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1
Hailu, Ziade, Isaac N. Nkote, and John C. Munene. "Property rights and investment: the mediating effect of contract enforcement." International Journal of Law and Management 59, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-06-2015-0031.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically test whether enforceability mediates the relationship between property rights and investment in housing, using data from land formalization project in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Design/methodology/approach The study was cross-sectional in design; data were collected from a sample of 210 households that benefited from the recent Addis Ababa city land and buildings formalization project. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the goodness-of-fit of the latent structures underlying the constructs. Mediation was tested using the Baron and Kenny steps, combined with bootstrapping technique. Robustness of results was checked. Findings The results indicate statistically significant mediation effect of contract enforcement. However, the mediation is partial, there is still a substantial direct effect of security of property rights on investment. Practical implications Any initiative to land formalization projects needs to consider contract enforcement environment, as presence and size of property rights effects largely depend on whether those rights are properly enforced. Originality/value This is the first study that conceptualizes the mediating effect of contract enforcement on the relationship between property rights and investment from an African country perspective.
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Mengistie, Belay Tizazu. "Consumers’ Awareness on Their Basic Rights and Willingness to Pay for Organic Vegetables in Ethiopia." Journal of Socioeconomics and Development 3, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31328/jsed.v3i1.1278.
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In developing countries, widely reported incidents of dangerous levels of pesticides in food have stimulated the demand for organic food, a movement to choose organic agriculture. It also makes more people have desires to consume chemical free foods. This study, therefore, assessed the consumers’ awareness of their eight basic rights and willingness to pay for organic vegetables in Ethiopia. The data were collected from 200 respondents (consumers) from Addis Ababa and 80 smallholder vegetable farmers at Ziway and Meki through a combination of random and purposive sampling procedures using a structured interview and were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The results show that vegetable producers used a lot of chemicals, but not in a safe way or at the optimum level. The findings also show that the overall degree of consumers’ awareness on the eight consumer rights is low. Furthermore, willingness to pay premium prices about 5-50% to obtain organic products, which can be viewed as the cost of investment in human health, is encouraging. There is a need to target agricultural policies relating to handling practices and for public health policies to be more differentiated in promoting food safety. Informing consumers about unique characteristics of organic production methods, the strict inspection and required third party certification might be a promising strategy to develop the market for organic vegetables in Ethiopian urban centers. JEL Classification: D18, Q10, Q18
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Yazie, Taklo Simeneh, Belayneh Kefale, and Mulugeta Molla. "Treatment Outcome of Epileptic Patients Receiving Antiepileptic Drugs in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Behavioural Neurology 2021 (May 13, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5586041.
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Background. The prevalence and incidence rate of epilepsy were found to be higher in low- and middle-income countries. Uncontrolled epilepsy has a high risk of disability, stigma, discrimination, human rights violations, and premature death. The available studies of controlled seizure in Ethiopia have showed inconsistent results which calls for systematic review and meta-analysis. Therefore, this review intended to show the pooled prevalence of controlled seizure among people with epilepsy receiving antiepileptic drugs at outpatient department. Methods. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, PsycINFO, Hinnarri databases, and Google Scholar for grey literatures. Data were extracted with structured format prepared using Microsoft Excel and exported to Stata/MP 16.0 software for analyses. The I 2 test was used to check the heterogeneity between primary studies with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Results. A total of 23 primary studies were included in the review showing the pooled prevalence of controlled seizure to be 46% (95% CI: 35, 56). A subgroup analysis of the primary studies showed a considerable variation in magnitude of seizure freedom by study regions, age groups, and seizure-free period. The highest prevalence was found in Addis Ababa 52% (95% CI: 29, 75), pediatric patients 77% (95% CI: 71, 83), and a seizure-free period of less than six months 58% (95% CI: 32, 83). On the other hand, the lowest prevalence of controlled seizure was found in Tigray 27% (95% CI: 11, 65), adult patients 43% (95% CI: 32, 54), and a seizure-free period of six or more 41% (95% CI: 32, 51). Higher frequency of seizure before treatment (2.23, 95% CI: 1.15, 3.31) and medication nonadherence (2.7, 95% CI: 1.25, 4.15) had statistically significant association with uncontrolled seizure. Conclusion. In this review, the prevalence of controlled seizure was found to be low. This warrants that clinicians should give more focus to epileptic patients regarding monitoring and evaluation of treatment outcome of epilepsy and factors that affect seizure control in routine clinical services. The use of standardized definition of controlled seizure, designing strategies to identify pharmacoresistant epilepsy and its treatment, and increasing medication adherence are recommended in Ethiopia. The review protocol has been registered with PROSPERO registration number CRD42021215302.
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Abate, Abebe Gizachew. "The Addis Ababa Integrated Master Plan and the Oromo Claims to Finfinnee in Ethiopia." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 26, no. 4 (August 30, 2019): 620–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02604121.
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In the burgeoning literature on land rights, relatively little attention is offered to urban land grabs and indigenous peoples’ territorial claims. Certainly, the current Addis Ababa master plan and the envisaged land grabs represent both continuity in and change from previous historical episodes of territorialisation. The new master plan is not only a niche where ‘civilization mission’ meets ‘wilderness’ or indigenous peoples are also arenas wherein hegemonies and sovereignties of the earlier period have been challenged by new authority and territorialisation. This article investigates the ethnography of indigenous people-state relations animated by notions of cultural and ethnic difference, legal tradition, power, and history. Framing indigenous peoples land rights in the context of a multidimensional understanding of rights, this analysis focuses on the necessity of protecting the territorial rights of indigenous peoples. From this perspective, this article contributes new knowledge of historical narratives, land claims and current debates around minority rights.
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Aklilu, Mesfin, Wogayehu Tadele, Amelework Alemu, Sintayehu Abdela, Garuma Getahun, Alemnesh Hailemariam, Yirgalem Tadesse, et al. "Situation of Rabies in Ethiopia: A Five-Year Retrospective Study of Human Rabies in Addis Ababa and the Surrounding Regions." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2021 (February 19, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6662073.
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Objective. The study objective was to estimate the burden of human rabies in Ethiopia from 2015–2019. Study Design. A descriptive study design was applied to measure the size of the problem. Method. Retrospective data were used from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute rabies case record book that was registered between 2015 to 2019. Result. Eighty-seven (87) cases of human rabies were diagnosed clinically in the Ethiopian Public Health Institute over the period of five years (2015–2019) with 100% case fatality. Of these, 83 (95.4%) cases were attributed to dog bites, whereas 1 (1.1%) to a cat and 3 (3.4%) to wild animals. The fatalities were from Oromia (n = 51 (58.6%), 13 (14.9%) were from Amhara, 15 (17.2%) were from Addis Ababa, and 8 (9.2%) from the Southern region. All referred cases had no record of immunization against rabies except eight. Ineffective postexposure treatment was the reason for 5 (5.7%) deaths. Out of 1,652 brain samples of different animals, mainly dogs, submitted for examination, 1,122 (68%) were found to be positive for rabies by the FAT. Dog bites were more common among males than females. The number of dog bite victims who had visited the EPHI counseling office and recommended to take postexposure prophylaxis against rabies both from Addis Ababa and the surrounding areas were 9,592 and 4,192, respectively. Out of these, 5,708 were males and 3,884 females for the capital Addis Ababa. Similarly, 2,439 males and 1,753 females account for areas surrounding Addis Ababa. Among those exposed from Addis Ababa, 1,079 (11.2%) were in the age group less than five, 1696 (17.7%) were in the age group 6–13, and 6,817 (71.1%) in the age group 14 and greater. Victims from outside of the capital Addis Ababa account for 644 (15.4%) for the age group less than 5 years, 964 (23%) for the age group 6–13 and, 2,584 (61.6%) for the age group 14 and greater. Conclusion. Mechanisms must be sought to reduce the cost of PEP and means of obtaining funds so as to initiate timely treatment for rabies exposed individuals of low socioeconomic status. Besides prevention, strategies should focus on public education and strict dog population control.
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Garedew, Legesse, Semaria Solomon, Yoseph Worku, Hilina Worku, Debela Gemeda, Gada Lelissa, Yeshwondm Mamuye, et al. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Salmonellosis in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6406405.
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Background. Diagnosis using reliable tools and treatment followingin vitroantimicrobial susceptibility tests are critical to proper addressing of antibiotic-resistantSalmonellainfection.Methodology. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the practice of diagnosis and treatment of salmonellosis in Addis Ababa. Tube Widal test (for blood samples only), culture, biochemical and carbohydrate fermentation, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were employed for both blood and stool samples.Results. Of all the diseases listed in the diagnosis, nontyphoidal (n=72, 13.71%) and typhoidal (n=47, 8.95%) salmonellosis were the second and third common diseases. Among the 288 blood samples, almost half were positive for O, H, or both antigens. However, only 1 (0.68%) of the positive blood samples yieldedSalmonellaisolate during culture. The study demonstrated low specificity (0.68%) and positive predictive value (48.78%) of Widal test. Conversely, the test showed 100% sensitivity and negative predictive values.Salmonellaisolates were identified from 7 (7.07%) of 99 stool samples. Two-thirds of salmonellosis suspected patients received antibiotic treatment. However, only half of the confirmed salmonellosis patients were treated with appropriate antibiotics. All of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone but resistant to ampicillin.Conclusions. Majority of the patients who participated in this study were wrongly diagnosed using symptoms, clinical signs, and tube Widal test. Consequently, most of the patients received inappropriate treatment.
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Teklemariam, Mebrat, and Bezawork Afework. "Abundance and diurnal activity patterns of hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus Temminck,) in Addis Ababa abattoirs enterprise, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 44, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v44i1.12.
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Hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus) is an African endemic scavenger listed as Critically Endangered species. The population is declining across its range and there is threat of significant decline in population and distribution in Ethiopia. Little efforts have been made to properly document the status of vulture population and their diurnal activity patterns in the country for ensuring long term conservation measures. A study was conducted in Addis Ababa Abattoirs enterprise, Ethiopia from November 2019 to January 2020 to investigate the abundance and diurnal activity patterns of hooded vultures. The abundance of these vultures was estimated by direct counts method at their feeding sites and scan sampling was employed to study the diurnal activity patterns of hooded vultures from dawn to dusk. Hooded vulture mean abundance was 216±40 at the abattoir. Their diurnal activity pattern showed that they were observed feeding, resting (perching, watching and basking), preening, roosting and others activities such as walking, drinking, chasing and flying. They spent 37.73% of their time in resting followed by others (including walking, drinking, chasing and flying) (27.73%). The major threat recorded for theses vultures in the abattoir includes shortage of food, human disturbances, negative attitudes and lack of awareness on the importance of the species. Further ecological studies and impacts of human activities on Addis Ababa Abattoirs enterprise should be conducted for the conservation of hooded vulture and other conspecifics in the area.
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Teklemariam, Addiswork, and Logan Cochrane. "The Rush to the Peripheries: Land Rights and Tenure Security in Peri-Urban Ethiopia." Land 10, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020193.
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As the global population continues to urbanize, increasing pressure is put upon urban centers and the carrying capacity of the already built-up areas. One way to meet these demands is horizontal expansion, which requires new lands to become incorporated into urban centers. In most cases, this demand is met by converting peri-urban land into urban land as the urban center expands. These processes of expansion into the peri-urban, however, create tension regarding land use and land rights, and may foster tenure insecurity if not well managed. As in many countries, Ethiopia is experiencing extensive urban population growth and the peri-urban areas at the edge of urban centers are under pressure. This study investigates land rights issues and tenure security conditions of peri-urban farmers in the case study sites of Addis Ababa and Hawassa. The findings reveal that urban expansion into the peripheral agricultural lands and the resulting tenure system change has caused intense perceived tenure insecurity among peri-urban farmers. The range of land rights exercised differs in these two sites, as measured by the property rights analytical framework. Peri-urban farmers in Hawassa hold weak owner positions, enabling them to exercise thicker rights. However, peri-urban farmers in Addis Ababa hold weak claimant positions, which is slightly above the operational level right of an authorized user. This analysis suggests that the urban development and expansion strategies adopted by the respective city administrations are impacting land rights of the peri-urban farmers and their tenure security, albeit in unique ways, from which lessons can be drawn about how urban expansion policies can be more appropriately designed and implemented.
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Mulugeta, Kidist, Hone Mandefro, and Ajanaw Alemie. "Vulnerability, Legal Protection, and Work Conditions of Female Domestic Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Advances in Social Work 20, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 532–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/23674.
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Domestic workers are one of the most vulnerable groups of workers. In Ethiopia, however, the vulnerability, legal protection, and work conditions of female domestic workers are not well-documented and researched. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the vulnerability, legal protection, and work conditions of female domestic workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional qualitative research design was employed using in-depth interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. The study participants were 15 domestic workers, three officials from the Office of Labor and Social Affairs, and five brokers of domestic workers. Findings indicate that female domestic workers experienced abuse in various forms including verbal or psychological abuse, physical abuse, and sexual assault. Female domestic workers in the study area had few or no labor rights or protection. They rarely had clear contractual relations, worked long hours for low pay, and had little or no privacy. There is neither a proper state institution to promote the rights of domestic workers nor a strong viable movement among or on behalf of domestic workers. Hence, a relevant legislative framework developed by the city and national governments, and strong advocacy efforts to expose their working conditions are needed to improve the work conditions of female domestic workers.
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Assefa, Yonas, Mukand Babel, Janez Sušnik, and Victor Shinde. "Development of a Generic Domestic Water Security Index, and Its Application in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Water 11, no. 1 (December 25, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010037.
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Water security is a global concern because of the growing impact of human activities and climate change on water resources. Studies had been performed at global, country, and city level to assess the water security issues. However, assessment of water security at a domestic scale is lacking. This paper develops a new domestic water security assessment framework accounting for water supply, sanitation, and hygiene through twelve indicators. Water supply, sanitation, and hygiene are central to key water-related sustainable development goals. The framework is subsequently applied to the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. From the domestic water security assessment of Addis Ababa, the water supply dimension was found to be of good level, whereas the sanitation and hygiene dimensions were of poor and fair level, respectively, indicating both a challenge and an opportunity for development. Because the analysis is spatially explicit at the city-branch level (in Addis), variation in domestic water security performance across Addis Ababa can be assessed, allowing efficient targeting of scant resources (financial, technical, personnel). Analysis further shows that a lack of institutional capacity within the utility, existing infrastructure leading to ‘lock-in’ and hindering maintenance and upgrade initiatives, and an unreliable power supply are the main issues leading to poor domestic water security in the study city. These areas should be tackled to improve the current situation and mitigate future problems. The developed framework is generic enough to be applied to other urban and peri-urban areas, yet provides planners and policy makers with specific information on domestic water security considering water supply, sanitation and hygiene, and accounting for within-city variability. This work could therefore have practical applicability for water service providers.
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Girma, Belay Getachew. "Managerial discretion and structures in organizations: The case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Frontiers in Management and Business 1, no. 2 (2020): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/fmb.2020.02.002.
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Due to the turbulent of business environment, complexity of managing human resource and volatility of customer needs, it is a formidable managerial task to design structures which will be suitable to meet such requirements and free to exercise course of action for managerial discretion. However, in most of the case the structure type that can be designed and implemented in many organizations are to the interest of stakeholders and owners. Research also shows that the latitudinal action of management staffs and autonomous decisions are a theme of discussion in managerial discretion. The researcher used a conceptual study of both a qualitative and quantitative approach coupled with case study for this study. Based on the study, the research findings show that organizations that have managed by owner-manager has less experienced managerial discretion, and thereby came to conclude that managers who are free to choose course of action have led to company success than those company which managed by owner-manager.
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Barinov, A. K. "Transport Infrastructure in Ethiopia." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 11, no. 5 (December 3, 2018): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2018-11-5-105-118.
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The development of transport infrastructure is a priority objective for many African countries. This process has significant impact on the efficiency of continental and world trade corridors, and also influence on the costs of economic activity. In this case, the transformation in the transport sector of Ethiopia must be noted. The government of the country has taken a decision to create national railway network and develop aviation and road lines of communication. After The Eritrean War of Independence Eritrean separation was announced and Ethiopia lost its maritime infrastructure and became a landlocked country. This situation provides great difficulties in process of international trade and economic activity for the region. Now the development of transport corridors which connect economic centers with large ports of the region is a priority task for Ethiopian government. In this case Ethiopia is actively attracting foreign investors and world financial organizations to create stable, efficient and economically profitable ways of transport communication with the port infrastructure of neighboring countries. This year, Chinese companies finished to rebuilt the railway line Addis Ababa-Djibouti, in the coming years, governments of Kenya and Ethiopia, will launch new Mombasa-Nairobi-Addis Ababa motorway. This infrastructure projects are essential for enhancing Ethiopian competitiveness and economic activity and provide opportunity to reduce transport costs. Moreover, the Ethiopian authorities are making great progress in developing the internal transport infrastructure, first of all, in terms of increased paved road and development of railway infrastructure, which promotes more efficient use of natural,economic and human resources. Foreign companies are actively involved in realization of this transport projects and it can be a perspective area for cooperation between Russian Federation and Ethiopia. The article provides a detailed overview of Ethiopian transport sector and describes the key infrastructureprojects which can be interesting for Russian companies.
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Hailu, Ziade, and Gerrit Rooks. "Property rights and owner occupied housing investment in urban Ethiopia." Property Management 34, no. 4 (August 15, 2016): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-08-2015-0038.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the provision of formal land and building rights provides incentives to poor households to invest in their property in urban Ethiopia. Design/methodology/approach – To test the hypothesis a natural quasi-experimental design was employed. Data were collected from a random sample of 210 households in a land formalization project and 190 households in a control group in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. To control for selection bias propensity score matching was used to estimate group differences. Findings – The beneficiary group reported a higher investment level than did the control group. Households in the beneficiary group are statistically more likely to invest in new structures and housing maintenance, yet these effects are modest. Practical implications – Governments, donors, and land administration officials may use these findings to address contextual issues that need deliberate interventions to make formalization projects achieve its goals. Originality/value – Property rights research is preoccupied with changes in land rights and its response to investment in agricultural sector. The paper contributes to the limited literature dealing with property rights literature on urban setting. Moreover, empirical research has been hampered by the problem of causality and endogeneity while the study is designed in such a way to respond to the selection problem utilizing a natural experiment.
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Kassu, Afework, Aster Tsegaye, Beyene Petros, Dawit Wolday, Ermias Hailu, Tesfaye Tilahun, Binyam Hailu, et al. "Distribution of Lymphocyte Subsets in Healthy Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Negative Adult Ethiopians from Two Geographic Locales." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 6 (November 1, 2001): 1171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.6.1171-1176.2001.
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ABSTRACT Immunological values for 562 factory workers from Wonji, Ethiopia, a sugar estate 114 km southeast of the capital city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, were compared to values for 218 subjects from Akaki, Ethiopia, a suburb of Addis Ababa, for whom partial data were previously published. The following markers were measured: lymphocytes, T cells, B cells, NK cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. A more in depth comparison was also made between Akaki and Wonji subjects. For this purpose, various differentiation and activation marker (CD45RA, CD27, HLA-DR, and CD38) expressions on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were studied in 60 male, human immunodeficiency virus-negative subjects (30 from each site). Data were also compared with Dutch blood donor control values. The results confirmed that Ethiopians have significantly decreased CD4+ T-cell counts and highly activated immune status, independent of the geographic locale studied. They also showed that male subjects from Akaki have significantly higher CD8+ T-cell counts, resulting in a proportional increase in each of the CD8+ T-cell compartments studied: naı̈ve (CD45RA+CD27+), memory (CD45RA−CD27+), cytotoxic effector (CD45RA+CD27−), memory/effector (CD45RA−CD27−), activated (HLA-DR+CD38+), and resting (HLA-DR−CD38−). No expansion of a specific functional subset was observed. Endemic infection or higher immune activation is thus not a likely cause of the higher CD8 counts in the Akaki subjects. The data confirm and extend earlier observations and suggest that, although most lymphocyte subsets are comparable between the two geographical locales, there are also differences. Thus, care should be taken in extrapolating immunological reference values from one population group to another.
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Young, Julie K., D. Layne Coppock, Jacopo A. Baggio, Kerry A. Rood, and Gidey Yirga. "Linking Human Perceptions and Spotted Hyena Behavior in Urban Areas of Ethiopia." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122400.
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Humans have shaped carnivore behavior since at least the Middle Paleolithic period, about 42,000 years ago. In more recent times, spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in Ethiopia have adapted to living in urban areas, while humans have adapted to living with hyenas. Yet, relationships between coexisting humans and carnivores are rarely addressed beyond mitigating conflicts. We provided a case study for how to broadly think about coexistence and how to study it when measuring if humans and carnivores affect one another. We collected data in four Ethiopian cities: Mekelle, Harar, Addis Ababa, and Arba Minch. We held focus groups and key informant interviews that incorporated feedback from 163 people, representing a wide array of religious, economic, and educational backgrounds. We also determined how many hyenas resided in these cities, hyena behavioral responses to humans using a flight initiation test, and problem-solving abilities via puzzle box trials. We found that in three of the cities, hyenas and humans coexist at high densities and frequently encounter each other. While all participants recognized the importance of hyenas as scavengers to maintain a clean environment, there was pronounced variation in cultural perspectives across cities. For example, while the people of Harar revere hyenas in spiritual terms, in Arba Minch hyenas were regarded as nuisance animals. Hyenas were universally respected as a formidable predator across cities but reports of attacks on livestock and humans were few. Flight initiation tests revealed hyenas fled at significantly closer distances in Harar and Addis Ababa than in Mekelle. Hyenas succeeded at solving a puzzle box in Harar but not in Mekelle. These variable behavior in hyenas correlated to different human perceptions. Our case study results suggest that the hyena–human dynamic is highly variable across these locations. We conclude by exploring the implications of these findings for how humans and hyenas can shape one another’s behavior. Developing studies to link human perceptions and animal behavior could advance wildlife conservation, especially in urban areas.
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Abebe, Helina, Shegaye Shumet, Zebiba Nassir, Melkamu Agidew, and Dessie Abebaw. "Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms and Associated Factors among HIV-Positive Youth Attending ART Follow-Up in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." AIDS Research and Treatment 2019 (January 2, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4610458.
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Depression is most frequently and highly occurring common mental disorder in HIV/AIDS patients especially youth living with HIV/AIDS. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of depressive symptoms among youth living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attending Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) follow-up at public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Objective. To assess the prevalence and associated factors of depressive symptoms among youth living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attending Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) follow-up at public hospitals Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2016.Method. In a cross sectional study, 507 HIV-positive young people from public health hospitals were recruited by systematic random sampling technique. Beck Depression Inventory-II was used to assess depressive symptoms. Morisky medication adherence rating scale, social support rating scale, and HIV stigma scale were the instruments used to assess the associated factors.Results. Prevalence of depressive symptoms among HIV-positive youth was 35.5% (95% CI:31.3, 39.6). In multivariate analysis, age range between 20 and 24 years with (AOR=2.22, 95% CI: 1.33,3.62), history of opportunistic infection (AOR=1.94, 95% CI:1.15,3.27), poor medication adherence (AOR=1.73, 95%CI:1.13,2.64, low social support (AOR=2.74, 95%CI:1.13,2.64), moderate social support (AOR=1.75 95% CI: 1.03,2.98), and stigma (AOR=2.06, 95% CI: 1.35,3.14) were associated with depressive symptoms. The results suggest that prevalence of depressive symptoms among HIV-positive youth was high. Prevention of opportunistic infection, stigma, and counseling for good medication adherence are necessary among HIV-positive youth.
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Kidane, Abraham, Dessalegn Sifer, Mesfin Aklilu, and Mahendra Pal. "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Human and Bovine Tuberculosis among High School Students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Livestock Research 5, no. 1 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20150202104134.
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Debebe, Dawit, Fiseha Behulu, and Zerihun Getaneh. "Predicting children's blood lead levels from exposure to school drinking water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 4 (May 25, 2020): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.248.
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Abstract Human beings could be exposed to impacts associated with heavy metals such as lead (Pb) through drinking water. The objective of this study was to evaluate quality of water consumed by kindergarten school children in Addis Ababa city, who are highly susceptible to issues related to heavy metals in water. Through conducting chemical analysis, using microwave plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (MP-AES), the level of lead (Pb) was measured at 38 selected schools in the city. Drinking water samples were taken from three water supply sub-systems: Akaki, Legedadi, and Gefersa. Results revealed the average Pb concentration in the city was 62.37 μg/L which is significantly higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended threshold value of 10 μg/L. The children's blood lead levels and exposure to Pb were also calculated using the integrated exposure uptake bio-kinetic (IEUBK) model as per USEPA guidelines. Estimated geometric mean blood lead levels (BLLs) for each school ranged from 4.4 to 13.2 μg/dL. On average, the model predicted that 20% of children in the city will have blood lead levels above the WHO recommended 10 μg/dL. The study can be considered as an unprecedented piece of work as it addresses critical issues and methods to mitigate problems caused by high concentration of Pb in water supply distribution infrastructure.
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Getachew, Sisay, Teshome Gebre-Michael, Berhanu Erko, Meshesha Balkew, and Girmay Medhin. "Non-biting cyclorrhaphan flies (Diptera) as carriers of intestinal human parasites in slum areas of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Acta Tropica 103, no. 3 (September 2007): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.06.005.
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Kefeni, Elzabeth Girma, and Walelegn Worku Yallew. "Communal latrine utilization and associated factors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 2 (March 8, 2018): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.098.
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Abstract Despite the quick urban population growth increased volume of wastes, including human excreta, which demands an expanded need of infrastructure, solid institutional setup and communities' engagement for management of safe disposal of excreta, arrangement of such basic social services has not developed as per the rate of population growth. Mostly, communal latrines are inclined towards an absence of cleanliness, as they accommodate many people beyond their capacity, filling up septic tanks quickly. A community-based cross-sectional study conducted in 817 randomly selected communal latrine user households, five focus group discussions and four key informant interviews were analysed. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to discover the impact of different factors on the use of communal latrines. The findings revealed that the rate of communal latrine use in Addis Ababa was about 79.8%. Unhygienic conditions, latrine emptying challenges, extreme smell, number of family units sharing the same squats, and latrine designs for the aged and children were identified as barriers to latrine utilization. This study suggests that, in parallel with the continued investments to increase access to sanitary facilities in the city, the management and behavioural change part has likewise to be stressed for better use and sustainability.
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Hiko, Adem, Herlinde Irsigler, Gobena Ameni, Karl-Hans Zessin, and Reinhard Fries. "Salmonella serovars along two beef chains in Ethiopia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 10, no. 11 (November 24, 2016): 1168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.6354.
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Introduction: Salmonella has been reported from foods and the food production environment, with outbreaks occurring in the human population worldwide. Methodology: A survey on Salmonella in two beef production lines (a beef abattoir line and a processing line) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia was conducted, with a total of 668 various samples randomly collected from animal-related materials, the environment, and a beef product (mortadella). Results: Overall, a 12.9% prevalence (26.3% from the abattoir line, 5.3% from the processing plant line) was observed. The prevalence in the abattoir line environment (36.6%) was higher than that in animal-related samples (14.7%); the reverse was true for the processing plant line. Out of 86 isolates, 10 serovars were identified, and 8 remained unidentified. The predominant serotypes were S. Saintpaul (32.5%), S. Muenchen (19.8%), and S. Larochelle (12.8%). S. Kastrup and S. London were isolated for the first time in Ethiopia. Conclusions: Data indicate open ports of entry for Salmonella, with possible transfer along the line. Further investigations from farm to fork are recommended in order to identify these positions of entry.
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Kiros, Mulugeta, Alene Geteneh, Henok Andualem, Derbie Alemu, Abebech Tesfaye, Dessalegne Abeje Tefera, Adane Mihret, Dawit Hailu Alemayehu, and Andargachew Mulu. "Human cytomegalovirus infection among treatment-naive HIV-1 infected patients in Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): e0247264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247264.
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Subclinical human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication is associated with immune dysfunction in immuno-suppressed antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive HIV infected individuals. No data is documented in Ethiopia so far concerning HCMV co-infection among HIV infected individuals. Hence, this study was aimed at generating data regarding the prevalence of active HCMV infection among treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals from Ethiopia. For this purpose, we enrolled 97 treatment-naive HIV infected study subjects in Addis Ababa from June to December 2018. ELISA and conventional PCR were performed consecutively to detect HCMV specific IgM antibody and HCMV DNA respectively. Of the 97 study subjects, 12 (12.4%) were positive for anti-CMV IgM antibodies but were not confirmed by PCR. With regard to the PCR positivity, 4/97 (4.1%) samples were positive for HCMV DNA. No statically significant associations were found between the dependent and independent variables. The presence of HCMV DNA in the current study highlights the need for a routine laboratory diagnosis for preventing HCMV disease among HIV-infected individuals early. Besides, the use of anti-CMV therapy for these CMV viremic individuals is also recommended as this can reduce the burden of CMV complications and consecutively prolonging the life of HIV infected individuals.
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Asgary, Ramin, Zoya Grigoryan, Sheila Antony, and Jane Aronson. "Community Perception, Misconception, and Discord Regarding Prevention and Treatment of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90, no. 1 (January 8, 2014): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0215.
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Hussien, Shimels. "Under Nutrition and Its Use in Prediction of Immunodeficiency in Adults Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Addis Ababa-Ethiopia." International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences 4, no. 4 (2015): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20150404.21.
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Desta, Abel Gebremedhn. "Linking human resource training and development, employee commitment and job satisfaction: The moderation role of the work environment." International Journal of Management, Entrepreneurship, Social Science and Humanities 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/ijmesh.v4i1.535.
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The main purpose of this article was to investigate the link between human resource training and development, employee commitment and job satisfaction, and the moderation role of the work environment. The quantitative research design was adopted using 212 valid questionnaires that were filled by selected private banks in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia using a convenience sampling technique. To validate the factor structure of the observed variables confirmatory factor analysis was applied and Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the hypothesized relationship. The results showed that training and development positively relate to organizational employee commitment and employee job satisfaction of workforces, while the work environment positively moderates this relationship. This implies that investing in human resource training and development positively affects the employee’s commitment to the organization and enhances their satisfaction. The more the work environment is conducive the better the relationship between the study variables. Finally, the implication, limitations, and future studies were discussed.
Keywords: Training and Development, Commitment, Work Environment. Job Satisfaction
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Alemu, Ayinalem, Aman Yesuf, Ewenat Gebrehanna, Betselot Zerihun, Melak Getu, Teshager Worku, and Zebenay Workneh Bitew. "Incidence and predictors of extrapulmonary tuberculosis among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): e0232426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232426.
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BERGGREN PALME, I., B. GUDETTA, H. DEGEFU, L. MUHE, J. BRUCHFELD, and J. GIESECKE. "A controlled estimate of the risk of HIV infection in Ethiopian children with tuberculosis." Epidemiology and Infection 127, no. 3 (December 2001): 517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268801006215.
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To quantify the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children with tuberculosis (TB) a hospital-based, 1-year prospective, case-control study was performed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Children with TB were compared to a control group of children admitted for elective surgery. The control group was also compared to a recent census of the background population. The crude odds ratio for HIV infection was 8·6 (95% CI 2·2–73). After adjustment for possible confounders in a multivariate regression model, the odds ratio for HIV infection in children with TB was found to be 12·7 (95% CI 2·9–55). Of several independent determinants of TB assessed in the study, this association was the strongest. Until HIV transmission has reached its peak, an increasing burden of dual infection among Ethiopian children is to be expected.
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Bekele, Yeshtila Wondemeneh, and Darley Jose Kjosavik. "Decentralised Local Governance and Poverty Reduction in Post-1991 Ethiopia: A Political Economy Study." Politics and Governance 4, no. 4 (October 18, 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v4i4.590.
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After 1991, Ethiopia has introduced an ethnic federal governance system constituting nine regional states and two autonomous city administrations, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa. The restructuring of the state seemingly led to the decentralisation of power to the regions and Woreda (district authority) levels local governance structure in 1995 and 2002 respectively. The purpose of this article is to examine the practices of decentralised local governance in Ethiopia in general and the local governance performance at the level of peasant association (Kebele) in particular. The article also analyses the link between the local governance and poverty based on three indicators: decentralisation and self-rule (DSR), local capacity for planning (LCP), and effectiveness of local governance system (ELGS). Data was collected from eight selected Kebeles of three different regional states through household survey, qualitative interviews and focus group discussions. The study shows that while the power and control of the central government is well established, the Kebeles lack the capacity and resources to deliver development. The LCP at Kebele level is weak because of organisational incapacity and institutional constraints related to DSR. The ELGS is also poor since Kebeles do not have any fiscal rights and administrative power for the reasons associated with DSR and LCP. The government has been implementing poverty reduction strategies using productive safety net programmes and farmer training centres. These, however, have not had the desired outcome due to organisational and institutional incapacitation of Kebele administrations.
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Solomon, Daniel Zewdneh, Elias Gizaw, Daniel Admassie, and Moges Zenebe. "Cross Sectional Study of The Pattern of Abnormalities in The Knee Joint Detected by Knee MRI in Patients Evaluated at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from April–August 2017." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 9, no. 05 (May 5, 2018): 20460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/05/507.
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Introduction: The knee joint, the largest joint in the body, has several functions which are essential for human beings to walk, run and jump. Primarily, it enables flexion-extension of the lower limb in the sagittal plane. Joint stability during movement is attained by the shape of the articular surfaces, the collateral and cruciate ligaments, the menisci and tendons and muscles crossing the knee joint. (1) The vulnerability of the knee, the largest joint in the body, to direct trauma makes knee injuries very common throughout life. (2)
MRI visualizes most components of the knee joint, including articular cartilage, menisci, intra-articular ligaments, synovium, bone marrow, subchondral cysts, and other periarticular and intra-articular lesions that are not detectable by radiography. (4).
The prevalence of abnormalities of these different joint components as detected by MRI has been studied in different centers. Such types of studies, to date, have not been done in our country to our knowledge. The aim of this paper is to study prevalence of these abnormalities in the knee joint detected by knee MRI.
Objective: To assess the prevalence of abnormalities in the knee joint detected by knee MRI.
Methods: Hospital based prospective cross sectional study was conducted on 49 patients who had knee MRI at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital in a period of 7 months from January 1 to August 2016. Patients included here are those who had knee MRI and no history of knee surgery.
Results: A total of 49 patients were included in the study out of which 26(53.1%) were male and 23 (46.9%) were female, with a mean age of 43 years (range 17 to 68 years). The three most common pathologies were joint effusion seen in 32(65.3%), bone marrow edema in 22(45.8%) and osteophytes in 22(44.9%). ACL tear was the commonest ligament abnormality occurring in 5 (10.4%) patients. Ten (20.8%) patients had meniscal tear, all involving the medial meniscus with the posterior horn being involved in 8(80%) of these patients.
Conclusion: The mean age of our study population was higher than most referenced papers suggestive for possible delayed health seeking. The commonest knee pathologies were similar to other studies. Features of osteoarthritis were seen in higher frequency in our study population. Even though the higher mean age could be the possible cause, further study is recommended to look into the causes. Abnormalities which were seen with higher frequency in those with a history of trauma were also seen in higher frequency in the male population.
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Liyew, Bikis, Menbeu Sultan, Mebrat Michael, Ambaye Dejen Tilahun, and Tilahun Kassew. "Magnitude and Determinants of Needlestick and Sharp Injuries among Nurses Working in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." BioMed Research International 2020 (December 17, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6295841.
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Background. Needlestick and sharp injuries are a big risk to the health of nurses. Every day, nurses face the likelihood that they will injure themselves. Although many injuries will have no adverse effect, the possibility of acquiring infections like hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, and human immunodeficiency virus can cause untold psychological harm. Nurses are in danger of injuries caused by needlestick and sharp instruments in hospitals. Objective. The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude and determinants of needlestick and/or sharp injuries among nurses working at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2018. Methods. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 268 nurses working at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital from February to March 2018. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. A bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model was fitted to spot factors associated with needlestick and/or sharp injury. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was computed to determine the level of significance. Result. The prevalence of needlestick and/or sharp injuries among nurses was 36.2% (95% CI 30.2%, 42.3%). Presence of contaminated needles and/or sharp materials in the working area ( AOR = 2.052 (95% CI 1.110, 3.791)), needle recapping after use ( AOR = 1.780 (95% CI 1.025, 3.091)), working in the pediatric ward ( AOR = 0.323 (95% CI 0.112, 0.930)), and being female ( AOR = 0.461 (95% CI 0.252, 0.845)) were significantly associated with needlestick and/or sharp injury at p value of ≤0.05. Conclusion and Recommendation. The proportion of needlestick and/or sharp injury was high among nurses. The safety of nurses depends directly on the degree to which nurses can identify and control the numerous occupational hazards specific to jobs. Thus, working unit specific safety precautions, a safe working environment, and appropriate needle and sharp disposal improve nurses’ safety practices and thereby decrease the injuries.
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Deyassa, Kassaye. "Does China’s Aid in Africa Affect Traditional Donors?" International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal 23, no. 1 (July 15, 2019): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1641-4233.23.13.
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China’s role as an emerging aid provider and the concept of a social plan in Africa has led to polarised responses in the West. Several say that this “productivist” strategy is much less determined by the concepts of citizenship, legal, social rights, and much more regarding building functions. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the welfare and social policy ideas that characterize Chinese aid in Africa are influencing traditional donors and becoming global. The article utilised a qualitative study that has two main components. First, a comprehensive content analysis of over 50 key Sino-African, Chinese and Western policy documents from 2000 (since cooperation between Beijing and African countries first became institutionalised). Second, there were semi-structured interviews with Chinese, African and Western stakeholders in Addis Ababa, (Ethiopia), who was directly involved in the relationship between China and Africa and related development issues. The result of documentation and interview analyses show that there are currently significant differences between Chinese and Western approaches. China has made much stronger and more explicit links between development aid and economic activity than most Western donors. The aid is usually implemented through specific projects rather than broader programs or policies.
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Ali Ewune, Helen, Kassa Daka, Befekadu Bekele, and Mengistu Meskele. "Challenges to nutrition management among patients using antiretroviral therapy in primary health ‘centres’ in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A phenomenological study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): e0250919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250919.
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Introduction Nutritional management is a fundamental practice of concern to all patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The nature of HIV/AIDS and malnutrition impacts are interlocked and intensify one another. Objective This study aimed to explore nutrition management challenges among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in primary health centres in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods and materials We used a hermeneutic (interpretive) phenomenological study design. The study used in-depth interviews to describe lived experiences among adult patients aged 18 and above. We selected the participants purposively until the saturation of the idea reached. We maintained the scientific rigor and trustworthiness by applying credibility, transferability, dependability, and conformability, followed by translation and re-reading of the data has been achieved. The data have been analyzed through inductive thematic analysis assisted by NVIVO version 12 pro software. Result Nutrition management challenges for HIV patients have been described using six significant themes. The major themes were: acceptance of the disease and the health status; facilitators and barriers to treatment adherence; behavioural changes in eating patterns; experience of food insecurity issues; nutrition knowledge; and support. The themes have explained how patients using ART have been challenged to manage their nutrition ever since their diagnosis. Of all challenges, food insecurity is found to be the core reason for poor nutrition management. Conclusion and recommendation We found that many factors in managing their nutrition challenged patients with HIV. There should be an increasing interest in managing food insecurity issues as food insecurity has been strongly related to other factors.
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Fekede, Mulualem S., and Wosenyeleh A. Sahile. "Magnitude and associated factors of Perioperative hypothermia in patients who underwent Elective surgery at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical invention 6, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 4332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijmsci/v6i2.10.
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Background : Body temperature is a vital sign and 37°C is the mean core body temperature of a healthy human. Core body temperature is normally tightly regulated and maintained within narrow range. Perioperative hypothermia is one of the major problems during surgery and anesthesia that can affect operated patients. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted. Patient interview, chart review and temperature measurement were employed for data collection. Temperature was measured using tympanic membrane thermometer. SPSS version 20 software was used for analysis. binary logistic regression was used to look at associations anda p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Result :The overall magnitude of preoperative, intra and post-operative hypothermia in this study was 16.2%, 53.2% and 31.3%, respectively. Age (AOR=7.15, 95% CI, 1.16, 43.99), coexisting illness (AOR, 3.32, 95% CI, 1.06; 10.36), preoperative hypothermia (AOR; 57; 95% CI; 7.1, 455.4), operation room temperature (AOR=1.91; 95 % CI, 1.04; 3.5) and crystalloid fluids administered (AOR; 2.3; 95% CI, 1.07, 4.9) were found to be factors associated with intraoperative hypothermia.
Conclusion and recommendation: The magnitude of perioperative hypothermia remains high. Measures should focus on improving room temperature and warming up fluids. Susceptible patients like the aged and those with coexisting disease should be given extra attention.
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Taddese, Boja D., Daniel M. Desalegn, Abay S. Misganaw, Kumera T. Kitila, Tinsae Kidanemariam Hailu, and Abraham T. Bika. "Diagnostic Performance of Xpert MTB/RIF Assay Versus Ziehl-Neelsen Method for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Open Microbiology Journal 12, no. 1 (November 30, 2018): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801812010390.
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Background: Worldwide Tuberculosis (TB) is the ninth leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, positioning on top of Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) and it is still an eminently serious public health problem. In developing countries, Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN)-stained sputum smear microscopy is the most widely used diagnostic method in diagnosing Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB). This study was aimed to compare the diagnostic performances of ZN-method with Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of PTB in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: Facility-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from September 2016 to June 2017 on a total of 244 sputum samples collected from presumptive TB patients. The L-J sputum culture was used as a gold standard to compare the diagnostic performances of Xpert MTB/RIF assay and ZN-methods. Kappa values were analyzed by using statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 software at 95% Confidence Interval (CI). The Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of ZN-stained sputum smear microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF assay were calculated against the gold standard. Results: The Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV and NPV of ZN-stained sputum smear microscopy were 68.38%, 95.28%, 93.02% and 76.58% respectively, while for Xpert MTB/ RIF assay were 88.89%, 81.89%, 81.89% and 88.89% respectively. The results of the two diagnostic approaches were concordant with the gold standard with a kappa value of ZN 0.650 and 0.743 for Xpert MTB/RIF assay. Conclusion: This study concludes that the sensitivity of Xpert MTB/RIF assay was better than ZN-stained direct sputum smear microscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.
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Rufo, Derara Duba, Taye Girma Debelee, Achim Ibenthal, and Worku Gachena Negera. "Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus Using Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM)." Diagnostics 11, no. 9 (September 19, 2021): 1714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091714.
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a severe chronic disease that affects human health and has a high prevalence worldwide. Research has shown that half of the diabetic people throughout the world are unaware that they have DM and its complications are increasing, which presents new research challenges and opportunities. In this paper, we propose a preemptive diagnosis method for diabetes mellitus (DM) to assist or complement the early recognition of the disease in countries with low medical expert densities. Diabetes data are collected from the Zewditu Memorial Hospital (ZMHDD) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) is one of the most recent successful research findings for the gradient boosting framework that uses tree-based learning algorithms. It has low computational complexity and, therefore, is suited for applications in limited capacity regions such as Ethiopia. Thus, in this study, we apply the principle of LightGBM to develop an accurate model for the diagnosis of diabetes. The experimental results show that the prepared diabetes dataset is informative to predict the condition of diabetes mellitus. With accuracy, AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of 98.1%, 98.1%, 99.9%, and 96.3%, respectively, the LightGBM model outperformed KNN, SVM, NB, Bagging, RF, and XGBoost in the case of the ZMHDD dataset.
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Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel, Tesfay Mehari Atey, Teshome Nedi, Bereket Fantahun, and Mamo Feyissa. "Effect of Insulin-Induced Lipodystrophy on Glycemic Control among Children and Adolescents with Diabetes in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Diabetes Research 2018 (July 4, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4910962.
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Background. Lipodystrophy is one of the clinical complications of insulin injection that affects insulin absorption and leads to poor glycemic control. Objective. To assess insulin-induced lipodystrophy and glycemic control. Methods. A cross sectional study was done on 176 diabetic children and adolescents who inject insulin for a minimum of one year. First, anthropometric and clinical characteristics of the patients were recorded in questionnaire, and then observation and palpation techniques were used in assessing lipodystrophy. Result. Out of the total 176 participants, 103 (58.5%) had insulin-induced lipodystrophy, of them 100 (97.1%) had lipohypertrophy and 3 (2.9%) had lipoatrophy. Being younger, failure to rotate the injection site every week and multiple reuse of insulin syringe had significant influence in development of insulin-induced lipohypertrophy. Lipohypertrophy in turn was associated with the use of higher dose of insulin and nonoptimal glycemic control. Conclusion. Findings of this study revealed that in spite of using recombinant human insulin, the magnitude of the lipohypertrophy still remained high. Therefore, a routine workup of insulin-injecting patients for such complication is necessary, especially in the individuals who have a nonoptimal glycemic control.
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Gashaw, Mulatu, Samuel Kindie, Minale Fekadie, Kassu Desta, and Dawit Wolday. "Evaluation of the Performance of Health Extension Workers in HIV-1/2 Screening Tests: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." AIDS Research and Treatment 2020 (November 19, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7841352.
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Background. Human resources for health-care delivery are essential for attaining global health and development goals. Especially in developing countries, health extension workers are frontline health personnel who can play a key role in preventing and controlling HIV/AIDS. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of health extension workers in HIV-1/2 screening tests. Methodology. A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the performance of health extension workers in HIV-1/2 screening tests. Study participants had performed HIV screening tests on the prepared sample panels. Finally, the percentage of accuracy, error rate, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and measure of agreement (kappa) were calculated using SPSS version 26. Result. Totally, 1600 HIV screening tests were performed, and of these, 684 and 235 tests were done by HEWs (n = 15) and laboratory personnel (n = 5), respectively, with three discordant results by HEWs from a single sample panel which was weak reactive for HIV antibody test. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of HIV screening tests by HEWs were 97.4%, 100%, 100%, and 97.22%, respectively, and 100% for all parameters when it is tested by laboratory professionals. The measure of kappa agreement was 0.971 (95% CI, 0.932–1) for HEWs and 1 for laboratory personnel compared with the reference result. Conclusion. Based on this evidence, we conclude that the potential contribution of HEWs can be invaluable in the expansion of HIV screening tests nationwide to compensate the shortage of laboratory personnel.
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Shimels, Tariku. "The Trend of Health Service Utilization and Challenges Faced During the COVID-19 Pandemic at Primary Units in Addis Ababa: A Mixed-Methods Study." Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology 8 (January 1, 2021): 233339282110311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23333928211031119.
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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed an extraordinary challenge to the health and socio-economic facet of nations globally. Health facilities have encountered tremendous challenges to contain service delivery at all levels. This study aims to assess the trend of health service utilization and challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic at primary units in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A multi-facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Addis Ababa between 1 and 30 of August 2020. A mixed-methods design was employed, and both quantitative and qualitative data were collected at 5 health centers. Facilities were selected randomly from 5 sub-cities while interviewees were recruited purposively. A structured questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from the HMIS units of each facility. Qualitative data was collected using a semi-structured key-informant interview guide. Quantitative data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel, and a 10-month time-series trend was generated. For the qualitative data, qualitative data analysis (QDA-minor) software was used. Results: Time-series comparison of the pre-COVID-19 era loads with the COVID-19 period showed that there was an extensive disparity in the service delivery capacity of the health facilities. A huge drop in inpatient flow of some units such as PICT, VCT, FP services, and most sub-units of the OPDs has been recorded following the COVID-19 outbreak. The key-informant interview also revealed that such challenges, as fear of infection and stigma, poor infrastructure, challenges related to human resources, and challenges related to the supply of prevention and treatment inputs were prominently encountered at the health centers. Conclusion: The COVID-19 wave has negatively impacted many service delivery points in the study settings. The presence of weak infrastructure, lack of PPEs, fear of the infection and stigma, and staff workload have been mentioned as the predominant challenges faced during the outbreak. Health authorities should arrange multifaceted supports to ensure uninterrupted service delivery at primary healthcare units.
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Mekonnen, Hussen, and Fikre Enquselassie. "Effect of antiretroviral therapy on changes in the fertility intentions of human immunodeficiency virus-positive women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a prospective follow-up study." Epidemiology and Health 39 (July 16, 2017): e2017028. http://dx.doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017028.
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Taye, Biruhalem, Kassu Desta, Selamawit Ejigu, and Geme Urge Dori. "The magnitude and risk factors of intestinal parasitic infection in relation to Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and immune status, at ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Parasitology International 63, no. 3 (June 2014): 550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2014.02.002.
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Kebede, Abe, Jelalu Kemal, Haile Alemayehu, and Solomon Habte Mariam. "Isolation, Identification, and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Salmonella from Slaughtered Bovines and Ovines in Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Bacteriology 2016 (August 29, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3714785.
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Salmonellae are ubiquitous, found in animals, humans, and the environment, a condition which facilitates transmission and cross contamination. Salmonella enterica serotypes exert huge health and economic impacts due to their virulence or carriage of antibiotic resistance traits. To address this significant issues with regard to public health, availability of adequate information on the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella, and establishment of adequate measures to control contamination and infection are needed. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the level of Salmonella infection in slaughtered bovines and ovines at Addis Ababa abattoir. Samples were collected randomly and processed for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella spp. From 280 animals examined, 13 (4.64%) (8 bovines and 5 ovines) were positive, with most samples (12/13, 92%) comprising Salmonella Dublin. Very high level of resistance to some antibiotics used in human medicine was detected. Most isolates were susceptible to gentamycin and amikacin. Nine (69%) of all isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Serotyping revealed 12 of 13 isolates to be of the Dublin serotype with 9,12:g,p:- antigenic formula. This study emphasizes the importance of improving the evisceration practice during slaughtering and restricting the use of antibiotics in farm animals.
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Oyda, Semayat, and Bekele Megersa. "A REVIEW OF RABIES IN LIVESTOCK AND HUMANS IN ETHIOPIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 6 (June 30, 2017): 561–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i6.2017.2077.
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Rabies, a viral disease caused by lyssa virus of family Rhabdoviridae, is a fatal zoonotic disease with worldwide occurrence and endemic in developing countries of Africa and Asia. Rabies generally affects all warm-blooded animals, but it is primarily a disease of dogs in Ethiopia because access to suspected domestic canids and pets are not controlled indoor or by immunization. The major means of transmission of the disease is through any types of bite, scratch, or other situation in which saliva, cerebral, spinal fluid, tear, or nervous tissues from suspected or known rabid animal or person enters an open wound, is transplanted into, or comes in contact with mucus membrane of another animals or person. One of retrospective study of rabies in Addis Ababa from 1990 – 2000 indicated that an average of 2,200 people per year received post – exposure antirabies treatment while 95% of the reported fatal human rabies case was due to dog bites. The widespread use of traditional medicine among urban and rural population of Ethiopia could be attributed to cultural acceptability, physical accessibility and economic affordability. Individuals who are exposed to the rabies virus often see traditional healers for the diagnosis and treatments of the disease. Once the virus entered into body of exposed individuals through wound (abrasion) or direct contact with mucosal surface, then there, it replicates in the site of deposit (bitten site), where local viral proliferation occurs, and get access (viral attachment) to motor endplates. The clinical sign of the disease is nonspecific and difficult to differentiate without laboratory test, but some of signs such as pupil dilation in some case, paralysis (last stage) and hydrophobia are some characteristic signs. The control of access to domestic canid to other suspected animals is not only prevention method but also is treatment measures. Mass vaccination of dogs and removal of stray canids are the best measure of control. In general, this study provides an overview of the current status of Rabies in livestock and human in Ethiopia.
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Cohen, Andrew, and Mohammed Umer. "Connecting Scientific Drilling and Human Evolution: Scientific Drilling for Human Origins: Exploring the Application of Drill Core Records to Understanding Hominin Evolution; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 17-21 November 2008." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 90, no. 14 (April 7, 2009): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009eo140010.
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Asmr, Yohanis, Lemlem Beza, Hywot Engida, Tariku Bekelcho, Netsanet Tsegaye, and Yibeltal Aschale. "Assessment of Knowledge and Practices of Standard Precaution against Blood Borne Pathogens among Doctors and Nurses at Adult Emergency Room in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Emergency Medicine International 2019 (April 23, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2926415.
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Background. Standard precautions are infection control techniques against pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans. Objective. This study aims to assess knowledge and practice of standard precautions against blood borne pathogens among doctors and nurses in adult emergency room, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted from February to March 2018. A total of 128 study participants selected from four public hospitals were enrolled in this study. Data were collected using standardized pretested questionnaire and thencoded, entered, checked for completeness, and analyzed using SPSS version-23 statisticalsoftware. Chi-square test was used to measure the association between variables. P values <0.05 were taken as statistically significant. Result. The mean knowledge score of standard precaution measures was 10.3 out of 14 knowledge items. Out of 32 doctors, 93.8% (n=30) have good knowledge and out of 91 nurses, 86.8% (n=79) have good knowledge. The mean practice level of the study subjects was 8.5 out of 12 practice items. Majority (73.6%) of nurses have good practice level than doctors (21.8%). Knowledge level was significantly associated with the presence of infection control officer, infection control guideline, and washing hands before touching patients. Profession, training, and the presence of infection control guideline in emergency room were significantly associated with practice level of respondents (P<0.05). Conclusion. Both nurses and doctors have good knowledge of standard precaution measures. However, nurses have better practice level than doctors. Orientation during employment and continuous training programs should be provided for the newly employed health workers. In addition sustainable supply systems should be available in each hospital management.
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Yizengaw, H. A. "SEREOPREVALENCE OF IMMUNOGLOBULING AND OF IMMUNOGLOBULINM ANTI-TOXOPLASMA GONDII ANTIBODIES IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION/ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME PATIENTS AT TIKUR ANBESSA SPECIALIZED HOSPITAL, ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA." Value in Health 19, no. 3 (May 2016): A214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.03.1246.
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Tuasha, Nigatu, Beyene Petros, and Zemede Asfaw. "Plants Used as Anticancer Agents in the Ethiopian Traditional Medical Practices: A Systematic Review." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (October 3, 2018): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6274021.
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Background. This systematic review aimed at examining the use patterns of Ethiopian anticancer traditional medicinal plants (MPs) in view of recommending further validation studies.Methods. The information was retrieved from PubMed according to the PRISMA guideline. The electronic library of Addis Ababa University and relevant church-based religious books were also inspected for additional data.Results. From 34 studies meeting specific inclusion/exclusion criteria, 119 anticancer MP species distributed in 98 genera and 57 families were recorded. Fabaceae (10.92 %) and Euphorbiaceae (10.08 %) were the most widely used families.Plumbago zeylanica(Plumbaginaceae) was the most frequently used anticancer MP species. Shrubs (42.02 %) and herbs (35.29 %) were dominant growth forms. About 89.08 % of the MPs were collected from wild habitats. Leaves (33.73 %) and roots (27.11 %) were the most frequently harvested parts. The most favored routes were dermal (33.33 %) and oral (29.25 %). About 87.07 % preparations were made from fresh plant materials. Breast cancer and skin cancer were treated with 14 % and 10.76 % of anticancer MPs, respectively.Conclusion. The review showed that anticancer MPs are widely used across the regions of Ethiopia. Most of the MPs are not scientifically experimented and yet are at a higher vulnerability to loss mainly by human activities. Calling for conservation measures, we recommend experimental validation of the frequently used anticancer MPs. This augments global anticancer drug researches.
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Gebremariam, Etsay Hailu, Mebratu Mitiku Reta, Zebiba Nasir, and Fisseha Zewdu Amdie. "Prevalence and Associated Factors of Suicidal Ideation and Attempt among People Living with HIV/AIDS at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study." Psychiatry Journal 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2301524.
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Background. Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS) continues to be an underrecognized risk for suicidal ideation, suicidal attempt, and completion of suicide. Suicidal ideation and attempt in HIV/AIDS is not only a predictor of future attempted suicide and completed suicide.Methods. An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-positive patients attending HIV care at Zewditu Memorial Hospital. Systematic random sampling technique was used to recruit 423 participants from April to May 2014. Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to collect data. Multivariable logistic regression was computed to assess factors associated with suicidal ideation and attempt.Result. Suicidal ideation and suicidal attempt were found to be 22.5% and 13.9%, respectively. WHO clinical stage of HIV, not being on HAART, depression, family history of suicidal attempt, and perceived stigma were associated with suicidal ideation. WHO clinical stage, being female, not being on HAART, use of substance, and depression were associated with suicidal attempt.Conclusion. Early diagnosis and treatment of opportunistic infections, depression, and early initiation of ART need to be encouraged in HIV-positive adults. Furthermore, counseling on substance use and its consequences and early identification of HIV-positive people with family history of suicidal ideation have to be considered.
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Abebaw, Yemisrach Melkie, Dagmawit Chombe Tobiaw, Birhan Addisie Abate, Beza Kinfe Eshete, Sydney K. Seymour, and Kassahun Tesfaye. "Plant Tissue Culture Research and Development in Ethiopia: A Case Study on Current Status, Opportunities, and Challenges." Advances in Agriculture 2021 (August 3, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9979549.
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Plant tissue culture (PTC) is one of the well-adapted and practiced biotechnology tools in Ethiopia. After the initial success of tissue culture at the Ethiopian Institute of Agriculture Research and Addis Ababa University, the technology spread its roots to most of the research institutes and universities across the country. Consequently, the technology continues to extend at the commercial level. However, there is a lack of information at the national level on the capacity of national institutes in terms of available infrastructure and skilled human power, the potential of the laboratories for tissue culture-related activities, and existing challenges that hinder tissue culture research and development. This study aimed to assess the status of tissue culture research and development in Ethiopia and identify gaps that hinder its application in various economic sectors. The primary data were collected from 19 tissue culture laboratories across the country using questionnaires and physical observation. Accordingly, the results of the study revealed that Jimma Agricultural Research Center from the federal research institute and Amhara Regional Agriculture Research Institute, Bahir Dar Laboratory, from the regional research institute are relatively well equipped with facilities and equipment for tissue culture R&D activities. Among the commercial laboratories, Tigray Biotechnology Center is well equipped and has the highest production capacity with 40 million seedlings per year. Besides, the assessment revealed that a total of 54 plant species have been under in vitro protocol optimization and development process across all PTC laboratories. Nevertheless, tissue culture application in public and private sectors in Ethiopia is limited by several technical, administrative, and financial constraints. Therefore, to exploit the maximum benefit of PTC technology in the existing facilities, further intervention is critical in solving the identified challenges.
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Kassa, Desta, Gebremedhin Gebremichael, Yodit Alemayehu, Dawit Wolday, Tsehaynesh Messele, and Debbie van Baarle. "Virologic and immunologic outcome of HAART in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 infected patients with and without tuberculosis (TB) and latent TB infection (LTBI) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." AIDS Research and Therapy 10, no. 1 (2013): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1742-6405-10-18.
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Woldesonbet, Z. D. "Hepatitis B and Human immunodeficiency virus co-infection among pregnant women in resource limited high endemic setting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Implications for current and emerging prevention and control measures." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 45 (April 2016): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.468.
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