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Journal articles on the topic 'Human-Elephant Conflict (HEC)'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Hoare, Richard. "Human-Elephant Taskforce products available for research collaborators." Pachyderm 29 (December 30, 2000): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.69649/pachyderm.v29i1.1024.

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This text notes that a number of products emanating from the ongoing work of the Human-Elephant Conflict Taskforce are available with the hope that people will use them and comment on the results. The plan is to establish a standardized approach with a feedback loop so the research results are comparable between vastly differing human-elephant conflict (HEC) sites in Africa. The product list thus far includes: a HEC bibliographic list; a recommended standardized data collection and analysis protocol for HEC situations; a training package for enumerators of elephant damage; and a synthesis of r

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Hoare, Richard. "Update on the study and management of human-elephant conflict in Africa/ Mise en courant de l'etude et la gestion du conflit hommes-elephants en Afrique." Pachyderm 33 (December 30, 2002): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.69649/pachyderm.v33i1.1116.

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Reviews focus and work of the Human-Elephant Conflict Working Group since its inception in 1996. Initial identification and investigation of specific aspects of human-elephant conflict (HEC) problems focused on management related outputs led to 'the production in 2001 of a 'decision support system' for managing conflicts'. 'A network of AfESG collaborators' continues to contribute towards a growing understanding of the HEC phenomenon which manifests itself in complex social and spatial dynamics across many bio-geographical landscapes in Africa. On the ground assessments have brought common cha

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Kuswanda, Wanda, Raden Garsetiasih, Hendra Gunawan, et al. "Can Humans and Elephants Coexist? A Review of the Conflict on Sumatra Island, Indonesia." Diversity 14, no. 6 (2022): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14060420.

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The high rate of deforestation and fragmentation of elephant habitat on Sumatra Island has triggered human-elephant conflict (HEC) in Sumatra Island, Indonesia. This conflict brings negative impacts on humans and elephants. Despite numerous efforts having been made to solve this problem, the HEC continues to occur in the remaining elephant enclave every year. The harmonious coexistence between humans and elephants could be improved through HEC mitigation programs. The aim of this paper was to review information on HEC in Sumatra Island, investigate the causes and implications of HEC, review ex

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Sampson, Christie, S. L. Rodriguez, Peter Leimgruber, Qiongyu Huang, and David Tonkyn. "A quantitative assessment of the indirect impacts of human-elephant conflict." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (2021): e0253784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253784.

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Human-wildlife conflict has direct and indirect consequences for human communities. Understanding how both types of conflict affect communities is crucial to developing comprehensive and sustainable mitigation strategies. We conducted an interview survey of 381 participants in two rural areas in Myanmar where communities were exposed to human-elephant conflict (HEC). In addition to documenting and quantifying the types of direct and indirect impacts experienced by participants, we evaluated how HEC influences people’s attitudes towards elephant conservation. We found that 99% of participants s

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Songhurst, Anna. "Probing the Complexities of Actual and Perceived Levels of Human-Elephant Conflict in the Okavango, Botswana." Diversity 15, no. 8 (2023): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15080890.

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People’s perception of the conflict they are experiencing with wildlife is a major factor in determining the extent of human-elephant conflict (HEC) occurring and needs to be considered when devising HEC management strategies. To understand perceptions and attitudes, however, it is necessary to identify factors that influence them. This study used a combination of multivariate ordered probit and generalized linear models to probe the complexities of farmer perception and attitudes and reveal underlying influential factors that shape perceived conflict levels. The study shows that the perceptio

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QOMARIAH, INDIRA NURUL, TUTIA RAHMI, ZURAIDAH SAID, and ARIEF WIJAYA. "Conflict between human and wild Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus Temminck, 1847) in Aceh Province, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 1 (2018): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200110.

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Qomariah IN, Rahmi T, Said Z, Wijaya A. 2019. Conflict between human and wild Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus Temminck, 1847) in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 77-84. Aceh Province has the largest habitat for Sumatran elephant. However, the elephant population in the province keeps decreasing due to frequent conflict with humans. This study aimed to observe the trend and pattern of Human-elephant Conflict (HEC) in Aceh, as well as the main causes driving the conflict. To collect information, we carried out desk study, secondary data collection, and interviews with re

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Kei, Lok Huey, Nur A’Alia Atierah Binti Bakri, Phoo Qiao Lin, Huda Khalidah Binti Khairunizan, Koo Huang Qing Yuan, and Nazirah Binti Mohamad Abdullah. "Mitigating Human-Elephant Conflict: a Comprehensive Review of Strategies for Sustainable Coexistence in Support of SDG 15." Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review 5, no. 2 (2024): e02756. https://doi.org/10.47172/2965-730x.sdgsreview.v5.n02.pe02756.

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Introduction: Human-elephant conflict (HEC) presents a growing challenge as shrinking habitats and rising human populations increase the frequency of these interactions, threatening both livelihoods and elephant conservation. This review systematically examines and categorizes HEC mitigation strategies, focusing on early warning systems, crop protection, community-based conservation, and conservation corridors, to promote sustainable human-elephant coexistence. Theoretical guidance is provided by frameworks on biodiversity conservation and community participation, with a methodological approac

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Ngoc, P. T. B., and T. T. T. Huong. "Governance Practices in Mitigating Human-Elephant Conflicts in Dong Nai Province, Vietnam." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1403, no. 1 (2024): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1403/1/012010.

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Abstract Human-elephant conflicts (HEC) have become a significant concern due to their implications for both biodiversity conservation and human livelihoods. It has become a serious issue in Asian countries, particularly in Vietnam. This paper explores the effective governance strategies and good practices to mitigate human-elephant conflict in Dong Nai province, Vietnam. Through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and secondary data analysis, this article aims to identify and evaluate the practices that have been employed to mitigate these conflicts. The participatory observation

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Köpke, Sören, Sisira S. Withanachchi, Ruwan Pathiranage, et al. "Human–Elephant Conflict in Sri Lanka: A Critical Review of Causal Explanations." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (2021): 8625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158625.

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Human–elephant conflict (HEC) is a severe and much-debated issue in Sri Lanka. An average of two hundred animals are intentionally killed, and seventy to eighty human casualties are counted each year. The Sri Lankan elephant (Elephas maximus maximus) is an endangered subspecies. The reported elephant mortality rates are high. On the other hand, human–elephant conflict also leads to hardship and trauma among rural populations. This research paper reviews causal explanations for HEC in Sri Lanka, tracing underlying narratives and connecting broader conservation theory and practical approaches. T

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Kochprapa, Poldej, Chution Savini, Dusit Ngoprasert, Tommaso Savini, and George Gale. "Mitigating Human-Elephant Conflict in Southeast Asia." Tropical Natural History 24 (June 12, 2024): 70–83. https://doi.org/10.58837/tnh.24.1.262158.

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Human-elephant conflict (HEC) poses serious threats to humans and to elephants, and while HEC in Southeast Asia is increasing, mitigation effectiveness data are lacking. Previous assessments of available mitigation options have not compared relative benefits and impacts of each on a practical level to identify which factors should be considered by local agricultural communities and/or other stakeholders when choosing among mitigation options. Understanding which mitigation approach to apply in a given context is crucial for effective mitigation planning and can aid in the development of more h

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Sampson, Christie, Peter Leimgruber, Shari Rodriguez, John McEvoy, Elaine Sotherden, and David Tonkyn. "Perception of Human–Elephant Conflict and Conservation Attitudes of Affected Communities in Myanmar." Tropical Conservation Science 12 (January 2019): 194008291983124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082919831242.

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Myanmar is an ideal location for Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus L.) conservation because it still contains large expanses of elephant habitat. However, increasing human–elephant conflict (HEC) threatens to derail ongoing elephant conservation programs. We conducted 303 interviews in rural communities living near elephants to help inform long-term management strategies to conserve this endangered species. We sought to understand the main challenges that people in these communities face in improving their quality of life, as well as the types and levels of HEC they experience and their attitud

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Hoare, Richard. "Projects of the Human-Elephant Conflict Taskforce (HETF) - results and recommendations." Pachyderm 28 (June 30, 2000): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.69649/pachyderm.v28i1.1000.

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Notes the development recognition of the need for and the development of the Taskforce focused on human elephant conflict (HEC) - a 5 person group offically established by AfESG in 1997. During the first phase, yielded aN inventory of conflict sites, a bibliography of available literature, a list of priority topics for further investigation, and terms of reference for the Taskforce itself were compiled. The second phase continues to evolve around 3 activities: linking people with similar interests, acting as a catalyst in getting studies underway, and providing technical advice and expertise t

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Dangol, Deepa, Anuj Ghimire, and Salina Banskota Bhattarai. "Human-elephant conflict in the buffer zone of Chitwan National Park, Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 4, no. 1 (2020): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v4i1.30671.

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The interaction between human and wildlife sharing same resources often result negative outcomes and are referred as the human wildlife conflict which affects not only humans but also the wild species. Such conflicts, especially from the mega-herbivores such as elephants has become one of the major management challenges for the Chitwan National Park (CNP), Nepal. Spatial and temporal patterns of human elephant conflict (HEC) in the buffer zone of CNP were analyzed using park data and questionnaire survey conducted among three hundred and ninety residents of thirteen buffer zone user committees

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Von Hagen, Lynn, Chase A. LaDue, and Bruce A. Schulte. "Elephant Scar Prevalence in the Kasigau Wildlife Corridor, Kenya: Echoes of Human-Elephant Conflict." Animals 13, no. 4 (2023): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13040605.

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Human–elephant conflict (HEC) compromises crop security and threatens elephant conservation. Most commonly, HEC manifests as crop-foraging as elephants modify natural foraging strategies to incorporate crops. Farmers may retaliate by frightening or harming elephants, leaving scars from inflicted wounds. We assessed the prevalence and distribution of scars on the bodies of African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) observed in the Kasigau Wildlife Corridor (KWC), part of the Greater Tsavo Ecosystem of Kenya, where conflict is prevalent. We surmised that scars on the body are largely a resul

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Beatrice, L. Msenga. "Human-elephant conflicts in northern Tanzania: Determinants and the perceived effectiveness of local mitigation strategies." Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) 25, no. 5 (2024): 52–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14642637.

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Human-elephant conflicts (HEC) is the major challenge to agropastoral communities who resides within and around protected areas (PAs) in northern Tanzania. Efforts to abate HECs challenges has led communities to adopt a range of tradition elephant deterrence methods. Our study employed 156 household survey and 8 key informant interviews to identify determinants of HEC and assess the perceived effectiveness of the existing traditional mitigation measures in villages around the Enduimet Wildlife Management Area (WMA) in Longido District, Northern Tanzania. The study results show that occupation

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Panja, Utpal, and Biswaranjan Mistri. "Human-Elephant Conflict in Sonamukhi C.D. Block of Bankura District, West Bengal." Space and Culture, India 5, no. 3 (2018): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v5i3.295.

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Human-Elephant Conflict (HEC) is a complex interaction between humans and elephants. This article is an attempt to examine the HEC in the Sonamukhi block of Bankura District. This block is an HEC-affected area, where the increasing human population density and the changing land-use patterns continuously reduce the naturally dwelling place of the elephants. As a result of the reduced geographical spaces, the elephant herds destroy crops, houses, and even kill people. Irritated farmers in return hit back by shooting, wounding elephants with home-made weapons. The conflict burgeons every day. Thi

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Thakur, A. K., D. K. Yadav, and M. K. Jhariya. "Socio-economic status of human-elephant conflict: Its assessment and solutions." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 4 (2016): 2104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i4.1098.

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The study was made to examine the effect of human-elephant conflict (HEC) on socio-economic vulnerability in corridors of northern Chhattisgarh. Incidents relating to conflicts were observed and analyzed to understand the socio-economic status of the people, their attitudes towards elephant, the way people and elephants were affected along with different aspects of conflicts. The records whatsoever available on HEC of forest department were also took into consideration during analysis. It was found that majority of respondents involved in farming besides other sources like livestock (63.0%), N

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Papakonstantinidis, Leonidas A., and T. G. Supun Lahiru Prakash. "Analysis of Human-Elephant Conflict in Sri-Lanka by The Win-Win-Win Papakonstantinidis Model." International Journal of Economics, Business, and Entrepreneurship 2, no. 1 (2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/ijebe.v2i1.44.

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Asian Elephants have been revered for centuries and playing an important role in the continent's culture and religion where they habitat. Sri Lanka plays an important role in Asian elephant conservation in accommodating more than 10% of the global Asian elephant population in less than 2% of global Asian elephant range. Human – Elephant conflict (HEC) is a significant component in Socio – economic development in Sri Lanka and conservation of free range elephnats. In this study we attempted to Analysis Human-elephant conflict in Sri-Lanka using the win-win-win Papakonstantinidis model.

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Shamsuddoha, Mohammad, and M. Abdul Aziz. "Human-Elephant interactions and associated damage in the northern transboundary areas of Bangladesh." Our Nature 19, no. 1 (2021): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v19i1.41213.

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We have studied human-elephant interactions in the northern transboundary of Bangladesh and estimated the scale of associated damage due to the negative interaction by visiting conflict area, performing focus group discussions key informant interviews and using secondary data sources. Around 70-80 non-resident elephants regularly intruded to the study area through the international border fence using several trespassing points and engaged in conflicts with frontier villagers. We discussed the nature and scale of conflict and the financial losses due to the conflict. Besides severe casualties i

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Baskaran, Nagarajan, Selvarasu Sathishkumar, Varadharajan Vanitha, Mani Arjun, Perumal Keerthi, and Nikshepan Goud Bandhala. "Unveiling the Hidden Causes: Identifying the Drivers of Human–Elephant Conflict in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Western Ghats, Southern India." Animals 14, no. 22 (2024): 3193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14223193.

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Since the human population is growing beyond the earth’s ability to sustain it, more people are being brought into contact with wildlife, leading to increasing human–wildlife conflict. The Asian elephant, a wide-ranging megaherbivore, is being increasingly threatened by human–elephant conflict [HEC]. Its conservation depends on identifying the causes of HEC and implement measure to mitigate the HEC effectively. We studied the drivers of HEC among five forest divisions in Western Ghats, India, that support a high density of elephants across Asia. Comparing the last six years’ data on HEC with 2

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Tripathy, Bismay Ranjan, Xuehua Liu, and Vikram Ranga. "Demographic Circumstances and People’s Sentiments towards Elephants in the Human–Elephant Conflict Hotspot Villages of Keonjhar Forest Division in Eastern India." Diversity 14, no. 5 (2022): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14050311.

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The socio-economic aspects of the people who directly share space with elephants not only influence the occurrence of human-elephant conflict (HEC) but also shape their sentiments towards coexistence with elephants. The objectives of this paper are to (i) assess the demographic situation and map people’s sentiments towards elephants in the HEC hotspot villages of the Keonjhar forest division in India and (ii) rank the most suitable policy instruments and the urgency of mitigation strategies. The results indicated that cultivation and marginal agriculture were positively related with HEC incide

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Samanta, Dipayan, and Priyankar Sanphui. "Impact of Human-Elephant Conflict: A Case Study from Northern West Bengal, India." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 46, no. 12 (2025): 217–26. https://doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2025/v46i125057.

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Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) refers to the conflict between human and wildlife mostly in the edges of protected areas resulting in negative impact on both sides. Elephants are one such animal responsible for HWC in many Asian countries. Northern part of West Bengal encounters large number of instances of Human-elephant conflict (HEC). The present case study was conducted between January 2024 to February 2025, to estimate the impact of HEC on humans in Chauhaddi village of Jalpaiguri District in the Northern West Bengal. Primary data was collected through regular field survey, household questi

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Sivarajah, Vainavi. "HUMAN ANIMAL CONFLICT (HEC) AND ASSOCIATED PRBLEMS: A CASE STUDY IN THIRUKKOVIL DIVISIONAL SECRETARIAT DIVISION, AMPARA DISTRICT." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 08 (2024): 1436–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/19388.

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Department of Wildlife Conservation reported in 2011 that an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population of 1573 identified in the Eastern province and which has the second highest population in the country, also createda major Human Elephant conflict (HEC). This study aimed to analyze the HEC and associated problems in the Thirukkovil Divisional Secretariat in the Ampara District. The purposive sampling method was used to collect the primary data through interviews and observations. 40 people including 20 men and 20 women were selected for the study, and affected area data was gathered via ob

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Dey, Tisha, and N. K. Baghmar. "A Geospatial Analysis of Human-Elephant Conflict in the North Corridor of Chhattisgarh, India." Indian Journal of Spatial Science 16(1), Spring (2025): 92–97. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15105446.

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The human-elephant conflict has been a long-time serious problem for the state of Chhattisgarh. With an abundant amount of dense forest cover and suitable climatic conditions in search of natural habitat, Chhattisgarh has been attracting migratory elephant herds, which have been displaced from the neighboring states of Odisha and Jharkhand due to gigantic open-cast mining activities and huge destruction of forests through unlawful felling and encroachment. Elephants possibly enter the state of Chhattisgarh from three focal points, such as a) part of the south-western forests of Jharkhand, b) t

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Kitratporn, Nuntikorn, and Wataru Takeuchi. "Spatiotemporal Distribution of Human–Elephant Conflict in Eastern Thailand: A Model-Based Assessment Using News Reports and Remotely Sensed Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (2019): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010090.

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In Thailand, crop depredation by wild elephants intensified, impacting the quality of life of local communities and long-term conservation of wild elephant populations. Yet, fewer studies explore the landscape-scale spatiotemporal distribution of human–elephant conflict (HEC). In this study, we modeled the potential HEC distribution in ten provinces adjacent to protected areas in Eastern Thailand from 2009 to 2018. We applied the time-calibrated maximum entropy method and modeled the relative probability of HEC in varying scenarios of resource suitability and direct human pressure in wet and d

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Neupane, Bijaya, Subash Budhathoki, and Binod Khatiwoda. "Human-Elephant Conflict and Mitigation Measures in Jhapa District, Nepal." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 16, no. 1 (2018): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v16i1.22885.

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Asian elephants are the largest terrestrial animals that are highly threatened due to habitat loss and fragmentation. Human - Elephant Conflict (HEC) is a complex interaction between human and elephant, which represents detrimental impacts for both. The aim of this study was to explore HEC in terms of human casualties and injuries and crop and property damage in all the wards of Jalthal Village Development Committee of Jhapa district, Nepal. It also aimed at identifying the commonly practiced mitigation measures by the local people in the study area. For this study, 179 households were randoml

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Malley, Grace S., and L. J. Gorenflo. "Shifts in the conflict-coexistence continuum: Exploring social-ecological determinants of human-elephant interactions." PLOS ONE 18, no. 3 (2023): e0274155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274155.

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In Morogoro Region of south-central Tanzania, loss of crops and safety concerns due to elephants compromises livelihoods in many rural communities relying on subsistence agriculture. Using a social-ecological system framework to examine conflict-coexistence between people and elephants, this paper explores drivers that influence human-elephant interaction and subsistence farmer attitudes towards elephants in 10 villages from three different districts. Surveys and interviews document experiences interacting with elephants along with direct and indirect costs incurred in sharing the landscape, r

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Kurmi, Sanjay Kumar, and Narayan Prasad Koju. "Spatiotemporal association of human-elephant conflict around Parsa National Park, Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 5, no. 1 (2021): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v5i1.38283.

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This study was carried to evaluate the Spatio-temporal association of human-elephant conflict (HEC) among five different rural municipalities (Nirmalbasti, Jirabhawani, Sakhuwaparsauni, Parsagadhi, and Paterwasugauli) of Parsa District around Parsa National Park in 2019. Primary data was collected by using questionnaire surveys with victims’ family and local people using random sampling method, key informant interviews with Chief Conservation Officer of Parsa National Park, District Forest Officer, ZSL field official, Chairperson of Batika Buffer Zone User Committee, focus group discussion, an

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Supanta, Jarawee, Chaithep Poolkhet, Marnoch Yindee, Wallaya Manatchaiworakul, and Tuempong Wongtawan. "Human–Elephant Conflict in Thailand over the Past Decade (2014–2023): Occurrence, Geographical Distribution, and Temporal Trends." Animals 15, no. 9 (2025): 1304. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091304.

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The endangered Asian elephant, Thailand’s national symbol, is increasingly affected by human–elephant conflict (HEC), now a critical conservation and socio-economic concern. This study examined 341 HEC occurrences in 34 out of 77 Thai provinces between 2014 and 2023, based on data from official and private sources. These events resulted in both human and elephant casualties and property damage. Occurrences peaked in 2018 and 2023, with significant associations found between conflict rates, regions, and periods. The Eastern region and the July-to-October period (the rainy season) emerged as key

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Sulistiyono, N., M. I. Maulana, P. Patana, and A. Purwoko. "Spatial distribution characteristics of human-elephant conflict (HEC) in Besitang." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 713, no. 1 (2021): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/713/1/012055.

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Mmbaga, Naza Emmanuel, Linus Kasian Munishi, and Anna Christina Treydte. "Balancing African Elephant Conservation with Human Well-Being in Rombo Area, Tanzania." Advances in Ecology 2017 (May 31, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4184261.

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The critical assessment of the nature and extent of human-elephant conflict (HEC) and its impact on conservation efforts are essential if we are to meet the challenges related to extinction of local population, as well as loss biodiversity. Conservationists need detailed information on HEC in areas where these challenges prevail to improve intervention in the face of limited funds/resources. We assessed the status of HEC at Rombo area over the last six years. Data based on household surveys, focus group discussions, spatiotemporal analysis of site observations, and reported incidents of damage

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Nguyen, Van Viet, Thi Thanh Thuy Phan, Arockia E. J. Ferdin, and Chun-Hung Lee. "Conducting Importance–Performance Analysis for Human–Elephant Conflict Management Surrounding a National Park in Vietnam." Forests 12, no. 11 (2021): 1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111458.

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In this paper, we present a conceptual framework of human–elephant conflict (HEC) management embodying community aspects gleaned from the importance–performance analysis (IPA) for a National Park in Vietnam. Nine approaches were proposed to prevent and mitigate HEC (HEC indicators), of which six fell into different quadrants based on the respective estimations of farmer and non-farmer respondents. Both the levels of importance and performance (I-P) of the HEC indicators are evaluated between (I-P) among farmers and non-farmers. Locals perceived the importance of all HEC indicators highly, but

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Anuradha, J. M. P. N., Miho Fujimura, Tsukasa Inaoka, and Norio Sakai. "The Role of Agricultural Land Use Pattern Dynamics on Elephant Habitat Depletion and Human-Elephant Conflict in Sri Lanka." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (2019): 2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102818.

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The drastic depletion of elephant habitats in the dry zone of Sri Lanka has led to intense human-elephant conflict (HEC) in a region that is home to one of the celebrated agrarian settlements in Asia. Known as the tank villages, these settlements have a long history of human coexistence with elephants and other wild animals. However, the escalating incidence of human-elephant fatalities and crop losses to farmers indicates that the mode of interaction between the tank village inhabitants and the elephants has transformed from coexistence to conflict. Both population and agricultural land use p

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Tripathy, Bismay Ranjan, Xuehua Liu, Melissa Songer, Babar Zahoor, W. M. S. Wickramasinghe, and Kirti Kumar Mahanta. "Analysis of Landscape Connectivity among the Habitats of Asian Elephants in Keonjhar Forest Division, India." Remote Sensing 13, no. 22 (2021): 4661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224661.

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Land development has impacted natural landforms extensively, causing a decline in resources and negative consequences to elephant populations, habitats, and gene flow. Often, elephants seek to fulfill basic needs by wandering into nearby human communities, which leads to human–elephant conflict (HEC), a serious threat to conserving this endangered species. Understanding elephant space use and connectivity among their habitats can offset barriers to ecological flow among fragmented populations. We focused on the Keonjhar Forest Division in Eastern India, where HEC has resulted in the deaths of

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Songhurst, Anna, Makata Baitseng, Jennifer Lalley, et al. "All aboard the 'Elephant Express', a practical solution for human-elephant coexistence." Pachyderm 64 (November 21, 2023): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.69649/pachyderm.v64i.533.

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One of the most significant challenges for elephant conservation is managing negative interactions that occur where people and elephants use the same space and compete for resources. Human–elephant conflict (HEC) incidents often manifest in direct impacts to humans or elephants. However, some HEC situations result in long-term risk and chronic stress among communities living with elephants. Indirect impacts or opportunity costs, such as people being disadvantaged by the presence of elephants are harder to quantify and are not often addressed. In the eastern Okavango Panhandle, in northern Bots

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Geleta, Taye Lemma, and Girma Mengesha. "Study on Human–elephant (Loxodonta africana,Blumenbach, 1797) conflict, prevention and mitigation in Babile Elephant Sanctuary, Eastern Ethiopia." International Journal of Scientific and Academic Research 02, no. 03 (2022): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54756/ijsar.2022.v2i3.2.

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The focus of this paper is to study the Human-Elephant Conflict (HEC), Prevention, Mitigation methods in Babile Elephant Sanctuary, Eastern Ethiopia. Purposive and random sampling methods were used for primary data collection. Accordingly, a total of 138 Households were selected from four Peasant Associations that were close to the sanctuary for interview. Moreover, Focus group discussion, site observations, and secondary data of the last five years (2016-2020) related to HEC. The result showed, 87.7% of respondents thought that crop-raiding by elephants and 85% of them viewed, death of 16 ele

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LaDue, Chase A., Rajnish P. G. Vandercone, Wendy K. Kiso, and Elizabeth W. Freeman. "Scars of human–elephant conflict: patterns inferred from field observations of Asian elephants in Sri Lanka." Wildlife Research 48, no. 6 (2021): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr20175.

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Abstract ContextHuman–elephant conflict (HEC) is a major threat to Asian elephants as humans and elephants are forced to share common resources. In Sri Lanka, human-dominated landscapes adjacent to protected areas promote high rates of HEC, especially in the form of crop-foraging by elephants. Crop-foraging can be dangerous to both elephants and humans involved in the conflict. Gunfire is a common way for human communities to deter crop-foraging elephants, and gunshot wounds are commonly described in this elephant population on necropsy. AimsWe sought to quantify and describe unique scar patte

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Madden, M., M. Karidozo, W. Langbauer, F. Osborn, A. Presotto, and R. Parry. "GEOSPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN-WILDLIFE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS FOR SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2021 (June 30, 2021): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2021-281-2021.

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Abstract. Human-Elephant Conflict (HEC) is a global concern that requires geospatial data collection, analysis and geovisualization for decision support and mitigation. Bull African elephants, (Loxodonata africana), are often responsible for breaking fences, raiding crops and causing economic hardship in local communities in Botswana, Zimbabwe and Zambia. Methods for monitoring and understanding elephant movements are needed to mitigate conflict, find ways for coexistence and secure the future of Africa’s elephant populations. Researchers from academia and conservation organizations are partne

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Perera, A. A. L. C., K. M. R. D. Abhayapala, N. Dharmarathne, R. N. Nugara, and U. Kumarasinghe. "Human Elephant Conflict (HEC): a Contemporary Threat to Rural Livelihoods in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, no. 10 (2022): 620–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.61030.

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Human Elephant Conflict (HEC) has been recognized as one of the key concerns in rural community development including their agricultural activities and livelihoods well. Unrestrained and insensitive clearing of natural forest habitats for human settlements and agricultural expansions have become the major causes for this HEC, which has arisen and reported to be problematic for many years. Being mega-herbivores, elephants necessitate a huge amount of daily feed intake and due to reduced extent of their feeding grounds and migratory drives, they tends to invade human settlements and raid croplan

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Montez, Duarte, and Arun Leng. "Status of Asian elephant and Human-elephant conflict (HEC) in Asia: A brief and updated review." Journal of Nature and Applied Research 1, no. 1 (2021): 28–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6479099.

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The Asian elephant (<em>Elephas maximus</em>), the only extant species of the genus Elephas which belongs to family Elephantidae of order Proboscidea is currently restricted to 13 countries in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia (Sukumar, 2006). The range of Asian elephant does not extend beyond India to the west and Borneo to the east. However, this species once roamed an extended range from western Asia to the east as far as the Yangtze River in China (Olivier, 1978; Sukumar, 2006). The Asian elephant has disappeared from 95% of its historical range and currently distributed in discon

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Pratiwi, Dian Neli, Sugeng P. Haryanto, Yulianti Yanti, Arum Samsul Bakri, Winda Indriyati, and Elly Lestari Rustiati. "Participatory fecal collection on wild sumatran elephants' dungs in Simpang Tiga Abadi, Selapan, South Sumatera: The significant role of local community involvement." BIOVALENTIA: Biological Research Journal 10, no. 1 (2024): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24233/biov.10.1.2024.381.

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Sumatran elephant Elephas maximus sumatranus is a critically endangered species under pressure of habitat fragmentation and human-elephant conflict (HEC) such as in one plantation and/or settlement area next to its natural habitat, Simpang Tiga Abadi, Selapan, South Sumatera. Due to HEC, local people may experience economic loss and human casualty. Simpang Tiga Abadi is avillage, especially 5 sub-settlements directly close to the production forest area of PT. Bumi Khatulistiwa Mandiri, which is the natural habitat of sumatran elephants. The communities collaborated and company were formed an e

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CHAKRABORTY, Souraditya, and Nabanita PAUL. "Efficacy of different human-elephant conflict prevention and mitigation techniques practiced in West Bengal, India." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 13, no. 3 (2021): 11017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb13311017.

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Human-elephant conflicts (HEC) have become an ever-increasing threat to wildlife management in recent years around the world. In India, West Bengal has been one of the worst sufferers of these conflicts. With 2.89 % of the entire elephant population in India, the state records a high mortality rate, both human and pachyderm every year. Although several mitigation techniques, traditional as well as modern, have been used for many years, however, the conflict cases have not shown any steady decline. It seems that the measures practiced in the region focus on short-term alleviation rather than a

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Gross, Eva M., Joana G. Pereira, Tadeyo Shaba, Samuel Bilério, Brighton Kumchedwa, and Stephanie Lienenlüke. "Exploring Routes to Coexistence: Developing and Testing a Human–Elephant Conflict-Management Framework for African Elephant-Range Countries." Diversity 14, no. 7 (2022): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14070525.

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Creating a future for elephants and people is a highly complex and dynamic challenge, involving social, behavioral, and ecological dimensions as well as multiple actors with various interests. To foster learning from human–elephant conflict (HEC) management projects and share best practices, a study was conducted to review the management of conflicts between elephants and humans in 12 African countries by qualitative expert interviews. Based on this information, a HEC management framework was developed in a two-tiered process. In the first phase, the theory of the framework was developed. In a

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Neupane, Bijaya, Binod Khatiwoda, and Subash Budhathoki. "Effectiveness of Solar-powered Fence in Reducing Human - Wild Elephant Conflict (HEC) in Northeast Jhapa District, Nepal." Forestry: Journal of Institute of Forestry, Nepal 15 (July 31, 2018): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/forestry.v15i0.24917.

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Human Elephant Conflict (HEC) is a product of complex interaction between human and elephant that represents the detrimental impact for both. This study was aimed to assess the effectiveness of 17 km solar-powered electric fence installed in 2015 in north-eastern part of Jhapa district (Bahundangi VDC) against transboundary herds of wild elephants (150-200) that annually enters into Nepal from India and caused HEC. For this study, the detailed information on HEC incidents (human casualty and injury, crop and property damage) before and after the fence installation was collected. Affected wards

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Nijamir, K., K. A. J. M. Kuruppuarachchi, and B. D. Madurapperuma. "A Review of the Modern Methodological Approaches to Tracking Elephant Intrusion in Sri Lanka." Journal of Management, Social Sciences and Humanities 4, no. 1 (2023): 118–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jmsh.v4i1.12.

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This review aims to address the prevailing issues of elephant intrusion and the subsequent Human Elephant Conflict (HEC) in Sri Lanka, particularly in villages where the seasonal concentration of elephants can be observed in agricultural and surrounding wetlands. The episodic gatherings of elephants in these specific areas are a serious concern due to the lack of integrated control measures. The incidents of elephant gatherings are increasing in rural villages, especially during the off-season of paddy cultivation or nearing the harvesting period, as well as during the blooming times of fresh

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Chaudhary, Akshay, Sachin Timilsina, Subash Gautam, and Prajwol Babu Subedi. "An assessment of the Human-Elephant conflict in Sapahi and Kakadi Village of Kolhabi Municipality, Bara, Nepal." Our Nature 19, no. 1 (2021): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v19i1.41223.

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This study aims to assess the trend, extent, and impact of Human-Elephant conflict (HEC) in Sapahi and Kakadi villages of Bara district. Direct field observation, Household Survey (HHs), Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and Key Informant Interview (KII) were carried out during November and December 2016 where 11 wards were selected purposively from two village and 50 households from each village. Also, 12 KII and one FGDs from each ward were performed. SPSS 20.0, and MS Excel 2016 were used to calculate mean, percentage, frequency count, and chi-square test was used to determine the variation i

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Ferdian, Najmi Rinjani, Fathiya Rahma, Abdurrahman Hanif, et al. "People’s Perceptions of Human Elephant Conflict (HEC) and The Existence of Sumatran Elephants at CRU Sampoiniet Aceh Jaya, Indonesia." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9, no. 3 (2023): 1465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i3.2425.

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The increase in the human population has an impact on the expansion of the agricultural and plantation sectors. This causes a decrease in the amount of forest area which results in conflicts between humans and elephants. The purpose of the study was to determine the people's perception of the Sumatran elephant conflict and to determine the existence of male Sumatran elephants. The research was conducted in August 2022 at CRU Sampoiniet, Ie Jeureungeh village, Aceh Jaya district, Aceh province. The research method is descriptive qualitative and focal animal sampling. Data was collected by means

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King, Lucy, Naiya Raja, Meha Kumar, Nicola Heath, and Frank Pope. "Development of a new Human-Elephant Coexistence Toolbox for communities living with African savannah elephants (Loxodonta Africana)." Pachyderm 63 (December 14, 2022): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.69649/pachyderm.v63i.489.

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This field note is to invite our colleagues to peer review and test a new illustrated Human-Elephant Coexistence (HEC) Toolbox that is being developed in Kenya by Save the Elephants (STE) under the organizations’ mission to secure a future for elephants and to develop a tolerant relationship between humans and elephants. Through presenting the first edition here (Fig. 1), we are inviting our elephant colleagues and community leaders from across the African savannah elephant range States to provide feedback, or any corrections, on the tools, as well as sharing content for additional methods not

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Tsegaye, Adane, Afework Bekele, and Anagaw Atikem. "Local’s attitude towards African elephant conservation in and around Chebra Churchura National Park, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (2023): e0292641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292641.

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Economic growth and development in developing countries often involves land-use changes which fragment natural areas, bring humans and wildlife into closer proximity and escalating human- wildlife conflicts. Human-wildlife conflicts impose huge costs on local people and their livelihoods. Balancing developmental activities with the conservation of mega fauna such as the African and Asian elephants (Loxodonta Africana, Elephas maximus; respectively) remains problematic. Understanding the reasoning upon which perceived risks and level of human- elephant conflict laid is critical to address socie

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Ahmad Zaini, Azniza, Mohd Iqbal Mohd Noor, Badli Esham Ahmad, Amira Mas Ayu Mustafa, and William V. Eylen. "Economic Valuation of Forest as Habitat for Elephants: Case Study at Belum-Temenggor Forest Complex." Bioresources and Environment 1, no. 2 (2023): 34–48. https://doi.org/10.24191/bioenv.v1i2.29.

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The conversion of forests to other land uses, such as agriculture or housing, has led to an increase in the interaction between people and elephants that can highly result in human-elephant conflict. This conflict led to various socio-economic losses, such as losses of crop yields and the temporary decline in the tranquillity of villages and fear during the period of the conflict. Conceptually, the value of these losses could be used as a basis for the minimal value of the forest as a habitat for elephants. These studies value the HEC losses using economic valuation methods (replacement cost,

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