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Addison, Tony. "Human Development Report, 1990." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 46, no. 2 (January 1993): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524904.
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Shaw, D. J. "Human development report, 1990." Futures 23, no. 1 (January 1991): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(91)90021-s.
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Addison, Tony. "Book Review: International and Comparative: Human Development Report, 1990, Human Development Report." ILR Review 46, no. 2 (January 1993): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399304600235.
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Bhanojirao, V. V. "Human development Report 1990: Review and assessment." World Development 19, no. 10 (October 1991): 1451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(91)90087-x.
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Adely, Fida J. "EDUCATING WOMEN FOR DEVELOPMENT: THE ARAB HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2005 AND THE PROBLEM WITH WOMEN'S CHOICES." International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 1 (February 2009): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743808090144.
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In the 1980s, after a decades-long emphasis on economic growth as the primary engine for development, a number of prominent economists and development practitioners heralded a new era in the conceptualization of development as primarily a human endeavor with improved life chances and quality of life as the proper end. Thus was coined the term “human development,” followed by subsequent efforts to delineate the essential dimensions of human development and the appropriate measures of a development endeavor that no longer had “growth” (and, more narrowly, increased income) as its primary indicator but now sought to measure human ends, capabilities, and opportunities. Of most prominence, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) took up this charge in the form of an annual global human development report, releasing the first one in 1990. Perhaps no other human development reports have received as much attention in the past few years as have the Arab human development reports.
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Ozturk, Serdar, and Seher Suluk. "The granger causality relationship between human development and economic growth." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, no. 6 (October 27, 2020): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i6.902.
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The Human Development Index (HDI), which measures a country’s human development level, considering the health, education and income indicators of countries has been published in the Human Development Report each year since 1990 by the United Nations Development Programme. Norway, which is a highly developed country, was at the top of the Human Development Index. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate Norway’s human development performance. In this context, the relationship between human development and economic growth has been examined at empirical level for Norway for the period between 1990-2017. In the study, firstly, ADF and PP unit root tests were performed. Then, Granger causality analysis was applied. According to the results of Granger causality analysis there is a one-way causality relationship from human development to economic growth.
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Shabbir, Tayyeb. "Jere R. Behrman. Human Resource Development? Review of Issues and Evidence. New Delhi: ILO-ARTEP, 1990. lOSpp." Pakistan Development Review 29, no. 3-4 (September 1, 1990): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v29i3-4pp.345-349.
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In the recent literature on development economics, the adjective 'human' is encountered with increasing frequency. On the one hand, the 'human resource-led development (HRLD) strategies' of the kind that were presumably adopted by the Newly Industrialized Countries of Asia are being increasingly cast as the leading means of achieving rapid economic growth. And on the other hand, in a manner that is reminiscent of the 'growth versus distribution' debate of the early 1970s, we are being urged to set our goals more in terms of broad 'human development' of the society rather than merely its 'economic growth'. These new trends in the economic development literature are evident from the contents ofthe recent academic journals as well as from the activities of the various international organizations. The World Bank's choice of 'Poverty' as the theme for its 1990 World Development Report, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission's April 1988 pronouncement of the 'Jakarta Plan of Action' regarding human resource development in the ESCAP region, the United Nations Development Programme's recent Human Development Report, and the Asian Development Bank's analysis of the role of human resources in economic growth in its 1990 Asian Economic Outlook are cases in point.
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Hopkins, Michael. "II. Key issues in the United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Reports, 1990‐3." Development Southern Africa 10, no. 4 (November 1993): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768359308439722.
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Bhandari, Medani P. "Sustainable Development: Is This Paradigm The Remedy of All Challenges? Does Its Goals Capture The Essence of Real Development and Sustainability? With Reference to Discourses, Creativeness, Boundaries and Institutional Architecture." SocioEconomic Challenges 3, no. 4 (2019): 97–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.3(4).97-128.2019.
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This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of sustainable development with reference to discourses, creativeness, boundaries and institutional architecture. The main purpose of the research is to understand current global challenges – environmental, geographic, socioeconomic – poverty, hunger, health and inequality. Sustainability is a complex issue which interchangeably in use with sustainable development. The term sustainability discourse stands to maintain the equilibrium between nature and society and fulfill the societal demands (which could be environmental, economic and social. The boundaries of sustainable development can also be seen and evaluated in terms of institutionalization process and organizational process. More importantly, United Nation has been vigorously working to overcome with these challenges through various initiatives. In this regard, United Nation has been pioneering to minimize global challenges throughout its history. United Nation declared four decades (1960-1990) as development decade with the objective of total development primarily in the developing world. In 1990, UN presented Human Development Report 1990, and in 2000 UN declared millennium development goals (2000-2015). However, Goals were only partially achieved. With this experience, UN declared “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which declared 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets. The investigation of the topic in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence: 1) what is the epistemological stand of sustainable development; 2) how discourses are developed, what is the limitation; 3) boundaries, how creativeness is incorporated in the sustainability domain and are SDGs are achievable; 4) are governments are ready to cope with the domestic and international challenges. The results of the research can be useful for many scholars, international organizations, governments, civil societies. Keywords: United Nations, Human Development, Millennium Development Goals, Discourses, Boundaries, Creativeness, Institution, Sustainable Development, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, South Asia, Environmental Problems, Over Population, Poverty, Hunger, UNESCO, WHO, Epistemology.
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Larionova, Marina Vladimirovna. "The UN Development Decades (1961-2000): Evolution of Appraisal Systems in the Context of Development Theories." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 170–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-1-170-183.
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The article explores the review and appraisal systems’ dynamics in the period from the First to the Fourth UN Development Decades in the context of the dominant developmental theories’ evolution. To reveal possible interrelations the author uses the methods of comparative assessment and periodization. The overview draws on analysis on resolutions and documents of the UN General Assembly adopted in 1960-2000, expert materials, academic research and international institutions’ reports. Development concepts which emerged in 1960-2000 had an undoubted influence on cooperation for development and the review and appraisal parameters. Developmental stages theory and modernization theory defined the priorities and parameters of the First Development Decade’s (1961-1970). In 1970s, growing economic interdependence, detente and the outcomes of the First Decade’s which showed that development could not be driven exclusively by modernization, industrialization and economic growth, determined emergence of the dependence theory and the alternative development concept. The new thinking was reflected in the provisions of the Second Development Decade. The Third Development Decade (1981-1990) provisions were built on a compromise between the dependence theory, modernization theory and the alternative development concept. For the first time concrete parameters of social development, eradication of poverty and inequality were specified. The Fourth Development Decade provisions revealed the influence of the neoliberalism in its “post-Washington consensus” reincarnation and the sustainable development concept. In the nineties the human development discourse put equality, wellbeing and freedom at the core of the development, bringing a new focus on the social and human development indicators.
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Valentin, J. "Biological effects after prenatal irradiation (embryo and fetus)." Annals of the ICRP 33, no. 1-2 (March 2003): 1–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6453(03)00021-6.
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In its 1990 recommendations, the ICRP considered the radiation risks after exposure during prenatal development. This report is a critical review of new experimental animal data on biological effects and evaluations of human studies after prenatal radiation published since the 1990 recommendations. Thus, the report discusses the effects after radiation exposure during pre-implantation, organogenesis, and fetogenesis. The aetiology of long-term effects on brain development is discussed, as well as evidence from studies in man on the effects of in-utero radiation exposure on neurological and mental processes. Animal studies of carcinogenic risk from in-utero radiation and the epidemiology of childhood cancer are discussed, and the carcinogenic risk to man from in-utero radiation is assessed. Open questions and needs for future research are elaborated. The report reiterates that the mammalian embryo and fetus are highly radiosensitive. The nature and sensitivity of induced biological effects depend upon dose and developmental stage at irradiation. The various effects, as studied in experimental systems and in man, are discussed in detail. It is concluded that the findings in the report strengthen and supplement the 1990 recommendations of the ICRP.
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Teleshman, Victor. "HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX OF UKRAINE: INDICATORS AND RATINGS." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 57 (2020): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2020.57.58-64.
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The main purpose of the proposed paper is analysis of the current status and general trends of human development of Ukraine and selected indicators characterizing it. The methodology of the research draws upon the system-structural analysis and the methods of comparison, analysis, generalization and synthesis. The descriptive method and the method of scientific systematization were also used. Results. The four main components of the human development paradigm according to the 1995 Human Development Report are described, namely: productivity, equity, sustainability and empowerment. The essence of key indicators included in the system of measuring and monitoring human development is generalized, namely: average life expectancy at birth; the level of knowledge, measured by the average number of years spent on adult education and the expected years of study for first-graders; gross national income per capita in US dollars. The current state of human development in the world is analyzed, a rating of countries with the highest and lowest human development index during 1990-2018 is developed and the main causes of disparities in the level of human development between countries are identified. The countries with the largest increase and decrease in the human development index during the studied years are selected. The place of Ukraine in regional and global rankings is described. The dynamics of the human development index of Ukraine and neighboring countries during 1990-2018 is analyzed. The key issues that led to the economic, financial and political crisis and, consequently, the decline of the human development index in Ukraine since independence, including the global financial crisis of 2008 and the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the occupation of the territory of the eastern regions of the state (Donetsk and Luhansk regions) are highlighted. The scientific novelty consists in the revelation of the actual features of human potential development and its individual indicators in Ukraine and in the world. The dynamics and the current state of development of the components of the human development index of Ukraine are determined. A comparative assessment of the dynamics of human development of Ukraine and neighboring countries is given. The practical significance lies in the fact that the main provisions and conclusions of the paper can be used in further in-depth studies of the problems and prospects of human development in Ukraine.
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Nazli, Samina. "Malavika Karlekar (ed.). Paradigms of Learning: The Total Literacy Campaign in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 2004. 356 pages. Paperback. Indian Rupees 375.00." Pakistan Development Review 42, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v42i2pp.167-169.
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Raising the standards of literacy in the developing world has been a major goal of the less developed countries since most of them became independent in the process of decolonisation that followed World War II. The Human Development Report 2004, brought out by the United Nations Development Programme lists some major improvements in increasing literacy levels of a number of countries between the year 1990 and 2002. For example, low human development countries like Togo increased their adult literacy rates from 44.2 percent in 1990 to 59.6 percent in 2002. Congo saw an increase in its literacy rate for the same period from 67.1 percent to 82.8 percent. The rates for Uganda, Kenya, Yemen, and Nigeria are 56.1 percent and 68.9 percent, 70.8 percent and 84.3 percent, 32.7 percent and 49.0 percent, and 48.7 percent and 68.8 percent respectively. If one examines the breakdown by region, the least developed countries as a group saw an increase in their adult literacy rates from 43.0 percent to 52.5 percent, the Arab states from 50.8 percent to 63.3 percent, South Asia from 47.0 percent to 57.6 percent, Sub-Saharan Africa from 50.8 percent to 63.2 percent and East Asia and the Pacific from 79.8 percent to 90.3 percent. If we look at the increase in the levels of literacy from the perspective of medium human development and low human development, the figures are 71.8 percent and 80.4 percent, and 42.5 percent and 54.3 percent, respectively.
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Novikova, Irina V. "Forming the personal strategy of a digital human." Economic Revival of Russia, no. 4 (66) (2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37930/1990-9780-2020-4-66-34-42.
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In the context of growing uncertainty, the spread of digital technologies, the emergence of global pandemics, terrorist threats, environmental disasters, a person needs to have his own vector of development, which would indicate the direction of movement to the end point. Personal strategy is the basis for building corporate, industry, regional, national, international and global strategies, which must be mutually agreed for their effective functioning. The work is written on the basis of the theory of strategy and strategy methodology of the Foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Economics, Professor Vladimir L. Kvint. The article defines the place of personal strategy in the system of strategies. 5 stages of the formation of a personal strategy are considered: identification of opportunities, identification of competitive advantages, substantiation of strategic priorities, definition of mission and vision, identification of resource provision. Opportunities are explored through trend analysis. Global trends are represented by the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the International Labor Organization’s Working for a Better Future Report, and the World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report. National trends are presented by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir V. Putin «On national goals and strategic objectives for the development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2024».
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Verma, N. M. P., Monika Gaur, and Ravi Kant. "GDP Movements in High and Moderate HDI Economies: An Empirical Investigation." Archives of Business Research 8, no. 6 (June 15, 2020): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.86.8348.
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Economists worldwide acknowledge the estimation and implications of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Human Development Index (HDI) as a measure of development across the globe. The analysis of GDP and its various components are still useful in order to observe the financial scenario of the economy. Since GDP does not include the various relevant components of socio-economic and environmental activities, it also does not reveal the real picture of economic progress. Several efforts have been made by economists worldwide to quantify better indicators of wellbeing. The Human Development Report, 1996, pioneered the casual relationship between economic growth and human development. There is a usual relationship between these two, because economic growth creates the basis for human development via providing financial benefits or monetary gains to the economy, provided that the formulation of rational policies and their implementation are appropriately executed.
This study tries to synthesize economic growth and human development. The research employs Spearman rank correlation and Logistic regression of high and middle human development countries across 1990 to 2017, to determine the association mentioned above. The data is from the UNDP database and various reports and articles related to human development and economic growth.Policy implication is useful.
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Morse, Stephen. "To Rank or Not to Rank with Indices? That Is the Question." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 10, 2020): 5572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145572.
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Ranking countries via index-based league tables is now commonplace and is said by its proponents to provide countries with an ability to compare performance with their peers, spurring them to learn from others and make improvements. The Human Development Index (HDI) is arguably one of the most influential indices of its type in terms of reporting within the media and influence on development policy and funding allocation. It is often used as part of a suite of indices to assess sustainability. The index was first published in the Human Development Report (HDR) of 1990 and has appeared in each of the HDRs published since then. This paper reports the first research of its type designed to explore the impacts of methodological changes over 28 years (1991 to 2018) on the ranks of a sample of 135 countries appearing in the HDRs. Results suggest that methodological changes in the HDI have had a statistically significant impact on the ranking of the majority (82%) of countries in the sample, and the ranks of countries that tend to appear towards the top, middle, or bottom of the HDI league table are just as likely to be influenced by changes in HDI methodology. The paper suggests that after nearly 30 years of the HDI, there is an urgent need for independent and empirical research on the changes that it has helped bring about.
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Makarycheva, I. V., and G. A. Shishkanova. "Impact of public investment on the quality of human capital." E3S Web of Conferences 291 (2021): 05007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129105007.
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The article discusses the importance of the problem of human capital formation. Human capital is a multifaceted concept that gives the greatest return in a modern economy. It is measurable. Since 1990, the World Bank has published annual reports on its dynamics, having developed a special index called the Human Development Index. In 1990, when the index was measured for the first time, the Russian Federation was in 49th place in the ranking, but subsequently dropped to 65. Last year we were able to move up to 41st place. The authors trace the dynamics of government investment in human capital and the final result, which is reflected in places in the world ranking. In the nineties of the twentieth century, the Russian Federation was in a deep crisis, investments in human capital were negative, so the place in the HDI rating dropped. Currently, a number of government programs aimed at the development of human capital are being implemented, and they are paying off.
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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1990, "Israel and the Occupied Territories"." Journal of Palestine Studies 20, no. 3 (1991): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2537550.
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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1990, "Israel and the Occupied Territories"." Journal of Palestine Studies 20, no. 3 (April 1991): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.3.00p0247n.
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Mahmood, Sabah Faihan, and Yassen Taha Mahmood. "The Role of Education in Human Development in Iraq for the Period 1980-2012." Journal of University of Human Development 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v2n2y2016.pp251-276.
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Human Development aims to enlarge choices in front of people by improving the level of health, education, and income; this means that this process will upgrade both the economic and social development.In other words, human development aimes to raise the average of age and this requires the advancement of the health aspect, raise the level of knowledge and this requires the advancement of the educational aspect of all kinds., and raise the standard of living, and this requires the advancement of the economic aspect by providing the necessary jobs and promote economic activities.
The study focus on the relationship between education and human development which has great importance as a mean to determine the impact of education on human development. The research seeks to achieve a set of objectives, including:
Review the concept of human development and its basic elements, shed light on the reality of development in Iraq and follow the path of its development, and find out the role of education in influencing human development through the changes taking place in it and its impact on increase or decrease human development index during the period of the research.
The research found set of results, the most important were the important effect of the education index on the level of human development index represented by HDI. Iraq had a good educational system in the eighties and nineties, reaching good education index value for the year (1990) which was (0.890), making the human development index in Iraq in the highest level and the value of the Human Development Index (0.759) in the first report issued by the United Nations in the year (1990). when the education index fall back there was negatively impact on the value of human development index in Iraq Directory, so when the education index value became (0.721) , the value of the Human Development Index was (0.590) in the year 2011 . This means that the value of the human development index decrease in recent years, although of improvement in the level of health, and the average per capita GDP in Iraq, and this illustrates the significant role of education on the human development process.
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Gough, Annette Greenall. "Sustaining Development of Environmental Education in National Political and Curriculum Priorities." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 8 (1992): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600003335.
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The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between national economic and political priorities and environmental education policy formulation and curriculum strategies. This relationship will be placed in the historical context of developments in environmental education in Australia from 1970 until the present and will be analysed in terms of the ideological and pedagogical stances implicit, and explicit, in the developments during this period. I will argue that the emphasis throughout the period has been to sustain the development of environmental education without any questioning of why, what and how this development should occur.‘Sustainable development’ has become a slogan for governments, industry and conservation groups in recent times. It was the subtitle for the World Conservation Strategy (IUCN 1980) and the National Conservation Strategy for Australia (DHAE 1984) - living resource conservation for sustainable development - and was popularised in the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, more commonly known as the Brundtland Report or Our Common Future (WCED 1987). The definition of sustainable development given in the World Conservation Strategy (IUCN 1980: section 1.3) and repeated in the National Conservation Strategy for Australia (DHAE 1984: 12) is as follows:Development is…the modification of the biosphere and the application of human, financial, living and non-living resources to satisfy human needs and improve the quality of human life. For development to be sustainable it must take account of social and ecological factors, as well as economic ones; of the living and nonliving resource base; and of the long term as well as the short term advantages and disadvantages of alternative actions.
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Pyatt, Graham. "Towards Balanced Development in Pakistan (Distinguishedl Lecture)." Pakistan Development Review 31, no. 4I (December 1, 1992): 407–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i4ipp.407-429.
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The United Nations Development Programme has recently launched an annual series of Human Development Reports (HDRs) see UNDP (1990-annual). This event marks a major initiative to broaden the debate over development strategies and, in particular, to secure a greater emphasis within that debate on people and their circumstances. From the outset the Human Development Reports have documented the fact that the correlations between economic growth and improvements in health, education and other social indicators are not necessarily close, although there are obvious causal links which can be traced in both directions. In particular, there are countries for which the economic growth performance has been more impressive than the gains which are suggested by various social indicators. Pakistan is a case in point and this paper reports on an effort to first understand why this might be, and then to develop a framework within which to structure the issues arising as an initial step towards the redesign of policies.
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Wogalter, Michael S., Peter A. Hancock, and Patrick G. Dempsey. "On the Description and Definition of Human Factors/Ergonomics." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 10 (October 1998): 671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804201001.
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This work examines the terms most frequently used to describe our field, which has variously been named Ergonomics, Human Factors, Human Factors Engineering, and Engineering Psychology. A large number of definitions were collected, including those assembled in an earlier technical report by Licht, Polzella, and Boff (1990). First, the definitions were stripped of connector words. Second, the prefix root terms that had the same meaning were combined and third, the words were tabulated and sorted to reveal the content terms most frequently employed. These data may be used to develop core, concise definitions or longer more expository descriptions of the field. The list of terms could also be used as a starting point for the development of definitions oriented for different target audiences (e.g., lay persons vs. other engineering/science experts) as a method of disseminating information concerning what we do.
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Ibraheem, M., H. Galbralth, J. R Scaife, and S. Ewen. "Development of an in vitro technique to investigate growth and metabolism of mohair follicles of the angora goat." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600025137.
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Hair follicles have been described as dynamic structures in which cell proliferation, migration and synthesis of macromolecules occur. Detailed knowledge is still lacking in areas related to cell proliferation, growth and migration and it has been suggested that our limited understanding of mechanisms regulating hair growth has been partly caused by the lack of reliable in vitro models. In the work desribed here, we have adapted a recent technique developed for the isolation and maintenance of human hair follicles in vitro (Philpott et al. 1990), to the isolation of intact anagen follicles from the Angora goat and report on their growth over 4 days and aspects of metabolic activity over 5 days in culture.
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Anand, Sudhir, and Martin Ravallion. "Human Development in Poor Countries: On the Role of Private Incomes and Public Services." Journal of Economic Perspectives 7, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.7.1.133.
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Development is often taken to mean rising incomes. Discussions of the “goals of development” now often emphasize the reduction of poverty, rather than raising average incomes per se. The role of social services—particularly basic health and education—has also received greater emphasis in the 1980s, viewed mainly as instruments for raising the incomes of the poor. But, in all these approaches, income growth of one sort or another is what development is all about. A rather different view of the meaning of development has recently found expression in the 1990 Human Development Report (HRD) produced by the United Nations Development Programme. A conceptual underpinning for this approach can be found in the work of Amartya Sen. The essence of this view is that human development—what people can actually do and be—is the overriding purpose of economic development. Underdevelopment is viewed as the lack of certain basic capabilities, rather than lack of income per se. We do not aim here to advocate one of these approaches over the other, but rather to explore their implications for development policy. For instance, what does the human development approach imply about the role of economic growth and, in particular, about reducing income poverty? Should development priorities shift toward the provision of public services in poor countries, even if such a shift is at the expense of income growth?
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Anwar, Talat, and Sarfraz K. Qureshi. "Trends in Absolute Poverty in Pakistan: 1990-91 and 2001." Pakistan Development Review 41, no. 4II (December 1, 2002): 859–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v41i4iipp.859-878.
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Poverty, defined comprehensively as absence of options to shape one’s life according to one’s own preferences, comes closer to the concept of human development as presented in UNDP’s Human Development Reports. Absolute poverty, on the contrary, defines poverty in terms of satisfaction of minimum physical needs of food and non-food items to enable people at the lower end of income distribution to engage in economic activity. From the vantage point of the policy-maker concerned with alleviation of poverty, it is crucial to know the magnitude of the existing level of poverty and identify the policy determinants of poverty as well as constraints standing in the way of an effective attack on the worst forms of absolute poverty. In Pakistan, like many other developing countries, poverty has emerged as a core issue on the policy agenda. The traditional measures of poverty—headcount, severity and poverty gap indicate that the incidence of poverty during the previous decade have shown no sign of poverty abatement despite numerous policy and institutional initiatives undertaken by the government. The debate on trends in poverty during the 1990s—an era of stabilisation and structural adjustment has been wide-ranging in Pakistan. However, there is no consensus on the poverty outcomes from the policy and institutional reforms. Primarily due to non-availability of basic data, the last year for which poverty estimates are available is 1998-99.
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Lawrence, John E. S. "A Missing Link in Gloss et al. (“From Handmaidens to POSH Humanitarians”)." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 10, no. 3 (August 30, 2017): 407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2017.37.
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Among many salient shifts in international development research over the last few decades has been growing legitimacy in recognition/documentation of the “rise of the South” as noted in the UNDP Human Development Report (2013). This has redirected both research and practice beyond just Northern (read “Western”) approaches, opened up new resource flows for “Southern” institutions, and initiated a whole new set of initiatives around “South–South” cooperation (Malik, 2014). To Mahbub ul Haq's original theme of “enlarging people's choices” were added new dimensions of looking beyond just western economies (and solely “economistic” analysis and prescriptions) for solutions to existential threats to sustainable development among the world's poorer nations (UNDP, 1990, p. 9). Fundamental shifts such as these, epitomized in Mahbub's well-known statement on human capacity, provide the basis for the focal article by Gloss, Carr, Reichman, Abdul-Nasiru, and Oestereich (2017) that builds skillfully on a framework, which of course also calls on Amartya Sen's work (so closely aligned with and influential in the Human Development Report series). The result is an original, carefully argued, and, perhaps some will agree, long overdue article synching the broad discipline of modern industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology into a more realistic awareness of how the majority of the world's populations sustain their livelihoods. However, there is a crucial “space” that I-O psychology seems to be still missing, and one barely touched on by this article, and that is the macropolicy environment that brings institutions in government and civil society together in more strategic approaches to developing human “resourcefulness.”
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WENZEL, FRIEDEMANN. "Earthquake risk reduction – obstacles and opportunities." European Review 14, no. 2 (April 12, 2006): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798706000214.
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The damage to human life, property, and infrastructure by natural disasters has been growing exponentially for the past 40 years. The driving force of this development is the increase in exposure and vulnerability of human society to the impacts of disasters. On the other hand, significant local, regional and global capacities for disaster reduction have been built since the beginning of the UN International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction in 1990. It remains unclear how the race between mitigation efforts and expanding disaster potential will develop in the coming years. This is a report on the risk potential of megacities and the strategies to reduce such risk, drawing on the experience of 8 years work in the Earthquakes and Megacities Initiative (www.earthquakesandmegacities.org/). The crucial role of science in this process will be discussed.
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O'Connor, June. "Making a Case for the Common Good in a Global Economy: The United Nations Human Development Reports [1990-2001]." Journal of Religious Ethics 30, no. 1 (January 2002): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9795.00102.
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Gerstorf, Denis, Johanna Drewelies, Sandra Duezel, Hans-Werner Wahl, Corinna Löckenhoff, Ilja Demuth, and Nilam Ram. "Adult Development and Aging in Historical Context." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 601–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2027.
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Abstract Human development is shaped by socio-cultural contexts and the historical changes therein. Empirical reports suggest that old age has gotten “younger”, both on behavioral measures and in people’s perception. Here, we move one step further and shed light on key quality of life facets not yet well understood. We compare matched cohorts (each n = 250, Mage = 77) assessed 25 years apart in the Berlin Aging Studies (1990–93 vs. 2017–18). Extending the evidence to personality, older adults today are on average lower on neuroticism and higher on openness than their age peers in the past. Qualifying the picture, no evidence emerged for historical changes across four indices of perceptions of aging. Rounding out the picture, we also observed that older adults today perceive more time pressure than age peers 25 years ago. We discuss implications of this nuanced picture of historical changes among older adults.
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Maeda, Yuji. "Development of Anthropomorphic Robot Arm (Mark-2)." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 4, no. 4 (August 20, 1992): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1992.p0343.
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The development of a robot with comprehensive intelligence is being promoted as part of a national project entitled ""Research and Development of Advanced Robots Technology"". In particular, there is a demand for a high technology remote control robot for use nuclear power plants, undersea operations for ocean exploitation, and fire=fighting. In order to meet this demand, research is being directed towards the developing the technology for controlling a master unit to detect the hand and arm movements of the operator and a slave unit so that those movements can be duplicated according to command signals from the master. In this paper, we report on the development of a human arm and hand, a master arm which uses a potentiometer, and an anthropomorphic five-fingered slave robot arm (Mark-2) which has the form and functions of the human upper limb. In addition, we present its control equipment and an evaluation of its operation.
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Minnatullah, K. M. "Towards an Affordable Human Waste Management Programme for the Poor – A Report on Bangladesh." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0271.
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Nearly 80% of all illness in Bangladesh is related to water and sanitation. The combined rate of enteric diseases in Bangladesh is the highest in the world. 30% of all the deaths of children under 5 are due to diarrhoea, claiming more than 200,000 lives annually. Environmentally sound human waste management, along with personal hygiene awareness, are of critical importance to the prevention of faecal-oral disease transmission. present rural sanitation coverage is about 3%. A national target has been set to ensure that 13% of the rural poor will be covered under the human waste management programme by 1990, the end of the U.N. Water Decade. This however, contrasts with the similar target of 77% for the rural water supply programme, which received higher resource allocation and priority for a much longer period. This lack of correlation between water and sanitation has highly reduced the positive health impact of these developments. An affordable human waste management programme for the rural people, where 87% of the total population lives under conditions of the greatest poverty and underdevelopment, urgently needs serious and realistic consideration in the context of the limited resource prospects for future years. This report addresses the above issues and describes the commendable momentum that has been gained through the continuous efforts of national planners and policy makers. It is hoped that this might in the near future, through the rural human waste management programme, produce the long desired continual reduction of faecal-oral disease transmission.
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Mead, Lawrence M. "Measuring the Quality of Life in the U.S.: Political Reflections." Perspectives on Politics 7, no. 4 (December 2009): 915–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592709991940.
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The economist Amartya Sen has said that world development ought to focus on the capabilities that people achieve, and not simply on aggregate economic indicators. In that spirit, the United Nations since 1990 has published several Human Development (HD) reports that assess nations in terms of health and education conditions, as well as income or wealth. Many countries have assessed their own HD. In The Measure of America, Sarah Burd-Sharps, Kristen Lewis, and Eduardo Borges Martins apply this approach to the United States. They describe variation in health, education, and income conditions across American states, congressional districts, and social groups.
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Tanaka, Takayuki, Kazuo Yamafuji, and Hidenori Takahashi. "Development of the Intelligent Mobile Robot for Service Use Report 1: Environmental-Adjustable Autonomous Locomotion Control System." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 9, no. 4 (August 20, 1997): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1997.p0275.
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We have developed an intelligent mobile robot for use as an office “secretary/ helper” by day and “security maintenance guard” by night. The robot’s autonomous locomotion control system (ALCS) plans its paths, recognizes absolute positions and learns navigation control. To aid the robot in moving more appropriately and smoothly among human beings and obstacles in an office environment, we studied learning by a fuzzy neural network that tunes membership functions for fuzzy locomotion control, i.e., the intelligent robot learns to move autonomously through its surroundings. Results obtained by computer simulation show the proposed method is useful in autonomous robot locomotion control.
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Dao, Minh Quang. "Distribution and Development in Developing Countries: An Empirical Assessment." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 8, no. 4 (2009): 602–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915009x12583611836136.
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AbstractThis paper examines the effect of income distribution on growth in developing countries. Based on data from the World Bank and the United Nations Development Program and the use of a sample of twenty-eight developing economies, this study finds that income distribution does not affect growth in these countries, unlike the results of previous studies conducted by Alesina and Rodrik (1991, 1994). Neither does this study find that the level of democracy in a country has a statistically significant impact on growth. Observations of findings show that the coefficient estimate of one independent variable does not have the anticipated sign due to the severe degree of multicollinearity among statistically significant explanatory variables. Regression results show that the total fertility rate, the initial level of per capita GDP, and the ratio of female to male literacy rate, taken together, linearly influence growth in developing economies. The least-squares estimation technique is applied in a multivariate linear regression. Data for all variables are from the 1978 World Development Report, the World in 2007, and the 1999, 2000, and 2007/08 Human Development Reports.
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Scrimshaw, Nevin S. "Human Protein Requirements: A Brief Update." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 17, no. 3 (September 1996): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659601700302.
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In the 1950s and 1960s the risk of protein deficiency in the diets of most developing country populations, both in absolute terms and relative to calories, was considered to be high. An FAO/WHO expert committee that met in 1971 proposed a protein allowance value 20% lower than that previously recommended. Nutritionists and economists accepted this new value, recalculated the risk from dietary intake data, and concluded that protein deficiency was not a problem. This conclusion was reinforced by the concurrent virtual disappearance of the severe form of protein deficiency, kwashiorkor, as developing country conditions improved. However, metabolic studies coordinated by UNU in 16 countries soon showed that the protein required for sustained normal functioning was one-third more than that proposed in the report of the 1971 committee. This higher value was accepted in the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation report on energy and protein requirements. In addition, infections, highly prevalent under conditions of poverty, increase protein losses and often decrease protein absorption. Although it is true that when people can consume enough of their traditional diet to meet energy needs, protein needs are also usually met, problems arise when, because of poverty or illness, people cannot consume their traditional diets. New data on protein digestibility and on protein quality are recognized in a 1991 FAO/WHO expert consultation and a 1994 International Dietary Energy Consultative Croup (IDECG) workshop. Protein requirements are re-evaluated in this paper on the basis of these considerations.
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Stahler-Sholk, Richard. "El Salvador's Negotiated Transition: From Low-Intensity Conflict to Low-Intensity Democracy." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 36, no. 4 (1994): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166318.
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Like the reports of Mark Twain's death, the claims of a wave of democratization sweeping Latin America may be exaggerated. Yet the resurgence of electoral politics and the receding of military rule since the 1980s are trends that hold significance both for the future of Latin America and for inter-American relations. The transitions from bureaucratic-authoritarian rule in South America, and from the oligarchy-military alliances in Central America, have been a major focus of recent US policy attention. From the human rights approach of the Carter administration to the Reagan rollback doctrine, US policy became more actively engaged in controversial attempts to define and impose “democracy” in the region. After the end of the Cold War, US action or inaction remained key factors in the events surrounding the 1989 elections in Panama and the 1990 elections in Haiti and Nicaragua.
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Mastroianni, Anna, and Jeffrey Kahn. "Remedies for Human Subjects of Cold War Research: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24, no. 2 (1996): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1996.tb01844.x.
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At a White House ceremony in October 1995, the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments presented its Final Report to President Bill Clinton. The 925-page report and the over 2,000 pages of supplemental volumes summarized eighteen months of investigative research, debate, and deliberation on historical and contemporary issues in human subjects research. The Advisory Committee's efforts were aided by unprecedented support from the highest levels of the executive branch, including the heads of eight cabinet-level agencies and their departments' resources. The presidentially appointed committee and its staff delved into long-forgotten Cold Warera government archives, listened to hours of public testimony, interviewed key players in the development of medical therapies and nuclear weapons, and studied ethical issues arising in today's research.In this article we focus on a critical, but narrowly defined, part of the Advisory Committee's Final Report: remedying harms or wrongs to subjects of human radiation experiments conducted or sponsored by the U.S. government between 1944 and 1974.
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Grunfeld, A. Tom. "Tibet. The Facts. A Report Prepared by the Scientific Buddhist Association for the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. By Paul Ingram. [Dharamsala, India: Tibetan Young Buddhist Association, 2nd edition, 1990. 384 pp. £7.50.]." China Quarterly 127 (September 1991): 638–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574100003126x.
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Park, Sunyoung, and Chungil Chae. "Intervention research and its influence on nonintervention research in human resource development." European Journal of Training and Development 41, no. 5 (June 5, 2017): 410–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-08-2016-0062.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify how intervention research weighed in nonintervention research in the field of human resource development (HRD) by examining the number, citation frequency and use of experimental studies in HRD academic journals. Design/methodology/approachA total of 2,700 articles published between 1990 and 2014 from Advances in Developing Human Resources (ADHR), European Journal of Training and Development (EJTD), Human Resource Development International (HRDI) and Human Resource Development Quarterly (HRDQ) were reviewed and analyzed to identify 91 experimental studies in the field. FindingsThe total citation frequency of the 91 articles was 1,100 (14 from ADHR, 222 from EJTD, 56 from HRDI and 808 from HRDQ). The authors reviewed the 1,100 subsequent studies that cited 91 experimental research studies and coded them to identify the research methods that each article adopted and to determine whether the studies used the citation to make causal statements. As a result, the authors found 459 causal statements from 1,100 citations. In particular, they identified the citation frequency of the causal statements used in nonintervention research to examine how often nonintervention studies used causal statements from intervention studies. Research limitations/implicationsThe results of the citation frequency could be different according to the search engines and timeframes. Books, technical reports, non-English studies, non-academic articles and inaccessible articles were not considered in this study. Theoretically, this study aimed to illuminate the magnitude of HRD experimental research conducted over 25 years and to what extent it influenced non-experimental studies. In addition, this study emphasized the importance of using the causal statements from experimental research to improve empirical validation in other studies. Practical implicationsWhen HRD practitioners need to identify alternative interventions to replace previous ones or to justify the use of specific interventions, they could consider causal statements from empirical studies as valid evidence. Further, HRD practitioners might collaborate with researchers to receive more direct and relevant information from experimental research. Originality/valueSignificantly, this study provides an integrative review of experimental research conducted in the field of HRD in terms of the number, citation frequency and proportion of using experimental research. An additional contribution is that it summarizes the research methods used in HRD studies over 25 years.
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Swadźba, Stanisław. "Globalization and economic growth in highly developed countries." SHS Web of Conferences 74 (2020): 05025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207405025.
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The main goal of this paper is to show the level of globalization, its changes and the impact of globalization on economic growth and socio-economic development in these countries. The following research methods were used: historical, literature, descriptive analysis and simple statistical methods. Statistical data used in this paper come from KOF Index of globalization, World Bank Database and Human Development Reports. The time range of research is 1990-2018. The research covered 16 countries of Western Europe, USA, Canada, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. The main findings of the study are as follows: Highly developed countries are the most globalized. The level of globalization in individual countries varies, but the differences are not large. The medium-size European countries are the most globalized, while non-European countries are the least globalized. Starting from the 1990s, the level of globalization has increased significantly. The highest increase was in the less globalized countries, the lowest in the most globalized ones. As a result, the differences between them have significantly decreased. Thus we can see the convergence in the sphere of globalization. The positive impact of globalization on economic growth and socio-economic development was not observed in this group of countries.
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Andersson, AM, and NE Skakkebaek. "Exposure to exogenous estrogens in food: possible impact on human development and health." European Journal of Endocrinology 140, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1400477.
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There has been increasing concern about the impact of environmental compounds with hormone-like action on human development and reproductive health over the past decades. An alternative but neglected source of hormone action that may be considered in this connection is hormone residues in meat from husbandry animals treated with sex steroid hormones for growth promotion. Treatment of cattle with naturally occurring or synthetic sex hormones may enhance lean muscle growth and improve feed efficiency and is therefore a very cost effective procedure for cattle producers who have used it for decades in some Western countries, including the USA and Canada. The Joint Food and Agricultural Organisation/World Health Organisation (FAO/WHO) expert committee on food additives (JECFA) and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considered, in 1988, that the residues found in meat from treated animals were safe for the consumers. We have re-evaluated the JECFA conclusions regarding the safety of estradiol residues in meat in the light of recent scientific data, with special emphasis on estradiol levels in prepubertal children. These levels are needed for estimates of the normal daily production rates of estradiol in children, who may be particularly sensitive to low levels of estradiol. In our opinion, the conclusions by JECFA concerning the safety of hormone residues in meat seem to be based on uncertain assumptions and inadequate scientific data. Our concerns can be summarized as follows. 1) The data on residue levels in meat were based on studies performed in the 1970's and 1980's using radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods available at the time. The sensitivity of the methods was generally inadequate to measure precisely the low levels found in animal tissues, and considerable variation between different RIA methods for measuring steroids exists. Therefore the reported residue levels may be subject to considerable uncertainty. 2) Only limited information on the levels of the various metabolites of the steroids was given despite the fact that metabolites also may have biological activity. 3) Reliable data on daily production rates of steroid hormones were and are still lacking in healthy prepubertal children. This lack is crucial as previous guidelines regarding acceptable levels of steroid residues in edible animal tissues have been based on very questionable estimates of production rates in children. Thus, even today the US FDA bases its guidelines on the presumably highly overestimated production rates in prepubertal children given in the JECFA 1988 report. 4) The possible biological significance of very low levels of estradiol is neglected. In conclusion, based on our current knowledge possible adverse effects on human health by consumption of meat from hormone-treated animals cannot be excluded.
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Bothun, Gregory D. "Data networks and sustainability education in African universities." International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 17, no. 2 (March 7, 2016): 246–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-07-2014-0111.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a case study report of the development of data networks and initial connectivity in the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) region and how that development evolved into the formation of research and education (R & E) networks that enable new collaborations and curriculum potential. Design/methodology/approach – This case study is presented through the past 20 year’s operations and field activities of the Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC) at the University of Oregon, who in partnership with the National Science Foundation has worked together to significantly train network engineers in Africa on how to develop regional R & E networks that can link together the various research universities in SSA. Findings – The author shows how the development of these networks have fostered improved collaboration between African and US scientists, particularly around issues that relate to climate change. This paper contains testimonials from both scientists and on-the-ground key directors in Africa about the value of these improved networks. The expansion of regional R & E networks has allowed the Association of African Universities (AAU) to launch sustainable development as one of its new core programs over the period 2013-2017. Within this new core AAU program are four sub-themes: agriculture and food security, water resources management, climate change and energy. All of these themes will benefit directly from these new, network-enabled, data-sharing abilities. Practical implications – The current state of network-driven curriculum and curriculum exchange between African universities is assessed and compared that to that in the early days of academic network penetration (1990-2000) in the USA to find similar rates of evolution. Since 2015, SSA has sufficient network access and connectivity to now enable a wide variety of new collaborative research and collaborative academic programs. Originality/value – The experience and operational competence of the NSRC at the University of Oregon needs to be detailed and espoused. No other American university has had such an impact on Africa in terms of improving its overall network infrastructure enabling new kinds of collaborative research on real-world problems, such as climate change and resource depletion in Africa.
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Havemo, Emelie. "Visual trends in the annual report: the case of Ericsson 1947-2016." Corporate Communications: An International Journal 23, no. 3 (August 6, 2018): 312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-03-2017-0015.
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PurposeDisclosure research has argued that visuals are increasingly used in annual reports as a way to increase readability of the annual report, but comparatively little is known about of diagrams compared to graphs and photographs. The purpose of this paper is to provide a historical account of visuals use in corporate disclosure, with an emphasis on diagrams, to show changes from the 1940s until present-day reporting.Design/methodology/approachVisual research methods were applied to analyze how diagrams, photographs and graphs were used in 69 annual reports of the Swedish telecom company Ericsson.FindingsPhotographs have been used with increasing frequency since the 1950s. Graph and diagram use has increased significantly since the 1990s while photograph use remained stable, suggesting that graphs and diagrams increasingly complement photographs for visually representing the organization in corporate disclosure. Factors explaining the case company’s development include both internal (performance, individual preferences, shifting from a manufacturing-based strategy to a service-based strategy) and external (legislation, transformation of the telecom industry).Originality/valueVisual elements in annual reports are increasingly oriented toward immaterial representations of the organization’s standings and identity and diagrams are increasingly used and contribute to this. This finding motivates further research about diagram use in corporate communication, such as how different diagram types convey accounting messages, and whether diagrams serve as impression management devices. For regulators, it will be important to follow the emerging trend of diagram use, since it is becoming part of reporting practice.
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Pukhaeva, A., and E. Miroshina (Silantieva). "Does Social Inequality Stimulate the Economic Growth? (On the examples of the chosen developing countries)." Review of Business and Economics Studies 6, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2308-944x-2018-6-1-43-55.
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The article critically examines the concept of social inequality, and suggests ways to determine it against the background of a wide range of factors that determine inequality among the richest and poorest countries. It also summarizes the inequalities between the three groups of countries by comparing some macroeconomic indicators of socio-economic inequality. We then checked for a linear relationship between the two quantitative variables. Using World Bank data and Reports of the United Nations on human development, we conducted an analysis of individual countries taken from three groups of countries (a total of thirty countries), for the period from 1990 to 2017. After a statistical analysis, we proved that inequality slows down economic growth.
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Zala, C., D. Rouleau, and B. Conway. "Is There Anything Left to Learn? A Report on the Fifth Interanational Workshop on HIV Drug Resistance." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 9, no. 3 (1998): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/347961.
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Although insight into the viral dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has increased dramatically over the past year, there remains much to learn in the field of antiretroviral drug resistance. Transmission of isolates with primary drug resistance is increasingly recognized. With respect to reverse transcriptase inhibitors, it appears that the use of drugs in combination may forestall the development of resistance once therapy has been initiated. Further, certain findings, particularly with respect to zidovudine and lamivudine, suggest that emergence of resistance to one agent may lead to increased susceptibility to another. These data may allow evaluation of innovative treatment strategies to avoid the development of multidrug resistance, which has now been reported in a number of settings. Protease inhibitors (PIs) are, on an individual basis, the most potent antiretroviral compounds available today. A number of studies have shown that resistance to these agents develops after the accumulation of several mutations in the protease gene of HIV. As with reverse transcriptase inhibitors, the use of PIs in the context of regimens designed to suppress viral replication as much as possible appears to forestall, perhaps indefinitely, the development of drug resistance. Although different patterns of resistance mutations have been described for the different PIs available, the issue of cross-resistance remains unresolved. For the time being, it may be best to consider all PIs as a single agent that must always be used in a regimen designed to maximally suppress viral load. In conclusion, research in the field of antiretroviral drug resistance has never been more active and productive. It is hoped that such research will lead to the development of an integrated model of the clinical and laboratory management of HIV-infected individuals.
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Messina, Marcos de Lorenzo, Fernanda Deutsch, Eduardo Zlotnik, Felipe Nasser, Breno Boueri Affonso, Nilson Roberto de Melo, and Edmund Chada Baracat. "Endovascular surgery in gynecology." Einstein (São Paulo) 8, no. 4 (December 2010): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082010rw1372.
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ABSTRACT Endovascular surgery has presented a high evolution since 1960 with Charles Dotter, who changed the concept of catheter utilization as a mean to diagnose and introduce therapeutic in interventionist vascular environment. The first reports of bleeding control of gastrointestinal and transluminal angioplasty input the development of new techniques for endovascular access, and new materials use, such as microcatheters and embolic agents, become this procedure effective and viable for treatment of several pathologies. The embolization of several organs of human body is a procedure carried out for more than 30 years all over the world showing safety, efficacy and of simple execution. In obstetrics and gynecology, particularly, the first reports refer to pelvic hemorrhage control of varied etiology, including pelvic trauma, bladder and gynecology neoplasia, anteriovenous fistulas and puerperal hemorrhages. The embolization of uterine myoma appears in the 1990's as an alternative for treat of uterine leiomyoma, and a number of studies try to clarify the risks and benefits of this procedure. It is a multidisciplinary technique, with diagnostic and indication performed by gynecologist and the procedure done by interventional vascular radiologist. This review is a critical analysis of interventionist vascular radiologic methods and its main therapeutic indications in gynecology.
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Lancaster, J. L., L. H. Rainey, J. L. Summerlin, C. S. Freitas, P. T. Fox, A. C. Evans, A. W. Toga, and J. C. Mazziotta. "Automated labeling of the human brain: A preliminary report on the development and evaluation of a forward-transform method." Human Brain Mapping 5, no. 4 (1997): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1997)5:4<238::aid-hbm6>3.0.co;2-4.
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O'Brien, J. G., M. E. Ostry, M. E. Mielke, R. Mech, R. L. Heyd, and D. G. McCullough. "First Report of Beech Bark Disease in Michigan." Plant Disease 85, no. 8 (August 2001): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.8.921a.
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Beech bark disease of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) is caused by the interaction of an introduced scale insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga) and the native fungus Nectria galligena, or N. coccinea var. faginata, which is thought to be introduced. Infestations of the insect precede development of the disease, and N. galligena is often found before N. coccinea var. faginata. Previously published records indicate that the beech scale extends as far west as eastern Ohio (2) and southern Ontario (Sajan, personal communication). The scale is now well established in several locations in both the Upper Peninsula (UP) and Lower Peninsula (LP) of Michigan. The scale insect has been found in beech stands throughout three counties (Oceana, Mason, and Muskegon) along the Lake Michigan shore in the LP, extending for at least 100 km from north to south, and occurring up to about 80 km inland. In the eastern UP, beech scale has been found in four counties (Alger, Chippewa, Luce, and Schoolcraft). The heaviest beech scale infestations are distributed around Ludington State Park in the west central LP and the Bass Lake Forest Campground in the eastern UP. The extent of the insect infestation suggests that it has been present in Michigan for many years, with anecdotal accounts placing the first observations of beech scale at Ludington State Park around 1990. These infection centers are distant from previously known beech scale infestations and are located in heavily used recreation areas, suggesting that the insect may have been transported by human activity. Perithecia of N. coccinea var. faginata were found in Ludington State Park in the LP at N 44° 1.951', W 86° 29.956' and perithecia of N. galligena were found at the Bass Lake site in the UP, at N 46° 27.748', W 85° 42.478'. The identity of the fungi collected from each location was confirmed by measurements of perithecium and ascospore morphology (1). Perithecia at both sites were scarce and difficult to find. Surveys planned for the summer and fall of 2001 will further delimit the occurrence and distribution of the pathogens involved in the disease in Michigan. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the beech scale and beech bark disease in Michigan, with N. galligena and N. coccinea var. faginata identified as the pathogens. References: (1) H. V. T. Cotter and R. O. Blanchard. Plant Dis. 65:332–334, 1981. (2) M. E. Mielke et al. Plant Dis. 69:905, 1985.
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Prickett, John R., and Jeffrey J. Zimmerman. "The development of oral fluid-based diagnostics and applications in veterinary medicine." Animal Health Research Reviews 11, no. 2 (March 5, 2010): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252310000010.
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AbstractThe purpose of this review was to discuss the history of the development and implementation of oral fluid diagnostics for infectious diseases of humans and domestic animals. The use of oral fluid for the assessment of health and diagnosis of disease in humans and animals has a surprisingly long history. As early as 1909, Pollaci and Ceraulo reported sensitive and specific agglutination of ‘Micrococcus melitensis’ (Brucella melitensis) by oral fluid from patients diagnosed with Malta Fever. A 1986 report of the detection of antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in oral fluid from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) marked the start of a remarkably rapid series of developments in oral fluid-based assays. Cumulatively, the literature strongly supports implementation of oral fluid-based diagnostics in veterinary diagnostic medicine. Pathogen-specific IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies have all been demonstrated in oral fluid collected from diverse domestic animal species in response to infection. A variety of infectious agents, both local and systemic, are shed in oral fluid, including some of the most economically significant pathogens of production animals (e.g. foot-and-mouth disease virus, classical swine fever virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) Ultimately, point-of-care rapid assays (i.e. cow-side, sow-side or pen-side tests) and access to real-time infectious disease data will revolutionize our delivery of health management services.