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Frias, Danila Fernanda Rodrigues [UNESP]. "Profilaxia antirrábica humana: proposta de uma nova metodologia de ação." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103800.
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A avaliação dos casos de agressão por animais, sem critérios bem definidos, podem levar à indicação equivocada de tratamento antirrábico humano pós-exposição. O número desses tratamentos, em muitos municípios em todo o Brasil, tem preocupado as autoridades sanitárias. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os registros e a conduta da profilaxia antirrábica humana no Município de Jaboticabal, no período de 2007 a 2010, e propor uma nova metodologia de ação. Foi elaborada uma nova ficha de atendimento antirrábico humano, a ficha referência de atendimento a agressão animal e a ficha de visita zoossanitária, todas com seus respectivos manuais de instrução para preenchimento. Além disso, realizou-se a capacitação dos responsáveis pela aplicação das mesmas e as visitas zoossanitárias. Foram avaliadas as informações das fichas de atendimento e dos resultados de visitas domiciliares e observação dos animais agressores; os dados foram tabulados em Excel e analisados com softwares EpiInfo e Action. Também calculou-se o custo direto das vacinas antirrábicas humanas aplicadas. Em 1.366 fichas analisadas, computou-se um agravo para cada 212 habitantes; das pessoas agredidas, 74,3% receberam tratamento pós-exposição, num total de 1.251 doses de vacina. A análise detalhada dos dados, aliada ao fato de Jaboticabal ser considerada região controlada para a raiva, permite questionar que 894 pessoas podem ter recebido vacina sem necessidade, totalizando 1.094 doses a um custo aproximado de 20 mil reais. Nas visitas zoossanitárias constatou-se que, dentre os animais agressores, 78,1% eram domiciliados; 84,4% estavam sadios nos dias 0 e 10; 55% dos ataques foram provocados, e 73% das agressões ocorreram nas próprias residências. Assim, maior atenção deve ser dispensada ao atendimento a agravos por...
A poor assessment of cases of animal attacks towards humans may lead to inadequate human rabies prophylaxis. The high number of post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) treatments in many Brazilian cities has become a concern for Public Health authorities. The present study aimed to assess the records and the conduct of human PEP in the municipality of Jaboticabal, within 2007-2010, and to propose a new methodology. Versions for the following forms, together with instructions for filling them out, are proposed: human rabies medical attention form, animal attack notification form and a zoossanitary form. The personnel in charge of the health sector were trained for filling out these forms and conducting visits. It was evaluated the analysis of patient’s records and the results of home visitation and animal observation data. Data was organized in Excel spreadsheet and analyzed by EpiInfo and Action softwares. Direct cost of human vaccination was also calculated. In 1,366 analyzed records, there was one animal attack per 212 inhabitants. Among injured people, 74.3% received PEP, resulting in a total of 1,251 vaccines shots. The fact that Jaboticabal is located in a region that have controlled status for rabies, coupled with data analysis, allowed questioning that 894 persons may have received rabies shots unnecessarily, which resulted in a total of 1,094 shots at a cost of approximately 20 thousand reais. During zoossanitary visits, it was observed that among the aggressors, 78.1% were domiciled animals; 84.4% remained healthy between observation days 0 to 10; 55% of attacks were provoked and 73% of aggressions happened inside the domicile. It can be concluded that greater importance should be given to the attention of animal attacks cases. Adequacy should be made to the patient’s records, animal attack notification... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Frias, Danila Fernanda Rodrigues. "Profilaxia antirrábica humana : proposta de uma nova metodologia de ação /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103800.
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Orientador: Adolorata Aparecida Bianco CarvalhoBanca: Angela Cleuza de Fatima Banzatto de Carvalho
Banca: Karina Paes Bürger
Banca: Maria de Lourdes Aguiar Bonadia Reichmann
Banca: Maria Angélica Dias
Resumo: A avaliação dos casos de agressão por animais, sem critérios bem definidos, podem levar à indicação equivocada de tratamento antirrábico humano pós-exposição. O número desses tratamentos, em muitos municípios em todo o Brasil, tem preocupado as autoridades sanitárias. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os registros e a conduta da profilaxia antirrábica humana no Município de Jaboticabal, no período de 2007 a 2010, e propor uma nova metodologia de ação. Foi elaborada uma nova ficha de atendimento antirrábico humano, a ficha referência de atendimento a agressão animal e a ficha de visita zoossanitária, todas com seus respectivos manuais de instrução para preenchimento. Além disso, realizou-se a capacitação dos responsáveis pela aplicação das mesmas e as visitas zoossanitárias. Foram avaliadas as informações das fichas de atendimento e dos resultados de visitas domiciliares e observação dos animais agressores; os dados foram tabulados em Excel e analisados com softwares EpiInfo e Action. Também calculou-se o custo direto das vacinas antirrábicas humanas aplicadas. Em 1.366 fichas analisadas, computou-se um agravo para cada 212 habitantes; das pessoas agredidas, 74,3% receberam tratamento pós-exposição, num total de 1.251 doses de vacina. A análise detalhada dos dados, aliada ao fato de Jaboticabal ser considerada região controlada para a raiva, permite questionar que 894 pessoas podem ter recebido vacina sem necessidade, totalizando 1.094 doses a um custo aproximado de 20 mil reais. Nas visitas zoossanitárias constatou-se que, dentre os animais agressores, 78,1% eram domiciliados; 84,4% estavam sadios nos dias 0 e 10; 55% dos ataques foram provocados, e 73% das agressões ocorreram nas próprias residências. Assim, maior atenção deve ser dispensada ao atendimento a agravos por... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: A poor assessment of cases of animal attacks towards humans may lead to inadequate human rabies prophylaxis. The high number of post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) treatments in many Brazilian cities has become a concern for Public Health authorities. The present study aimed to assess the records and the conduct of human PEP in the municipality of Jaboticabal, within 2007-2010, and to propose a new methodology. Versions for the following forms, together with instructions for filling them out, are proposed: human rabies medical attention form, animal attack notification form and a zoossanitary form. The personnel in charge of the health sector were trained for filling out these forms and conducting visits. It was evaluated the analysis of patient's records and the results of home visitation and animal observation data. Data was organized in Excel spreadsheet and analyzed by EpiInfo and Action softwares. Direct cost of human vaccination was also calculated. In 1,366 analyzed records, there was one animal attack per 212 inhabitants. Among injured people, 74.3% received PEP, resulting in a total of 1,251 vaccines shots. The fact that Jaboticabal is located in a region that have controlled status for rabies, coupled with data analysis, allowed questioning that 894 persons may have received rabies shots unnecessarily, which resulted in a total of 1,094 shots at a cost of approximately 20 thousand reais. During zoossanitary visits, it was observed that among the aggressors, 78.1% were domiciled animals; 84.4% remained healthy between observation days 0 to 10; 55% of attacks were provoked and 73% of aggressions happened inside the domicile. It can be concluded that greater importance should be given to the attention of animal attacks cases. Adequacy should be made to the patient's records, animal attack notification... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Haskell, Marilyn Goss. "The Epidemiology of Human Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis in Virginia, 2002 and 2003." VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2342.
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Objective: To describe a sample that received human rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in Virginia as a result of animal exposures in 2002 and 2003 and to determine the extent to which PEP decisions were appropriate.Methods: PEP surveillance data were requested from 35 Virginia health districts within 5 regions. Retrospective chart review was used to gather demographic, exposure and source animal data from patient records and animal exposure reports. Descriptive statistics are presented. True exposures and appropriateness of PEP were defined using the 2004 Virginia Rabies Control Guidelines and the Recommendations of the 1999 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. The 2003 sample was analyzed for appropriateness of PEP because it was more representative than the 2002 sample. Stepwise syntax was created in SPSS utilizing 3 key decision variables and the 2004 Virginia Rabies Control Guidelines Algorithm for PEP decisions to determine appropriateness of PEP. Results: The 2002 and 2003 sample consisted of 838 PEP records, (73.6%) of 1139 PEP reported to the Division of Zoonotic and Environmental Epidemiology (central office of the Virginia Department of Health). Most PEP patients were young (mean 32.3 years) and had true exposures during spring or summer that resulted from approaching and handling a potentially rabid animal. Over half of the source animals were not captured. For the analysis of appropriateness, 55.2% (270/489) of PEP was appropriate, 22.5% (110/489) was inappropriate and 22.3% (109/489) of PEP had missing data on key decision variables. Inappropriate PEP primarily resulted from not true exposures [79% (87/110)]. Group exposures represented 42% more inappropriate PEP than individual exposures.Conclusion: Much PEP could be avoided in Virginia if more source animals were captured. The majority of inappropriate PEP occurred because PEP was given for exposures that were not true. New educational strategies for health care providers, public health personnel and the public are recommended to reduce the number of inappropriate PEP. Standardization of data collection methods, linking human and source animal data, computerization and formation of a central database are recommended to improve human rabies PEP surveillance in Virginia.
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Kalicharran, Kishna Kumar. "Studies on the stability, production and microencapsulation of a recombinant human adenovirus-rabies vaccine." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7579.
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The recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (rHAd5-RG1) tested in this study contains the rabies virus glycoprotein gene. This virus is being considered as a possible substitute for the attenuated rabies virus in the oral immunization of wildlife in Ontario. This study examined the stability of the virus indoors and outdoors, and tested technically simple ways of concentrating the virus and its microencapsulation. The findings of this study show that the recombinant virus has the potential for release into the environment and there is no evidence that the virus will rapidly decay under the outdoor conditions experienced during the fall season. The virus can probably be microencapsulated and packaged for oral delivery. However, more studies are needed to assess the actual immunizing potential of these microencapsules. The use of detergents for increasing the virus yield has potential. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Van, de Vuurst Victoria Paige. "Climate change and disease at the human-wildlife interface." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104158.
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Recent research has shown that climate change had and will likely continue to have impacts on biological processes, including the propagation of infectious and zoonotic diseases. Assessments of local level impacts at the human-wildlife interface are imperative for stakeholders and policy makers, and empirical review of such research is undoubtedly necessary to understand the current state of the field, gaps of knowledge, and to identify future lines of research. In that vein, this thesis focuses on the impacts of climate change on disease at the human-wildlife interface. Specifically, my thesis works to quantify the recent temporal and spatial distribution of empirical research linking climate change with changes in the burden of infectious diseases (Chapter 2). This retrospective scoping of the last five years of empirical research identified if, and to what extent, there are biases in the diseases, species, or geographic areas studied within this scientific field. My study revealed both geographic and topical biases within the scope of recent literature, with an overwhelming emphasis on vector-borne diseases in temperate areas. There was also unequal representation in publication demographics of authors and institutions with most research originating from well developed countries. As a proof-of-concept case study, my thesis provides an empirical assessment of the plausible climatic drivers of a wildlife-disease transmission risk in an understudied region (Chapter 3), which could function to fill some of the identified research gaps in Chapter 2. Therein, my work assessed the impacts of climate variation from the last century on the environmental suitability of the rabies host Desmodus rotundus (common vampire bat) in Latin America. Findings revealed that average and standard deviation of temperature were the most important drivers of D. rotundus geographic distribution according to species' records between 1901 and 2019. Nevertheless, high uncertainty was detected regarding the predictability of D. rotundus environmental suitability across the United States-Mexico border and in the Andes Mountains of Chile. The overall modeling efforts did, however, reveal a northward distributional shift of the rabies reservoir as a likely response to climate change. Together, studies contained in this thesis provide empirical, retrospective evidence that demonstrates the effects of climate change on the increased risk of disease transmission at the human-wildlife interface.Master of Science
Climate change is understood as the change in global or regional climate patterns, including variations of temperature and humidity factors beyond normal ranges, mostly attributed to increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Climate change is expected to influence many biological systems and presents an imminent threat to almost all organisms and geographic areas across the globe. Previous studies suggest that climate change will increase the burden of infectious diseases, including those originating from wildlife. This thesis aims to assess the availability of empirical evidence supporting the idea of a link between climate change and infectious diseases of wildlife origin. Chapter 2 examines recent scientific literature assessing climate change and infectious disease, and identifies biases in the diseases, species, and geographic areas commonly studied. This study found that literature generally focused on diseases transmitted by arthropods (e.g., insects, arachnids, or crustaceans) in temperate areas. There was little focus on diseases transmitted directly (e.g., via bites) or in non-temperate areas (e.g., tropics). Chapter 3 attempts to address issues detected in Chapter 2 by studying a directly-transmitted infectious disease in the tropics. More specifically, Chapter 3 assessed the impacts of climate variation from the last century on the distribution of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus), which is a known rabies host in Latin America. Chapter 3 revealed that temperature variables were the largest drivers of common vampire bat distribution. Nevertheless, high uncertainty was detected regarding the vampire bat's ability to invade new areas such as the continental United States-Mexico border or the lowlands to the Andes Mountains in Chile. Together, studies contained in this thesis provide support for current and future research on the study of climate change as an amplifier for the risk of infectious diseases.
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Frias, Danila Fernanda Rodrigues. "Avaliação dos registros de profilaxia anti-rábica humana pós-exposição no Município de Jaboticabal, são Paulo, no período de 2000 a 2006 /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94657.
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Orientadora: Adolorata Aparecida Bianco CarvalhoCoorientador: Antonio Sergio Ferraudo
Banca: Angela Cleusa de Fátima Banzatto de Carvalho
Banca: Sonia Regina Pinheiro
Resumo: Um elevado número de tratamentos anti-rábicos profiláticos são efetuados, anualmente, em pessoas envolvidas em agravos com animais. Assim, este trabalho objetivou avaliar os registros e a conduta de profilaxia anti-rábica humana no Município de Jaboticabal, de 2000 a 2006, analisando as informações das fichas de atendimento e a distribuição geográfica dos agravos. Os dados foram tabulados em Excel e analisados com softwares EpiInfo e MapInfo. Também foi calculado o custo direto com as vacinas anti-rábicas humanas. Em 3056 fichas analisadas, computou-se um agravo para cada 160 habitantes, com maior ocorrência em residências e nos bairros da região central da cidade, e incremento de casos nos meses de janeiro, julho, agosto e dezembro. A faixa etária mais atingida foi de 0 a 15 anos, destacando-se o sexo masculino. Com relação à espécie animal envolvida, a canina foi a responsável pela maioria dos agravos, sendo 67,5% dos cães e 22,2% dos gatos declarados vacinados; os cães estavam sadios em 77,8% dos casos. Das pessoas agredidas, 81,6% receberam profilaxia pós-exposição, num total de 7.108 doses de vacina e a um custo aproximado de R$179.105,14. A análise detalhada dos dados, aliada ao fato de Jaboticabal ser considerada região controlada para a raiva, permitem questionar que 1.720 pessoas podem ter recebido vacina sem necessidade. Uma maior atenção deve ser dispensada aos registros de atendimento a agravos por animais, e uma análise acurada e mais criteriosa destes deve ser feita para que os tratamentos sejam instituídos adequadamente. Como a maioria dos acidentes ocorre em residências, portanto com cães e gatos domiciliados e vacinados, recomendam-se programas educativos para promoverem a posse responsável e o conhecimento dos cuidados que as pessoas devem ter com seus animais de estimação.
Abstract: A large number of rabies post-exposure treatment is annually given to humans attacked by animals. This study was aimed to evaluate the records and the conduct of rabies prophylaxis in humans, in the municipality of Jaboticabal, from 2000 to 2006, through the analysis of patients' records and geographic distribution of the accidents. The data were arranged in Excel® spreadsheets and were further analysed by EpiInfo® and MapInfo®. Also, the direct costs of given vaccines were calculated. From 3,056 patient's cards, it was observed 1 animal attack per 160 inhabitants, with higher occurence in residences, central neighborhoods and concentration of attacks in the months of January, July, August and December. The most affected age group was that of 0-15 years old, with predominance in males. As to animal species, dogs were responsible for causing the majority of accidents. 67.5% of dogs and 22.2% of cats had already been vaccinated before attacking. In 77.8% of occurences, the dogs were healthy. As to attacked humans, 81.6% of them received post-exposure prophylaxis, totalizing 7,108 antirabies vaccine doses at an approximate cost of R$179.105,14. Thorough data analysis and the fact that Jaboticabal lies in a rabies controlled region allow to question the administration of post-exposure vaccination in 1,720 persons. More attention should be payed to filling out and interpreting patient's records correctly, so that treatments can be properly established. As most attacks happen in the residences, where cats and dogs are usually domiciled and vaccinated, it is essencial to develop educational programs that promote responsible pet ownership and adequate pet handling and care.
Mestre
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Frias, Danila Fernanda Rodrigues [UNESP]. "Avaliação dos registros de profilaxia anti-rábica humana pós-exposição no Município de Jaboticabal, são Paulo, no período de 2000 a 2006." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94657.
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Um elevado número de tratamentos anti-rábicos profiláticos são efetuados, anualmente, em pessoas envolvidas em agravos com animais. Assim, este trabalho objetivou avaliar os registros e a conduta de profilaxia anti-rábica humana no Município de Jaboticabal, de 2000 a 2006, analisando as informações das fichas de atendimento e a distribuição geográfica dos agravos. Os dados foram tabulados em Excel e analisados com softwares EpiInfo e MapInfo. Também foi calculado o custo direto com as vacinas anti-rábicas humanas. Em 3056 fichas analisadas, computou-se um agravo para cada 160 habitantes, com maior ocorrência em residências e nos bairros da região central da cidade, e incremento de casos nos meses de janeiro, julho, agosto e dezembro. A faixa etária mais atingida foi de 0 a 15 anos, destacando-se o sexo masculino. Com relação à espécie animal envolvida, a canina foi a responsável pela maioria dos agravos, sendo 67,5% dos cães e 22,2% dos gatos declarados vacinados; os cães estavam sadios em 77,8% dos casos. Das pessoas agredidas, 81,6% receberam profilaxia pós-exposição, num total de 7.108 doses de vacina e a um custo aproximado de R$179.105,14. A análise detalhada dos dados, aliada ao fato de Jaboticabal ser considerada região controlada para a raiva, permitem questionar que 1.720 pessoas podem ter recebido vacina sem necessidade. Uma maior atenção deve ser dispensada aos registros de atendimento a agravos por animais, e uma análise acurada e mais criteriosa destes deve ser feita para que os tratamentos sejam instituídos adequadamente. Como a maioria dos acidentes ocorre em residências, portanto com cães e gatos domiciliados e vacinados, recomendam-se programas educativos para promoverem a posse responsável e o conhecimento dos cuidados que as pessoas devem ter com seus animais de estimação.
A large number of rabies post-exposure treatment is annually given to humans attacked by animals. This study was aimed to evaluate the records and the conduct of rabies prophylaxis in humans, in the municipality of Jaboticabal, from 2000 to 2006, through the analysis of patients´ records and geographic distribution of the accidents. The data were arranged in Excel® spreadsheets and were further analysed by EpiInfo® and MapInfo®. Also, the direct costs of given vaccines were calculated. From 3,056 patient´s cards, it was observed 1 animal attack per 160 inhabitants, with higher occurence in residences, central neighborhoods and concentration of attacks in the months of January, July, August and December. The most affected age group was that of 0-15 years old, with predominance in males. As to animal species, dogs were responsible for causing the majority of accidents. 67.5% of dogs and 22.2% of cats had already been vaccinated before attacking. In 77.8% of occurences, the dogs were healthy. As to attacked humans, 81.6% of them received post-exposure prophylaxis, totalizing 7,108 antirabies vaccine doses at an approximate cost of R$179.105,14. Thorough data analysis and the fact that Jaboticabal lies in a rabies controlled region allow to question the administration of post-exposure vaccination in 1,720 persons. More attention should be payed to filling out and interpreting patient´s records correctly, so that treatments can be properly established. As most attacks happen in the residences, where cats and dogs are usually domiciled and vaccinated, it is essencial to develop educational programs that promote responsible pet ownership and adequate pet handling and care.
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Reid, Morgann. "Describing the Rabies Management System in an Ontario Municipality: A Mixed Methods Study of Human and Companion Animal Health Outcomes." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38490.
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Rabies management can be described as successful only if examined through a human health perspective. Negating companion animal health outcomes in rabies management creates systemic failures as cats and dogs are significant within our society and bridge humans and wildlife in rabies transmission. A shifting pet ownership culture has created opportunities for increased rabies risk. This thesis applied the One Health concept to the rabies management system in an Ontario municipality. The One Health concept considers that the health of humans is inherently connected to the health of companion animals and their shared environment.
A mixed methods design informed a visual conceptualization of the rabies management system. Factors influencing human and companion animal health outcomes were identified through multivariable logistic regression models. The human outcome of interest was the recommendation of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis after a potential rabies exposure by a companion animal; the companion animal outcomes were receiving a post-incident rabies vaccine, being euthanized for rabies testing and being placed under observation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with private veterinarians to understand their perceived role in rabies management.
Rabies management is more complex than linear interactions and processes that occur to protect human health. An explicit link between the human and companion animal health outcomes was found. Companion animal species appeared as an influential factor and indicates that ownership practices differ between cats and dogs. This implies that veterinarians are not effectively leveraged as the link between public health and pet owners. Indeed, veterinarian’s approach their rabies management roles based on their prioritization of the seriousness of rabies compared to the risk. Through the application of One Health thinking to the municipal rabies management system, it is clear that there is a public-private divide where mitigating human rabies exposures conflicts with the prevention of rabies in companion animals.
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Tarantola, Arnaud. "Epidemiology as a tool to improve prevention of human rabies : local and global health implications of postexposure prophylaxis data, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, 2003-2014." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC031/document.
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La rage entraîne plus de 60,000 décès par an dans le Monde, dont 800 au Cambodge, pays fortement endémique pour la rage canine.La mort survient dans près de 100% des cas de rage, maladie évitable dans presque 100% des cas par l’accès à une prophylaxie post-exposition (PPE) antirabique adéquate et en temps utile. L’amélioration de l’accès à une PPE dans les zones rurales des pays endémiques permettra d’épargner des vies humaines à court terme. Cette thèse en épidémiologie a tiré parti des données collectées auprès des patients consultant au centre antirabique et les chiens testés à l’Institut Pasteur du Cambodge (IPC), Phnom Penh. Suite à un bilan épidémiologique de la situation et des obstacles auxquels sont confrontés les patients cherchant à accéder à la PPE adéquate et en temps utile, elle vise à contribuer à améliorer 1/ l’accès géographique et 2/ l’accès financier à une PPE pour les populations rurales du Cambodge. Nous avons développé une stratégie originale d’identification des poches de populations à haut risque d’incomplétude vaccinale après une exposition potentielle à la rage. Ceci devrait permettre d’améliorer l’accès géographique à la PPE et se concrétiser par l’ouverture en Juillet 2018 d’un centre périphérique de prévention de la rage dans l’Ouest du Cambodge. Cette stratégie d’identification de difficultés d’accès aux soins est applicable à d’autres thématiques de santé, sous certaines conditions. Notre rappel des patients et l’analyse des décès par rage parmi les patients n’ayant pas complété de leur propre chef le protocole PPE de 4 sessions intradermales sur 1 mois ne permettent pas de mettre en évidence une différence de mortalité par rage parmi les patients n’ayant reçu que 3 sessions sur 1 semaine, par rapport à au moins 4 sessions/1mois. Le raccourcissement du protocole à 1 semaine permet de réduire les coûts directs et indirects et l’absence de revenus pendant la durée du traitement en capitale. La mise en place de ce protocole doit s’accompagner d’un suivi d’au moins 6 mois des patients après leur prise en charge initiale. L’ensemble de ces travaux a des implications qui dépassent le cadre du Cambodge: Dans ses recommandations d’Avril 2018, l’OMS recommande désormais ce nouveau protocole IPC– le premier protocole PPE antirabique abrégé à 1 semaineRabies causes more than 60,000 deaths worldwide each year, including 800 in Cambodia, where canine-mediated rabies virus circulates. Death occurs in nearly 100% of rabies cases, a disease which is nearly 100% avoidable by timely and adequate rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Improving access to PEP in rural areas of endemic countries will spare human lives in the short term. This epidemiology PhD used the data collected in patients referred to the rabies prevention clinic and tested dogs at Institut Pasteur du Cambodge (IPC), Phnom Penh. After a baseline assessment of access to and obstacles to access timely and adequate PEP in Cambodia, this PhD aims to contribute to improving: 1/ geographical access and 2/ financial access to PEP for rural populations in Cambodia. We developed an original strategy to identify populations with a high risk of PEP noncompletion after a bite by a potentially rabid dog. This should help improve geographical access to PEP following the implementation in July 2018 of a peripheral rabies prevention center in Western Cambodia. This strategy can be applied to identify difficulties in accessing health services relevant to other health issues, under certain conditions. After patient callback and analysis of rabies deaths among those who did and did not complete the 4-sessions/1-month intradermal PEP regimen of their own accord, we were unable to demonstrate a difference in rabies mortality among patients who only received 3 vaccine sessions over the first week compared to those receiving at least 4 sessions/one month. Abridging the protocol to one week would reduce direct and indirect costs and the loss of income during PEP in the Capital. The adoption of this abridged regimen must be associated with a strengthened clinical monitoring system for at least 6 months following patients’ initial PEP.The work presented in this PhD has implications which reach beyond Cambodia: WHO recommends this new IPC regimen – the first approved one-week, abridged rabies PEP regimen – in its April 2018 guidelines
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Idachaba, Stella Ejura. "Status of canine vaccination and the prevalence of rabies in humans and dogs in Plateau State, Nigeria 1998-2007." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2010. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02252010-104653/.
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ângelo, Sônia Tereza. "Avaliação do potencial de risco de raiva humana por agressões caninas em Muzambinho - MG." Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, 2011. http://tede2.unifenas.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/113.
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Previous issue date: 2011-05-25Dogs are transmitters of several zoonoses, and rabies has the highest epidemiological importance for being 100% lethal. Dog bites represented the most frequent notifiable injuries in Muzambinho, MG, in the 2005-2009 period, where many people were submitted to prophylaxis against rabies. This study evaluated the potential risk of rabies and respective injuries in the population. In September 2010, 427 questionnairies were randomly and systematically applied to residents of the 21 urban districts, who were classified according to their socioeconomic and cultural profiles. The survey of indicators pertinent to race, sex, form of acquisition, feeding, mobility, vaccination, sanitary conditions and fertility of the animals facilitated the construction of the epidemiological profile of the canine population in the urban area. The data were submitted to the chi-square test and multiple correspondence analysis in the R version 2.11.1 statistical software. It was found that 73% of the dogs were vaccinated at public health services; 9% at private services; while 18% were not vaccinated. Race and sex proved to be significant factors for the acquisition of dogs; 63% of the animals were received as presents, 11.5% were bought, and 25% adopted; 40.65% were adequately fed, while 59.35% were not properly fed. Regarding mobility, 60.5% of the animals were restricted, and 39.5% semi-restricted. The canine population density decreased with the socioeconomic situation of the owners. Only 20% of the dogs were castrated, and 80% presented no form of fertility control. Vaccination and fertility control proved to be inversely proportional indicators, with similar values in males and females. Sanitary conditions of dogs were better with upper class owners (69.5%), followed by lower class (26.5%), and middle class (5%). It was observed that the high incidence of canine aggression was related with limiting factors of welfare rather than symptoms of canine rabies, and that the full implementation of the actions of the municipal rabies prevention program could lead to a decrease of such accidents, with relevant reflections on the local public health.
Os cães são transmissores de diversas zoonoses, sendo a raiva a de maior importância epidemiológica, por ser 100% letal. Agressões caninas representam o agravo de maior notificação, em Muzambinho MG, no período de 2005-2009, onde expressivo número de pessoas é submetido a tratamentos profilático de raiva. O presente estudo foi idealizado com o propósito de avaliar o potencial de risco de raiva, que tais agravos representam à população do município. Durante o mês de setembro de 2010, foram aplicados 427 inquéritos, de forma aleatória e sistemática, a moradores residentes nos 21 bairros urbanos, os quais foram estratificados, segundo o seus perfis socioeconômico e cultural. O levantamento de indicadores referentes à raça, sexo, forma de aquisição, alimentação, mobilidade, vacinação, condições sanitárias e fertilidade desses animais possibilitou a construção do perfil epidemiológico da população canina, domiciliada na área urbana do município. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste Qui-quadrado e submetidos à avaliação de correspondência múltipla, no software estatístico R versão 2.11.1. O estudo demonstrou que 73% dos cães foram vacinados na rede pública, 9% na rede privada e 18% não foram vacinados. Comprovou-se que raça e sexo foram fatores significativos na aquisição de cães, sendo que 63% dos animais foram adquiridos como presente, 11,5 % através de compra e 25,5% por adoção. Verificou-se que 40,65% dos cães recebem alimentação adequada e 59,35%, inadequada. Quanto à mobilidade, 60,5% dos animais são restritos e 39,5% semirrestritos. A densidade populacional canina decresceu de acordo com a situação socioeconômica dos proprietários. Somente 20% dos cães são castrados e 80% dos animais não apresentam nenhuma forma de controle de fertilidade. Comprovou se que vacinação e controle de fertilidade são indicadores inversamente proporcionais e com valores equivalentes a machos e fêmeas. As condições sanitárias foram melhores em cães de proprietários de classe alta (69,5%), seguidos pelos de classe baixa (26,5%), e esses, pelos de classe média (5%). Observou-se que a alta incidência de agressões caninas está mais relacionada a fatores limitantes de bem-estar do que a sintomas de raiva canina e que o cumprimento integral das ações do programa de prevenção da raiva no município poderia contribuir para a diminuição de tais acidentes com relevantes reflexos na saúde pública local.
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Idachaba, Stella Ejura. "Status of canine vaccination and the prevalence of rabies in humans and dogs in Plateau State, Nigeria 1998-2007." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22847.
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The aim of the study was to assess the risk rabies constitutes to the public in Plateau State. Despite the existence of regulations on antirabies vaccination, dog movement and population control (WHO, 1997; WHO, 2004), rabies remains a public health problem in Nigeria. Most reported cases of rabies deaths in humans and canines are associated with unvaccinated dogs, and the infection could be prevented through appropriate vaccination as recommended by the law of the state. This research established the canine rabies vaccination coverage of Plateau State. The status of human rabies, canine rabies and mitigation strategies for control of rabies were also determined. A total of 760 cases were recorded; n=5 (0.66%) cases of human rabies, n=751 (98.8%) in dogs and n=4 (0.5%) in cats in the study period (1998-2007). Research indicated a low prevalence of human rabies in Plateau State which may be attributed to under-reporting, although showing 100% cases of recorded human rabies were due to dog exposure, a high status of canine rabies in the state with a prevalence rate of >59% with a sharp increase in the rate of occurrence of canine rabies in the years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004. The high level of occurrence persisted in 2005, 2006 and 2007 indicating its endemicity in the state. All the purposively selected ten local government areas visited indicated occurrence and passive canine rabies control surveillance in the state, with a canine rabies vaccine coverage of 10.57%. Informal interviews with medical doctors in the state and members of the public showed that citizens at risk of contracting rabies do not go for the pre-exposure prophylactic treatments. It appears that many of the citizens of Plateau State still see rabies as ‘insignificant’ and do not take serious measures to prevent or control the occurrence of the disease in the state. During the study n=72 purposively selected citizens of the state were interviewed. Of these, n=9 persons indicated they were ignorant of the disease, n=25, said that they would not vaccinate their dogs because it changed the taste of dog meat and affected the canine teeth of hunting and protection dogs. Only n-23 always vaccinated their dogs for preventive purposes, because they had heard about the disease and wanted their dogs and themselves to be safe, this group appeared to be pet dog owners. Also, n=15 persons could not remember vaccinating their dogs. An aggressive enlightenment campaign should be carried out to create awareness of the endemicity of rabies in the state and of the importance of post-exposure prophylaxis in people bitten by dogs, as this does not seem to be happening. There appears to be a lack of record keeping and this deficiency must be made a priority in order to do effective surveillance and control of canine rabies in Plateau State. It was also recommended that there is a need for active and effective collaboration between veterinarians, medical doctors and environmental specialists to help control and prevent the occurrence of rabies in Plateau State. Veterinary extension and communication strategies were used to develop risk communication and risk mitigation and were demonstrated by the preparation of posters and pamphlets appropriate for use in Plateau State Nigeria. CopyrightDissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Paraclinical Sciences
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Nunes, Juliana Olivencia Ramalho [UNESP]. "Entendendo o comportamento canino: estudo das causas de agressão e sua influência na profilaxia da raiva humana." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136800.
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000860449.pdf: 1151578 bytes, checksum: 9ca87c75380c555d2ff3d9a89395e272 (MD5)São muitos os benefícios gerados a partir da interação entre seres humanos e animais. De forma mútua, há vantagens para os seres humanos e animais, e, entre os animais, principalmente o cão. No entanto, a companhia humana pode refletir negativamente no comportamento canino resultando em agressões que, por sua vez, representam um sério problema para a saúde pública. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa propôs estudar as agressões de cães a humanos, envolvendo o comportamento canino. O estudo foi realizado no Município de Descalvado, localizado no Estado de São Paulo, região sudeste brasileira, por meio da análise de dados das fichas de atendimento para profilaxia da raiva humana ocorridos em 2014, obtidos a partir do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), além de entrevistas feitas diretas com pessoas agredidas e com as pessoas tidas como tutoras dos cães agressores, por meio de questionário. Foi realizada análise descritiva com estudo de frequências e análise qualitativa com a Análise de Conteúdo. Das 142 notificações de agressões, a espécie canina predominou entre os agressores (74,4%). Das pessoas agredidas, 46,5% eram adultos entre 20 a 59 anos e tutora dos cães, com 42,2% das pessoas entrevistadas. A mordedura predominou como tipo de lesão (97,2%) de forma única (66,4%), superficial (51,8%), principalmente em mãos e pés (43,6%). O procedimento adotado com maior frequência para o tratamento profilático pós-exposição foi a observação do animal associado à vacinação (68,3%). Dos cães agressores, 70,2% era macho, 67,4% adulto, 50% eram vacinados contra raiva e 9,4% eram esterilizados. Dentre os cães agressores, 41,4% passeavam de forma inadequada (solta e sem supervisão). 41,5% dos cães agressores agiam de forma amigável com as pessoas membros da casa. Uma atitude reservada foi o comportamento mais frequente demonstrado pelos cães agressores tanto para as pessoas que o...
There are many benefits generated from the interaction between humans and animals. Mutual way, there are advantages to humans and animals, and between animals, particularly the dog. However, human company may adversely reflect on canine behavior resulting in aggression which, in turn, represent a serious problem for public health. In this sense, this research proposed to study the attacks of dogs to humans, involving the canine behavior. The study was conducted in the municipality of Descalvado, located in São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, by analyzing data from human attendance records occurred in 2014, obtained from the System for Notifiable Diseases Information (SINAN) as well as direct interviews with people bitten and with the owners of the biter dogs, through a questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was performed with frequencies of study and qualitative analysis with content analysis. In the 142 reports of assaults, the canine species predominated among aggressors (74.4%). Of assault people, 46.5% were adults between 20 and 59 years and owners of the dogs, with 42.2% of the interviewed people. The bite was the predominant type of injury (97.2%) in a unique way (66.4%), superficial (51.8%), mainly in hands and feet (43.6%). The procedure adopted more often for post-exposure prophylactic treatment was the observation of the animal associated with vaccination (68.3%). The biter dogs, 70.2% were male, 67.4% adults, 50% were vaccinated against rabies and 9.4% were sterilized. Among the biter dogs, 41.4% walked inappropriately (loose and unsupervised). 41.5% of the biter dogs acted amicably with those members of the household. A reserved attitude was the most frequent behavior demonstrated by the biter dogs for both people who know the dog (but not residing in the same household), and for people unaware of the dog in 39.1% of the interviews. With children, 34.8% of biter dogs showed like children. Based on the data, the reasons that ...
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Nunes, Juliana Olivencia Ramalho. "Entendendo o comportamento canino : estudo das causas de agressão e sua influência na profilaxia da raiva humana /." Jaboticabal, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136800.
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Orientador: Adolorata Aparecida Bianco CarvalhoCoorientador: Ceres Berger Faraco
Banca: Maria da Glória Buzinaro
Banca: Annelise Carla Camplesi dos Santos
Banca: Luzia Helena Queiroz
Banca: Maria de Lourdes Aguiar Bonadia Reichmann
Resumo: São muitos os benefícios gerados a partir da interação entre seres humanos e animais. De forma mútua, há vantagens para os seres humanos e animais, e, entre os animais, principalmente o cão. No entanto, a companhia humana pode refletir negativamente no comportamento canino resultando em agressões que, por sua vez, representam um sério problema para a saúde pública. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa propôs estudar as agressões de cães a humanos, envolvendo o comportamento canino. O estudo foi realizado no Município de Descalvado, localizado no Estado de São Paulo, região sudeste brasileira, por meio da análise de dados das fichas de atendimento para profilaxia da raiva humana ocorridos em 2014, obtidos a partir do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), além de entrevistas feitas diretas com pessoas agredidas e com as pessoas tidas como tutoras dos cães agressores, por meio de questionário. Foi realizada análise descritiva com estudo de frequências e análise qualitativa com a Análise de Conteúdo. Das 142 notificações de agressões, a espécie canina predominou entre os agressores (74,4%). Das pessoas agredidas, 46,5% eram adultos entre 20 a 59 anos e tutora dos cães, com 42,2% das pessoas entrevistadas. A mordedura predominou como tipo de lesão (97,2%) de forma única (66,4%), superficial (51,8%), principalmente em mãos e pés (43,6%). O procedimento adotado com maior frequência para o tratamento profilático pós-exposição foi a observação do animal associado à vacinação (68,3%). Dos cães agressores, 70,2% era macho, 67,4% adulto, 50% eram vacinados contra raiva e 9,4% eram esterilizados. Dentre os cães agressores, 41,4% passeavam de forma inadequada (solta e sem supervisão). 41,5% dos cães agressores agiam de forma amigável com as pessoas membros da casa. Uma atitude reservada foi o comportamento mais frequente demonstrado pelos cães agressores tanto para as pessoas que o...
Abstract: There are many benefits generated from the interaction between humans and animals. Mutual way, there are advantages to humans and animals, and between animals, particularly the dog. However, human company may adversely reflect on canine behavior resulting in aggression which, in turn, represent a serious problem for public health. In this sense, this research proposed to study the attacks of dogs to humans, involving the canine behavior. The study was conducted in the municipality of Descalvado, located in São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, by analyzing data from human attendance records occurred in 2014, obtained from the System for Notifiable Diseases Information (SINAN) as well as direct interviews with people bitten and with the owners of the biter dogs, through a questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was performed with frequencies of study and qualitative analysis with content analysis. In the 142 reports of assaults, the canine species predominated among aggressors (74.4%). Of assault people, 46.5% were adults between 20 and 59 years and owners of the dogs, with 42.2% of the interviewed people. The bite was the predominant type of injury (97.2%) in a unique way (66.4%), superficial (51.8%), mainly in hands and feet (43.6%). The procedure adopted more often for post-exposure prophylactic treatment was the observation of the animal associated with vaccination (68.3%). The biter dogs, 70.2% were male, 67.4% adults, 50% were vaccinated against rabies and 9.4% were sterilized. Among the biter dogs, 41.4% walked inappropriately (loose and unsupervised). 41.5% of the biter dogs acted amicably with those members of the household. A reserved attitude was the most frequent behavior demonstrated by the biter dogs for both people who know the dog (but not residing in the same household), and for people unaware of the dog in 39.1% of the interviews. With children, 34.8% of biter dogs showed like children. Based on the data, the reasons that ...
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Olivari, Marina Beanucci Delamonica. "Profilaxia pré-exposição à raiva humana nos cursos de graduação em Medicina Veterinária : avaliação e modelo de programa /." Jaboticabal, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/183234.
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Orientador: Adolorata Aparecida Bianco CarvalhoCoorientador: Karina Paes Bürger
Banca: Luciano Melo de Souza
Banca: Ana Paula Rodomilli Grisolio
Resumo: A raiva ainda é considerada uma doença negligenciada e um grave problema de Saúde Pública, responsável por milhares de mortes anualmente, tanto de animais como de seres humanos. No Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde considera os estudantes de Cursos de Medicina Veterinária como grupo com risco de exposição permanente ao vírus da raiva devido às atividades ocupacionais exercidas durante a graduação, incluindo aulas práticas, estágios curriculares e extracurriculares. Atualmente, no Estado de São Paulo, há 43 cursos de Veterinária computados pelo CFMV, os quais estão distribuídos por 32 municípios. Por esse motivo, o presente estudo teve como propósito realizar diagnóstico de situação sobre a PArPrE para estudantes dos cursos de graduação em Medicina Veterinária do Estado de São Paulo, avaliando-se os riscos e elaborando um modelo de programa de imunização pré-exposição que poderá ser utilizado em todos os cursos de Veterinária do Brasil. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos e aplicados questionários individuais aos responsáveis pela profilaxia dos alunos em 23 instituições de ensino que demonstraram interesse em participar da pesquisa; foram analisadas as matrizes curriculares dos cursos de graduação priorizando as disciplinas práticas relacionadas aos períodos de risco de exposição ao vírus da raiva; foi delineado o perfil epidemiológico da doença no Brasil e no Estado de São Paulo; e foi feita a associação geográfica dos casos positivos com a localização das instituições de ensino. Ob... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Rabies has still considered a neglected disease and a serious Public Health problem, which is responsible for thousands of animals and humans deaths' every year. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health considers students of Veterinary course as a group at risk of permanent exposure to rabies virus, due to occupational activities during graduation, including practical classes, curricular and extracurricular internships. In 2018, the Federal Council of Veterinary Medicine considered, in the State of São Paulo, 43 Veterinary Medicine courses distributed in 32 municipalities. For this reason, the present study aimed to realize a situational diagnosis on pre-exposure prophylaxis of rabies to Veterinary... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Rabie, Ahmad [Verfasser]. "Audio-visual emotion recognition for natural human-robot interaction / Ahmad Rabie. Technische Fakultät. AG Angewandte Neuroinformatik -- Technische Fakultät (Bereich Informatik)." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, Hochschulschriften, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1011897466/34.
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Mota, Roberta Silva Silveira da. "Raiva urbana no Rio Grande do Sul: circulação do vírus da raiva em morcegos não hematófagos no município de Pelotas e perfil da profilaxia antirrábica humana pré-exposição." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2016. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3501.
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As ações do Programa Nacional de Profilaxia da Raiva (PNPR) levaram a uma importante redução de casos humanos e a um controle do ciclo urbano em cães e gatos, nas diferentes regiões do país, contudo a raiva continua sendo um grave problema de Saúde Pública no Brasil e no mundo. O Rio Grande do Sul (RS) apresenta status de área controlada para o ciclo urbano há cerca de 20 anos, sem circulação de variantes caninas e sem o registro de casos humanos. Entretanto, verifica-se a manutenção de ciclos silvestres representados por quirópteros, inclusive em áreas urbanas. Este estudo foi organizado em dois sub-projetos. O primeiro teve por objetivo conhecer o comportamento do ciclo aéreo da doença na área urbana do município de Pelotas, RS, utilizando técnicas de diagnóstico padrão ouro, sorológicas e de biologia molecular, e desta forma, caracterizar a infecção pelo vírus da raiva em morcegos. O segundo subprojeto, a partir do entendimento de que um importante pilar da prevenção da doença em humanos consiste na profilaxia pré-exposição dos grupos de risco, buscou descrever o perfil dos atendimentos para profilaxia antirrábica pré-exposição (PArPE) humana realizados pelas Secretarias Municipais de Saúde, conforme metodologia do PNPR do Ministério da Saúde (MS), no Estado, através de um estudo descritivo a partir de dados coletados no Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN Net) do MS. Foram coletados 238 morcegos e submetidos a diagnóstico rábico padrão e técnicas complementares. Daqueles em que se pode recuperar sangue, foi realizada sorologia. A prevalência de vírus rábico foi de 3,60%, confirmados por IFD, RT-PCR do cérebro e da glândula salivar. A prevalência de anticorpos através do teste rápido de inibição de foco da fluorescência (RFFIT) foi 23,27% enquanto que no microteste simplificado de inibição da fluorescência (SFIMT) foi de 51,5%. Por outro lado, foi demonstrado que há diversas inconsistências no uso da PArPE no RS, com uso de tratamento em muitas situações em que não haveria a indicação e, ao mesmo tempo, mantendo pessoas em situação de risco não protegidas. A implicação destes achados é discutida nos dois artigos.
The National Rabies Prophylaxis Program (PNPR) actions led to an important reduction of human cases and certain control of urban cycle in cats and dogs, in different regions of the country. However, rabies still is a serious Public Health issue in Brazil and in the world. The state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) is an area where the urban rabies cycle is considered controlled for about 20 years, having no canine virus variants circulation and no human cases registered. However, the maintenance of chiropters wild cycles still is detected, including among urban areas. The research was divided in two sub-projects. The first one aimed studying the disease's aerial cycle in the city of Pelotas, RS, through gold standard diagnosis, molecular biology and serological techniques, and then establishing the rabies virus infection in bats. The second subproject, based on the understanding that the pre-exposure prophylaxis in risk groups is the cornerstone of human rabies prevention, sought describing the human anti-rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis intervention (PArPE) profile, performed in State public health secretariats, according the methodology presented in the Ministry of Health's National Human Rabies Prophylaxis Program, through a descriptive study using data collected by the Ministry of Health's National Notification of Diseases System (SINAN Net). To that end, 238 bats were collected and put through standard rabies diagnosis and complementary techniques. Serology was performed in those which blood was found. Rabies virus prevalence was 3.60%, confirmed through DFA test, and brain and salivary gland RT-PCR. Antibodies prevalence through Rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) was 23.27%, and 51.5% through Simplified fluorescent inhibition microtest (SFIMT). On the other hand, it was shown that the PArPE application in RS is inconsistent, where the treatment has been used in many situations in which it wouldn't be indicated, and, at the same time, leaving people in risk situations unprotected. These results implications are discussed in both articles.
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Gurden, Jane Margaret. "Haemodynamic and cardiac muscle responsiveness in rabbits with adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy some comparisons with human heart failure." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314841.
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Paes, Natália de Fátima. "Análise das condutas e desenvolvimento de tecnologia de apoio à tomada de decisão para profilaxia da raiva humana pós-exposição na Rede de Atenção à Saúde." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/181556.
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Orientador: Cristina Maria Garcia de Lima ParadaResumo: Introdução: A raiva é uma antropozoonose e sua transmissão se dá pela inoculação do vírus presente na saliva de animais mamíferos raivosos, principalmente por mordidas ou, mais raramente, arranhões e lambedura de mucosa ou em lesões na pele. A profilaxia pós-exposição está indicada para pessoas após mordedura, arranhadura e/ou lambedura por mamífero com potencial rábico. O uso da vacina antirrábica e do soro homólogo ou soro heterólogo é parte do programa de profilaxia da raiva e a indicação depende das características da lesão e do animal agressor. Objetivo Geral: Analisar a adequação das condutas indicadas e desenvolver tecnologia de apoio à tomada de decisão para profilaxia da raiva humana pós-exposição na Rede de Atenção à Saúde. Método: Trata-se de estudo transversal e retrospectivo, baseado na análise dos dados secundários das fichas de notificação de atendimento antirrábico humano inseridas no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do município de Bauru-SP, no ano de 2017. A análise da adequabilidade do tratamento foi guiada pelos protocolos do Ministério da Saúde e Instituto Pasteur. Para cálculo do número de inadequações, considerou-se o tratamento realizado e o tratamento adequado, sendo a proporção de inadequação obtida a partir da subtração do total de tratamento adequado do total de tratamento indicado, dividido pelo total de tratamento adequado e multiplicado por 100. O desenvolvimento do aplicativo móvel foi realizado em parceria com a equipe do Núcleo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Introduction: Rabies is an anthropozoonosis which is transmitted by inoculation of the virus that is present in the saliva of rabid mammals, mainly through biting or less often by scratching and licking of mucosa or skin lesions. Post-exposure prophylaxis is indicated for patients after being bitten, scratched or licked by potentially rabid mammals. The use of antirabic vaccine and homologous or heterologous serum is part of the rabies prophylaxis program and their indication depends on the characteristics of the lesion and the kind of attacker animal. General goal: To analyze the adequacy of the measures taken and to develop a technological tool for supporting decision making on post-exposure prophylaxis at the healthcare network. Methods: This study is a crosssectional study and retrospective, based on data analysis of notification files on antirabic treatment on humans within the Notification of Injury Information System in the city of Bauru-SP in 2017. The analysis of the suitability of the treatment was guided by the protocols of the Ministry of Health and Instituto Pasteur. For the calculation of the number of inadequacies, the treatment performed and the appropriate treatment were considered, with the proportion of inadequacy obtained by subtracting the appropriate total treatment from the indicated total treatment, divided by the appropriate total treatment and multiplied by 100. The development of a mobile application was carried out in partnership with the team of t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Junior, Marcio Heber Gomide. "Profilaxia da raiva humana em Luiz Antônio, SP, Brasil: características das ocorrências e atenção médica prestada aos pacientes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17139/tde-26082013-104325/.
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A raiva é uma zoonose caracterizada como encefalite viral progressiva aguda e letal. Tem alta transcendência, letalidade de aproximadamente 100%, e é considerada um grave problema de saúde pública. Ocorre em mais de 150 países. Em diversos países das Américas, da Europa e da Ásia o ciclo urbano da infecção já não existe, porém o ciclo silvestre permanece um desafio. A doença no Brasil é endêmica e a maioria dos casos humanos ocorre na região nordeste. Entre 2001 e 2010, foram notificados 163 casos de raiva humana no Brasil, sendo que 47% foram transmitidos por cães e 45% por morcegos. Apesar do controle do ciclo urbano da raiva, os atendimentos antirrábicos humanos notificados têm aumentado nos últimos dez anos. Entre 2000 e 2009, foram notificados mais de 4 milhões de atendimentos antirrábicos humanos no país. O objetivo foi estudar a ocorrência de acidentes com potencial risco de transmissão de raiva em pacientes de Luiz Antônio, SP e o tipo de atenção médica prestada. O estudo foi descritivo do tipo levantamento epidemiológico. Foram analisados os dados das fichas de atendimento antirrábico humano. Concluiu-se que o perfil de paciente mais atendido na década foi o adulto jovem, do sexo masculino, com idade média de 25 anos, escolaridade de até sete anos, residente da zona urbana do município, que procurou atendimento médico no mesmo dia da agressão, não possuía tratamento antirrábico anterior e foi mordido superficialmente em mão ou pé por um cão sadio. O tratamento médico mais indicado pelo Serviço de Saúde foi a vacinação pós-exposição e que foi completamente realizada. Ocorreu elevado percentual de abandono do tratamento, bem como de não procura ativa pelos profissionais do serviço de saúde. As prescrições de soro antirrábico foram confirmadas pelo Hospital de referência em 86,2% dos encaminhamentos. Sugere-se aprimorar a capacitação dos profissionais da rede a respeito das condutas preconizadas para a profilaxia da raiva, melhorar a integração com os profissionais da área veterinária para avaliação dos animais envolvidos e adequar instrumentos e sistema de informação.Rabies is a zoonosis characterized as an acute progressive and lethal viral encephalitis It has high transcendence, lethality of approximately 100%, and is considered a serious public health problem. Rabies occurs in more than 150 countries. Its urban cycle no longer exists in several countries of the Americas, Europe and Asia, but the wild cycle remains a challenge. The disease is endemic in Brazil and most human cases occur in the Northeast area. Between 2001 and 2010, 163 cases of human rabies were reported in Brazil, of which 47% were transmitted by dogs and 45% by bats. Despite the urban cycle control of rabies, human attendances have increased in the last ten years. Between 2000 and 2009, more than 4 million attendances were reported in the country. The objective of this investigation was to study the occurrence of accidents with the potential risk of transmission of rabies in patients from Luiz Antônio, state of São Paulo, Brasil, and assess the type of medical care provided. A descriptive epidemiological survey was carried out, analyzing data from post-exposure medical records. The profile of patients treated over the decade was: young adult male with a mean age of 25 years, schooling up to seven years, residing in the urban area of the municipality, who sought medical care on the same day of the assault, had no previous rabies treatment and was superficially bitten in the hands or foot by a healthy dog. The most indicated treatment was post-exposure vaccination, which was usually completely performed. There was a high percentage of noncompliance and not active searching for missing patients at the health service. The prescriptions for anti-rabies serum were confirmed by the Referral Hospital in 86.2% of the cases. Improvements are necessary in the following items: training of health professionals about the recommended approaches for rabies prophylaxis; integration with veterinarians to assess the involved animals; renewal and adequacy of the information system.
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Pitheckoff, Natalie MGS. "Burrowing Deeper: What Rabbit-Assisted Activities Mean to Older Adults." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1431629468.
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Pinto, Haroldo de Barros Ferreira. "Avaliação do custo-benefício das atividades de prevenção da raiva humana e das atividades de controle da raiva canina no Município de Mogi Guaçu, no período de 2000 a 2004." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-14092007-080235/.
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No presente estudo foi avaliado os custos dos tratamentos anti-rábicos pósexposição e das atividades do controle da raiva canina realizada no Mogi Guaçu, no período de 2000 a 2004. Para as análises foram utilizadas as informações disponíveis no banco de dados do Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e dos dados pertinentes ao Programa de Controle da Raiva, fornecidos pelo Centro de Controle de Zoonoses. Com o auxilio das planilhas do programa Excel, os dados foram tabulados e os valores em reais, obtidos ano a ano (valores nominais), foram atualizados para valores do ano de 2006, tendo como deflator o Índice de Preço do Consumidor Ampliado (IPCA). No período estudado, ocorreram 4.279 notificações de pacientes agredidos por diferentes espécies de mamíferos. O tipo de lesão mais freqüente foi a mordedura, com 90,9% do total, tendo sido o cão a principal espécie agressora, com 84,1% do total dos agravos. Os pacientes do sexo masculino apresentaram o maior risco exposição (48,2%), o mesmo ocorrendo com os pacientes de faixa etária entre zero e 14 anos (35,2%). O esquema de tratamento pós-exposição, com três doses de vacina e a observação do cão agressor, foi preconizado para 18,3% das pessoas agredidas o que representou um gasto estimado de R$ 43.829,97. O esquema de vacinação (cinco doses) e soro-vacinação foi indicado para 6,2% dos pacientes, com um custo final estimado em R$ 34.731,83. Na composição do custo das ações de controle da raiva canina, o insumo de maior peso foi o combustível. Os custos médios por animal, relativos às ações direcionadas ao controle da raiva animal, foram 9,2 a 20,2 vezes inferiores aos valores estimados para o tratamento anti-rábico humano pós-exposição. As informações oficiais, disponíveis nos bancos de dados, foram suficientes para os cálculos dos custos x benefício propostos. A avaliação do custo x benefício das atividades de prevenção e /ou controle da raiva urbana é importante para a implantação de uma política de conscientização de proprietários e deve estar associada a programas educativos.In this work, costs with post exposure anti-rabies treatments and activities for canine rabies control in Mogi-Guaçu were evaluated from 2000 to 2004. For the analyses, information available in the National System of Injury Notification database (SINAN) were used, as well as data from Rabies Control Program, supplied by the Center for Zoonoses Control. Data were compiled using Excel software spreadsheets and values in Reais (Brazilian currency), obtained annually (nominal values), were updated for values in 2006. The deflation index used was the Expanded Consumer Price Index (IPCA). In the period studied there were 4, 279 notifications of patients attacked by different kinds of mammals. Bites were the most frequent injury, with 90.9% of the total, having dogs as the main aggressor specie with 84.1% of total cases. Male patients presented the highest exposure risk (48.2%), as well as patients in the age range 0 ? 14 years old (35.2%). Post exposure rabies prophylaxis, including 3 vaccine doses and the observation of the aggressor dog, was adopted for 18.3% of attacked people, representing an estimated expense of R$43.829,97 (approximately US$ 20,198.14). Five-dose vaccination scheme and vaccine and equine rabies immunoglobulin were prescribed for 6.2% of patients, with an estimated final cost of R$34.731,83 (approximately US$16,005.45). In the cost composition for canine rabies control actions, fuel was the most representative item. Average cost per animal considering actions focused on animal rabies control, was 9.2 to 20.2 times lower than estimated values for post exposure human anti-rabies treatment. Official information available in database were enough to calculate the costs and benefits proposed. Cost benefit analysis of the activities for urban rabies prevention and/or control is important for the implementation of an awareness policy for dog owners and must be associated.
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Cubillos, Torres María Constanza. "Caracterización epidemiológica de las morderduras de perro a la población humana notificadas en servicios de salud de la comuna de Quinta Normal, Santiago, 2012." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/132084.
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Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico VeterinarioEl objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una caracterización epidemiológica de las mordeduras de perro ocurridas el año 2012 en la Comuna de Quinta Normal. Además, se determinaron costos promedios de la atención de estos accidentes en los Servicios de Salud Pública. La información fue recopilada desde hospitales y consultorios de la Comuna. Detalles del animal y otros datos relativos a la agresión fueron obtenidos a través de una encuesta a los afectados. Las mordeduras fueron clasificadas en tres estratos según severidad de la lesión. De las 517 personas atendidas, 408 personas fueron mordidas por perros. No hubo asociación entre la raza del perro, procedencia del animal y lugar donde ocurrió la agresión con la gravedad de la lesión. Los costos alcanzados por tratamiento y por personal que realiza cada atención de una mordedura se estimó un promedio de $43.082 para mordeduras leves, $48.170 para mordeduras graves y $336.020 para mordeduras muy graves. En conclusión, la implementación de programas de educación en tenencia responsable, y una legislación apropiada al respecto, entre otras medidas, resultan acciones imperativas para lograr aminorar la magnitud de este problema.
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Plahovinsak, Jennifer Lee. "KINETICS AND PASSIVE PROTECTION EFFICACY INDUCED BY PURIFIED AVA HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G IN RABBITS AGAINST A Bacillus anthracis AEROSOL CHALLENGE." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1166813637.
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Poerner, Ana Lu?sa Perrone. "Tend?ncia e caracter?sticas do atendimento anti-r?bico humano p?s-exposi??o na Regi?o Centro-Sul Fluminense, 2000-2005." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/753.
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The objectives of this study were to understand the characteristics of human rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in Center-South Region of Rio de Janeiro State and analyze PEP trends against epidemiologic situation of canine rabies, indirectly analyzing integration between control actions developed in the area. Data from 4310 patients who visited health services because of animal aggressions between years 2000 and 2005 were obtained in Health State Department, as well as canine vaccination coverage information. In this paper, descriptive analysis was used to study variables like: method and source of exposure occurrence, patients age and sex, health conditions and species of the animal aggressor, PEP interruption, characteristics of the wounds and previously PEP prescription. Data related to animal exposure incidences, PEP prescription incidence, dogs density, dog/human rate and canine vaccination coverage were also studied. Simple linear regression was carried out to obtain human rabies prescription and canine vaccination trends. c? test was used to verify significant difference (r ? 0,05) among vaccinated patients proportion in the period. Incidence of animal agression ranged from 10,1/10.000 persons in 2000 to 29,2/10.000 persons in 2005, with an average of 23,7/10.000 persons. Bite exposures accounted for 79,3% of the wounds, dogs were responsible for 86,2% of the cases and most of them were healthy at the moment of the aggression (44,8%). Male patients accounted for 57,5% of the cases. Most of the patients between 1 and 15 years (35%) also were male (62,2%). Most of the wounds were unique (59,7%) superficial (60,8%) and not-provoked (60,1%). Incidence of rabies PEP ranged from 5,1/10.000 persons in 2000 to 23,6/10.000 persons in 2005, reaching an average of 15,2/10.000 persons. Rabies PEP prescription average and estimated canine vaccination coverage in the period was 64,1% and 92,8%, respectively. Estimated relation dog/human in 2005 was 1:5,8 and dog density in the same year was 16,7 dogs/km?. There was significant difference between proportions of vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients in the period. The characteristics of human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis and animal aggressions hadn t changed and there was an ascended trend in human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis prescription, with high proportions and significant difference, despite the high levels of canine vaccination coverage and absence of human and canine rabies notification, indicating a lack of integration between prevention actions developed in the area.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer as caracter?sticas dos casos de atendimento anti-r?bico humano p?s-exposi??o na Regi?o Centro-Sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e analisar a tend?ncia da prescri??o de vacina anti-r?bica a humanos, v?timas de agress?o animal, frente ? situa??o epidemiol?gica da raiva canina, avaliando indiretamente a integra??o das a??es de profilaxia da raiva animal e humana na Regi?o. Os dados referentes ao atendimento anti-r?bico humano p?s-exposi??o de 4310 pacientes e informa??es sobre a cobertura vacinal canina, no per?odo de 2000 a 2005, foram obtidos na Secretaria Estadual de Sa?de. Foi realizada uma an?lise descritiva das vari?veis: tipo e modo de ocorr?ncia da agress?o, esp?cie animal agressora e sua condi??o, circunst?ncias da agress?o, localiza??o, gravidade e caracter?sticas do ferimento, motiva??o para a ocorr?ncia das agress?es, faixa et?ria e g?nero dos indiv?duos expostos, hist?rico de profilaxia anti-r?bica dos pacientes e ocorr?ncia de interrup??o da vacina??o. Foram calculadas a incid?ncia de atendimento antir?bico humano p?s-exposi??o, incid?ncia e percentual de prescri??o de vacina anti-r?bica humana p?s-exposi??o, densidade populacional de c?es, raz?o c?o/homem e cobertura vacinal canina. A regress?o linear simples foi utilizada para obten??o das retas de tend?ncia da prescri??o de vacina anti-r?bica humana e da vacina??o canina. O teste do c? foi utilizado para verificar se a propor??o de pacientes vacinados diferiu significativamente (r ? 0,05) entre os anos analisados. A incid?ncia de atendimentos variou de 10,1/10.000 habitantes em 2000 a 29,2/10.000 habitantes em 2005, com uma incid?ncia m?dia de atendimentos de 23,7/10.000 habitantes. A mordedura foi o principal tipo de agress?o (79,3%) e os c?es foram os principais agressores (86,2%), sendo que a maioria (44,8%) se encontrava sadia no momento da agress?o. A maioria dos pacientes (57,5%) foi do g?nero masculino. Os indiv?duos mais expostos tinham entre 1 e 15 anos de idade (35%), sendo que a maioria tamb?m era do sexo masculino (62,2%). A maior parte das les?es localizou-se nas m?os e p?s (36,6%), sendo que em crian?as menores de 15 anos a maioria das les?es ocorreu na cabe?a e pesco?o (75,6%). Predominaram os ferimentos ?nicos (59,7%), superficiais (60,8%) e n?o-provocados (60,1%). A incid?ncia de prescri??o de vacina anti-r?bica humana variou de 5,1/10.000 habitantes em 2000 a 23,6/10.000 habitantes em 2005, com uma incid?ncia m?dia de prescri??o de vacina de 15,2/10.000 habitantes. O percentual m?dio de pessoas vacinadas foi de 64,1%. A m?dia de cobertura vacinal canina atingida na regi?o foi de 92,8%. A rela??o c?o/homem estimada na regi?o em 2005 foi de 1:5,8 e a densidade populacional canina no mesmo ano foi de 16,7 c?es/km?. A propor??o de pacientes vacinados e n?o vacinados diferiu significativamente no per?odo analisado. As caracter?sticas dos casos de atendimento e dos animais agressores n?o se alteraram em rela??o aos relatados na literatura e observou-se uma tend?ncia ascendente na prescri??o de vacina anti-r?bica humana p?s-exposi??o, com altos percentuais e diferen?as significativas, apesar de altos n?veis de cobertura vacinal canina e aus?ncia de notifica??o de raiva canina e humana, demonstrando uma falta de articula??o entre as a??es do programa de controle na Regi?o.
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Kuroda, Yutaka. "Treatment of experimental osteonecrosis of the hip in adult rabbits with a single local injection of recombinant human FGF-2 microspheres." Kyoto University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/142084.
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Silva, Laura Cunha de Albuquerque Ferreira da. "Habitat selection by free-roaming domestic dogs in Indonesia : rural versus urban setting." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21129.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaFree-roaming domestic dogs (FRDD) greatly impact human public health, known for playing key roles in the transmission of numerous zoonotic diseases. Dogs are responsible for 99% of human rabies cases worldwide and FRDD are particularly important as the main source for rabies transmission to humans. Dog-mediated rabies lays a heavy economic, environmental and social burden on human communities, especially on those most vulnerable. Sixty percent of dog-mediated rabies human fatalities worldwide occur in Asia with Indonesia registering, per year, the fourth highest human rabies cases number of the continent. Improved rabies control programs can be attained through the study of dogs’ movements within their available habitat. Yet, little is known about FRDD habitat requirements, particularly in Indonesia. By analysing data on 109 FRDD in two distinct habitats, this project aimed to investigate resources meaningful to FRDD habitat selection in relation to anthropogenic and geographical characteristics in a rural and urban landscape. In particular, we assess whether FRDD select habitat resources differently according to the setting. The chosen methodology employed was spatial mixed effects logistic regression models which, by having as outcome the presence or absence of FRDD in the available habitat resources, provides insight on which resources dogs are more likely to be found and are therefore preferred. Habitat selection by FRDD disclosed slightly different preferences according to the setting. The most sought-after resources in both study sites were the buildings and roads. Vegetation covered areas were positively associated with FRDD presence in the semi-urban, but not in the rural study site. Nevertheless, in the semi-urban area, FRDD preferred the beach over vegetation covered areas. Slope, in the rural setting, and sea, in the semi-urban area, were identified as being negatively associated with the presence of FRDD. Although these results should not be incautiously extrapolated to other regions and should be interpreted keeping in mind the Indonesian context, these results are still novel and relevant to future rabies control actions.
RESUMO - Seleção de Habitat por Cães Domésticos Errantes na Indonésia – Contexto rural versus contexto urbano - Cães domésticos errantes têm um impacto nefasto na Saúde Pública Humana, sendo cruciais na transmissão de inúmeras doenças zoonóticas. Os cães são responsáveis por 99% dos casos de raiva humana registados a nível mundial e, os cães domésticos errantes são a causa principal de transmissão de raiva para o Homem. A raiva humana transmitida por cães impõe um pesado fardo económico, social e ambiental sobre as comunidades humanas. Sessenta porcento das mortes humanas por raiva transmitida por cães ocorre na Ásia e a Indonésia regista, por ano, o quarto número mais elevado de casos de raiva humana no continente. Programas mais adequados de controlo da raiva podem ser conseguidos através do estudo sobre como os cães se movem dentro do seu habitat. No entanto, pouco ou nada se sabe sobre os requisitos de habitat dos cães domésticos errantes, em particular na Indonésia. Através da análise de 109 cães domésticos errantes em dois habitats (ambiente rural e ambiente urbano), este projeto investigou quais os recursos significativos na seleção de habitat por estes cães. Especificamente, avaliou se a seleção de habitat por estes cães difere entre o ambiente rural e urbano. A metodologia empregue neste estudo foram modelos mistos espaciais de regressão logística que, ao utilizarem a presença/ausência do cão num determinado recurso do habitat, permitem inferir sobre quais os recursos onde os cães mais provavelmente se encontram, sendo por isso preferidos pelos mesmos. A seleção de habitat por cães domésticos errantes revelou diferenças ligeiras de acordo com o espaço geográfico em análise. O recurso mais procurado em ambos os espaços geográficos foram os edifícios e as estradas. Áreas cobertas por vegetação estão positivamente associadas com a presença de cães no ambiente urbano, mas não em ambiente rural. No entanto, na área urbana, os cães preferiram a praia a zonas cobertas por vegetação. O declive, na área rural, e o mar, na área urbana, estão negativamente associados com a presença de cães. Apesar destes resultados terem de ser interpretados tendo em conta o contexto indonésio e não poderem ser extrapolados incautamente para outras zonas do mundo, são ainda relevantes para ações de controlo da raiva transmitida por cães.
N/A
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SOARES, CARLOS R. J. "Ensaio imunorradiometrico para a determinacao de proteinas bacterianas contaminantes em lotes de hormomio de crescimento humano recombinante produzido no IPEN-CNEN/SP." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1995. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9259.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Chine-FuLin and 林建甫. "Feasibility of using chitosan microneedles for sustained transdermal delivery of human rabies vaccine." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8haem9.
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Szmyd-Potapczuk, Anna Victoria. "Molecular epidemiology of human rabies diagnosed in South Africa between 1983 and 2007." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28330.
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Human rabies is a zoonotic viral disease that affects thousands of people worldwide, especially in the developing countries of Africa and Asia. There are two distinct biotypes of lyssavirus genotype 1 circulating in South Africa: a canine biotype circulating in domestic dogs, bat-eared foxes and black-backed jackals and a mongoose biotype circulating in herpestids. The presence of LBV, MOKV and DUVV has been demonstrated in South African animal species, but apart from two documented cases of Duvenhage infection in humans, no other lyssaviruses other than genotype 1 have been reported to clinically manifest in humans. Since canine rabies is endemic to the KwaZulu Natal province where the majority of human rabies cases occur, dog vaccination campaigns have been implemented to control and prevent rabies in the region. The first outbreak of canine rabies in the province from the 1950s to 1968 was successfully controlled, but after its re-emergence in the 1970s dog vaccination campaigns have been unsuccessful for a variety of reasons, including lack of commitment for implementation of effective control measures and the difficulty of accessing certain areas in the province. In addition to these problems, human rabies emerged in the Limpopo province during 2005/2006. This emergence was potentially due to the introduction of canine rabies from either black-backed jackals or dogs in Zimbabwe, as there was a large increase of canine rabies cases in the province before the human outbreak. Some dog vaccination campaigns and stray dog population control measures were established in the province, but there are still human rabies cases being reported from the region annually. In order to gain a clearer understanding of human rabies in the country, this study was undertaken to elucidate various epidemiological aspects of human rabies in the country, to correlate the existing knowledge of animal rabies cycles to human rabies cycles and also to determine whether or not lyssaviruses other than genotype 1 have been involved in causing human rabies in South Africa. The study confirmed that the domestic dog is the primary vector for human rabies in South Africa, with most cases occurring in the KwaZulu Natal province. Men and young adults under the age of 21 were most affected. Only very small portion of affected people sought and received post-exposure prophylaxis. This was either due to a lack of vaccine and immunoglobulin or a lack of knowledge of the risk of the disease after an animal exposure. The findings from the molecular epidemiology study reinforced the previous findings which correlate most human rabies cases with the coastal KwaZulu Natal canine cluster identified in previous studies. As humans are a dead end host to rabies infection, it was expected that the molecular epidemiology of the human rabies isolates would mimic the molecular epidemiology of the existing animal cycles and this proved to be the case. The human rabies virus isolates all grouped closely to their representative animal cycles, which grouped by respective geographical location. The study also reinforced findings of the establishment of a new Free State canine rabies cycle, originating from the coastal KwaZulu Natal canine rabies cluster. The primary laboratory confirmation test of rabies is the fluorescent antibody test which does not distinguish between genotypes or the two biotypes circulating in South Africa. The study was undertaken, in part, to elucidate the various genotypes and biotypes responsible for human rabies in South Africa, as there is a large diversity of lyssaviruses in South Africa, evidenced by the fact that the first ever reported human rabies case in South Africa was due to a mongoose exposure. Molecular epidemiology is a subfield of epidemiology and thus can be used to reach epidemiological conclusions. No lyssavirus genotypes other than genotype 1 were implicated in the human rabies cases, indicating that the African rabies-related lyssavirus exposures are uncommon and while exposures can happen (as shown in 2006), they are not likely to be of significant public health concern and the focus should be on genotype 1. The findings of the study emphasize the importance of rabies as a zoonotic disease of humans in South Africa, which despite having severe health impact on the local human populations is still greatly underestimated. Moreover, the study summarizes epidemiological data of known human rabies cases for a period of 1983 to 2007 and thereby provides a useful and comprehensive report on the status of the disease in South Africa for last 25 years. The database of human rabies cases established during this study can then assist in the future planning and prioritizing of rabies control and prevention efforts in the country. CopyrightDissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
unrestricted
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Chennareddy, Chakravarthy. "Evaluation of prophylactic efficacy of human anti-rabies monoclonal antibodies in a mouse model." 2005. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/chennareddy%5Fchakravarthy%5Fr%5F200512%5Fms.
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Ngobeni, Marlence Freda. "Attitudes of community members towards the human rabies in the Vhembe district of the Limpopo Province, South Africa." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25401.
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This study explored the attitudes of community members toward the Human Rabies in the Vhembe district of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. This study was underpinned by interpretative phenomenological analysis design. Data were collected using individual interviews of 20 participants and 6 focus groups consisting of six community members each. Both sets of interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis framework for data analysis. Three super-ordinate themes emerged from data analysis: attitudes toward the Human Rabies, factors influencing attitudes toward the Human Rabies and tackling the Human Rabies. Results indicate that attitudes toward the Human Rabies has a direct influence on adherence to prevention and care approaches. Attitudes can be influenced by addressing training and educational needs and perceptions of prevention and care approaches. Recommendations are made to enhance adherence to prevention and care approaches for management of the Human Rabies.Health Studies
M.A. (Health Studies)
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Van, de Wal Katherine Mary. "Mercury metabolism in rabbits for human risk assessment from dental amalgams." 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/48126640.html.
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Stanley, Brian Allan. "Proteomic analysis of heart failure : insights into myofibril assembly and regulation." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/970.
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Heart failure (HF) is a prevalent disease in society which is associated with decreased cardiac output. This thesis describes the proteomic analysis of cardiac tissue obtained from HF patients and a transgenic animal model of HF. Initial experiments optimized one proteomic technology, 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), to maximize the number of proteins which could be observed / resolved from human cardiac tissue. Protein abundance changes in cardiac tissue between normal patients and those with a diagnosis of ischemic cardiomyopathy were determined by performing 2-DE and identifying proteins by mass spectrometry. HF patients had a reduced abundance of proteins involved in energy production and the sarcomere. Sarcomeres contain the myofilament subproteome consisting of thick and thin filaments with the thick filaments primarily myosin. Thick and thin filament undergo Ca2+ induced ATP hydrolysis to form crossbridge cycles, resulting in muscle contraction. An assembly chaperone for myosin, UNC-45B, was found to be increased in HF patients. Western blot analysis confirmed that the abundance of UNC-45B was increased in different etiologies of heart failure. Follow up physiological measurements demonstrated that UNC-45B is most likely a protein necessary for transcriptional control of the α-isoform of myosin heavy chain. In a second proteomics study, abundance changes occurring in a pacing induced model of HF in wild-type (WT) and transgenic (TG) rabbits with increased expression of the α-isoform of myosin heavy chain were examined. WT and TG rabbits had a different response in their myofilament and intermediate filament abundance changes following induction of HF. TG rabbits had a decreased abundance of heat shock proteins and non-sarcomeric associated desmin. As well, TG rabbits had an increased ratio of actin:myosin heavy chain and UNC-45B suggesting an altered ratio of thick to thin filaments. In conclusion, an altered abundance of contractile proteins, regulated in part by UNC-45B, may be one cause of the contractile dysfunction which occurs in HF.Thesis (Ph.D, Physiology) -- Queen's University, 2007-12-21 09:19:45.172
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Hsiao, Yi-Fu, and 蕭益富. "Effect of Local Heat and Infrared on the Sphincter of Oddi in Rabbits and Human SOD Patients." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97674147357809861860.
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碩士國立陽明大學
傳統醫藥學研究所
87
Abstract Acupmoxa(acupuncture & moxibustion) has been recognised as an effective modality.The mechanism of acupuncture anesthesia has been generally accepted as a result of mobilization of endogenous opioids. In our previous study, the application of local heat (Moxibustion) to the acupoint GB-24 (Riyue) for about 3 minutes, the activity of the sphincter of Oddi, in terms of tonic pressure and phasic contrancion pressure, in anesthetized cats and rabbits is decreased. The mechanism has been proved to be through the neural release of nitric oxide NO pathway. Infrared is widely used tool in rehabilitation or sport medicine,To investigate the effect of infraredon human oddi's sphincter,endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography(ERCP) and human SO manometry were performed, The results showed the toric pressure and phasic pressure decrecesed after Infrared application to acupoint GB-24(Riyue) for 3 minutes in patients with spincter of Oddi dysfunction(SOD patients.. Simultaneously, the duodenal motility is decreased significantly. However,the tonic pressure and phasic pressure does not decrease significadtly .when the infrared was applied to accupoint l’t Taixi (K3). We conclude application of infrared on accupoint GB-24(Riyu) provides a potential effective treatment for those patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.
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Yang, Tung-Lin, and 楊東霖. "The effects of salvianolic acid B on oxLDL-treated human aortic endothelial cells and cholesterol-fed endothelia-denuded rabbits." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69340218142094274935.
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碩士國立陽明大學
解剖暨細胞生物學研究所
89
Atherosclerosis and restenosis were viewed as immunology and inflammatory responses, free radicals and lipid peroxidation were usually involved in that. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation with antioxidant could prevent or cure the process of atherosclerosis and restenosis. Salvia miltiorrhiza, a Chinese herb in the treatment of blood stasis, contains aqueous antioxidative compound-salvianolic acid B (Sal B). Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were used in the in vitro study to investigate the effects of Sal B on the reduction of the oxidative stress in HAECs, the inhibition of HAECs-mediated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, and the inhibition of cytotoxicity of oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) to HAECs. In the in vitro study, (1) Sal B inhibited Cu2+-induced LDL oxidation; the relative potency of Sal B compared with probucol is 16.29. (2) Sal B attenuated HAECs-mediated LDL oxidation. (3) Sal B reduced the basal (50.8±13.77%) and ox-LDL induced (47.9±6.66%) H2O2 generation. (4) Sal B attenuated the ox-LDL-induced NFB activation. (5) Sal B reduced the cytotoxicity of ox-LDL on HAECs. Sal B exhibits its antioxidative effects in the in vitro study, we conclude that Sal B may be benefit in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Lin, Hsiu-Fen, and 林秀芬. "Effect of Transplantation with Cultured Human Adipose Tissue Derived Stem Cells on Rabbits Cornea RepairAfter Alkaline Chemical Burn ---- An Animal Study." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16432366598597946283.
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碩士高雄醫學大學
職業安全衛生研究所
97
Chemical burn is the absolute ocular emergency. It is the most severe injuries to the organ of vision with a very high percentage of unfavorable outcomes. It often causes extensive damage and results in permanent visual impairment. Recurrent epithelial erosions, symblepharon, corneal scar, corneal ulceration, severe stromal inflammation, and corneal neovascularization are common clinical complications of alkali burn .We studied the effect of cultured human adipose tissue-derived stem cells on regeneration of rabbit cornea after alkaline chemical burn. Human adipose tissue–derived stem cells are served as the source of donor material. The frozen stem cells were defreezing and sub-cultured up to 80% with Keratinocyte -SFM (Invitrogen ) and supplements of EGF , BFE( Bovine pituitary extraction), 10 %FBS ( FBS 50 cc / SFM 500 cc),GM solution 100 ul / 500 cc SFM. The cell suspension was cultured in 25 cm2 culture flasks at 37oC and 5% CO2. Culture medium was replaced by 80-90 % every 2 days. The study was performed on 8 rabbits (2-2.5 kg) with alkaline burns of the cornea. NaOH-impregnated disks (impregnated for 5 minutes, size as 7 mm in diameter) were placed into strictly central cornea area for 40 sec. After removal of the disks, the eyes were washed with 20 ml saline for 30 sec. All the procedures were taken under general anesthesia (5% ketamine plus rompune 1 to 2 mg/kg IM) and local analgesia of the cornea (1% Proparacaine Hydrochloride). Immediately after the chemical burn, experimental animals received a single subconjunctival injection of stem cell suspension (1.3×105 cells/ 0.2 ml ml). Controls were injected with 0.2 ml saline. Topical treatment with gentamycin oint (twice per day) was applied for preventing secondary infections. The eyes were eviscerated after sacrifice on days 30. Histological studies were performed on paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Real-time PCR are performed to detect the surface markers of P 63, E-Catherin, Beta-catenin, and Connexin 43. We evaluate the corneal functions via the following criteria, corneal opacity assessments, Real-time PCR and Histology, to prove the corneal regeneration effects of human adipose tissue - derived stem cells. The average grading of experimental group is graded as 1-2 while the controlled group is graded as 4.This means the stem cells offer more cell renewal processes than the controlled group. Real-time for beta- catena, connexin43 (Cx43), E-Catherin, and P63 are checked, which represent as cell membrane, cell membrane, non-neural epithelium and corneal stratified epithelium individually. Positive correlation of beta- catenin, connexin43 (Cx43), E-Catherin means good cell renewal for damage repair of corneal epithelium related to chemical burn. P63 shows non-significant change. Histologically, there are 5-6 cell layers at epithelium for the experimental group and 2-3 cell layers for the controlled group. Except the 8th rabbits with poor section of histology, 6 experimental groups show 5-6 cell layers and 7 control group show 2-3 cell layers over the epithelia . Transplantation of cultured human adipose tissue derived stem cells on rabbits corneal chemical burn promotes cell renewal and damage repair. Corneal transparency, Real-time PCR, epithelium cell layers are evaluated and proved as positive for wound healing.
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Chen, Xueyu. "Evaluation of the effect of subject age, hepatic function and the co-administration of the H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the H1-receptor antagonist, hydroxyzine, and its active metabolite cetirizine in humans and rabbits." 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/17010.
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Zheng, Yi. "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the relationship between peripheral H1-receptor blockade with serum and skin concentrations of H1-receptor antagonists hydroxyzine and cetirizine after oral administration in humans ; and, Evaluation of the distribution and efficacy of hydroxyzine and cetirizine in solution and liposome formulations applied topically to rabbits." 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/19031.
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