Academic literature on the topic 'Human equivalent dose'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Human equivalent dose.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Human equivalent dose"
1
Bouville, A., and W. M. Lowder (INVITED). "Human Population Exposure to Cosmic Radiation." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 24, no. 1-4 (August 1, 1988): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080290.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Critical evaluations of existing data on cosmic radiation in the atmosphere and in interplanetary space have been carried out in order to estimate the exposure of the world's population to this important component of natural background radiation. Data on population distribution and mean terrain heights on a 1 x 1 degree grid have been folded in to estimate regional and global dose distributions. The per caput annual dose equivalent at ground altitudes is estimated to be 270 µSv from charged particles and 50 µSv from neutrons. More than 100 million people receive more than 1 mSv in a year, and two million in excess of 5 mSv. Aircraft flight crews and frequent flyers receive an additional annual dose equivalent on the order of 1 mSv, though the global per caput annual dose equivalent from airplane flights is only about 1 µSv. Future space travellers on extended missions are likely to receive dose equivalents in the range 0.1-1 Sv, with the possibility of higher doses at relatively high dose rates from unusually large solar flares. These results indicate a critical need for a better understanding of the biological significance of chronic neutron and heavy charged particle exposure.
2
Ahmad, Zahoor, Mostafa M. Fraig, Gregory P. Bisson, Eric L. Nuermberger, Jacques H. Grosset, and Petros C. Karakousis. "Dose-Dependent Activity of Pyrazinamide in Animal Models of Intracellular and Extracellular Tuberculosis Infections." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 4 (January 31, 2011): 1527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01524-10.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTRecentin vitropharmacokinetic data suggest that the currently recommended dose of pyrazinamide may be suboptimal for killing intracellular bacilli in humans. We evaluated a range of pyrazinamide doses against intracellular and extracellularMycobacterium tuberculosisin chronically infected mice and guinea pigs, respectively. Antibiotics were given five times weekly for 4 weeks beginning 28 days after infection. Human-equivalent doses of isoniazid reduced lung bacterial counts 10-fold in each species. Pyrazinamide given at 1/4 and 1/2 the human-equivalent dose was minimally active, while human-equivalent doses reduced lung bacterial counts by ∼1.0 log10in each species. Doubling the human-equivalent dose of pyrazinamide reduced the lung bacillary burden by 1.7 and 3.0 log10in mice and guinea pigs, respectively. As in humans and mice, pyrazinamide showed significant synergy with rifampin in guinea pigs. Clinical studies are warranted to investigate the sterilizing activity and tolerability of higher doses of pyrazinamide in combination tuberculosis regimens.
3
Bacioiu, I. "Equivalent dose rate by muons to the human body." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 147, no. 3 (December 8, 2010): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncq460.
Full text
4
Monson, Laura A., X. Lin Jing, Alexis Donneys, Aaron S. Farberg, and Steven R. Buchman. "Dose-Response Effect of Human Equivalent Radiation in the Mandible." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 24, no. 5 (September 2013): 1593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0b013e31826cfeea.
Full text
5
Kim, Myung-Hee Y., Garry D. Qualls, Tony C. Slaba, and Francis A. Cucinotta. "Comparison of organ dose and dose equivalent for human phantoms of CAM vs. MAX." Advances in Space Research 45, no. 7 (April 2010): 850–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2009.09.027.
Full text
6
Tchanque-Fossuo, Catherine N., Laura A. Monson, Aaron S. Farberg, Alexis Donneys, Sagar S. Deshpande, Elizabeth R. Razdolsky, Neil R. Halonen, Steven A. Goldstein, and Steven R. Buchman. "Dose-Response Effect of Human Equivalent Radiation in the Murine Mandible." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 128, no. 5 (November 2011): 480e—487e. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0b013e31822b67ae.
Full text
7
Xia, Wei, Zong-Jian Huang, Yi-Wei Feng, An-Zhou Tang, and Lei Liu. "Body surface area-based equivalent dose calculation in tree shrew." Science Progress 104, no. 2 (April 2021): 003685042110169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504211016935.
Full textAbstract:
Tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) is a promising experimental animal in biomedical research, but the equivalent doses of drugs between tree shrew and human and other animals has not been explored, which hinders its further application in a wider scope. The main objective of this article is to provide a method of equivalent dose conversion between tree shrews and other species based on body surface area (BSA). BSA of tree shrews were measured by Image J software, and then the average Km value of tree shrews was figured out based on the body weights and BSA, then the conversion coefficients of equivalent dose among tree shrew and other species of experimental animals were calculated based known data. The Km value of tree shrews was 0.105 ± 0.001. Through BSA conversion, the equivalent dose for tree shrews (D-ts) relative to rats was obtained by formula: D-ts = 1.36 × D-a (rats weighing 200 g as example), and the error was less than 10% when the BW of the tree shrew was 0.09 kg–0.15 kg. The coefficients of equivalent dose transferring from tree shrews to human and other species were calculated in article. These parameters could be used to determine a suitable dosing strategy for tree shrew studies.
8
Buddle, Bryce M., R. Glyn Hewinson, H. Martin Vordermeier, and D. Neil Wedlock. "Subcutaneous Administration of a 10-Fold-Lower Dose of a Commercial Human Tuberculosis Vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Danish, Induced Levels of Protection against Bovine Tuberculosis and Responses in the Tuberculin Intradermal Test Similar to Those Induced by a Standard Cattle Dose." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 10 (August 7, 2013): 1559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00435-13.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTVaccination of cattle with a commercial human tuberculosis (TB) vaccine,Mycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Danish, at a dose equivalent to 5 human doses of BCG has protected these animals against TB in field and experimental trials. There is interest in determining whether a 10-fold-lower dose could still protect cattle but not induce a tuberculin intradermal test response. Two groups of calves (n= 9/group) were vaccinated subcutaneously with a lyophilized BCG Danish vaccine containing either 0.5 (1 × 105to 4 × 105CFU) or 5 (1 × 106to 4 × 106CFU) human doses of BCG Danish, with an additional group of 10 calves serving as nonvaccinated controls. Fifteen weeks after vaccination, these animals were challenged intratracheally with 5 × 103CFU of virulentM. bovisand another 15 weeks later were slaughtered and examined for the presence of tuberculous lesions. Vaccination of the calves with either 0.5 or 5 equivalent human doses of BCG Danish induced similar levels of protection against challenge withM. bovis, with both groups showing significant reductions in the pathological and microbiological parameters compared to those for the the control group (P< 0.05). Vaccination with either of the two BCG doses induced similar numbers of animals responding to the tuberculin intradermal test at 11 weeks postvaccination. Vaccination with a 0.5 equivalent human dose of a commercial lyophilized BCG vaccine can protect cattle against challenge withM. bovis.
9
Bae, Ji-Won, Da-Hyun Kim, Wha-Won Lee, Hyo-Young Kim, and Chang-Gue Son. "Characterizing the human equivalent dose of herbal medicines in animal toxicity studies." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 162 (March 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.023.
Full text
10
Quddus, AHMR, MMA Zaman, AS Mollah, and MM Zaman. "Assessment of Internal Radiation Dose in Gastro Intestinal Tract for Acute Ingestion of Ra-226 of the People of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Nuclear Medicine 19, no. 1 (March 4, 2018): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjnm.v19i1.35579.
Full textAbstract:
To design appropriate method for treatment planning it is necessary to know the precise radiation dose absorbed by any internal organ in human body. This paper will provide a method for calculating retention, absorbed dose, committed equivalent dose and committed effective doses due to acute ingestion of 1 Bq of Ra-226 in the gastro intestinal (GI) tract of Bangladeshi people for different age groups. Calculations are done by using “Internal Radiation Dose Assessment (IRDA)” software which has been developed in Visual Basic language. GI tract consists of four tissue compartments, e.g. stomach (ST), small intestine (SI), upper large intestine (ULI) and lower large intestine (LLI). One hour after the ingestion, the retention and absorbed dose show the trend ST > SI > ULI > LLI. For tissue compartments the variation of the committed equivalent dose pattern is LLI > ULI > ST > SI for the radionuclide. The variation of absorbed dose, committed equivalent dose and committed effective dose with respect to age follow the pattern: 1 year> 10years > adult female > adult male. The highest committed effective dose is found in the GI tract of 1 year old child. For other age groups these values are slightly less than those for 1 year old child.Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 19(1): 38-42, January 2016
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Human equivalent dose"
1
MARCATO, LARISSA A. "Dosimetria interna para o [4-14C] - colesterol em humanos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2012. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9937.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
2
Delgado, Delgado Magaly. "Estudio clínico comparativo de biodisponibilidad bioequivalencia de dos formulaciones de zoplicona 7,5 mg. actividad formativa equivalente." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/146973.
Full textAbstract:
Magíster en farmacologíaEste proyecto de Tesis tipo Actividad Formativa Equivalente (AFE) comprendió la participación en un estudio clínico comparativo de Biodisponibilidad Bioequivalencia (BD/BE) in vivo entre dos formulaciones de Zopiclona, el objetivo general fue adquirir competencias en la elaboración y ejecución de ensayos clínicos. El estudio se desarrolló en Innolab, Organización de Investigación por Contrato (OIC) certificada, con un sistema de aseguramiento de la calidad implementado. Antes de iniciar la participación en las actividades del estudio se realizó la acreditación en “Protección de Participantes Humanos en la Investigación” y buenas prácticas clínicas (GCP). El protocolo del estudio se elaboró siguiendo las recomendaciones de la Norma Técnica Nº 57 para la regulación de la ejecución de estudios clínicos con fármacos en humanos, y los lineamientos GCP-ICH E6; fue aprobado sin modificaciones por el Instituto de Salud Pública (ISP) y el Comité de Ética en Investigación (CEI). El diseño de estudio, la metodología, el análisis estadístico a emplear y los criterios de BE especificados en el protocolo, se propusieron basados en guías nacionales e internacionales (G-BIOF 01, G-FDA). El Estudio se ejecutó cumpliendo con el protocolo; se respetaron los principios éticos de la investigación en humanos garantizando el bienestar de los voluntarios; y se emplearon GCP asegurando la fiabilidad de los resultados. Estuvo dividido en tres etapas: clínica, analítica y estadística; una vez concluidas se realizó un Informe Final de Resultados que fue presentado al ISP mediante el formulario BIOF 03 y un Informe de Finalización de estudio presentado al CEI. Toda la información del Estudio se registró en el Archivo Carpeta Maestra y estuvo disponible para auditorías. El ensayo fue cruzado, aleatorizado, dos periodos, dos secuencias, dosis única en ayuno, wash out 7 días, en 30 sujetos sanos. Los niveles plasmáticos de Zopiclona se midieron mediante Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Resolución con detección de Masa Tándem (LC-MS-MS). Para evaluar BE se determinaron los Intervalos de Confianza (IC) 90% para la razón de las medias de los parámetros farmacocinéticos logarítmicamente transformados concentración plasmática máxima (Cmáx), área bajo la curva de concentraciones plasmáticas hasta 24 horas (ABC0–24) y hasta tiempo infinito (ABC0→∞), del producto Test B respecto al Referente A; los límites preestablecidos de BE fueron: 80% a 125%. Todos los intervalos estuvieron dentro de los límites. Se concluyó que el medicamento Test era bioequivalente con el Referente.
This Equivalent Formative Activity (EFA) thesis project involved participation in a comparative Bioavailability/bioequivalence (BA/BE) in vivo clinical study between two formulations of Zopiclone, the aim was to acquire skills in developing and conducting clinical trials. The study was performed at Innolab, Contract Research Organization (CRO) certified with a implemented quality assurance system. Previously, starting activities a "Protecting Human Research Participants” and Good Clinical Practice (GCP) accreditation certificates were obtained. The study protocol was developed following recommendations of “Norma Técnica Nº 57”, the regulation for the execution of clinical studies with drugs in humans and the GCP-ICH E6 guidelines; it was approved without modifications by the “Instituto de Salud Pública” (ISP) and The Ethics Committee (CEI). The study design, the methodology, the statistical analysis to be used and the BE criteria were specified in the protocol based on national and international guidelines (G-BIOF 01, G-FDA). The study was conducting according to the protocol; the ethical principles of human research were respected and GCP were used to ensuring volunteers well-being and results reliability. It was conducted through three phases: clinical, analytical and statistical. After finishing each one a Final Results Report was submitted to the ISP through the BIOF 03 form, and a Final Study Report submitted to the CEI. All the study information was recorded in the Master Folder File and was available for inspections. The study was crossover, randomized, two periods, two sequences, single dose in fasting conditions, wash out 7 days, in 30 healthy volunteers. Plasma levels of Zopiclone were determined by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). To evaluate BE the 90% Confidence Interval (CI) was determined for the ratio of the mean to the logarithmically transformed pharmacokinetic parameters maximum plasma concentration (Cmáx), area under the curve from time zero to 24 hours (AUC0→24) and until infinity (AUC0→∞), of the Test product B respect to Referential product A, the predetermined limits of BE were: 80 % to 125%. All CIs were within limits. As conclusion the Test product was bioequivalent with the Referent.
3
MARTINHO, JUNIOR ANTONIO C. "Estudo dos efeitos da radiação ionizante em cartilagem costal humana por meio de termogravimetria e tomografia por coerência óptica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2012. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10126.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
4
ALTRAN, SILVANA C. "Substituição dos componentes xenobióticos, empregados no meio de cultura para manutenção de queratinócitos humanos, por similares de origem humana." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10026.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 14895.pdf: 128255 bytes, checksum: b109d80327bca50afc1ea57cd36c5194 (MD5)
Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
5
LIMA, LETÍCIA G. C. de S. "Risco de exposição à radiação ionizante em crianças e adolescentes participantes de um programa de controle da asma em comparação à população geral." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2017. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/28424.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2018-01-31T16:47:23Z
No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-31T16:47:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Asma é uma doença de elevada prevalência e morbidade, constituindo-se um importante problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo. Muitos diagnósticos médicos por imagem dependem da utilização de raio X; entretanto, no caso da asma, o diagnóstico é clínico, particularmente na criança. Os pacientes são frequentemente submetidos a procedimentos radiológicos, preferencialmente o raio X de tórax. A escassez de dados na literatura referentes aos riscos da exposição à radiação ionizante em pacientes com asma e os possíveis benefícios relacionados à oportunidade de coleta de informações justificaram a investigação no programa municipal infantil de controle da asma de Ipatinga, Minas Gerais (Programa Respirar). Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo referente ao ano de 2014, com caso controle, do qual participaram 363 pacientes do Programa Respirar e número semelhante de controle, sem diferença sociodemográfica significativa entre os grupos. Encontramos que uma criança do grupo respirar tem 1,59 vez mais chance de realizar um raio X, e para o raio X de tórax essa chance aumenta para 6,56 vezes. A maioria dos raios X de tórax foi solicitada nas visitas aos serviços de urgência, mas 90% dos raios X realizados e laudados no grupo respirar e 84,2% do grupo controle revelaram resultado normal ou com alterações típicas, possibilitando o questionamento a respeito da indicação do exame.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
6
Martin, Tiffani L. "Does Stimulus Complexity Affect Acquisition of Conditional Discriminations and the Emergence of Derived Relations?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12160/.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the central importance of conditional discriminations to the derivation of equivalence relations, there is little research relating the dynamics of conditional discrimination learning to the derivation of equivalence relations. Prior research has shown that conditional discriminations with simple sample and comparison stimuli are acquired faster than conditional discriminations with complex sample and comparison stimuli. This study attempted to replicate these earlier results and extend them by attempting to relate conditional discrimination learning to equivalence relations. Each of four adult humans learned four, four-choice conditional discriminations (simple-simple,
simple-complex, complex-simple, and complex-complex) and were tested to see if equivalence relations had developed. The results confirm earlier findings showing acquisition to be facilitated with simple stimuli and retarded with complex stimuli. There was no difference in outcomes on equivalence tests, however. The results are in implicit agreement with Sidman's theory of stimulus equivalence.
7
Weldon, Kylie A. "Allometric scaling of dietary linoleic acid on changes in tissue arachidonic acid using human equivalent diets in mice." 2011. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/920.
Full textAbstract:
The ability to extrapolate nutritional intervention data from experimental rodent models to humans requires standardization of dietary design. The inability to translate the level of nutrients from animal models to humans has contributed to contradictory findings between species. It is hypothesized that dietary linoleic acid (LA) promotes chronic and acute diseases by enriching tissues with arachidonic acid (AA), its downstream metabolite. However, levels of LA in rodent diets are notoriously erratic making interspecies comparisons unreliable. Therefore, the ability to extrapolate the biological effects of dietary LA from experimental rodents to humans necessitates an allometric scaling model that is rooted within a human equivalent context. To determine the physiological effect of dietary LA on tissue AA, a mathematical model for extrapolating nutrients based on energy was designed to mimic human equivalent doses. C57BL/6J mice were divided into 9 groups fed a background diet equivalent to that of the US diet (including LA, ALA, AA, EPA, DHA) with supplemental doses of LA (up to 2.3x) or AA (up to 5x). Changes in the phospholipid fatty acid compositions were monitored in plasma and erythrocytes and compared to data from humans supplemented with equivalent doses of LA or AA. Increasing dietary LA had little effect on tissue AA, while supplementing diets with AA significantly increased tissue AA levels, recapitulating results from human trials. Thus, interspecies comparisons for dietary LA between rodents and humans can be achieved when rodents are provided human equivalent doses based on differences in metabolic activity as defined by energy consumption.
Books on the topic "Human equivalent dose"
1
Garner, Robert. Introduction: The Nature of Politics and Political Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198704386.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This introductory chapter examines the nature of politics and the political, and more specifically whether politics is an inevitable feature of all human societies. It begins by addressing questions useful when asking about ‘who gets what, when, how?’; for example, why those taking decisions are able to enforce them. The discussion proceeds by focusing on the boundary problems inherent in an analysis of the nature of the political. One such problem is whether politics is equivalent to consensus and cooperation, so that it does not exist in the event of conflict and war. The chapter then explores different forms of political analysis — the empirical, the normative, and the semantic — as well as deductive and inductive methods of studying politics. Finally, it asks whether politics can ever be a science to rival subjects in the natural sciences.
2
Floridi, Luciano. The Logic of Information. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833635.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This is a book on the logic of design and hence on how we make, transform, refine, and improve the objects of our knowledge. The starting point is that reality provides the data, to be understood as constraining affordances, and we transform them into information, like semantic engines. Such transformation or repurposing is not equivalent to portraying, or picturing, or photographing, or photocopying anything. It is more like cooking: the dish does not represent the ingredients, it uses them to make something else out of them, yet the reality of the dish and its properties hugely depend on the reality and the properties of the ingredients. Models are not representations understood as pictures, but interpretations understood as data elaborations, of systems. Thus, the whole book may also be read as an articulation and defence of the thesis that knowledge is design, and that philosophy is the ultimate form of conceptual design. This is the third volume in a tetralogy that includes The Philosophy of Information (OUP 2011) and The Ethics of Information (OUP 2013). The three volumes are all written as stand-alone, but they are complementary. By working like a hinge between the two previous books, this third one prepares the basis for volume four, on The Politics of Information. There, the epistemological, conceptual, and normative constructionism supports the study of the design opportunities we have in understanding and shaping what I like to call “the human project” in our information societies.
3
Leite, Maria José de Holanda. Co-produtos da extração de vermiculita na produção de mudas de espécies arbóreas da Caatinga. Editora Amplla, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51859/amplla.cpe535.1121-0.
Full textAbstract:
A degradação ambiental ocorre principalmente nas regiões áridas, semiáridas e subúmidas secas do planeta, e resulta de fatores climáticos e antrópicos tais como as atividades pecuárias, de agricultura e de mineração (LIMA, 2004). Especificamente na região semiárida do nordeste do Brasil, que se estende por mais de 980 km2 distribuídos em todos os Estados nordestinos (exceto o Maranhão) e no norte de Minas Gerais, o desequilíbrio ambiental atinge mais de 20 milhões de hectares, o que equivale a mais de 12% da região Nordeste e quase 22% da região semiárida nordestina (MEDEIROS et al., 2012; SILVA et al., 2004). Estes autores informam que este quadro é mais crítico no Ceará e na Paraíba, onde a degradação ambiental é observada em mais da metade dos seus territórios. Esta degradação tem um forte componente humano, pois 21,3 milhões de habitantes habitam essa região, além dos rebanhos constituídos de 23,9 milhões de bovinos, 8,8 milhões de caprinos e 8,0 milhões de ovinos que se alimentam da vegetação nativa (IBGE, 2007; MEDEIROS et al., 2012), sendo por isso considerada a região semiárida mais populosa e com maior grau de antropismo do planeta (DRUMOND et al., 2000). As atividades humanas, tais como a pecuária e a mineração praticadas de maneira inadequada, podem desencadear processos de degradação ambiental, caracterizada pelo empobrecimento da flora e da fauna, erosão do solo e deterioração da qualidade da água dos rios e dos reservatórios (AZEVÊDO, 2011). Especificamente no solo, a densidade e a porosidade da camada superficial são os atributos mais prejudicados e precisam ser melhorados para favorecer a regeneração da vegetação, pois desequilíbrios nesses atributos prejudicam o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular e no estabelecimento e crescimento das plantas (NUNES, 2012). A mineração é uma atividade de forte impacto ambiental, pois implica geralmente na remoção da camada superficial do solo na área da jazida e na deposição superficial de rejeitos (BARRETO, 2001). A exploração da vermiculita, um produto utilizado na construção civil, melhoria das propriedades físicas de solos agrícolas, produção de cerâmica e remediação de solos contaminados por petróleo (NASCIMENTO, 2008). Há várias jazidas em exploração na região Nordeste do Brasil, uma delas no município de Santa Luzia-PB. Em visita à Mineradora Pedra Lavrada, que extrai a vermiculita no município de Santa Luzia, constatou-se a presença de crateras resultantes da extração do minério e a deposição de rejeitos no entorno da unidade de beneficiamento. Estes rejeitos não têm valor comercial que justifique o seu processamento. Este material de menor valor, doravante denominado de coproduto, afeta diretamente o ambiente pela ocupação de áreas de Caatinga, causando poluição visual e soterrando a vegetação nativa. Além disto, provoca efeitos indiretos no ambiente quando é carreado pelo vento e pelas águas pluviais, poluindo a água e assoreando rios e reservatórios. Este material de menor valor comercial é gerado quando a rocha é moída, e a vermiculita é separada de acordo com a sua granulometria. Dos cinco co-produtos gerados, apenas os de menor granulometria (poeira fina e ultrafina) são compatíveis para a produção de mudas, pois as pedras e pedaços menos friáveis do minério não apresentam, por motivos óbvios, potencial para a nutrição de plantas. Estes dois co-produtos provêm de um material friável do grupo das micas que formam silicato hidratado de magnésio, ferro e alumínio e constitui uma fonte de Ca, K e Mg para as plantas (NASCIMENTO, 2008). A utilização destes co-produtos se mostrou adequada para compor até 50% do substrato de produção de mudas de maracujá Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Deg.) (LEITE, 2012) e pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas L.) (TRAJANO, 2010), propiciando ao substrato boas características de porosidade e capacidade de retenção de umidade, o que sugere a possibilidade de seu uso na produção de mudas de outras espécies. As mudas produzidas com estes co-produtos poderiam ser direcionadas para plantios em geral ou para a revegetação de áreas degradadas pela mineração, num círculo virtuoso em que a degradação ambiental provocada pela mineração em si e pela deposição dos co-produtos no ambiente seria parcialmente revertida pela utilização dos co-produtos gerados.
Book chapters on the topic "Human equivalent dose"
1
Garg, Kajal, and Sonali Bhatnagar. "Galactic Cosmic Energy Spectrum Based Simulation of Total Equivalent Dose in Human Phantom." In XXII DAE High Energy Physics Symposium, 353–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73171-1_81.
Full text
2
Zola, Heddy. "Human B Cells: Is FMC7 a Marker for Relatively Mature B Cells or Does It Define a Population Equivalent to the LyB5-Negative Mouse B Cells?" In Leukocyte Typing II, 141–45. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4848-4_10.
Full text
3
Fredman, Sandra. "Foreign Fads or Fashions: The Role of Comparativism in Human Rights Law." In Comparative Human Rights Law, 3–28. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199689408.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Human rights law is particularly ripe for a comparative approach. There is a broadly similar common core of human rights, and when analogous issues arise, we would expect to see equivalent answers. Yet there are real complexities in the use of comparative human rights law. Given the important social, political, and legal differences between jurisdictions, how can the conclusions reached by judges in different jurisdictions be evaluated and weighed against each other? The book adopts a ‘deliberative’ approach, which does not regard foreign law as binding, or tending to convergence, but incorporates insights where appropriate and useful. Judicial accountability depends centrally on the quality of the reasons adduced. Comparative materials constitute an important contribution to the rigour of this process. Whether the outcomes converge or diverge, there need to be good reasons, explaining why the textual, institutional, legal, social, or cultural context demands convergence or divergence.
4
Lalin, Kovudhikulrungsri, and Hendriks Aart. "Art.20 Personal Mobility." In The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198810667.003.0021.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines Article 20 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Personal mobility is a prerequisite for inclusion in a society. According to the European Court of Human Rights, to be mobile and to have access to transport, housing, cultural activities, and leisure is a precondition for the ‘right to establish and develop relations with other human beings’, ‘in professional or business contexts as in others’. The CRPD does not establish new rights for persons with disabilities. It is merely thought to identify specific actions that states and others must take to ensure the effectiveness and inclusiveness of all human rights and to protect against discrimination on the basis of disability. However, the fact that there is no equivalent of the right to personal mobility in any other human rights treaty makes it particularly interesting to examine the genesis and meaning of this provision.
5
Garofoli, Duilio. "Ornamental Feathers without Mentalism: A Radical Enactive View on Neanderthal Body Adornment." In Embodiment, Enaction, and Culture. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035552.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
Evidence of feather extraction from scavenging birds by late Neanderthal populations, supposedly for ornamental reasons, has been recently used to bolster the case for Neanderthal symbolism and cognitive equivalence with modern humans. This argument resonates with the idea that the production and long-term maintenance of body ornaments necessarily require a cluster of abilities defined here as the material symbolism package. This implies the construction of abstract meanings, which are then mentally imposed to artifacts and socially shared through full-blown mindreading, assisted by a meta-representational language. However, a set of radical enactive abilities, mainly direct social perception and situated concepts, is sufficient to explain the emergence of ornamental feathers without necessarily involving the material symbolism package. The embodied social structure created by body ornaments, augmented through behavioral-contextual narratives, suffices to explain even the long-term maintenance of this practice without mentalism. Costly neurocentric assumptions conceiving the material symbolism package as a homuncular adaptation are eschewed by applying a non-symbolic interpretation of feathers as cognitive scaffolds. It will be concluded that the presence of body adornment traditions in the Neanderthal archaeological record does not warrant the cognitive equivalence with modern humans, for it does not constrain a meta-representational level of meaning.
6
Garner, Robert. "1. Introduction: The Nature of Politics and Political Analysis." In Introduction to Politics, 1–22. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198820611.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This introductory chapter examines the nature of politics and the political, and more specifically whether politics is an inevitable feature of all human societies. It begins by addressing questions useful when asking about ‘who gets what, when, how?’; for example, why those taking decisions are able to enforce them. The discussion proceeds by focusing on the boundary problems inherent in an analysis of the nature of the political. One such problem is whether politics is equivalent to consensus and cooperation, so that it does not exist in the event of conflict and war. The chapter then explores different forms of political analysis — the empirical, the normative, and the semantic—as well as deductive and inductive methods of studying politics. Finally, it asks whether politics can ever be a science to rival subjects in the natural sciences.
7
Hattis, Dale, and Meghan Keaney Lynch. "Empirically Observed Distributions of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Variability in Humans—Implications for the Derivation of Single-Point Component Uncertainty Factors Providing Equivalent Protection as Existing Reference Doses." In Toxicokinetics and Risk Assessment, 69–93. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14275-4.
Full text
8
Foster, Jill A., and Matthew P. Ohr. "Botulinum Toxin Injections for Facial Rhytides." In Surgery of the Eyelid, Lacrimal System, and Orbit. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195340211.003.0037.
Full textAbstract:
Once feared for its deadly properties, Botulinum toxin is now revered for its effectiveness as a treatment in minimally invasive facial rejuvenation. The injection of Botulinum toxin is the most frequently performed nonsurgical cosmetic procedure, with at least 4.8 million procedures in 2009. First approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1979 for the treatment of strabismus, Botulinum toxin was shown to be both safe and effective for use to decrease muscle function. Botulinum toxin’s cosmetic applications were first recognized when it was noted that facial rhytides improved in the areas of treatment with the toxin when it was used for noncosmetic applications in the late 1980s and early 1990s. FDA approval for cosmetic treatment of the glabellar furrows was announced in 2002, and off-label aesthetic indications have continued to evolve. Botulinum toxin is produced by the gram-positive, anaerobic Clostridium botulinum. The neurotoxin acts on the peripheral nervous system, where it inhibits release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic terminal at the neuromuscular junction. There are seven distinct antigenic Botulinum toxins (BTX-A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) produced by different strains of C. botulinum. The human nervous system is susceptible to only five of these serotypes (BTX-A, B, E, F, G), and types A and B are currently available for human injection. In the United States, there are four commercially available Botulinum toxin preparations: three types of Botulinum toxin type A, OnabotulinumtoxinA or Botox Cosmetic® (Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA), IncobotulinumtoxinA or Xeomin (Merz, Frankfort Germany), and abobotulinumtoxinA or Dysport (Medicis, Scottsdale, AZ). There is one preparation of Botulinum toxin type B, RimabotulinumtoxinB or Myobloc® (Elan Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA). Other Botulinum toxin type A products are anticipated to come to the U.S. market in the next decade as well. Different formulations of Botulinum toxin type A are biochemically unique and are not necessarily equivalent in dosing. The Botox unit is three times as potent as the Dysport unit, but this conversion ratio does not take into consideration safety or antigenic potential. Practically speaking, a range of 2.5 to 3 to one has been recommended to make Dysport dosing approximate the effects of Botox.
9
Smith, Gary. "Symbols Without Context." In The AI Delusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824305.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Humans have invaluable real-world knowledge because we have accumulated a lifetime of experiences that help us recognize, understand, and anticipate. Computers do not have real-world experiences to guide them, so they must rely on statistical patterns in their digital data base—which may be helpful, but is certainly fallible. We use emotions as well as logic to construct concepts that help us understand what we see and hear. When we see a dog, we may visualize other dogs, think about the similarities and differences between dogs and cats, or expect the dog to chase after a cat we see nearby. We may remember a childhood pet or recall past encounters with dogs. Remembering that dogs are friendly and loyal, we might smile and want to pet the dog or throw a stick for the dog to fetch. Remembering once being scared by an aggressive dog, we might pull back to a safe distance. A computer does none of this. For a computer, there is no meaningful difference between dog, tiger, and XyB3c, other than the fact that they use different symbols. A computer can count the number of times the word dog is used in a story and retrieve facts about dogs (such as how many legs they have), but computers do not understand words the way humans do, and will not respond to the word dog the way humans do. The lack of real world knowledge is often revealed in software that attempts to interpret words and images. Language translation software programs are designed to convert sentences written or spoken in one language into equivalent sentences in another language. In the 1950s, a Georgetown–IBM team demonstrated the machine translation of 60 sentences from Russian to English using a 250-word vocabulary and six grammatical rules. The lead scientist predicted that, with a larger vocabulary and more rules, translation programs would be perfected in three to five years. Little did he know! He had far too much faith in computers. It has now been more than 60 years and, while translation software is impressive, it is far from perfect. The stumbling blocks are instructive. Humans translate passages by thinking about the content—what the author means—and then expressing that content in another language.
10
Shroff, Gautam. "Learn." In The Intelligent Web. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199646715.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
In February 2011, IBM’s Watson computer entered the championship round of the popular TV quiz show Jeopardy!, going on to beat Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings, each long-time champions of the game. Fourteen years earlier, in 1997, IBM’s Deep Blue computer had beaten world chess champion Garry Kasparov. At that time no one ascribed any aspects of human ‘intelligence’ to Deep Blue, even though playing chess well is often considered an indicator of human intelligence. Deep Blue’s feat, while remarkable, relied on using vast amounts of computing power to look ahead and search through many millions of possible move sequences. ‘Brute force, not “intelligence”,’ we all said. Watson’s success certainly appeared similar. Looking at Watson one saw dozens of servers and many terabytes of memory, packed into ‘the equivalent of eight refrigerators’, to quote Dave Ferrucci, the architect of Watson. Why should Watson be a surprise? Consider one of the easier questions that Watson answered during Jeopardy!: ‘Which New Yorker who fought at the Battle of Gettysburg was once considered the inventor of baseball?’ A quick Google search might reveal that Alexander Cartwright wrote the rules of the game; further, he also lived in Manhattan. But what about having fought at Gettysburg? Adding ‘civil war’ or even ‘Gettysburg’ to the query brings us to a Wikipedia page for Abner Doubleday where we find that he ‘is often mistakenly credited with having invented baseball’. ‘Abner Doubleday ’ is indeed the right answer, which Watson guessed correctly. However, if Watson was following these sequence of steps, just as you or I might, how advanced would its abilities to understand natural language have to be? Notice that it would have had to parse the sentence ‘is often mistakenly credited with . . .’ and ‘understand’ it to a sufficient degree and recognize it as providing sufficient evidence to conclude that Abner Doubleday was ‘once considered the inventor of baseball’. Of course, the questions can be tougher: ‘B.I.D. means you take and Rx this many times a day’—what’s your guess? How is Watson supposed to ‘know’ that ‘B.I.D.’ stands for the Latin bis in die, meaning twice a day, and not for ‘B.I.D. Canada Ltd.’, a manufacturer and installer of bulk handling equipment, or even Bid Rx, an internet website? How does it decide that Rx is also a medical abbreviation? If it had to figure all this out from Wikipedia and other public resources it would certainly need farmore sophisticated techniques for processing language than we have seen in Chapter 2.
Conference papers on the topic "Human equivalent dose"
1
Rashid, Nur Shahidah Abdul, Tengku Mohammad Yoshandi, Sukiman Sarmania Amran Ab Majid, Faizal Mohamed, and Khoo Kok Siong. "The study of equivalent dose of uranium in long bean (V. U. Sesquipedalis) and the effect on human." In ADVANCING NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE: Proceeding of the International Nuclear Science, Technology and Engineering Conference 2015 (iNuSTEC2015). AIP Publishing LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4940109.
Full text
2
Danesh, B. J. Z., A. R. Saniabadi, R. I. Russell, G. D. O. Lowe, and C. D. Forbes. "COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF ASPIRIN (ASA) AND CHOLINE MAGNESIUM TRISALICYLATE (CMT) ON PLATELET AGGREGATION IN WHOLE BLOOD EX-VIVO." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644866.
Full textAbstract:
Suppression of platelet aggregation by ASA limits the therapeutic use of this drug as an analgesic in patients with bleeding tendencies. CMT is a non-acetylated salicylate derivative with analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect similar to that of ASA. We compared platelet aggregation in human whole blood ex-vivo, three hours after ingestion of ASA and. CMT. Using a whole blood platelet counter, platelet aggregation was quantified by measuring the fall in the number of single platelets at peak aggregation in response to collagen (lμg/ml) arachidonic acid (AA, 0.5 mM) as well as spontaneous aggregation. In double blind and random order, 12 healthy volunteers received a single oral dose of ASA and CMT containing 500 mg equivalent salicylate, on two separate occasions, 10 days apart. Despite a comparable absorption of salicylic acid from the two drugs, ingestion of ASA resulted in a marked inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by collagen, AA and spontaneous aggregation, whereas such effects were not observed after CMT ingestion.We suggest that CMT may have therapeutic potential as an alternative to aspirin when inhibition of platelet aggregation can induce bleeding complications.
3
Chen, Kok Hao, and Jong Hyun Choi. "Nanoparticle-Aptamer: An Effective Growth Inhibitor for Human Cancer Cells." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11966.
Full textAbstract:
Semiconductor nanocrystals have unique optical properties due to quantum confinement effects, and a variety of promising approaches have been devised to interface the nanomaterials with biomolecules for bioimaging and therapeutic applications. Such bio-interface can be facilitated via a DNA template for nanoparticles as oligonucleotides can mediate the aqueous-phase nucleation and capping of semiconductor nanocrystals.[1,2] Here, we report a novel scheme of synthesizing fluorescent nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs) using DNA aptamers and the use of this biotic/abiotic nanoparticle system for growth inhibition of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells for the first time. Particularly, we used two DNA sequences for this purpose, which have been developed as anti-cancer agents: 5-GGT GGT GGT GGT TGT GGT GGT GGT GG-3 (also called, AGRO) and 5-(GT)15-3.[3–5] This study may ultimately form the basis of unique nanoparticle-based therapeutics with the additional ability to optically report molecular recognition. Figure 1a shows the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of GT- and AGRO-passivated PbS QD that fluoresce in the near IR, centered at approximately 980 nm. A typical synthesis procedure involves rapid addition of sodium sulfide in the mixture solution of DNA and Pb acetate at a molar ratio of 2:4:1. The resulting nanocrystals are washed to remove unreacted DNA and ions by adding mixture solution of NaCl and isopropanol, followed by centrifugation. The precipitated nanocrystals are collected and re-suspended in aqueous solution by mild sonication. Optical absorption measurements reveal that approximately 90 and 77% of GT and AGRO DNA is removed after the washing process. The particle size distribution in Figure 1b suggests that the GT sequence-capped PbS particles are primarily in 3–5 nm diameter range. These nanocrystals can be easily incorporated with mammalian cells and remain highly fluorescent in sub-cellular environments. Figure 1c serially presents an optical image of a MCF-7 cell and a PL image of the AGRO-capped QD incorporated with the cell. Figure 1. (a) Normalized fluorescence spectra of PbS QD synthesized with GT and AGRO sequences, which were previously developed as anti-cancer agents. The DNA-capped QD fluoresce in the near IR centered at ∼980 nm. (b) TEM image of GT-templated nanocrystals ranging 3–5 nm in diameter. (c) Optical image of an MCF-7 human breast cancer cell after a 12-hour exposure to aptamer-capped QD. (d) PL image of AGRO-QD incorporated with the cell, indicating that these nanocrystals remain highly fluorescent in sub-cellular environments. One immediate concern for interfacing inorganic nanocrystals with cells and tissue for labeling or therapeutics is their cytotoxicity. The nanoparticle cytotoxicity is primarily determined by material composition and surface chemistry, and QD are potentially toxic by generating reactive oxygen species or by leaching heavy metal ions when decomposed.[6] We examined the toxicity of aptamer-passivated nanocrystals with NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. The cells were exposed to PbS nanocrystals for 2 days before a standard MTT assay as shown in Figure 2, where there is no apparent cytotoxicity at these doses. In contrast, Pb acetate exerts statistically significant toxicity. This observation suggests a stable surface passivation by the DNA aptamers and the absence of appreciable Pb2+ leaching. Figure 2. Viability of 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells after a 2-day exposure to DNA aptamer-capped nanocrystals. There is no apparent dose-dependent toxicity, whereas a statistically significant reduction in cell viability is observed with Pb ions. Note that Pb acetate at 133 μM is equivalent to the Pb2+ amount that was used for PbS nanocrystal synthesis at maximum concentration. Error bars are standard deviations of independent experiments. *Statistically different from control (p<0.005). Finally, we examined if these cyto-compatible nanoparticle-aptamers remained therapeutically active for cancer cell growth inhibition. The MTT assay results in Figure 3a show significantly decreased growth of breast cancer cells incorporated with AGRO, GT, and the corresponding templated nanocrystals, as anticipated. In contrast, 5-(GC)15-3 and the QDs synthesized with the same sequence, which were used as negative controls along with zero-dose control cells, did not alter cell viability significantly. Here, we define the growth inhibition efficacy as (100 − cell viability) per DNA of a sample, because the DNA concentration is significantly decreased during the particle washing. The nanoparticle-aptamers demonstrate 3–4 times greater therapeutic activities compared to the corresponding aptamer drugs (Figure 3b). We speculate that when a nanoparticle-aptamer is internalized by the cancer cells, it forms an intracellular complex with nucleolin and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) essential modulator, thereby inhibiting NF-κB activation that would cause transcription of proliferation and anti-apoptotic genes.[7] The nanoparticle-aptamers may more effectively block the pathways for creating anti-apoptotic genes or facilitate the cellular delivery of aptamers via nanoparticle uptake. Our additional investigation indicates that the same DNA capping chemistry can be utilized to produce aptamer-mediated Fe3O4 nanocrystals, which may be potentially useful in MRI and therapeutics, considering their magnetic properties and biocompatibility. In summary, the nanoparticle-based therapeutic schemes developed here should be valuable in developing a multifunctional drug delivery and imaging agent for biological systems. Figure 3. Anti-proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with aptamer-passivated nanocrystals. (a) Viability of MCF-7 cells exposed to AGRO and GT sequences, and AGRO-/GT-capped QD for 7 days. The DNA concentration was 10 uM, while the particles were incubated with cells at 75 nM. (b) Growth inhibition efficacy is defined as (100 − cell viability) per DNA to correct the DNA concentration after particle washing.
4
Silva, Rhuanny Danielly Marques de Almeida, Antônio Maurício Alves Neto, and Eliabi Pereira da Silva. "O USO DO PRAZIQUANTEL NO TRATAMENTO DA ESQUISTOSSOMOSE NO MUNICÍPIO DE LIMOEIRO-PE." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Parasitologia Humana On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/921.
Full textAbstract:
Introdução: A esquistossomose é uma doença infecto parasitária causada por um verme trematódeo denominado Schistosoma mansoni. Essa doença tem como hospedeiro definitivo o homem e como hospedeiro intermediário caramujos de água doce do gênero Biomphalaria. O tratamento desta doença é feito pelo uso do praziquantel, uma droga produzida no Brasil pelo Instituto de Tecnologia e Fármacos (Farmanguinhos/FioCruz) e distribuída gratuitamente pelo Sistema Único de Saúde–SUS. Os comprimidos de 600 mg são administrados por via oral, em dose única de 50 mg/kg para adultos e de 60 mg/kg para crianças, sendo dirigidos também após uma refeição. Objetivo: A avaliação do tratamento da esquistossomose na cidade de Limoeiro, localizada no Agreste Pernambucano. Material e métodos: A pesquisa se apresentou através de uma análise documental, de caráter quali-quanti, onde a mesma foi realizada transversalmente por um levantamento de dados pelo DATA/SUS, por meio do Programa de Controle da Esquistossomose–PCE em Pernambuco, a partir de casos notificados entre os anos de 2011 a 2013. Resultados: Foram realizados 7.779 exames, sendo 373 positivos, 228 procuraram tratamento e foram tratados, sendo equivalente a 61,1% dos pacientes, apenas 1 apresentou contraindicação, correspondendo a 0,2% dos pacientes e 144 pessoas não foram tratadas pela falta de ausência ao tratamento, resultando em 38,9% dos pacientes. Conclusão: O medicamento possui uma eficiência de recuperação nos adultos e crianças, mas apesar da doença hoje está controlada, é de fácil saber que uma parte da população não realiza o tratamento, mesmo este sendo ofertado de modo gratuito, acondicionando a uma necessidade de conscientização e desmitificação da doença e da droga por parte dos profissionais que constituem o corpo do sistema de saúde para que consiga obter a intermediação da erradicação sobre a esquistossomose.
5
Chromec, Peter R., and Francis A. Ferraro. "Waste-to-Energy in the Context of Global Warming." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1954.
Full textAbstract:
In December 2007 the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) took place in Bali. It was based on the IPCC report no. 4 presented in Barcelona on November 2007. The messages are briefly: • Warming of the climate system is unequivocal; • Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to human activities have grown since pre-industrial times; • Continued GHG emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed during the 20th century; • Key mitigation technologies in the waste sector: Landfill Gas (LFG) methane recovery; waste incineration with energy recovery; composting of organic waste; controlled waste water treatment; recycling and waste minimisation; biocovers and biofilters to optimise methane oxidation. The above by the IPCC proposed mitigation technologies for the waste sector can be categorized regarding specific waste treatment scenarios and their efficiency expressed in kg CO2 equivalent emitted per ton of waste. • Landfill w/o LFG recovery 1850 kg CO2-eq; • Landfill with LFG recovery 250–775 kg CO2-eq; • Energy-from-Waste plant −1000..−100 kg CO2-eq. With a population of little over 300 million people and a per capita municipal waste generation rate of 760 kg/person.year, the total waste generated in the USA is about 230 million Mg/year (OECD). With the treatment scenarios discussed above, the following can be stated: • If all wastes were landfilled waste disposal would correspond to 425 million tons of CO2 equivalents. • If all wastes were incinerated in Energy-from-Waste (EfW) plants, the emissions could be reduced by about 500 million tons of CO2 equivalents (about 9% of today’s US CO2 output) and make the waste management sector a GHG emissions sink. • The total electricity generated from EfW plants could be as high as 15,000 MW replacing about 50 standard 300 MW power plant units. To an average US 4 person household about 3 t/year of municipal solid wastes can be allocated, corresponding to an annual difference between landfilling without LFG recovery and EfW treatment of about 6.9 Mg CO2-eq /year. If this household wanted to achieve the same reduction of CO2 equivalent emissions by other means than having these wastes burnt in a modern EfW plant, they have the following options: • Remove one automobile from use (EPA: 6.0 Mg CO2-eq /year); • Cut household electricity consumption by 80% (EIA: 7.8 Mg CO2-eq /year). The European parliament commission has proposed to reduce CO2 emissions in Europe to 20–30% below 1990 levels. In comparison with Europe, annual GHG emissions (CO2-eq/person year) in the U.S. today are on a level about double that of the Europe. In order to achieve a similar reduction in the U.S., significant efforts have to be done on all energy fronts. Energy-from-Waste (EfW) is one of them, which at the same time solves a space and pollution problem and does not leave these issues to future generations.
6
Fay, P. J., S. I. Chavin, and F. J. Walker. "INACTIVATION OF FACTOR VIII BY ACTIVATED PROTEIN C AND PROTEIN S." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644770.
Full textAbstract:
Human factor VIII has been isolated from factor VIII concentrates. The isolated protein is composed of a heavy chain and light chain. The heavy chain was heterogenous with respect to molecular weight ranging from 110-170 kDa. The light chain appeared as a 81/84 kDa dimer, 'when factor VIII was treated with activated protein C in the presence of calcium and phospholipids factor VIII procoagulant activity was rapidly lost. Analysis of the activated protein C catalyzed cleavage products of factor VIII indicated that loss of activity was correlated with cleavage of the heavy chains. The heavy chains appeared to be converted into 93 kDa and 53 kDa peptides. A separate factor VIII preparation has been prepared that contained only a 93 kDa heavy chain as well as the 81/83 kDa light chain. When this preparation was inactivated with activated protein C, a pathway in which the 93 kDa peptide was degraded into a 68 kDa peptide which was subsequently degraded into 48 and 23 kDa polypeptides. This result suggested that the 53 kDa polypeptide was not derived from the 93 kDa domain of the heavy chain, but must have been derived from the variable molecular weight portion of the heavy chain. These results suggest that activated protein C catalyzed a minimum of four cleavages in the heavy chain. Activated protein C did not appear to alter the factor VIII light chain. Protein S has been observed to be a protein cofactor both the anticoagulant and proteolytic action of activated protein C with factor Va. It is thought that protein S forms a lipid bound complex with activated protein C which then can rapidly inactivate factor Va. When factor VIII was inactivated in the presence of both activated protein C and protein S the rate of activity loss was enhanced. The effect of protein S could be observed on the cleavage of the heavy chains and on secondary cleavages of the smaller products including the 93, 68, and 53 kDa polypeptides. In an analogous reaction, the addition of factor Xa has been observed to inhibit the inactivation of factor Va by activated protein C. The addition of factor IX to the factor Vlll-activated protein C reaction mixture resulted in the inhibition of factor VIII inactivation. The effect of factor IX was dose dependent. Finally, as both factor Va and factor VIII have structural similarities and are substrates for activated protein C the possibility that they might compete as substrates was tested. Factor VIII was observed to compete with factor Va for activated protein C. The concentration dependence of factor VIII inhibition of factor Va inactivation suggested that factor VIII and factor Va were equivalent substrates for activated protein C.
7
Zhang, Hainan, Yanyan Lan, Jiafeng Guo, Jun Xu, and Xueqi Cheng. "Reinforcing Coherence for Sequence to Sequence Model in Dialogue Generation." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/635.
Full textAbstract:
Sequence to sequence (Seq2Seq) approach has gained great attention in the field of single-turn dialogue generation. However, one serious problem is that most existing Seq2Seq based models tend to generate common responses lacking specific meanings. Our analysis show that the underlying reason is that Seq2Seq is equivalent to optimizing Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence, thus does not penalize the case whose generated probability is high while the true probability is low. However, the true probability is unknown, which poses challenges for tackling this problem. Inspired by the fact that the coherence (i.e. similarity) between post and response is consistent with human evaluation, we hypothesize that the true probability of a response is proportional to the coherence degree. The coherence scores are then used as the reward function in a reinforcement learning framework to penalize the case whose generated probability is high while the true probability is low. Three different types of coherence models, including an unlearned similarity function, a pretrained semantic matching function, and an end-to-end dual learning architecture, are proposed in this paper. Experimental results on both Chinese Weibo dataset and English Subtitle dataset show that the proposed models produce more specific and meaningful responses, yielding better performances against Seq2Seq models in terms of both metric-based and human evaluations.
8
Moura, Scarlat Marjory de Oliveira, Adelino Elias Moura, and Nilda Lima Oliveira. "PERFIL EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DA MORTALIDADE POR DOENÇA DE CHAGAS NA BAHIA." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Parasitologia Humana On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/696.
Full textAbstract:
Introdução: A doença de Chagas é uma das principais doenças parasitárias no Brasil. Nessa perspectiva, os fatores socioeconômicos e ambientais historicamente afetam e modelam os perfis epidemiológicos da doença. Dessa forma, é de suma importância a caracterização desses grupos populacionais mais vulneráveis e o impacto na saúde pública para auxiliar em medidas preventivas e diagnósticos precoces, assim como aprofundar no conhecimento teórico. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos óbitos por doença de Chagas no estado da Bahia registrados nos anos de 2015-2019. Material e métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo, realizado por meio de dados secundários disponíveis no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM/DATASUS) entre 2015 e 2019. Resultados: No período analisado, os resultados mostram que 13,4% (2.978/22.154) dos óbitos por doença de Chagas no Brasil foram registrados na Bahia, correspondendo a 0,7% (2.978/449.591) de todos os óbitos da população baiana. Levando-se em conta o sexo, observou predomínio de 58,3% (1.739/2.978) no sexo masculino. Considerando cor/raça, 57% (1.695/2.978) eram população parda. Em relação à faixa etária, a que apresentou maior mortalidade para doença de Chagas foi entre 70 a 79 anos, com significativos 26,5% (791/2.978) dos óbitos. Quanto ao nível de escolaridade, nenhum grau de escolaridade sobressai em relação aos outros graus atingindo 30% de todos os valores. Compreendendo as macrorregiões leste da Bahia, principalmente os municípios de Salvador e Santo Antônio de Jesus, maiores índices com 48,3% (1.438/2.977). Conclusão: Diante da análise epidemiológica, evidenciou-se há significativa mortalidade na Bahia em relação ao Brasil nos últimos 5 anos e o perfil desses indivíduos se equivalem de análises literárias a níveis nacionais. Se destacando o baixo nível de escolaridade que em proporção atinge também o conhecimento das medidas preventivas da doença. Com vista de prevenir e aumentar expectativa de vida com bem estar é fundamental que haja mais estudos e fomentação de planejamento, estratégias e campanhas direcionadas a determinados públicos alvo, como no estudo observado as regiões do Leste da Bahia, e assim, objetivando surtir efeitos significativos quando bem empregados e benefício para toda a população.
9
Tercio Zamperlini, Paulo Roberto, Alan Kardek Rêgo Segundo, and Luis Guilherme Uzeda Garcia. "Monitoramento de Redes Wireless Outdoor em Mineração." In Congresso Brasileiro de Automática - 2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/asba.v2i1.1508.
Full textAbstract:
Localizado no estado do Pará, o complexo minerador S11D é responsável pela extração de 20 milhões de toneladas de ferro por trimestre. Suportando as suas operações, existem atualmente aplicações dependentes de conectividade por meio de uma rede sem fio padrão 802.11b/g/n. Para garantir a correta operação desta rede, uma equipe local utiliza uma ferramenta de monitoramento de redes chamada Ekahau Site Survey. No entanto, devido a relevo acidentado e periculosidade das operações do S11D, essa ferramenta sendo operada por intervenção humana não é capaz de coletar dados de todos os pontos de interesse, gerando mapas interpolados que podem não condizer com a real qualidade da rede. Propõe-se neste trabalho o desenvolvimento de uma plataforma, que possa ser acoplada a máquinas móveis nas operações, para coleta sem intervenção humana de parâmetros da rede, como canalização, RSSI, latência, perda de pacotes e largura de banda. Com base nesses dados são gerados mapas de RSSI por meio de Kriging que podem ser utilizados pela equipe local. Testes de comparação entre a plataforma desenvolvida e o Ekahau em laboratório e em campo apontam resultados equivalentes na captura dos parâmetros de rede, garantindo que a plataforma pode ser usada para mapeamentos no dia-a-dia das operações.
10
Corti, Enrico. "Eddy Current Brake Control for Test Cycles Simulation." In ASME 2003 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2003-0670.
Full textAbstract:
On-vehicle (rolls dynamometer or road) tests are usually more expensive and time-consuming than test bench ones. Furthermore, sometimes results would be useful during vehicles design phase. The paper aim is to present a methodology that allows simulating the vehicle on an engine test cell, by properly controlling the bench actuators. Engine operating conditions mainly depend on speed and load, which are determined by the vehicle driving conditions: the speed-time trend assigned for the vehicle must be converted into equivalent speed-time and load-time trends for the engine, and used for feedback control of brake and accelerator actuators. To evaluate the engine load torque it is necessary to know vehicle characteristics (mass, gear ratios, wheels radius, drag coefficient, frontal area, etc.) and driving conditions: the real vehicle can thus be substituted with a virtual vehicle. The methodology has been applied to simulate an ECE-EUDC driving cycle, which is usually carried out on the rolls dynamometer, as imposed by regulations. During such test the vehicle has to follow an assigned speed-time trajectory, while road load and vehicle inertia are simulated and calibrated using a standard procedure. The test is subject to human error, since the driver does not follow exactly the theoretical speed trend, while using robot-drivers increases the setup cost. The same test has been reproduced on a standard engine bench. This setup would be useful to tune the engine correctly and to study the effects of vehicle characteristics variation, thus allowing to determine the correct strategy for emissions reduction, or to estimate the vehicle emission performance, before it is available for chassis dynamometer tests. The same system could be used for real time implementation of control strategies involving both the vehicle and the engine, such as traction control algorithms. Furthermore driving conditions simulations, executed by electronically controlling engine speed and load trajectories, would be more repeatable than human driving on the chassis dynamometer, and their cost would be substantially smaller. The paper shows how the vehicle speed trend can be converted into engine speed and load trends with a physical system model, and then used to control the bench using a real time control system, thus performing a vehicle driving cycle simulation.