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Farrer, James, and Jeff Gavin. "Online Dating in Japan: A Test of Social Information Processing Theory." CyberPsychology & Behavior 12, no. 4 (August 2009): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0069.
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Kantowitz, Barry H. "Channels and stages in human information processing: A limited analysis of theory and methodology." Journal of Mathematical Psychology 29, no. 2 (June 1985): 135–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2496(85)90014-8.
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Buzzetta, Mary, Seth C. W. Hayden, and Katherine Ledwith. "Creating hope: Assisting Veterans with Job Search Strategies using Cognitive Information Processing Theory." Journal of Employment Counseling 54, no. 2 (June 2017): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joec.12054.
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Kusev, Petko, and Paul van Schaik. "The cognitive economy: The probabilistic turn in psychology and human cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36, no. 3 (May 14, 2013): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12003019.
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AbstractAccording to the foundations of economic theory, agents have stable and coherent “global” preferences that guide their choices among alternatives. However, people are constrained by information-processing and memory limitations and hence have a propensity to avoid cognitive load. We propose that this in turn will encourage them to respond to “local” preferences and goals influenced by context and memory representations.
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Hendy, Keith C., Jianqiao Liao, and Paul Milgram. "Combining Time and Intensity Effects in Assessing Operator Information-Processing Load." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39, no. 1 (March 1997): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/001872097778940597.
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A quantitative description of the human information processor is required for predicting operator workload and performance from the simulated task time line data generated by task network models and related methods. Although many models of workload exist, few appear to be well founded in theory or to provide a satisfactory basis for a quantitative representation of operator load. Adherents of both time-and intensity-based models of operator load individually claim success for their methods. which might suggest that both factors are operating in determining operator workload and performance. This paper describes a study that explicitly investigates the relationship between a time-based factor and an intensity-based factor (amount of information to be processed) within a simulated air traffic control environment. A model is developed that posits that the load on the human information-processing system results directly from the ratio of the time necessary to process the required information to the time allowable for making a decision. This ratio, which can be identified with time pressure, determines subjective estimates of workload as well as operator performance. The model is tested against the data from the air traffic control simulation.
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Osborn, Debra S., Ryan D. Sides, and Caitlyn A. Brown. "Comparing Career Development Outcomes Among Undergraduate Students in Cognitive Information Processing Theory–Based Versus Human Relations Courses." Career Development Quarterly 68, no. 1 (March 2020): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12211.
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Williams, Christopher W., Paul R. Lees-Haley, and Richard S. Brown. "Human Response to Traumatic Events: An Integration of Counterfactual Thinking, Hindsight Bias, and Attribution Theory." Psychological Reports 72, no. 2 (April 1993): 483–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.2.483.
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In documenting cognitive processes underlying persons' reactions to negative events, counterfactual thinking, hindsight bias, and attribution theory focus on distinct, although not unrelated, aspects of human information processing. Counterfactual thinking highlights the cognitive processing undertaken when persons imagine different courses of action that lead to alternative outcomes. Hindsight bias describes the inflated retrospective estimates individuals make regarding event probabilities that come with the advantage of knowledge about outcomes. And attribution theory concerns the affective and behavioral consequences that result from the perceived causes of events. This essay argues that a more comprehensive understanding of the processes underlying human response to traumatic events results from the integration of counterfactual thinking, hindsight bias, and attribution theory into a single model.
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Lin, Jia, and Guomei Zhou. "Chinese Aesthetic Mask: Three Forehead and Five Eyes—Holistic Processing and Facial Attractiveness." Perception 50, no. 6 (May 18, 2021): 540–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03010066211015542.
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Human face processing has been attributed to holistic processing. Here, we ask whether humans are sensitive to configural information when perceiving facial attractiveness. By referring to a traditional Chinese aesthetic theory—Three Forehead and Five Eyes—we generated a series of faces that differed in spacing between facial features. We adopted a two-alternative forced-choice task in Experiment 1 and a rating task in Experiment 2 to assess attractiveness. Both tasks showed a consistent result: The faces which fit the Chinese aesthetic theory were chosen or rated as most attractive. This effect of configural information on facial attractiveness was larger for faces with highly attractive features than for faces with low attractive features. These findings provide experimental evidence for the traditional Chinese aesthetic theory. This issue can be further explored from the perspective of culture in the future.
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Noushad, Babu, and Faraz Khurshid. "Facilitating student learning: An instructional design perspective for health professions educators." Research and Development in Medical Education 8, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/rdme.2019.014.
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Learning in any context involves acquisition, storage and utilization of information by the human memory system. Teaching and learning in health professions is a complex process since it demands learners interact with a number of novel information and concepts and critically analyze them to make important clinical decisions. Therefore, it is imperative for Instructional designers and instructors in health professions education to optimize learning content by considering the characteristics of memory and learning processes of students. This review explores stages of the human memory system, the process of learning, the various types of cognitive loads a learner experiences while learning, and the implications of these factors on instructional designs on the basis of a fairly new theory in educational psychology – the Cognitive Load Theory (CLT). By analyzing the unique features of the processing, storage and retrieval of information by human memory system, this article advocates for health professional educators to plan and design instructional strategies that facilitate student learning.
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Rommel, Ward. "Sexual Selection and Human Behaviour." Social Science Information 41, no. 3 (September 2002): 439–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018402041003005.
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This article reviews some recent evolutionary psychological theories about the interaction between environmental factors and sexual strategies. Evolutionary psychology explains sexual strategies in terms of innate information-processing mechanisms. The most important theoretical instrument relating to this topic is the theory of sexual selection and parental investment. Because of the unequal parental investment of the sexes, their sexual strategies differ. This is an important source of conflict between the sexes. Humans evolved in a complex social environment. As a consequence, human psychic mechanisms produce a wide variety of sexual strategies. Two dimensions along which human sexual strategies vary are considered here. First, people's mating strategies range from striving for a lifelong pair bond to aiming at a single act of copulation with someone. Second, strategies situated at the long-term end of the continuum can be polygynous, monogamous or polyandrous. The choices made by a concrete individual are influenced by several factors such as the personal life history, the general availability and predictability of resources, the distribution of political and economic power between men and women, the distribution of political and economic power between men themselves, the production mode of a society and finally the content of cultural representations in a society. It is shown that evolutionary psychology can be important for the explanation of contemporary behavioural differences. Some methodological problems of evolutionary psychology are reviewed and an evolutionary psychological perspective on the sex/gender distinction is considered.
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Safran, Jeremy D., and Leslie S. Greenberg. "Feeling, Thinking, and Acting: A Cognitive Framework for Psychotherapy Integration." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 2, no. 2 (January 1988): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.2.2.109.
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This article outlines a perspective on the relationship between emotion, cognition and action which can serve as a conceptual framework for examining the process of change in diverse forms of psychotherapy. While this perspective is articulated within the basic framework of cognitive psychology, it is argued that the computer metaphor of information processing theory has important limitations which must not be overlooked when attempting to develop clinically relevant models of human functioning. In its place we suggest a perspective on human functioning which recognizes that human beings are biological organisms who think, feel, and act in an integrated fashion. This perspective accords a central role to emotions, which are viewed as an internally generated source of information about the preparedness of the human organism to act in specific ways. Illustrations of the clinical relevance of this perspective are provided.
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Wallace, Mark T., Tiffany G. Woynaroski, and Ryan A. Stevenson. "Multisensory Integration as a Window into Orderly and Disrupted Cognition and Communication." Annual Review of Psychology 71, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 193–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-051112.
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During our everyday lives, we are confronted with a vast amount of information from several sensory modalities. This multisensory information needs to be appropriately integrated for us to effectively engage with and learn from our world. Research carried out over the last half century has provided new insights into the way such multisensory processing improves human performance and perception; the neurophysiological foundations of multisensory function; the time course for its development; how multisensory abilities differ in clinical populations; and, most recently, the links between multisensory processing and cognitive abilities. This review summarizes the extant literature on multisensory function in typical and atypical circumstances, discusses the implications of the work carried out to date for theory and research, and points toward next steps for advancing the field.
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Fansen, Kong, and Sui Jie. "Computer simulation of driver working memory processing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x34856.
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In general, using simulations to solve problems of human behaviour, as is done in engineering, is particularly difficult. Making use of research into motor vehicle manoeuvrability, this article studies, from the engineering perspective, a computer simulation of working memory processing disabilities of automobile drivers. Firstly, utilizing theories drawn from cognitive psychology, motor vehicle manoeuvrability dynamics, and fuzzy control theory, a driver working memory simulation model is advanced. The model integrates working memory, which is a critical factor in predicting complex cognitive manipulation activities. Secondly, the driver's working memory processing is simulated using the model, and its effects on motor vehicle manoeuvrability and stability are assessed. The test result shows that there is an optimal range of processing time for driving. The lower limit of the range is limited by human physiological limits. The upper limit is defined by the task's complexity. The task could not be finished if the information processing time for finishing the complex task is greater than the upper limit.
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Hua, Xia, Xinqing Wang, Dong Wang, Jie Huang, and Xiaodong Hu. "Military Object Real-Time Detection Technology Combined with Visual Salience and Psychology." Electronics 7, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7100216.
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This paper presents a method of military object detection through the combination of human visual salience and visual psychology, so as to achieve rapid and accurate detection of military objects on the vast and complex battlefield. Inspired by the process of human visual information processing, this paper establishes a salient region detection model based on double channel and feature fusion. In this model the pre-attention channel is to process information on the position and contrast of images, and the sub-attention channel is to integrate information on primary visual features first and then merges results of the two channels to determine the salient region. The main theory of Gestalt visual psychology is then used as the constraint condition to integrate the candidate salient regions and to obtain the object figure with overall perception. After that, the efficient sub-window search method is used to detect and filter the object in order to determine the location and range of objects. The experimental results show that, when compared with the existing algorithms, the algorithm proposed in this paper has prominent advantages in precision, effectiveness, and simplicity, which not only significantly reduces the effectiveness of battlefield camouflage and deception but also achieves the rapid and accurate detection of military objects, thus promoting its application prospect.
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Balliet, Daniel, Joshua M. Tybur, and Paul A. M. Van Lange. "Functional Interdependence Theory: An Evolutionary Account of Social Situations." Personality and Social Psychology Review 21, no. 4 (July 26, 2016): 361–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868316657965.
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Social interactions are characterized by distinct forms of interdependence, each of which has unique effects on how behavior unfolds within the interaction. Despite this, little is known about the psychological mechanisms that allow people to detect and respond to the nature of interdependence in any given interaction. We propose that interdependence theory provides clues regarding the structure of interdependence in the human ancestral past. In turn, evolutionary psychology offers a framework for understanding the types of information processing mechanisms that could have been shaped under these recurring conditions. We synthesize and extend these two perspectives to introduce a new theory: functional interdependence theory (FIT). FIT can generate testable hypotheses about the function and structure of the psychological mechanisms for inferring interdependence. This new perspective offers insight into how people initiate and maintain cooperative relationships, select social partners and allies, and identify opportunities to signal social motives.
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Reardon, Robert C. "Enhancing Self-Help Career Planning Using Theory-Based Tools." Journal of Career Assessment 25, no. 4 (June 13, 2016): 650–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072716653376.
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From the earliest days of the vocational guidance movement, controversy existed regarding the place of self-report in assessment. Contemporary career theories, cognitive information processing theory (CIP), and Holland’s typological theory (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional [RIASEC]) provide ideas and tools for informing this issue. CIP theory includes self-help among three levels of career service delivery. Readiness screening including in both theories is the mechanism for determining which individuals can benefit from differentiated services, for example, self-help, brief staff assisted, and individual case managed. This article shows how these theories can be used in career assessment and describes tools and procedures for service delivery. A narrative flowchart illustrates how a practitioner would work with individuals in this enhanced self-help approach.
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Hirschfeld, Lawrence A. "On a Folk Theory of Society: Children, Evolution, and Mental Representations of Social Groups." Personality and Social Psychology Review 5, no. 2 (May 2001): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0502_2.
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Representing and reasoning about the social universe is a major task for the young child, one that almost certainly involves specialized knowledge structures. Individuals in interaction are fundamental elements of sociality, and, unsurprisingly, evolution has prepared children with special-purpose mechanisms for drawing attention to and processing information about persons. Social aggregates are also fundamental elements of human sociality, yet we know much less about the child's grasp of them and the institutions that mediate among them. One reason for this lacuna is that researchers have typically framed children's social knowledge according to how adultlike (or not) that understanding is. This article proposes that it may be more productive to approach children's social knowledge from the perspective of the child herself or himself. Arguably, even quite young children deploy lay theories of society that emerge from a special-purpose endogenous module for identifying and reasoning about human aggregates.
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Choi, Sujin. "When Digital Trace Data Meet Traditional Communication Theory: Theoretical/Methodological Directions." Social Science Computer Review 38, no. 1 (July 24, 2018): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439318788618.
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This study suggests one direction of theoretical and methodological coupling of communication research with the digital trace data, utilizing its differences from the traditional social science approach (e.g., sampling vs. population, normal distribution vs. power–law distribution, generalization vs. simulation, deductive vs. inductive, and perceived vs. actual). We propose specific examples of (i) combining communication research with trace data methodologically and theoretically; (ii) collaborating with linguistic psychology complemented with the automated content analysis and natural language processing techniques; and (iii) creating new theoretical inquiries by configuring the granular level of interactivity and underlying dynamics, observing the longitudinal change of interactions, and discovering the neglected presence of outliers and the invisibles. We expect the direction suggested by this study contributes to deepening our understanding of human communication behavior.
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Ockelford, Adam. "The Magical Number Two, Plus or Minus One: Some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Musical Information." Musicae Scientiae 6, no. 2 (September 2002): 185–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102986490200600205.
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Like all fields of human artistic endeavour, music is constrained by our cognitive processing requirements and limitations (Swain, 1986; Lerdahl, 1988; Huron, 2001). This articleconsiders particular forms of constraint pertaining to the relationships that the structure-seeking mind (subconsciously) fabricates between perceived musical events. It is proposed that 2±1 may be a universal limitation pertaining to the level of relationships so ideated. That is, in terms of Lewin'S (1987) theoretical framework in which “intervals” can be intuited between the “elements” of musical “spaces”, it is posited that the cognition of musical structure occurs either through intervals (level 1), through intervals between these (level 2), or — in some circumstances — through intervals between these(level 3). This proposition is explored through the psychomusicological model developed by Ockelford (1991, 1993, 1999), which too analyses musical structure in terms of the relationships that may be cognised between its discrete perceptual components. In particular, the model identifies a type of cognitive link through which events (at any level) arefelt to imply others the same or similar — through so-called “zygonic” relationships. This theory suggests a further general principle: that the highest level of relationship inoperation at any given point must be zygonic if the music is to be structurally coherent. Evidence for this, and for the limit on the level of relationships of 2±1, is offeredthrough a series of musical examples, which illustrate a variety of musical organisation in action. Finally, empirical work is suggested to explore further the theoretical ideas that arepresented here.
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Stuart, Ian. "Spatial Navigation in Rats and Humans: A Neuropsychological Perspective." Brain Impairment 20, no. 3 (May 17, 2019): 251–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/brimp.2019.5.
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AbstractBackground and objective:In a landmark publication, O’Keefe & Dostrovsky (1971) presented a model for spatial navigation in the rat, the cognitive map theory. In this theory they proposed that the processing and storage of spatial information for spatial navigation takes place in the hippocampus. The theory was extended to include the contribution of the grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (Hafting et al. 2005). The cognitive map theory has been widely applied to spatial navigation in humans as well as rats. In this paper, an alternative theory is proposed in which spatial processing takes place in the right parieto-temporo-occipital area in humans, and that damage to this area causes a fragmentation in the sense of space, affecting the recall of both visual and tactile spatial information.Method:A group of eight subjects with damage to the right parieto-temporo-occipital area and a fragmented sense of space was assessed on tests of spatial navigation and memory and the results were compared with a group of patients with damage to the right hippocampus. Other comparison groups included left and right hemisphere subjects with normal spatial functioning.Results:The results suggest that, in the human, damage to the right parieto-temporo-occipital area causes a fragmentation in the sense of space, as well as an impaired memory for spatial material in both the visual and tactile modalities. These results support a model of spatial navigation in which the integrity of the right parieto-temporo-occipital area, and not the right hippocampus, is a necessary condition for the processing of spatial information in humans. An alternative explanation for the functioning of the right hippocampus is also presented.
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Rogers, Timothy T., and James L. McClelland. "Précis ofSemantic Cognition: A Parallel Distributed Processing Approach." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 6 (December 2008): 689–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0800589x.
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AbstractIn this précis of our recent book,Semantic Cognition: A Parallel Distributed Processing Approach(Rogers & McClelland 2004), we present a parallel distributed processing theory of the acquisition, representation, and use of human semantic knowledge. The theory proposes that semantic abilities arise from the flow of activation among simple, neuron-like processing units, as governed by the strengths of interconnecting weights; and that acquisition of new semantic information involves the gradual adjustment of weights in the system in response to experience. These simple ideas explain a wide range of empirical phenomena from studies of categorization, lexical acquisition, and disordered semantic cognition. In this précis we focus on phenomena central to the reaction against similarity-based theories that arose in the 1980s and that subsequently motivated the “theory-theory” approach to semantic knowledge. Specifically, we consider (1) how concepts differentiate in early development, (2) why some groupings of items seem to form “good” or coherent categories while others do not, (3) why different properties seem central or important to different concepts, (4) why children and adults sometimes attest to beliefs that seem to contradict their direct experience, (5) how concepts reorganize between the ages of 4 and 10, and (6) the relationship between causal knowledge and semantic knowledge. The explanations our theory offers for these phenomena are illustrated with reference to a simple feed-forward connectionist model. The relationships between this simple model, the broader theory, and more general issues in cognitive science are discussed.
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Hoffman, Ralph E., Maxine Varanko, Thomas H. McGlashan, and Michelle Hampson. "Auditory hallucinations, network connectivity, and schizophrenia." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 6 (December 2004): 860–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04280190.
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Multidisciplinary studies indicate that auditory hallucinations may arise from speech perception neurocircuitry without disrupted theory of mind capacities. Computer simulations of excessive pruning in speech perception neural networks provide a model for these hallucinations and demonstrate that connectivity reductions just below a “psychotogenic threshold” enhance information processing. These data suggest a process whereby vulnerability to schizophrenia is maintained in the human population despite reproductive disadvantages of this illness.
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Johnson, Dominic D. P., and Dominic Tierney. "Bad World: The Negativity Bias in International Politics." International Security 43, no. 3 (February 2019): 96–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00336.
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A major puzzle in international relations is why states privilege negative over positive information. States tend to inflate threats, exhibit loss aversion, and learn more from failures than from successes. Rationalist accounts fail to explain this phenomenon, because systematically overweighting bad over good may in fact undermine state interests. New research in psychology, however, offers an explanation. The “negativity bias” has emerged as a fundamental principle of the human mind, in which people's response to positive and negative information is asymmetric. Negative factors have greater effects than positive factors across a wide range of psychological phenomena, including cognition, motivation, emotion, information processing, decision-making, learning, and memory. Put simply, bad is stronger than good. Scholars have long pointed to the role of positive biases, such as overconfidence, in causing war, but negative biases are actually more pervasive and may represent a core explanation for patterns of conflict. Positive and negative dispositions apply in different contexts. People privilege negative information about the external environment and other actors, but positive information about themselves. The coexistence of biases can increase the potential for conflict. Decisionmakers simultaneously exaggerate the severity of threats and exhibit overconfidence about their capacity to deal with them. Overall, the negativity bias is a potent force in human judgment and decisionmaking, with important implications for international relations theory and practice.
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Ruimi, Liad, Yuval Hadash, Ariel Zvielli, Iftach Amir, Pavel Goldstein, and Amit Bernstein. "Meta-Awareness of Dysregulated Emotional Attention." Clinical Psychological Science 6, no. 5 (June 15, 2018): 658–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702618776948.
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We explore the human capacity for and the function(s) of meta-awareness for biased attentional processing of emotional information (MAB) subserving mental (ill) health. We do so by integrating probe-caught sampling methods, signal detection theory, and multilevel modeling of cognitive-experimental laboratory data among daily smokers ( N = 75) known to exhibit biased attentional processing of reward-related (drug) cues in addiction. We found (a) evidence of the capacity for and individual differences in MAB; (b) that momentary MAB was most likely observed in the event of the most extreme micro-expressions of biased attentional processing; and (c) that momentary micro-expressions of biased attention without MAB were more likely followed by attentional dysregulation, whereas momentary micro-expressions of biased attention with MAB were more likely followed by more balanced attentional expression or greater attentional control. We discuss the implications for basic and clinical science of meta-awareness.
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PARSON, DALE E., and GLENN D. BLANK. "PRIOPS: A REAL-TIME PRODUCTION SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FOR PROGRAMMING AND LEARNING IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 04, no. 03 (September 1990): 509–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001490000307.
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The Prioritized Production System (PRIOPS) is an architecture that supports time-constrained, knowledge-based embedded system programming and learning. Inspired by the theory of automatic and controlled human information processing in cognitive psychology, PRIOPS supports a two-tiered processing approach. The automatic partition provides for compilation of productions into constant-time-constrained processes for reaction to environmental conditions. The notion of a habit in humans approximates the concept of automatic processing trading flexibility and generality for efficiency and predictability in dealing with expected environmental situations. Explicit priorities allow critical automatic activities to pre-empt and defer execution of lower priority processing. An augmented version of the Rete match algorithm implements O(1), priority-scheduled automatic matching. The controlled partition supports more complex, less predictable activities such as problem solving, planning, and learning that apply in novel situations for which automatic reactions do not exist. The PRIOPS notation allows the programmer of knowledge-based embedded systems to work at a more appropriate level of abstraction than is provided by conventional embedded system programming techniques. This paper explores programming and learning in PRIOPS in the context of a maze traversal program.
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Moran, Joseph M., and Jamil Zaki. "Functional Neuroimaging and Psychology: What Have You Done for Me Lately?" Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 6 (June 2013): 834–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00380.
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Functional imaging has become a primary tool in the study of human psychology but is not without its detractors. Although cognitive neuroscientists have made great strides in understanding the neural instantiation of countless cognitive processes, commentators have sometimes argued that functional imaging provides little or no utility for psychologists. And indeed, myriad studies over the last quarter century have employed the technique of brain mapping—identifying the neural correlates of various psychological phenomena—in ways that bear minimally on psychological theory. How can brain mapping be made more relevant to behavioral scientists broadly? Here, we describe three trends that increase precisely this relevance: (i) the use of neuroimaging data to adjudicate between competing psychological theories through forward inference, (ii) isolating neural markers of information processing steps to better understand complex tasks and psychological phenomena through probabilistic reverse inference, and (iii) using brain activity to predict subsequent behavior. Critically, these new approaches build on the extensive tradition of brain mapping, suggesting that efforts in this area—although not initially maximally relevant to psychology—can indeed be used in ways that constrain and advance psychological theory.
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Fahle, Manfred. "Human Pattern Recognition: Parallel Processing and Perceptual Learning." Perception 23, no. 4 (April 1994): 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p230411.
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A new theory of visual object recognition by Poggio et al that is based on multidimensional interpolation between stored templates requires fast, stimulus-specific learning in the visual cortex. Indeed, performance in a number of perceptual tasks improves as a result of practice. We distinguish between two phases of learning a vernier-acuity task, a fast one that takes place within less than 20 min and a slow phase that continues over 10 h of training and probably beyond. The improvement is specific for relatively ‘simple’ features, such as the orientation of the stimulus presented during training, for the position in the visual field, and for the eye through which learning occurred. Some of these results are simulated by means of a computer model that relies on object recognition by multidimensional interpolation between stored templates. Orientation specificity of learning is also found in a jump-displacement task. In a manner parallel to the improvement in performance, cortical potentials evoked by the jump displacement tend to decrease in latency and to increase in amplitude as a result of training. The distribution of potentials over the brain changes significantly as a result of repeated exposure to the same stimulus. The results both of psychophysical and of electrophysiological experiments indicate that some form of perceptual learning might occur very early during cortical information processing. The hypothesis that vernier breaks are detected ‘early’ during pattern recognition is supported by the fact that reaction times for the detection of verniers depend hardly at all on the number of stimuli presented simultaneously. Hence, vernier breaks can be detected in parallel at different locations in the visual field, indicating that deviation from straightness is an elementary feature for visual pattern recognition in humans that is detected at an early stage of pattern recognition. Several results obtained during the last few years are reviewed, some new results are presented, and all these results are discussed with regard to their implications for models of pattern recognition.
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Duncan, E. Susan, Sarah Tune, and Steven L. Small. "The neurobiology of language: Relevance to linguistics." Yearbook of the Poznan Linguistic Meeting 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/yplm-2016-0003.
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Abstract The study of language is shared by a number of fields, including linguistics, psychology, and neurobiology. While the methods employed by these domains may overlap, they differ in the focus of their scientific inquiry, and the unique perspective of each may inform investigation within the others. We conceptualize this relationship in the context of David Marr’s information processing theory, with neurobiology as the implementational level of language, and discuss the history of the neurobiology of language from early localizationist models to the present day. Decades of electrophysiological and anatomical studies of the macaque monkey support the existence of dual streams for the processing of auditory information. More recent neuroimaging studies suggest that these streams are also present in humans, subserving speech perception and language comprehension. The development of high resolution brain imaging methods and brain stimulation has advanced our ability to study, in vivo, the structures and processes underlying the language network. For those linguists interested in studying language with consideration of the system that implements it, theories and concepts may now be meaningfully informed by neurobiology.
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Motl, Thomas C., Thomas S. Krieshok, and Karen D. Multon. "The Effect of Rational and Intuitive Decision-Making Strategies on Interest Appraisals." Journal of Career Assessment 26, no. 4 (July 28, 2017): 616–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072717723095.
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Career counseling requires clients to make assessments and predictions of their interests, necessitating the use of both rational and intuitive processes. Dual-processing models of human decision-making have not been experimentally explored within the context of vocational assessment. One-hundred thirty-six participants chose among eight occupational/educational videos after an unconscious-intuitive, conscious-rational, or decision-as-usual information processing manipulation. Participant interest was assessed before, during, and 2 weeks following the video in order to determine differences across conditions. The results yielded three conclusions. First, the unconscious-intuitive manipulation resulted in interest forecasts that were more predictive of actual interest than did the conscious-rational manipulation or the decision-as-usual conditions. Second, interest levels were recalled more accurately by participants who made choices under unconscious-intuitive conditions than by those in the other two conditions. Finally, a history of occupational engagement was found to be related to decisional quality but only for the control group. These results are discussed in the context of vocational theory.
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Burgess, Steven Michael. "The Importance and Motivational Content of Money Attitudes: South Africans with Living Standards Similar to Those in Industrialised Western Countries." South African Journal of Psychology 35, no. 1 (March 2005): 106–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630503500107.
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Long neglected in psychological research, money attitudes influence consumer decisionmaking and information processing, and may be active whenever consumers contemplate money situations or exchange relations. This study focused on the money attitudes of 221 urban South Africans whose standards of living are similar to those in industrialised Western countries. A recently developed pan-cultural theory on human values is used to gain insights into the fundamental motivations of money attitudes. The results suggest that money attitudes and value priorities have predictable and theoretically meaningful relations and provide evidence supporting the nomological validity of the revised Money Attitude Scale (MAS). Confirmatory analyses support the five-factor structure of the MAS scale and the hypothesised structure of the Portrait Values Questionnaire. Five new money attitudes are proposed for future research to broaden the scope of the MAS and refine its measurement.
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Kranabetter, Caroline, and Cornelia Niessen. "How Managers Respond to Exhausted Employees." Journal of Personnel Psychology 15, no. 3 (July 2016): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000157.
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Abstract. The purpose of this study is (1) to investigate how managers act in situations when employees are exhausted and (2) to compare these leadership behaviors to more general, context-independent leadership styles (transformational leadership, consideration, initiating structure). Interviews with 48 managers of different industries were used to examine how managers respond to exhausted employees. Based on action regulation theory, interview protocols provided insight into managers’ information collection, planning, execution of actions, and feedback processing when responding to exhausted employees. In addition, context-specific leadership behaviors were identified and compared to prominent leadership styles. Managers highlighted redesigning the task and emotionally supporting the employee as particularly useful in situations when employees are exhausted.
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de Bruin, Anique B. H., Julian Roelle, Shana K. Carpenter, and Martine Baars. "Synthesizing Cognitive Load and Self-regulation Theory: a Theoretical Framework and Research Agenda." Educational Psychology Review 32, no. 4 (October 12, 2020): 903–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09576-4.
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Abstract An exponential increase in the availability of information over the last two decades has asked for novel theoretical frameworks to examine how students optimally learn under these new learning conditions, given the limitations of human processing ability. In this special issue and in the current editorial introduction, we argue that such a novel theoretical framework should integrate (aspects of) cognitive load theory and self-regulated learning theory. We describe the effort monitoring and regulation (EMR) framework, which outlines how monitoring and regulation of effort are neglected but essential aspects of self-regulated learning. Moreover, the EMR framework emphasizes the importance of optimizing cognitive load during self-regulated learning by reducing the unnecessary load on the primary task or distributing load optimally between the primary learning task and metacognitive aspects of the learning task. Three directions for future research that derive from the EMR framework and that are discussed in this editorial introduction are: (1) How do students monitor effort? (2) How do students regulate effort? and (3) How do we optimize cognitive load during self-regulated learning tasks (during and after the primary task)? Finally, the contributions to the current special issue are introduced.
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Velmans, Max. "How to investigate perceptual projection: a commentary on Pereira Jr., “The projective theory of consciousness: from neuroscience to philosophical psychology”." Trans/Form/Ação 41, spe (2018): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-3173.2018.v41esp.12.p233.
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Abstract: This commentary focuses on the scientific status of perceptual projection-a central feature of Pereira’s projective theory of consciousness. In his target article, he draws on my own earlier work to develop an explanatory framework for integrating first-person viewable conscious experience with the third-person viewable neural correlates and antecedent causes that form conscious experience into a bipolar structure that contains both a sense of self (created by interoceptive projective processes) and a sense of the world (created by exteroceptive projective processes). I stress that perceptual projection is a psychological effect (not an explanation for that effect) and list many of the ways it has been studied within experimental psychology, for example in studies of depth perception in vision and audition and experiences of depth arising from cues arranged on two-dimensional surfaces in stereoscopic pictures, 3D cinemas, holograms, and virtual realities. I then juxtapose Pereira’s explanatory model with two other models that have similar aims and background assumptions but different orientations, Trehub’s Retinoid model, which focuses largely on the neural functioning of the visual system, and Rudrauf et al’s Projective Consciousness Model, which draws largely on projective geometries to specify the requirements of organisms that need to navigate a three-dimensional world, and how these might be implemented in human information processing. Together, these models illustrate both converging and diverging approaches to understanding the role of projective processes in human consciousness.
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Yang, Shiyan, and Thomas K. Ferris. "Cognitive Efficiency in Human–Machine Systems: Metrics of Display Effectiveness for Supporting Multitask Performance." Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 12, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555343417712464.
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In this study, we define a metric for quantifying the cognitive efficiency (CE) of displays in human–machine systems and examine correlations between the metric and multitasking performance in a driving simulation. The CE metric uses existing theory and methods to quantify both display informativeness (increasing CE when displays convey more useful information to human operators) and required mental resources (increasing CE when fewer human mental resources must be allocated to the display). A divided-attention task set involved processing different visual displays to inform route selection while concurrently avoiding obstacles in a simulated driving study. Measures of multitasking performance as well as informativeness and resources required were collected while participants processed each display. These measures were combined in different ways to construct several CE metrics, which were then evaluated with correlation analyses to determine which combinations were most predictive of multitask performance. Generally, CE constructs involving measures of subjective workload correlated with performance indices more strongly than did physiological indicators. Importantly, some CE metrics showed higher correlations with performance indices than did constituent component measures, illustrating the value of the combined construct. This work describes a simple yet powerful way to quantify the efficiency of displays for human–machine systems in demanding multitask environments.
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BROOKS, PATRICIA J. "Grammatical competence is not a psychologically valid construct." Journal of Child Language 31, no. 2 (May 2004): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000904006087.
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It is not unusual for developmental psychologists to become frustrated with the theory of universal grammar (UG), whose proponents have tended to dismiss most research on children's language production and comprehension as irrelevant to explaining how human languages are acquired. This is because children's actual linguistic behaviour is presumed to reflect factors besides their grammatical competence, rendering most methods of sampling linguistic behaviour unsuitable for evaluating UG theory. This means, in practice, that UG proponents do not view performance errors as evidence against their hypothesis that grammatical knowledge is largely innate. When children perform at ceiling on a given task, this is usually taken as proof of their adultlike grammatical competence, while poor performance is dismissed as due to research design flaws or limitations in information processing capacities (e.g. working memory). Crain & Thornton (1998) attempt to eliminate what they consider to be post hoc processing accounts of children's linguistic behaviour by arguing, counter to Chomsky (1965) and many others, that children and adults share identical language processing mechanisms, and that linguistic performance directly reflects grammatical competence. Therefore, if UG principles are available from an early age, child and adult performance should be the same when tasks are properly constructed to avoid extra-linguistic demand characteristics (excepting adult–child differences predicted by parameter-setting or maturational models). It should not be surprising then that some psycholinguists, such as Drozd (target article), would find C&T to be misguided with respect to these issues, because children's linguistic behaviour surely differs from adults' in seemingly unpredictable ways.
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Kostrigin, Artem Andreevich. "Interpretation and explanation of unconscious processes and phenomena in different spheres of human life as a constructivist standpoint." Психология и Психотехника, no. 3 (March 2020): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0722.2020.3.33187.
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This article touches upon one of the peculiarities of modern psychology – a shift away from the natural scientific paradigm and transition towards constructivist methodology. Constructivism in psychology is characterized by relativity of truth, prevalence of subjective over objective, conditionality of cognition of characteristics of a subject, activity of an individual in cognition and being, construction of own reality by an individual. The author addresses the problem of studying the unconscious and suggest applying the constructivist paradigm in the research. It is substantiated that constructivism is one of the most effective approaches towards studying the unconscious, as peculiarities of the unconscious comply with the provisions of constructivism: a crucial role on the unsconsious is played by fantasies, affinities and emotional processes; structure of the unconscious is inexact and cannot be reduced to specific elements; the unconscious is flexible and develops in accordance with its own logic. Analysis is conducted on foreign studies on the unconscious that are based on constructivism. The scientific novelty consists in substantiation of application of the constructivist approach in psychology towards examining the unconscious, as well as in carrying out an analytical review of modern foreign research dedicated to the problem of the unconscious, leaning on the provisions of constructivism. The author concludes on the prevalent trends in foreign constructivist psychology of the unconscious: the focus on irrational, non-objectivist theories in explaining the unsconsious; a desire to make psychoanalysis a general psychological theory; acknowledgement of the unsconsious side of mental activity as the leading, as it is capable of more effective information processing; the unsconsious mechanisms of communication and joint activity play a significant role in establishing an in-depth personal dialogue. Psychological practice assigns a leading role to the unconscious; moreover, this aspect becomes central in social and ethnological research. Based on the theoretical overview of foreign studies, the effectiveness of application of constructivism in psychology is underlined.
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Ross, Don. "TWO STYLES OF NEUROECONOMICS." Economics and Philosophy 24, no. 3 (November 2008): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267108002095.
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I distinguish between two styles of research that are both called “neuroeconomics”.Neurocellular economics(NE) uses the modelling techniques and mathematics of economics – constrained maximization and equilibrium analysis – to model relatively encapsulated functional parts of brains. This approach rests upon the fact that brains are, like markets, massively distributed information-processing networks over which executive systems can exert only limited and imperfect governance. Harrison's (2008) deepest criticisms of neuroeconomics do not apply to NE. However, the more famous style of neuroeconomics isbehavioural economics in the scanner. This is often motivated by complaints about conventional economics frequently heard from behavioural economists. It attempts to use neuroimaging data to justify arguments for replacing standard aspects of microeconomic theory by facts and conjectures about human psychology. Harrison's grounds for unease about neuroeconomics apply to most BES, or at least to its explicit methodology. This methodology is naively reductionist and illegitimately assumes that economics should not do what all successful science does, namely, model abstract aspects of its target phenomena instead of would-be complete and fully ecologically situated facsimiles of them.
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Kim, Dongkyu, and Christian Vandenberghe. "Ethical Leadership and Team Ethical Voice and Citizenship Behavior in the Military: The Roles of Team Moral Efficacy and Ethical Climate." Group & Organization Management 45, no. 4 (May 17, 2020): 514–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601120920050.
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In recent years, unethical conduct (e.g., Enron, Lehman Brothers, Oxfam, Volkswagen) has become an important issue in management; relatedly, there is growing interest regarding the nature and implications of ethical leadership. Drawing from social learning theory, we posited that ethical leadership would positively relate to team ethical voice and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) through team moral efficacy. Furthermore, building on social information processing theory and the social intuitionist model, we expected these effects to be accentuated in teams with a strong ethical climate. Using survey data from subordinates and leaders pertaining to 150 teams from the Republic of Korea Army, ethical leadership was found to indirectly relate to increased team ethical voice and OCB directed at individuals and the organization through team moral efficacy. These relationships tended to be amplified among teams with a strong ethical climate. In addition, these findings persisted while controlling for transformational leadership, thereby highlighting the incremental value of ethical leadership for team outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Żyszkowska, Wiesława. "Map perception: theories and research in the second half of the twentieth century." Polish Cartographical Review 47, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcr-2015-0017.
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Abstract Until the 1990s map perception research was one of the main parts of cartography as a scientific discipline. In the last years of the century map perception research fell out of favor as cartographers turned their attention to the new computer technology. In the first decade of the 21th century the problems of map perception became more frequent in cartographic journals. The article recaps the main problems, theories and research conducted in the twentieth century. The main concepts connected with map perception are discussed: use, utilization, reception and interpretation. These terms are used differently in different research orientations. The author assumes that the terms: reception, reading and perception are unambiguous and perception should be treated as a complex of active and highly interactive processes, leading to identification and understanding of the visible image. The relation of perception research with theory of cartography are presented in three stages of development of the research. In the first, intuitive stage, very important role played eminent cartographers Max Eckert and Karl Peucker, who appreciated the role of human perception in cartography. The second stage began with the research initiated by A.H. Robinson in the 1950s. In the stage perceptual research contributed to the physical aspects of cartographic signs and the psychophysical orientation emerged. Perception has been accepted as an element of cartographic communication theory, modeling theory and cartographic semiotics. The third stage of perceptual research emerged as a result of criticism of empirical research effects. Cartographers turned to methods and theories of cognitive psychology and cognitive orientation was a main paradigm of the research. Perception is perceived as one of the elements of the human cognitive system and considered in the context of higher lever cognitive processes, participating in cartographic information processing. Two methodological approaches can be set apart: theoretical and experimental. In the theoretical approach the processing succession is considered and some models of cartographic processing models were presented. The first decade of the 21st century opens a new stage of perceptual research. It can be named cognitive-digital as the research is based on computer software and is concentrated on cognitive aspects of map perception.
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Harley, Jane. "The Role of Attention in Therapy for Children and Adolescents Who Stutter: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Interventions." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 27, no. 3S (October 19, 2018): 1139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_ajslp-odc11-17-0196.
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Purpose The aim of the study was to consider the role of attention in therapy for children and adolescents who stutter from the perspective of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). Method This clinical discussion paper will explore two aspects of attention in relation to young people who stutter and their parents: (a) what we attend to as human beings and (b) how we attend. It will draw on research and clinical practice informed by CBT and MBIs. Specifically, information-processing theory in CBT explains psychological well-being partly in terms of what individuals focus their attention on, whereas MBIs focus on the relationship between how individuals attend to their internal experiences and their psychological well-being. Conclusions Although a nascent field, MBIs may be useful as a part of therapy for children and adolescents who stutter. The concepts highlighted by MBIs may also help to resolve some clinical issues.
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Wohleber, Ryan W., Gerald Matthews, Jinchao Lin, James L. Szalma, Gloria L. Calhoun, Gregory J. Funke, C. Y. Peter Chiu, and Heath A. Ruff. "Vigilance and Automation Dependence in Operation of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS): A Simulation Study." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 488–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818799468.
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Objective: This simulation study investigated factors influencing sustained performance and fatigue during operation of multiple Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). The study tested effects of time-on-task and automation reliability on accuracy in surveillance tasks and dependence on automation. It also investigated the role of trait and state individual difference factors. Background: Warm’s resource model of vigilance has been highly influential in human factors, but further tests of its applicability to complex, real-world tasks requiring sustained attention are necessary. Multi-UAS operation differs from standard vigilance paradigms in that the operator must switch attention between multiple subtasks, with support from automation. Method: 131 participants performed surveillance tasks requiring signal discrimination and symbol counting with a multi-UAS simulation configured to impose low cognitive demands, for 2 hr. Automation reliability was manipulated between-groups. Five Factor Model personality traits were measured prior to performance. Subjective states were assessed with the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire. Results: Performance accuracy on the more demanding surveillance task showed a vigilance decrement, especially when automation reliability was low. Dependence on automation on this task declined over time. State but not trait factors predicted performance. High distress was associated with poorer performance in more demanding task conditions. Conclusions: Vigilance decrement may be an operational issue for multi-UAS surveillance missions. Warm’s resource theory may require modification to incorporate changes in information processing and task strategy associated with multitasking in low-workload, fatiguing environments. Application: Interface design and operator evaluation for multi-UAS operations should address issues including motivation, stress, and sustaining attention to automation.
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Duan, Jinyun, Émilie Lapointe, Yue Xu, and Sarah Brooks. "Why do employees speak up? Examining the roles of LMX, perceived risk and perceived leader power in predicting voice behavior." Journal of Managerial Psychology 34, no. 8 (November 11, 2019): 560–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-11-2018-0534.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand better why employees voice. Drawing on social information processing theory and insights derived from the literature on power, the authors suggest that leader–member exchange (LMX) fosters voice by reducing the perceived risk of voicing. The authors further contend that high perceived leader power will strengthen this mediated relationship. Design/methodology/approach The authors relied on a sample of 265 employee-supervisor dyads collected from Chinese organizations to test the study hypotheses. Findings Results indicated that perceived risk of voicing significantly mediated the positive LMX–voice behavior relationship. In addition, perceived leader power strengthened the effect of LMX on voice behavior via perceived risk of voicing. The relationship of LMX to perceived risk of voicing was more negative, and the indirect effect of LMX on voice behavior was more positive when employees perceived that leader power was high. Practical implications Organizations seeking to promote voice behaviors should support leaders to develop high-quality relationships with employees. Organizations should also ensure that leaders are sufficiently empowered to fulfill their roles, and ensure that employees are aware of their leaders’ influence. Originality/value Findings suggest that, in the context of high quality leader–member relationships, employees’ perceptions of their leaders’ power may help to overcome barriers associated with speaking up. Thus, this study helps explain the conditions that encourage employees to voice.
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Karmiloff-Smith, Annette. "Précis ofBeyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17, no. 4 (December 1994): 693–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00036621.
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AbstractBeyond modularityattempts a synthesis of Fodor's anticonstructivist nativism and Piaget's antinativist constructivism. Contra Fodor, I argue that: (1) the study of cognitive development is essential to cognitive science, (2) the module/central processing dichotomy is too rigid, and (3) the mind does not begin with prespecified modules; rather, development involves a gradual process of “modularization.” Contra Piaget, I argue that: (1) development rarely involves stagelike domain-general change and (2) domainspecific predispositions give development a small but significant kickstart by focusing the infant's attention on proprietary inputs. Development does not stop at efficient learning. A fundamental aspect of human development (“representational redescription”) is the hypothesized process by which information that isina cognitive system becomes progressively explicit knowledgetothat system. Development thus involves two complementary processes of progressive modularization and progressive “explicitation.” Empirical findings on the child as linguist, physicist, mathematician, psychologist, and notator are discussed in support of the theoretical framework. Each chapter concentrates first on the initial state of the infant mind/brain and on subsequent domain-specific learning in infancy and early childhood. It then goes on to explore data on older children's problem solving and theory building, with particular focus on evolving cognitive flexibility. Emphasis is placed throughout on the status of representations underlying different capacities and on the multiple levels at which knowledge is stored and accessible. Finally, consideration is given to the need for more formal developmental models, and a comparison is made between representational redescription and connectionist simulations of development. In conclusion, I consider what is special about human cognition by speculating on the status of representations underlying the structure of behavior in other species.
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Fedzechkina, Maryia, Becky Chu, and T. Florian Jaeger. "Human Information Processing Shapes Language Change." Psychological Science 29, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617728726.
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Human languages exhibit both striking diversity and abstract commonalities. Whether these commonalities are shaped by potentially universal principles of human information processing has been of central interest in the language and psychological sciences. Research has identified one such abstract property in the domain of word order: Although sentence word-order preferences vary across languages, the superficially different orders result in short grammatical dependencies between words. Because dependencies are easier to process when they are short rather than long, these findings raise the possibility that languages are shaped by biases of human information processing. In the current study, we directly tested the hypothesized causal link. We found that learners exposed to novel miniature artificial languages that had unnecessarily long dependencies did not follow the surface preference of their native language but rather systematically restructured the input to reduce dependency lengths. These results provide direct evidence for a causal link between processing preferences in individual speakers and patterns in linguistic diversity.
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Velmans, Max. "Is human information processing conscious?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 1991): 651–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00071776.
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AbstractInvestigations of the function of consciousness in human information processing have focused mainly on two questions: (1) Where does consciousness enter into the information processing sequence, and (2) how does conscious processing differ from preconscious and unconscious processing? Input analysis is thought to be initially “preconscious” and “pre-attentive” - fast, involuntary, and automatic. This is followed by “conscious,” “focal-attentive” analysis, which is relatively slow, voluntary, and flexible. It is thought that simple, familiar stimuli can be identified preconsciously, but conscious processing is needed to identify complex, novel stimuli. Conscious processing has also been thought to be necessary for choice, learning and memory, and the organization of complex, novel responses, particularly those requiring planning, reflection, or creativity.The present target article reviews evidence that consciousness performs none of these functions. Consciousness nearly alwaysresultsfrom focal-attentive processing (as a form of output) but does not itselfenter intothis or any other form of human information processing. This suggests that the term “conscious process” needs reexamination. Consciousnessappearsto be necessary in a variety of tasks because they require focal-attentive processing; if consciousness is absent, focal-attentive processing is absent. From afirst-person perspective, however, conscious statesarecausally effective. First-person accounts arecomplementaryto third-person accounts. Although they can be translated into third-person accounts, they cannot be reduced to them.
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Тарабань, Роман, and Бандара Ахінта. "Beyond Recursion: Critique of Hauser, Chomsky, and Fitch." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 4, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2017.4.2.tar.
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In 2002, Hauser, Chomsky, and Fitch published an article in which they introduced a distinction between properties of language that are exclusively part of human communication (i.e., the FLN) and those properties that might be shared with other species (i.e., the FLB). The sole property proposed for the FLN was recursion. Hauser et al. provided evidence for their position based on issues of evolution. The question of the required properties of human language is central to developing theories of language processing and acquisition. In the present critique of Hauser et al. we consider two examples from non-English languages that argue against the suggestion that recursion is the sole property within the human language faculty. These are i) agreement of inflectional morphemes across sentence constructions, and ii) synthetic one-word constructions.
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