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Journal articles on the topic 'Human replacement'

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1

Aufiero, Thomas X., Ramchandra C. Reddy, James A. Magovern, Walter E. Pae, and David K. C. Cooper. "Alternatives to human heart replacement." Current Opinion in Cardiology 10, no. 2 (1995): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001573-199503000-00016.

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2

Dörner, Thomas, Hans-Peter Brezinschek, Sandra J. Foster, Ruth I. Brezinschek, Nancy L. Farner, and Peter E. Lipsky. "Delineation of Selective Influences Shaping the Mutated Expressed Human Ig Heavy Chain Repertoire." Journal of Immunology 160, no. 6 (1998): 2831–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.160.6.2831.

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Abstract After Ag exposure, somatic hypermutation and subsequent selection play significant roles in shaping the peripheral B cell repertoire. However, the disparate impact of each process has not been completely delineated. To address this, the mutational patterns of a large panel of productive VHDJH rearrangements of individual human B cells were analyzed and compared with those of a previously reported panel of nonproductive VHDJH rearrangements. The productive VH rearrangements exhibited a significantly lower mutational frequency and a significantly smaller number of replacement mutations
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3

Logan, John. "Permanent Replacements and the End of Labor's “Only True Weapon”." International Labor and Working-Class History 74, no. 1 (2008): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547908000239.

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AbstractThis article analyzes the origins and impact of one of the most powerful antiunion weapons used by American employers during the past four decades: the right to use and threaten to use permanent replacement workers during economic strikes. It examines the policy debate over replacements in the 1930s and 1940s, the increasing use of permanent replacements in the 1970s and 1980s, the growth of a powerful and sophisticated “strike management industry,” and the unsuccessful efforts of organized labor and its political allies to amend the National Labor Relations Act to outlaw permanent rep
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4

Guenthart, Brandon A., John D. O'Neill, Jinho Kim, Kenmond Fung, Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic, and Matthew Bacchetta. "Cell replacement in human lung bioengineering." Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 38, no. 2 (2019): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2018.11.007.

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5

Lee, Chun-Jean. "Modern Biotechnology on Human Organ Replacement." Artificial Organs 19, no. 10 (1995): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.1995.tb02259.x.

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6

Manstein, Carl H. "Characterization of a human dermal replacement." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 92, no. 6 (1993): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199311000-00078.

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7

Salimi, Maryam, Peyman Mirghaderi, Seyedarad Mosalamiaghili, Ali Mohammadi, and Amirhossein Salimi. "Joint replacement and human immunodeficiency virus." World Journal of Virology 12, no. 1 (2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v12.i1.1.

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8

Ding, Yiwei, and Yu Sun. "On the Replacement of Human Translation by Machine Translation in News Translation." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 10, no. 2 (2024): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2024.10.2.520.

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After decades of development, the level of machine translation is changing day by day, and is widely used in many aspects. News translation focuses on accuracy and effectiveness at the same time. In the current information explosion era, professional news translators have to deal with a large number of scripts every day, and the use of machine translation of news scripts ensures a high accuracy rate while pursuing high efficiency. By comparing, analyzing and scoring the results of machine translation and human translation on the standard of accuracy, loyalty, and fluency, the author concludes
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9

Shen, L., H. Xia, N. Bhowmick, P. Narayan та D. Puett. "Mutations of Arg68 of the human chorionic gonadotrophin β subunit lead to reduced secretion". Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 17, № 3 (1996): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0170257.

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ABSTRACT The Arg68-Leu69 sequence is invariant in the β subunits of chorionic gonadotrophin and luteinizing hormone from a variety of species. Using site-directed mutagenesis of the human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)-β cDNA, several replacements of Arg68, an Ala replacement of Leu69, and a multiple replacement with Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala of the tetrapeptide sequence, Arg68-Leu69-Pro70-Gly71, were prepared and characterized. The wild-type and mutant cDNAs were subcloned into a pRSV expression vector and transiently transfected into CHO cells containing a stably integrated gene for bovine a. Concentra
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10

SH, Shakiba, and Shakiba M. "Vitamin D and Human Journey." Nutrition and Food Processing 5, no. 1 (2022): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/081.

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Herein, we propose a hypothesis for the low level of vitamin D as a sign of untimely relocation of humans during history. This improper displacement made the human species prone to infectious and noninfectious diseases during the life journey. The low level of vitamin D is a sign that needs to be addressed as a marker of an unsafe journey in lifetime, not the cause for associated diseases, and the replacement of vitamin D is the least performed in this regard.
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11

&NA;. "Human surfactant replacement therapy can reduce mortality." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 728 (1990): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199007280-00022.

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12

Lindvall, Olle, and Peter Hagell. "Cell replacement therapy in human neurodegenerative disorders." Clinical Neuroscience Research 2, no. 1-2 (2002): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1566-2772(02)00010-5.

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13

Nosé, Yukihiko. "Artificial Organs-Not Only “Replacement Human Parts”." Artificial Organs 6, no. 3 (2008): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.1982.tb01667.x.

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14

Albig, Werner, Birgit Bramlage, Konstanze Gruber, Hans-Gustav Klobeck, Jürgen Kunz, and Detlef Doenecke. "The Human Replacement Histone H3.3B Gene (H3F3B)." Genomics 30, no. 2 (1995): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/geno.1995.9878.

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15

Quaden, René, Tim Attmann, Günther-Rudolf Klaws, et al. "Percutaneous Aortic Valve Replacement." Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 3, no. 1 (2008): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/imi.0b013e3181669011.

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Objective To improve the outcome of percutaneous valve replacement in aortic stenosis endovascular resection of calcified aortic valves will be necessary. In this study different sealing methods were evaluated. The focus of this research was feasibility and mechanical functionality in human anatomy. Methods The aortic valve isolation chamber (AVIC) is a catheter-based system to seal the aortic valve during resection, and was installed antegrade and retrograde. Firstly, AVIC was inserted antegrade via the cardiac apex in human postmortem models (n = 2), and secondly in porcine in vivo models un
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16

Lund, J., N. Takahashi, J. D. Pound, M. Goodall, and R. Jefferis. "Multiple interactions of IgG with its core oligosaccharide can modulate recognition by complement and human Fc gamma receptor I and influence the synthesis of its oligosaccharide chains." Journal of Immunology 157, no. 11 (1996): 4963–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.157.11.4963.

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Abstract Glycosylation at Asn297 within the CH2 domains of IgG is important for recognition by the effector ligands Fc gammaR and C. Protein engineering has been used to replace amino acid residues within the extensive oligosaccharide interaction site that contact the core hexasaccharide (GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc). Replacement of residues Phe241, Val264, or Asp265, in particular, results in reduced recognition of human chimeric anti-nitroiodophenacetyl IgG3 produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells, by guinea pig C and human C1q. Replacement of residues Val264 or Asp265, in particular, results in reduc
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17

Niklason, Laura E., and Jeffrey H. Lawson. "Bioengineered human blood vessels." Science 370, no. 6513 (2020): eaaw8682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw8682.

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Since the advent of the vascular anastomosis by Alexis Carrel in the early 20th century, the repair and replacement of blood vessels have been key to treating acute injuries, as well as chronic atherosclerotic disease. Arteries serve diverse mechanical and biological functions, such as conducting blood to tissues, interacting with the coagulation system, and modulating resistance to blood flow. Early approaches for arterial replacement used artificial materials, which were supplanted by polymer fabrics in recent decades. With recent advances in the engineering of connective tissues, including
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18

Brooks, Harvey, and Michael Maccoby. "The Human Side: Technology Is a Human Tool, Not a Replacement." Research Management 29, no. 4 (1986): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00345334.1986.11756982.

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19

Ormerod, Brandi K., Theo D. Palmer, and Maeve A. Caldwell. "Neurodegeneration and cell replacement." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1489 (2007): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.2018.

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The past decade has witnessed ground-breaking advances in human stem cell biology with scientists validating adult neurogenesis and establishing methods to isolate and propagate stem cell populations suitable for transplantation. These advances have forged promising strategies against human neurodegenerative diseases. For example, growth factor administration could stimulate intrinsic repair from endogenous neural stem cells, and cultured stem cells engineered into biopumps could be transplanted to deliver neuroprotective or restorative agents. Stem cells could also be transplanted to generate
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20

Liu, Jing, Run Fan, Zhihong Yu, Himanshu P. Raikwar, Kaihong Su, and Zhixin Zhang. "Signaling from the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) induces VH replacement in human immature B cells (B33)." Journal of Immunology 178, no. 1_Supplement (2007): LB7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.b33.

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Abstract VH replacement occurs through RAG-mediated secondary IgH recombination between a cryptic RSS (cRSS) from a previously rearranged VH gene and a 23-bp RSS from an upstream VH gene. Our previous studies have shown that VH replacement occurs in human bone marrow immature B cells and contributes to about 5% of the primary B cell repertoire. However, how VH replacement is regulated is not clear. The human EU12 cells, which undergo spontaneous VH replacement, are sensitive to BCR stimulation. BCR crosslinking strongly induces double stranded DNA breaks at the VH3 cRSS border in the μHC+ EU12
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21

Shali, Agus, Gunarto Gunarto, Bambang Tri Bawono, and Isnawati Isnawati. "The Reconstruction of Government Political and Legal Regulations in the Inauguration and Oath-Taking of Offices for Inter-Term Replacement of Members/Leaders of the Regional People's Representative Council of the Provincial Based on the Values of Justice." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 8, no. 7 (2025): 276–89. https://doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v8i7.2729.

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The Interim Replacement System within the framework of the DPR government emerged as a result of the implementation of work in government carrying a burden and responsibility as well as major political consequences. This research aims to: 1) analyze the government's legal regulations on the inauguration and oath-taking of interim replacements for Provincial People's Representative Council members, which are not yet based on justice values; 2) identify weaknesses in these regulations; and 3) propose a reconstruction of these regulations based on justice values. Using a constructivist paradigm,
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22

Xiao, Peiqi. "Chatgpt’S Human Impact on The Marketing Industry." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 20 (November 30, 2023): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v20i.13290.

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Similar to earlier waves of technical progress, generative artificial intelligence, like ChatGPT, has the potential to disrupt the labor market. This study uses the Task Decomposition Replacement Probability Model to estimate the replacement rate by AI in a sample marketing company and then extrapolates the results to China's marketing industry to forecast the influence of AI on the labor market of the country's marketing sector. This study concludes that, once AI is completely implemented, more than half of employment are replaceable.
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23

Petrová, Pavlína. "Replacement of jobs with artificial intelligence." Acta Aerarii Publici 22, no. 1 (2025): 46–56. https://doi.org/10.24040/aap.2025.22.1.46-56.

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Artificial intelligence is one of the most discussed topics of our time. One of the questions that arises in connection with artificial intelligence is whether artificial intelligence can replace human capital. This article aims to provide an up-to-date and complete theoretical overview of artificial intelligence in replacing human capital and to create a detailed basis for further research in this area. The first part of the article is dedicated to introducing artificial intelligence technology and presenting the advantages and disadvantages of its use. Next, machine learning and RPA, closely
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24

Damian, Ilinca, Joerg Kellermair, Michael Grund, and Andreas Zierer. "First in Human: Transcatheter, Transapical Double Valve Replacement." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 112, no. 3 (2021): 968–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.01.012.

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25

Vexiau, Patrick, Bernard Bauduceau, and Marc L??vy. "The Replacement of Human Insulin with Insulin Analogs." Treatments in Endocrinology 5, no. 6 (2006): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00024677-200605060-00008.

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26

Kramer, Andrew. "Modern human origins in Australasia: Replacement or evolution?" American Journal of Physical Anthropology 86, no. 4 (1991): 455–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330860403.

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27

Eyre-Walker, Adam. "Mitochondrial replacement and its effects on human health." Human Reproduction Update 25, no. 3 (2019): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmz009.

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28

Lane, Alyssa, and Jeff Nisker. "“Mitochondrial Replacement” Technologies and Human Germline Nuclear Modification." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 38, no. 8 (2016): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2016.03.002.

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Gao, Yang, Rimao Huang, Ri Chen, Jun Li, and Wanjun Luo. "Ischemic postconditioning altered microRNAs in human valve replacement." Journal of Surgical Research 200, no. 1 (2016): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2015.07.010.

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30

Lindahl, Anders. "Growing cartilage for human replacement—where are we?" Skeletal Radiology 37, no. 4 (2008): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00256-008-0447-2.

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31

Granulo, Armin, Christoph Fuchs, and Stefano Puntoni. "Psychological reactions to human versus robotic job replacement." Nature Human Behaviour 3, no. 10 (2019): 1062–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0670-y.

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32

Wang, Ta-I., Cheng-Fong Chen, Wei-Ming Chen, et al. "Joint replacement in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients." Journal of the Chinese Medical Association 75, no. 11 (2012): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2012.08.021.

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33

Hutagalung, Dewi Lanjar Ibana, Laili Khoirul Nisa, and Dian Marlina Verawati. "Artificial Intelligence And Human Creativity: Collaboration Or Replacement?" Bengkulu International Conference on Economics, Management, Business and Accounting (BICEMBA) 2 (December 3, 2024): 965–72. https://doi.org/10.33369/bicemba.2.2024.123.

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Introduction/Main Objectives: This research explores the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on human creativity, by asking whether AI acts as a tool to support human creativity or as a substitute. Background Problems: AI has opened up great opportunities to enrich the creative process in various fields, but has raised concerns about the potential replacement of human creativity. Novelty: This research makes a unique contribution by exploring the interaction between AI and human creativity, offering new insights into how their synergy can drive innovation while highlighting the importance o
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Park, Sol, Naomi W. Y. Huang, Cheryl X. Y. Wong, et al. "Microstructured Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel for Tooth Germ Bioengineering." Gels 7, no. 3 (2021): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7030123.

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Tooth loss has been found to adversely affect not just masticatory and speech functions, but also psychological health and quality of life. Currently, teeth replacement options include dentures, bridges, and implants. However, these artificial replacement options remain inferior to biological replacements due to their reduced efficiency, the need for replacements, and the risk of immunological rejection. To this end, there has been a heightened interest in the bioengineering of teeth in recent years. While there have been reports of successfully regenerated teeth, controlling the size and shap
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H. Mohammad, Ahmed, Emad Kadum Njim, Muhsin Jweeg, and Muhannad Al-Waily. "A Three-Dimensional Printed Porous PLA Polymer Implant: A Critical Review." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 29, no. 4 (2025): 485–94. https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.2558.

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The idea is to use alternative materials related to materials with functional classification and porosity in the human body. For example, the need for a replacement for human bones should be lightweight, rigid, non-toxic, and have an internal porosity that differs from the external surface. People now live longer and more comfortably when they experience fractures, amputations, and vertebral replacements, bone implants, which were previously unavailable or were limited and very expensive. These advancements highlight the ongoing efforts to enhance materials used in medical contexts, emphasizin
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Xu, Hanhui, and Kyle Michael James Shuttleworth. "Rethinking The Replacement of Physicians with AI." American Philosophical Quarterly 62, no. 1 (2025): 17–31. https://doi.org/10.5406/21521123.62.1.02.

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Abstract The application of AI in healthcare has dramatically changed the practice of medicine. In particular, AI has been implemented in a variety of roles that previously required human physicians. Due to AI's ability to outperform humans in these roles, the concern has been raised that AI will completely replace human physicians in the future. In this paper, it is argued that human physician's ability to embellish the truth is necessary to prevent injury or grief to patients, or to protect patients’ feelings. Such embellishments are usually defined as “white lies,” which not only include in
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Bednarik, Robert G. "An etiology of human modernity." Anthropological Review 84, no. 3 (2021): 337–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/anre-2021-0020.

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Following the refutation of the replacement hypothesis, which had proposed that a ‘superior’ hominin species arose in Africa and replaced all other humans existing at the time, the auto-domestication hypothesis remains the only viable explanation for the relatively abrupt change from robust to gracile humans in the Late Pleistocene. It invokes the incidental institution of the domestication syndrome in humans, most probably by newly introduced cultural practices. It also postulates that the induction of exograms compensated for the atrophy of the brain caused by domestication. This new explana
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Sahu, Nitin Kumar, and Ajay Kumar Kaviti. "A Review of Use FEM Techniques in Modeling of Human Knee Joint." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 28 (July 2016): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.28.14.

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The human knee joint is very critical and complex joint of human body which is responsible for our optimal daily functions. It consists of various bones – femur, tibia, patella, fibula, different ligaments, cartilages, menisci and muscles. FEM is a very useful tool for the analysis of knee joint and various knee replacement products. In the knee replacement surgery a proper understanding of knee joint biomechanics is essential. Because of certain limitations of experimental studies, FEM analysis process is playing a significance role for prominent understanding of knee biomechanics and produce
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Moskowitz, Shaye I., James Liu, and Ajit A. Krishnaney. "Postoperative Complications Associated with Dural Substitutes in Suboccipital Craniotomies." Operative Neurosurgery 64, suppl_1 (2009): ONS28—ONS34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000334414.79963.59.

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Abstract Objective: Dural replacements are used in cranial surgery when primary closure of native dura is not possible. The goal is to recreate a watertight barrier to prevent cerebrospinal fluid leakage with few associated complications. We reviewed a single-institution experience with a variety of dural substitutes in posterior fossa neurosurgery, for which higher complication rates are well described. Methods: Patients were screened for suboccipital posterior fossa neurosurgery between November 2005 and April 2007. Surgical logs were reviewed for diagnosis, procedure, and use of dural repla
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40

Man, Irene, Kari Auranen, Jacco Wallinga, and Johannes A. Bogaards. "Capturing multiple-type interactions into practical predictors of type replacement following human papillomavirus vaccination." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1773 (2019): 20180298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0298.

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Current HPV vaccines target a subset of the oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types. If HPV types compete during infection, vaccination may trigger replacement by the non-targeted types. Existing approaches to assess the risk of type replacement have focused on detecting competitive interactions between pairs of vaccine and non-vaccine types. However, methods to translate any inferred pairwise interactions into predictors of replacement have been lacking. In this paper, we develop practical predictors of type replacement in a multi-type setting, readily estimable from pre-vaccination longit
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Hensley, Jacob, Michael Francis, Alex Otten, Nadezhda Korostyleva, Tina Gagliardo, and Anna Bulysheva. "Localized In Vivo Electro Gene Therapy (LiveGT)-Mediated Skeletal Muscle Protein Factory Reprogramming." Applied Sciences 14, no. 23 (2024): 11298. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311298.

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Gene electrotransfer (GET) has gained significant momentum as a non-viral gene delivery method for various clinical applications, primarily in the cancer immunotherapy and vaccine development space. Preclinical studies have demonstrated exogenous gene delivery and expression in various tissues, including the liver, skin, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle. However, protein replacement applications of this technology have yet to be fully actuated. Plasmid DNA skeletal muscle delivery has been shown to maintain expression for up to 18 months. In the current study, we evaluated localized skeleta
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42

Arike, Ando. "What Are Humans For?: Art in the Age of Post-Human Development." Leonardo 34, no. 5 (2001): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002409401753521584.

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If the development of mass media utterly revolutionized the situation of art in the 20th century, current research into the technological reconfiguration and replacement of the human organism promises an even more radical disruption of art's cultural status. As engineers contemplate the creation of artificial life, artistic creation again finds its traditional values and procedures called into question. How will artists respond to the challenges posed by cyborg culture?
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43

Sendra, Luis, Alfredo García-Mares, María José Herrero, and Salvador F. Aliño. "Mitochondrial DNA Replacement Techniques to Prevent Human Mitochondrial Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (2021): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020551.

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Background: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases are a group of maternally inherited genetic disorders caused by a lack of energy production. Currently, mtDNA diseases have a poor prognosis and no known cure. The chance to have unaffected offspring with a genetic link is important for the affected families, and mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRTs) allow them to do so. MRTs consist of transferring the nuclear DNA from an oocyte with pathogenic mtDNA to an enucleated donor oocyte without pathogenic mtDNA. This paper aims to determine the efficacy, associated risks, and main ethical and lega
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44

Wolf, Don P., Tomonari Hayama, and Shoukhrat Mitalipov. "Mitochondrial genome inheritance and replacement in the human germline." EMBO Journal 36, no. 15 (2017): 2177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embj.201797606.

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Wolf, Don P., Tomonari Hayama, and Shoukhrat Mitalipov. "Mitochondrial genome inheritance and replacement in the human germline." EMBO Journal 36, no. 17 (2017): 2659. http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embj.201797843.

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46

Bernstam, Mikhail S. "Competitive Human Markets, Interfamily Transfers, and Below-Replacement Fertility." Population and Development Review 12 (1986): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2807897.

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47

Naegeli, Kaleb M., Mehmet H. Kural, Yuling Li, Juan Wang, Emmanuelle A. Hugentobler, and Laura E. Niklason. "Bioengineering Human Tissues and the Future of Vascular Replacement." Circulation Research 131, no. 1 (2022): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.121.319984.

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Cardiovascular defects, injuries, and degenerative diseases often require surgical intervention and the use of implantable replacement material and conduits. Traditional vascular grafts made of synthetic polymers, animal and cadaveric tissues, or autologous vasculature have been utilized for almost a century with well-characterized outcomes, leaving areas of unmet need for the patients in terms of durability and long-term patency, susceptibility to infection, immunogenicity associated with the risk of rejection, and inflammation and mechanical failure. Research to address these limitations is
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48

Sendra, Luis, Alfredo García-Mares, María José Herrero, and Salvador F. Aliño. "Mitochondrial DNA Replacement Techniques to Prevent Human Mitochondrial Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (2021): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020551.

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Background: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases are a group of maternally inherited genetic disorders caused by a lack of energy production. Currently, mtDNA diseases have a poor prognosis and no known cure. The chance to have unaffected offspring with a genetic link is important for the affected families, and mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRTs) allow them to do so. MRTs consist of transferring the nuclear DNA from an oocyte with pathogenic mtDNA to an enucleated donor oocyte without pathogenic mtDNA. This paper aims to determine the efficacy, associated risks, and main ethical and lega
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49

Dickenson, Donna L. "The Commercialization of Human Eggs in Mitochondrial Replacement Research." New Bioethics 19, no. 1 (2013): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2050287713z.00000000018.

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JØRGENSEN, JENS OTTO LUNDE. "Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy: Pharmacological and Clinical Aspects." Endocrine Reviews 12, no. 3 (1991): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv-12-3-189.

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