is no universally accepted definition, nor theoretically sophisticated model. However, despite this fact, the level of quality of life is currently one of the most discussed topic. Monitoring the quality of life by using a variety of indicators are engaged in several international organizations, one of them is the Development Programme of the United Nations. This organization annually publishes the Human Development Index, which divides the world´s countries into four groups according to their level of development: low, medium, high and very high development. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the quality of life in 125 countries by using cluster analysis, accurately the Ward's method. Quality of life in this thesis is evaluated based on 19 demographic and economic indicators, which include life expectancy, literacy rate, access to drinking water and infant mortality rate. The cluster analysis divided the country into individual clusters by their similarities. Six clusters were created by this analysis, which had been compared with the results of Human Development Index. The clusters very well reflect the division, which is commonly used in the characterization of developing and developed countries. Each of the six clusters can be very well described and characterized in terms of quality of life. It is also possible qualify those clusters as poorest developing, low developed, moderately developed, medium development, high and very high development countries. Based on the results it can be stated that this analysis is consistent with other indicators of quality of life and the resulting clusters are identical with the division of countries which is commonly used.
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Geuting, Markus. "Entwicklungshilfe und Entwicklung: globale statistische Analyse unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Human Development Index und die Länderbeispiele Botswana und Namibia." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=97421938X.
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Gillespie, Noah Nehemiah. "Regional Growth in the United States: A Spatial Study of Convergence Comparing Real GSP per capita and the Human Development Index." Toledo, Ohio : University of Toledo, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1271345694.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Toledo, 2010.Typescript. "Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in Economics." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Title from title page of PDF document. Bibliography: p. 52-56.
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Fernandes, MÃcio Amaral. "STUDY ON influences? NCIA DO? DEVELOPMENT INDEX HUMAN, P INVESTMENTS? Public and tax? RIA ON EXTIN? THE COMPANY IN BRAZIL." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2008. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2620.
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nÃo hÃA extinÃÃo de empreendimentos apresenta uma infinidade de conseqÃÃncias paraas economias, dentre elas o custo social, ocasionado pelo desemprego, comotambÃm a perca de dinÃmica econÃmica, gerando expectativas nÃo otimistas no mercado, principalmente quando se verifica uma elevada quantidade de empresasfechando suas portas, cenÃrio que enfatiza o clima recessivo ou de crise. As causas apontadas pela literatura especializada indicam que a falta de habilidadeempresarial, alÃm dos fatores de mercado (conjunturais) sÃo elementos queexplicam o insucesso de muitos empresÃrios. Saindo do lado da oferta e verificandoa perspectiva da demanda, variÃveis como Ãndice de Desenvolvimento Humano âIDH, receitas de tributos e investimentos pÃblicos tambÃm podem explicar a extinÃÃo destas atividades. O objetivo deste estudo à buscar relacionar a extinÃÃo deempresas com estas variÃveis mencionadas. Como metodologia desta pesquisaefetuou-se um modelo economÃtrico, direcionando IDH, receitas de tributos einvestimentos pÃblicos como variÃveisindependentes deste fenÃmeno, portanto,explicativas. A partir de uma regressÃo mÃltipla conclui-se que existe uma relaÃÃo,do IDH em maior amplitude com a extinÃÃo de empresas, sendo que hà uma relaÃÃoinversamente proporcional destes fatores congruentes, na maioria dos Estadosidentificados. Percebeu-se tambÃm uma inclinaÃÃo explicativa das variÃveisapontadas, porÃm com pouca significÃncia estatÃstica.
The extinction of enterprises presents a multitude of consequences for the economies, including the social cost, caused by unemployment, as well as the loss of economic momentum, generating expectations not optimistic on the market, especially when there is a high number of businesses closing their doors , which emphasizes the climate scenario recessive or crisis. The reasons given by the specialist literature indicate that the lack of entrepreneurial skills, in addition to the factors of the market (cyclical) are factors that explain the failure of many entrepreneurs. Exiting from the supply side and checking the prospect of demand, variables such as Human Development Index - HDI, income from taxes and public investment may also explain the extinction of these activities. The objective of this study is to relate the extinction of companies with these variables mentioned. As methodology of this research performed is a econometric model, directing HDI, income from tributs and public investment as independent variables of this phenomenon, therefore explanatory. From a multiple regression concluded that there is a relationship, the HDI in larger scale with the extinction of enterprises, and that there is an inversely proportional relationship of these factors congruent, in most states identified. It was noticed also an inclination of the explanatory variables identified, but with little statistical significance. Keywords: extinction, companies, HDI, revenue, taxes
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Quiñones, Jesús Antonio. "La globalización de la educación: lo humano; lo social y sus posibilidades de futuro." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116851.
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At the swing of the global economy, political trends and events that occur in the historical development of societies, it is occurring environmental, economic and social development phenomena that affect all citizens of the world, which has been understood as globalization. Given the irreversibility as economic fact, it should alert the entire school community in which the human values and essence of being a person are the most important concepts develop within the consumer society. This essay, beyond a critique of the globalizing phenomenon, explores its possibilities for the future, determining whether the constructs education and globalization can be mutually beneficial and not mutually exclusive.Al vaivén de la economía mundial, las coyunturas políticas y los acontecimientos que se producen en el devenir histórico de las sociedades, ocurren fenómenos de tipo ambiental, económico y social que afectan a todos los ciudadanos y ciudadanas del orbe, es lo que se ha entendido como la globalización. Dado su carácter irreversible como hecho económico, esta debe alertar a toda la comunidad educativa en la cual se rescate lo humano, los valores y la esencia del ser persona dentro de la sociedad de consumo. Es así como este ensayo pretende, más allá de una crítica al fenómeno globalizante, explorar sus posibilidades de futuro, determinando si los constructos educación y globalización pueden ser términos que se beneficien mutuamente y no sean excluyentes entre sí.
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Semler, Keith R. "Development of a Karst Tourism Management Index to Assess Tourism-Driven Degradation of Protected Karst Sites." TopSCHOLAR®, 2019. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3143.
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The intent of this research was to create and evaluate a karst tourism management index (KTMI). This index is intended to be a new management tool designed to quantify environmental disturbances caused specifically by tourism activities in karst regions, particularly show caves and springs. In an effort to assess the effectiveness of the index as a management tool in karst terrains, after development, the index was applied to six case study sites. A review of the management policies at each study site was conducted with the use of standard policy critique methods and semistructured interviews with managers at the study sites. After interviews were completed, the newly created index was applied to the study areas with the aid of park land managers. Including land managers in the application process allowed for active land managers to provide more meaningful feedback on potential improvements to the KTMI to ensure the most universally applicable and thoroughly field-tested index tool was created. Upon application and continual refinement of the index to the six study sites, a new data-driven management tool to measure disturbances to karst terrains by tourism was developed. The KTMI consist of an Overall Score category that is broken down into the two main categories of Management and Tourism. The KTMI contains 168 indicators that all need to be scored individually to obtain results, with Management containing 100 of the indicators and Tourism containing the other 68 indicators.
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Gonzales, de Olarte Efraín. "La Matriz de Capacidades y Desempeños (MCD) y el Algoritmo del Desarrollo Humano (ADH)." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117871.
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Given that human development is a complex process involving multiple components and determiningfactors, multidimensional indicators are needed. On the basis of the extensive literatureon the subject, we advance two new indicators: the Matrix of Capabilities and Functioning(MCF), and the Algorithm of Human Development (HDA).The MCF is composed of vectors of capabilities and functionings, based on Sen’s idea of RefinedFunctionings. It is based in a matricial framework, both static and dynamic. The main purposeof constructing this index is to study how different sets of capabilities relate to alternativefunctionings, to produce diverse outcomes.The Human Development Algorithm (HAD) is a multidimensional index concerning the setof goods and services needed to complete a life cycle. The HDA is a socio-economic contextindicator. It is composed of the main «satisfactors» or basic goods and services needed: food,health, education, housing, social security, decent employment and retirement programs, thatmight be available to all throughout of life cycle. This indicator shows the material progressreached by each country or region as well the institutional organization, private and public, andthe degree of social cohesion and solidarity.Dado que el desarrollo humano es un proceso complejo que tiene múltiples componentes ydeterminantes, es necesario tener indicadores multidimensionales tales como la Matriz de Capacidadesy Desempeños (MCD) y el Algoritmo del Desarrollo Humano (ADH).El MCD está compuesto de vectores de capacidades y de desempeños, basado en la idea de Sensobre desempeños refinados. Está basado en un marco conceptual matricial, tanto estático comodinámico. El propósito principal de la construcción del índice es estudiar cómo diferentes conjuntosde capacidades con desempeños pueden producir distintos resultados.El ADH es un índice multidimensional relacionado con el conjunto de bienes y servicios que senecesitan para completar un ciclo de vida. El ADH es un indicador de contexto socioeconómico.Está compuesto de los principales satisfactores o bienes y servicios básicos que se requieren: alimentos,salud, educación, vivienda, seguridad social, empleo decente y sistema de pensiones, quedeben estar disponibles durante todo el ciclo de vida. Este indicador muestra el progreso materialalcanzado por cada país o región, tanto como la organización institucional pública y privada, yel grado de cohesión social.
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Miranda, Emanuel de Jesus da Veiga. "Criação do Banco de Desenvolvimento da CPLP. Justifica-se?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13144.
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Mestrado em FinançasEste Trabalho Final de Mestrado analisa a pertinência da criação de um banco de desenvolvimento multilateral, de raiz, da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP). O estudo assenta-se numa análise comparativa feita sobre os principais indicadores de desenvolvimento humano, económico e social entre os países membros dessa comunidade e os países que compõem o Top 3 do ranking do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH). As referências teóricas que sustentam este estudo fazem parte, essencialmente, da escola Keynesiana. O estudo conclui que a criação desse banco poderá ser útil.
This Final Work of Master examines the relevance for creating a multilateral development bank of Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) from scratch. The study is based on the main indicators of human, economic and social development among the community?s member countries and the countries that make up the Top 3 ranking in the Human Development Index (HDI). The theoretical references that support this study is based essentially on the Keynesian school. The study concludes that the existence of that bank can be useful.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Monks, Franz J. "Creativity: Idiographic versus nomothetic approach." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/102494.
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This article is about the importance of the idiographic approach in the study of the creative- productive individuals. An analysis of Howard Gardner's Creative Minds is carried out, focusing on the seven kinds of intelligence. The life of Sigmund Freud is analyzed as an example of a creative personality with creative achievements, regarding the intrapersonal intelligence. Finally, there is an analysis of the common characteristics among the creative-productive individuals and the determinant factors of their creative exceptional achievements.El artículo trata de la importancia de la aproximación idiográfica en el estudio de los individuos creativo-productivos. Se hace un análisis del planteamiento de Gardner en su libro "Creating Minds", respecto a las numerosas áreas de producción creativa, para posteriormente analizar al detalle las experiencias y logros creativos de Sigmund Freud a lo largo de su vida, como ejemplo de un individuo creativo-productivo con elevada inteligencia intrapersonal. Finalmente se hace un análisis de las características comunes encontradas entre los individuos excepcionalmente creativos y los factores determinantes en sus logros.
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Iguíñiz, Echeverria Javier María. "Libertad para competir en el mercado: recursos, procesos y resultados." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118120.
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Freedom to compete in the market: resources, processes, and resultsHerein we analyze three concepts of market competition. Although the different aspects of freedom can be appreciated in each one of them, they make an especial contribution to some of them. We propose that the ‘neoclassical general equilibrium’ chiefly contributes to the discussion of the outcomes of an economic activity; the ‘barriers to entry’ approach calls for a study of the resources necessary to compete; and the ‘competition as a process’ approach emphasizes the competitive activity itself. Moreover, as we move from the first onwards, enriching the meaning of competition, the possibility of losing opportunities to participate in the market becomes more evident. Entry and exit are part of the competitive process. Each concept of competition responds to theories that specify or allude to certain types and distribution of economic agents’ freedoms to manoeuvre. Throughout this study, we often quote Amartya Sen with the purpose of buildingbridges between the study of competition and the approach of ‘development as freedom.Analizamos tres conceptos de competencia en el mercado. Aunque en cada uno de ellos se pueden apreciar las distintas facetas de la libertad, también aportan especialmente a alguna de ellas. Proponemos que el enfoque de «equilibrio general neoclásico» aporta principalmente a la discusión de los resultados de una actividad económica, el enfoque de las «barreras a la entrada» invita a estudiar los recursos necesarios para competir y el enfoque de la «competencia como proceso» pone el acento en la actividad competitiva misma. Además, conforme nos movemos del primero hacia los demás, enriqueciendo el significado de la competencia, se pone más en evidencia la existencia de pérdidas de oportunidades para participar en el mercado que provienen de la propia competencia económica. Cada concepto de competencia responde a teorías que especifican o aluden a ciertos tipos y distribución de márgenes de acción y de acceso a herramientas para competir. En todo el trabajo citamos a menudo a Amartya Sen con el fin de establecer puentes entre el estudio de la competencia y el enfoque del «desarrollo como libertad»
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Rožánková, Alice. "Chudoba v rozvojovém světě." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75111.
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The theme of this diploma thesis is "The Poverty in the Developing World", the poverty that not only less developed countries mainly in Africa, Asia and Latin America suffer from, but developed countries that are trying to help the developing world suffer from it as well. How much is that help important and what kind of help is crucial for the developed countries, that is the main subject of this thesis. The theoretical part is based on the available economic theories that solve the vicious circle of poverty in which these countries are trapped. Leading economists mentioned in the theoretical part are Thomas Malthus, whose study was one of the first, then Thomas Merrick, Albert Hirschman, and many others. The practical part deals with three countries, which connect the African continent - Somalia, Angola and Botswaa. Each of these countries is currently in a different situation, but their initial conditions were the same - the hole in the vicious circle of poverty. The conclusion of this work is a prediction of the future development of these countries and recommendations what direction they should go.
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Carrillo, Flores Isabel. "An evaluation of the millennium development goals and their impact on education." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117727.
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This article analyses the status of education as a fundamental right. The recenteconomic crisis and associated austerity policies have worsened the situation and,rather than diminish, educational inequalities have in fact increased. Firstly, thesignificance of education as a Human Right is examined. Secondly, the extentto which the MDGs have been met is reviewed, particularly with regard toeducation, where, as detailed in various reports produced by NGOs and by theUnited Nations, certain difficulties have impeded their being met. The Right toEducation is examined in a projective way as a right that should not be limitedto the vision contained in the new Sustainable Development Goals for 2030.It is necessary to go still further and advance towards a true democratisation ofeducation.En este artículo se analiza la educación como derecho humano fundamental. Ellegado del siglo veinte muestra avances pero las crisis económicas y las políticasde ajuste adoptadas han agravado las desigualdades educativas. En este contextolos Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio proyectados para el 2015 han quedadolimitados. Primero se significa la educación como derecho humano. En segundolugar se hace balance de los objetivos y se exponen sus impactos en la educacióncontrastados con informes de organizaciones que evidencian problemáticas quehan dificultado su alcance. Se expone una mirada proyectiva del derecho a laeducación que no puede quedar encorsetado en la formulación de los nuevosObjetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 2030. Habrá que ir más allá y avanzar en laverdadera democratización educativa.
Este artigo discute a educação como um direito humano fundamental. O legadodo s.XX mostra progressos, mas as políticas de crise e de ajustamento económicoadotadas exacerbaram a desigualdade educacional. Neste contexto, as Metasde Desenvolvimento do Milênio projetadas para 2015 não foram alcançados.Primeiro definiu a educação como um direito humano. Em segundo lugarobjetivos são analisados, e os seus impactos são discutidos na educação, usandoargumentos relatórios de organizações que mostram problemas que impedem asua realização. Finalmente, argumenta-se que o direito à educação não pode serlimitado na formulação das novas Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável2030. Devemos avançar a verdadeira democratização educacional.
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SOHLER, FLAVIO AUGUSTO SETTIMI. "OPTIMIZATION MODEL TO THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX OF THE UNITED NATIONS COMPOUND OF THE LIFE EXPECTANCY, EDUCATION LEVEL AND THE FAMILY INCOME INDEXES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5514@1.
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O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) foi criado pela
Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) em 1975, sendo um índice
composto que mede a obtenção da média do país em três
aspectos básicos que são a expectativa de vida, a educação
e a renda familiar. O IDH é um indicador alternativo ao
Produto Nacional Bruto (PNB), que mede a riqueza de uma
nação, acrescentando a este dois indicadores sociais
abrangentes, a saber: a educação e a saúde. O IDH torna-se
útil na medida em que chama a atenção das pessoas
responsáveis politicamente pelo país, no sentido de se
aterem mais à área social, ou seja, de verificarem como
está o desenvolvimento integral do país permitindo
inclusive a comparação com outros. Além do IDH, o estudo
descreve índices que medem a condição humana, HPI-1 e HPI-
2, para medirem índices de pobreza em países em
desenvolvimento e em países selecionados, o GDI e GEM, que
são índices relacionados ao sexo, tanto para
desenvolvimento como participação e o IDH-M que é um índice
apropriado para municípios. O estudo faz também um
diagnóstico da situação do Brasil e de sua evolução, desde
a criação do índice. Serão propostos modelos em pesquisa
operacional para otimização do IDH, o que facilitará e
agilizará a tomada de decisões por parte dos governantes,
que poderão tomar suas decisões baseadas agora num modelo
matemático que certamente trará mais retornos de
investimento sobre o capital empregado. As variáveis
principais do problema serão a saúde, educação e a renda da
população. As soluções e sugestões a serem apresentadas
terão como meta básica o menor custo e de mais rápida
implementação.The Human Development Index (HDI) is a compound index that measures the levels of a country in three basic aspects: life expectancy, education level and the family income. The HDI indicates an alternative to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which measures the overall wealth of a country, adding two social indexes: the education pattern and the health level. The HDI is a useful index because it shows the social area to people who have political responsabilities in a country, suggesting them the evaluation of the country development including social aspects, and permitting the comparison with the other countries. Besides the HDI, the study describes indexes which measure the human condition, HPI-1 and HPI-2, of poverty in development and in selected countries, the GDI and GEM, which are gender related indexes to check development and participation, and the HDI-M which is an appropriate index to measure the human condition in an urban environment. The study makes a diagnosys of the Brazilian situation and evolution, since the creation of these indexes. The dissertation proposes HDI optimization models. Such proposal might simplify and improve the efficiency of the decision making process. In this way, public officials may take their decisions based on a mathematical model which will increase the ratio benefits and investment costs.
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De, Robles Robert, and Ha-won Jhung. "The Holistic Value-Added Approach to Sustainable Development: : A strategy to reduce the friction between human-ecology and economics." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-125041.
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Ferreira, Deiwson Henrique Gomes. "Estudo do desenvolvimento humano no Bairro Resistência (Vitória-ES)." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2008. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/5986.
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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:00:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
dissert.pdf: 396515 bytes, checksum: 1786ad7225f6da55927fd3c97116743a (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2008-05-30This work aimed to study the human development in the neighborhood Resistência belonging to the region of São Pedro in the city of Vitória-ES, based on the calculation of the Municipal Human Development Index (HDI-M) and Living Conditions Index (LCI). The latter is an extension of the Human Development Index (HDI), covering more information, that is, while the HDI comprises only three dimensions: health, education and income, embodied in four indicators, the LCI incorporates the addition of these children and housing, total of 18 indicators. This study is necessary to obtain information relating to living conditions of local people in order to help the local public policies. Since this calculation can be done periodically, serving as a diagnosis and evaluation of policies implemented, indicating the areas where the greatest failures occur, thus signaling the need for public interventions in these areas for improving the quality of life of the community. The methodology used in the research was based adopted by João Pinheiro Foundation (FJP) and the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) of 1998, since the HDI-M and LCI were created by these two bodies. Data were collected by the application of 317 questionnaires in a sample of homes of neighborhood Resistência, statistically defined. The main findings were: 1 - The HDI-M of neighborhood Resistência found himself in the range of medium human development (0.5
O presente trabalho procurou estudar o desenvolvimento humano no bairro Resistência pertencente à região do São Pedro no município de Vitória-ES, com base no cálculo do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M) e do Índice de Condições de Vida (ICV). Esse último é uma extensão do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), abrangendo mais informações, isto é, enquanto o IDH engloba apenas três dimensões: saúde, educação e renda, incorporadas em quatro indicadores, o ICV incorpora além destas a infância e habitação, totalizando 18 indicadores. Esse estudo se faz necessário para obter informações relacionadas às condições de vida da população local com o intuito de auxiliar nas políticas públicas locais. Sendo que este cálculo poderá ser feito periodicamente, servindo ainda como diagnóstico e avaliação das políticas implementadas, indicando as áreas onde ocorrem as maiores deficiências, sinalizando assim a necessidade de intervenções públicas nestas áreas para a melhoria da qualidade de vida da comunidade. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa foi baseada na adotada pela Fundação João Pinheiro (FJP) e do Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas Aplicadas (IPEA) do ano de 1998, uma vez que, o IDH-M e o ICV foram criados por estes dois órgãos. Os dados foram levantados pela aplicação de 317 questionários em uma amostra de domicílios do bairro Resistência, estatisticamente definida. Os principais resultados encontrados foram: 1- O IDH-M do bairro Resistência encontrou-se na faixa de médio desenvolvimento humano, (0,5 < IDH-M < 0,8) resultando no valor 0,769 e o ICV da região estudada situou-se na faixa de elevado desenvolvimento humano, (ICV > 0,8), sendo mais precisamente da ordem de 0,813. 2- As dimensões longevidade e renda situaram-se na categoria de médio desenvolvimento humano, enquanto a dimensão educação situou-se na categoria de elevado desenvolvimento humano para o IDH-M. Já as áreas educação e renda foram as que obtiveram piores resultados no ICV, ambas situadas na faixa de médio desenvolvimento humano, as demais áreas situaram-se na faixa de alto desenvolvimento humano.
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Al-Sho'ala, Afaf Sayed Ali. "Evaluation of wet bulb globe temperature index for a population adapted to work in the heat : and development of a heat stress limit for occupational accident prevention predicted from meteorological data and building design." Thesis, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339094.
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Janů, Jakub. "Vícekriteriální analýza indexu lidského rozvoje." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192388.
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Diploma thesis describes the problem of quantitative expression of the quality of life. For this purpose is used one of the most widespread indicators of quality of life - Human Development Index. This paper describes its basic characteristics, method of calculation, its advantages and drawbacks. One of the objectives of this paper is the elimination of these shortcomings by alternative method of calculation. The methods of multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives and data envelopment analysis models are applied for these purposes. One part of this paper is a theoretical description of the tasks of multi-criteria decision making and their classification into the methods for multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives and into the methods of multi-criteria linear programming. In this paper are used methods WSA, TOPSIS and PROMETHEE, based on the definition of the theoretical characteristics of the methods of multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives. These methods are applied on the source data, obtained from a model of the human development index. After calculation, the results obtained are analyzed and written into the conclusion. Another alternative approach to obtain the level of human development is to evaluate the degree of efficiency of countries using data envelopment analysis models in comparison with the human development index. For these purposes is written the theoretical background, which defines the basic types of data envelopment analysis models. These theoretical findings serve as the basis for the practical analysis by the BCC output oriented model and by the corresponding model of super efficiency. The results of these calculations are analyzed and subsequently written into the final conclusion.
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Rivera, Iván. "¿Puede el Perú llegar a ser desarrollado en una generación? Oportunidades y obstáculos para lograrlo." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117812.
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Can we become a developed country in a generation? Yes, if we implement the following reforms. Sustain macroeconomic stability. Sustain commercial and financial openness to become the source of sustained economic growth. Complement openness with the following reforms: improvements in human capital via increases in the quality of education and health, increase in private investment via improvement in the investment climate and complementary infrastructure, financial deepening and labor market reform. A new source of growth is the promotion of a broad entrepreneurial middle class via the elimination of the distortions in the productive structure that have induced the increase of informality and the concentration of entrepreneurship in microenterprises and in a low productivity services sector. The elimination of distortions in the tax system, the social security system and the labor market will increase the demand for quality labor and the improvements in human capital will increase its supply and induce the emergence of a broad entrepreneurial middle class. Finally, for this entrepreneurial middle class to emerge, we have to reform the estate to eradicate corruption, reduce crime and to create a predictable and fair judicial system to defend property rights including compliance with commercial contracts.¿Podremos llegar a ser desarrollados en una generación? Para lograrlo debemos implementar diversas reformas. Debemos mantener la estabilidad macroeconómica. Debemos mantener la apertura económica y, para que se convierta en fuente permanente de crecimiento económico, debemos complementarla con la mejora en la calidad del capital humano, a través de la mejora en la calidad de la educación, la salud y el crecimiento de la inversión privada, a través de la optimización del clima de negocios, la infraestructura, el sistema financiero y la reforma del mercado laboral. Una nueva fuente de crecimiento es el desarrollo de una amplia clase media empresarial mediante la eliminación de las distorsiones en la estructura productiva, que inducen a la informalidad y han concentrado a la mayoría de la fuerza laboral en la microempresa y el sector de servicios de muy baja productividad. La eliminación de las distorsiones de la tributación, de la seguridad social y del mercado laboral incrementará la demanda de trabajo bien remunerado y la mejora del capital humano aumentará su oferta. Finalmente, para que pueda surgir masivamente esta clase media empresarial necesitamos liberarla del peso de un Estado parcialmente disfuncional y corrupto, mediante una reforma que erradique la corrupción, disminuya la inseguridad, desarrolle un poder judicial predecible que respete los derechos de propiedad y el cumplimiento de contratos.