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Loff, Beatrice. "Health and human rights : case studies in the potential contribution of a human rights framework to the analysis of health questions." Monash University, Dept. of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5291.
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Musungu, Sisule Fredrick. "The right to health in the global economy : reading human rights obligations into the patent regime of the WTO-TRIPS Agreement." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/931.
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"The implementation of the TRIPS Agreement, within the wider context of globalisation, has brought about a conflict between the obligation of states to promote and protect health and the achievement of economic goals pursued under the WTO regime. Since trade is the driving engine of globalisation, it is imperative that, at the very least, rules governing it do not violate human rights but rather promote them. The problem of IP and the right to health therefore lies in ensuring that the integration of economic rules and institutional operations in relation to IPRs coincide with states’ obligations to promote and protect public health. ...
This study centres on the specific debate about health and IPRs in the context of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the WTO rules on IP protection. In terms of a human rights approach to the TRIPS Agreement, the ICESCR has been chosen for several reasons. First, the ICESCR specifically recognises both the right to health and the right to the protection of inventions in clearer terms than any other human rights instrument. Secondly, at least 111 of the state parties to the ICESCR are also members of the WTO including a large number of developing countries. Thirdly, if one sees the ICESCR as a vehicle for the fulfilment of the obligation to promote and protect human rights under the United Nations Organisation’s (UN) Charter, it can be argued that in line with article 103, the implementation and interpretation of TRIPS by all UN members states must take into account basic human rights. However, even with primary focus being on the ICESCR, most of the discussion on practical issues will focus on the experiences in Sub-Saharan Africa because the inequalities and problems of access to health care are most dramatically played out in this part of the world.
The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between the obligation of states to progressively realise and guarantee the right to health, and the IP rules under the TRIPS Agreement. The specific objective is to examine the relationship between the exceptions under the TRIPS Agreement and the obligation to protect health and the identification of a consistent way of achieving a convergence between the implementation and interpretation of the rules of the two regimes in the area of health." -- Chapter 1Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2001.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Avani, Christina. "The power of "the human rights approach to HIV/AIDS" : gender, health and the transnational advocacy networks." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82652.
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This thesis undertakes an in-depth examination of the power of human rights advocacy in combating women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. Focusing on sub-Saharan Africa, the thesis explores the gender discrimination that lies at the core of women's susceptibility to the virus. Culturally-imposed social roles are depicted as the fundamental cause of the violation of women's human rights, including their right to health. The objective of the thesis is to analyze the potential of using a human rights approach to address this issue. It adopts the assumption that "the mobilization of shame" triggered by civil society's actors can alter states' human rights practices. Looking at a specific type of actors, namely the transnational advocacy networks, the thesis concludes that "the human rights approach to HIV/AIDS" can be an efficient and effective strategy to pressurize governments to implement their international human rights obligations.
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Viko, Iyadah John. "Assessing the possible approaches and the limitations of the human rights aspects of environmental harm under the International Bill of Rights : the need for a convention on the human rights to a healthy environment." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=233655.
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The growing awareness of the inadequacy of international law as a means of addressing current environmental problems has led to calls for a new approach. In view of the links between the protection of the environment and the protection of human rights, according to the Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference 1972, one such approach has been to focus on the development of international human rights law concepts and mechanisms to address environmental concerns. This thesis assesses the possible approaches and the limitations of the protection of the human rights to a healthy environment under the International Bill of Rights. The current international human rights law does not expressly provide for the human rights to a healthy environment. The thesis considers how the environment may be protected both through the application of presently accepted human rights and through the establishment of new human rights to a healthy environment. This thesis goes on to discuss the relationship between the international human rights law and the international environmental law, thereby giving an example of regime interaction. This is of strategic importance to understanding the meeting point of the two areas of law in this thesis. The need for sustainable development and the challenge of climate change have come to the fore and they both give urgency to the need for a human rights approach for the protection of the environment. There are concerns about whether there is a need for the provision of the human rights to a healthy environment in the international human rights law as existing rights are considered robust in themselves to protect the environment. This thesis will investigate the claim whether there are currently binding human rights to a healthy environment under the international law while building a solid argument on the need for a Convention on the human rights to a healthy environment. The thesis addresses the doctrinal and conceptual issues challenging the institutionalisation of the human rights to a healthy environment in the international human rights law. The thesis makes a case on the need for a Convention on the Human Rights to a Healthy Environment. It bolsters the point that the human rights to a healthy environment are long due; however what is lacking, is the doctrinal precision on the best way to institutionalise these rights. The research will attempt to proffer a proposal on the way forward by providing the institutional framework of the rights in a Convention. Before that, there is the need to discuss and settle several other possibilities and their limitations for the protection of the said human rights to a healthy environment. The proposed Convention could serve as a channel to offer a more coordinated, detailed, and well-documented approach for dealing with the linkages between human rights and the environment, as opposed to the fragmented approaches adopted across national and regional levels.
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Mugambe, Lydia. "The exceptions to patent rights under the WTO-TRIPS Agreement : where is the right to health guaranteed?" Diss., University of Pretoria, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/980.
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"The thesis of this study is that the flexibility within the exceptions to patent rights protecton under the TRIPS Agreement has not sufficiently been exploited at the national level. The study conceptualises the regimes for the protection of the right to health and IPRs not as mutually exclusive but as potentially reinforcing. The contention is therefore that the obligations in respect to the right to health limit the manner in which states can exercise the flexibilty within the patent regime of the TRIPS Agreement. Eventually the study seeks to answer the question: Where does the guarantee for the right to health lie in light of the TRIPS regime? ... The study is divided into three chapters preceded by an introduction. The introduction lays the background for te discussion. Chapter one deals with the definition of important concepts and provides the context in which the study is set. The chapter also discusses the background to the creation of the TRIPS Agreement, with an emphatic discussion on the involvement or lack thereof of Africn and other least developed and developing countries in this process. Chapter two discusses the patent rights exceptions clause under the TRIPS Agreement. Against this background, compuslory licensing, government use and parallel importing as means of making accessibility to drugs a reality under the TRIPS Agreement will be discussed. Chapter three identifies other means of making drugs more accessible and identifying places where they have worked well. In this chapter, generic substitution, establishemnt of a pricing committee, therapeutic value pricing, pooled procurement, negotiated procurement and planned donations will be discussed. Finally a conclusion will be drawn from the discussion and recommendations will be advanced." -- Chapter 1.Prepared under the supervision of Riekie Wandrag at the Community Law Centre, University of Western Cape, South Africa
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2002.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Alves, Aline Jurca Zavaglia Vicente. "Saúde, direitos humanos e proteção judicial: aspectos individuais, coletivos e de desenvolvimento." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20400.
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The present study is focused on the right to health as a human right, provided in international treaties with the purpose of reducing inequalities. Based on research on the generational historical evolution of human rights, it is proposed to study the right to health under the evolutionary approaches of first, second and third generations, which reveal their individual, collective and developmental aspects. This conceptual split seeks to understand the best strategies to achieve the right to health. The historical aspects of the right to health were rescued as well as the mechanisms designed for their protection and the elements useful to understand its contents, and it was verified that the judicial responses are different according to the aspects of the right to health involved and that the judicial process alone is not enough for sufficient protection of the human right to health. Other ways that are added to judicial control for the protection of the right to health, such as social control, mediation and international mechanisms, are studied and it is concluded that for better social results it is important to emphasize development aspects and the collective aspects of health, which does not correspond to the judicial responses found in lawsuits in which the right to health in Brazil is postulated
O presente estudo trata do direito à saúde enquanto direito humano, previsto em tratados internacionais com o propósito de reduzir desigualdades. A partir de pesquisa sobre a evolução histórica geracional de direitos humanos, propõe-se o estudo do direito à saúde sob os enfoques evolutivos de primeira, segunda e terceira gerações, os quais revelam seus aspectos individuais, coletivos e de desenvolvimento. Essa cisão conceitual busca compreender as melhores estratégias de se concretizar o direito à saúde. Resgatam-se os aspectos históricos do direito à saúde, os mecanismos destinados a sua proteção e os elementos que norteiam a compreensão do seu conteúdo. Constata-se que pela via judicial as respostas são distintas de acordo com os aspectos do direito à saúde envolvidos e que sozinha a via judicial não basta para a suficiente tutela do direito humano à saúde. São estudadas, então, outras vias que se somam ao controle judicial na proteção do direito à saúde, como o controle social, a mediação e os mecanismos internacionais, concluindo que para melhores resultados sociais é importante prestigiar os aspectos coletivos e de desenvolvimento da saúde, o que não corresponde às respostas judiciais encontradas nas ações judiciais em que se postula o direito à saúde no Brasil
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Rossi, Andrea da Silveira. "Demanda e barreiras para o acesso a serviços de reprodução assistida de pessoas vivendo com HIV no Brasil : perspectivas de gestores, profissionais e usuários." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/309017.
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Orientadores: Eliana Amaral, Maria Yolanda MakuchTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Objetivo: Identificar quais Serviços de Reprodução Assistida (SRA) e Serviços de Assistência Especializada em HIV e Aids (SAE) do Sistema de Saúde Pública do Brasil, que oferecem atendimento a pessoas vivendo com HIV com desejo reprodutivo e descrever as vivências, informações adquiridas e barreiras encontradas pelos gestores de programas, profissionais de saúde e usuários, relacionados a essa demanda. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, de corte transversal através de entrevistas telefônicas com 69 gestores dos programas de saúde da mulher (PSM) e 69 de DST/Aids, estaduais e municipais associado a estudo de casos através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com profissionais e usuários soropositivos de um serviço de reprodução assistida (SRA) e um serviço de atenção especializada em HIV/Aids (SAE) por região geográfica do país. Foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados quantitativos e análise temática do conteúdo para os dados qualitativos. Resultados: Foram realizadas 64 entrevistas com gestores dos PSM, sendo identificado apenas um SRA universitário que atendia casais soropositivos. Nas 63 entrevistas realizadas com gestores dos Programas de DST/Aids, constatou-se que 64% dos SAE estaduais e 73% dos municipais ofereciam orientação reprodutiva. As dificuldades relatadas pelos gestores para não oferecimento de apoio à reprodução incluíram falta de decisão política, de recursos humanos e financeiros. Nas entrevistas com os profissionais dos seis SAE visitados, foi observado que o foco dos atendimentos era na prevenção, principalmente através do uso do preservativo. A falta de encaminhamentos apropriados e a desatualização do conhecimento científico foram frequentes nos relatos dos profissionais dos serviços. A dificuldade em falar sobre o desejo reprodutivo nas consultas foi observada nas falas dos profissionais e também dos usuários. Para os últimos, isso esteve associado ao medo da discriminação e do preconceito. Entretanto, através da 47 entrevistas realizadas com usuários, o desejo de ter filhos foi vivenciado de maneira natural e expresso independentemente de se ter ou não parceiro fixo, mas, para aqueles que possuem parceiros fixos, o fato de não ter filhos da atual união pareceu aumentar a intenção reprodutiva. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem a existência de demanda reprimida para reprodução de casais vivendo com HIV, a falta de aconselhamento reprodutivo nos SAE e de investimento em SRA que atenda a essa população, havendo um único SRA universitário no país que oferece esse tipo de atendimento. A falta de integração entre os vários setores sugere a ausência de políticas públicas voltadas para o aconselhamento reprodutivo e a necessidade de diretrizes nacionais específicas voltadas para a redução da transmissão do HIV durante todo o contexto reprodutivo
Abstract: Objective: To identify assisted reproductive services(ARS) and specialized HIV/AIDS services within the Brazilian public health system that provide care to people living with HIV who desire a child and describe the experience, the information, and the barriers encountered by program managers, healthcare professionals and users with respect to this demand. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study in which 69 women's healthcare program managers and 69 STD/AIDS program managers at both state and municipal level were interviewed by telephone, in association with a case study conducted through semistructured interviews with professionals and users of one ARS service and one HIV/AIDS service in each geographical region of the country. Descriptive analysis of the quantitative data and thematic content analysis of the qualitative data were performed. Results: Sixty-four interviews were conducted with women's healthcare program managers. Only one university ARS provided care to seropositive couples. Of the 63 interviews carried out with STD/AIDS program managers, 64% of the state and 73% of the municipal HIV/AIDS services were found to offer reproductive counseling. The difficulties offered by managers as reasons for not providing reproductive support included a lack of political decision and of human and financial resources. At the six HIV/AIDS services the professionals revealed that the focus of consultations was on the prevention, lack of appropriate referrals and outdated scientific knowledge were frequently reported. Difficulty in discussing reproductive issues was perceived in the interviews with the professionals and also with the users. In the latter case, this was associated with a fear of discrimination and prejudice. Nevertheless, as shown in the 47 interviews conducted with users, the desire to have a child was experienced as a natural part of life and was expressed irrespective of whether the individual had a steady partner or not; however, in the former case, the fact of not having a child with the individual's current partner appeared to increase the desire for a child. Conclusion: These findings suggest the existence of a repressed demand for reproduction of PLWHA and lack of reproductive counseling was observed at all HIV/Aids specialized services, as well as investment in ART services to be provided to HIV-positive couples, based on the finding that only one university ART service in the country offers this type of care. Lack of integration between the various sectors suggests an absence of public policies on reproductive counseling and a need for specific national guidelines aimed at reducing HIV transmission within the whole context of reproduction
Doutorado
Ciencias Biomedicas
Doutor em Tocoginecologia
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Cruz, Ivelise Fonseca da. "Aspectos econômicos da regência jurídica humanista em face das indústrias alimentícias como garantia à saúde dos obesos." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5971.
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Previous issue date: 2012-10-17The vast growth of economic liberalism and is necessary to emphasize the man as the center of things, realizing their human dignity through the integral humanism. The incentive of love of neighbor and the exaltation of the fraternity, to compose the relationships and social laws result, then, the preservation and promotion of human health. The strengthening of the brotherhood of the thesis occurs when the clear identification of responsibility of the state, community, society, all in the preservation of fundamental human rights, encouraging the essentiality of the information, exercise and promote the right to food security, opportunity to promote awareness and increasing knowledge of the development of food products from the most diverse. Once the proper identification of obesity as a crop for human rights abuse, is with the literature review that this research aims to clarify the issues that compromise the full experience of human health. And finally, in a positive way, it was pointed out guiding paradigms that help as steps in human progress, in order to facilitate the search for the right to happiness for all in all, for everyone
O amplo crescimento do liberalismo econômico e necessário tem de realçar o homem como centro das coisas, concretizando sua dignidade humana através do humanismo integral. O incentivo do amor ao próximo e a exaltação da fraternidade, ao comporem as relações legislativas e sociais resultam, então, na preservação e promoção da saúde do homem. O reforço da tese da fraternidade ocorre quando da clara identificação da responsabilidade do Estado, da comunidade, da sociedade, de todos na preservação dos direitos fundamentais do homem, no incentivo à essencialidade da informação, no exercício e promoção do direito à segurança alimentar, na possibilidade de se promover a consciência e o crescente conhecimento do desenvolvimento de produtos alimentícios dos mais diversos. Feita a adequada identificação da obesidade como um recorte indevido aos direitos humanos, é com o levantamento bibliográfico realizado que esta pesquisa pretende explicitar as problemáticas que comprometem a vivência plena da saúde humana. E, ao final, de maneira propositiva, apontam-se paradigmas orientadores, que auxiliam como degraus no progresso humano, com o intuito de facilitar a busca pelo direito de felicidade de todos em tudo, para todos
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Torres, Mary Ann. "Access to treatment as a human right, a discussion of the aspects of the right to health under national and international law in Venezuela; Cruz Bermudez, et al v. Ministry of Health, Supreme Court of Venezuela, July 1999." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ54070.pdf.
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Van, Zyl Henriette Louise. "Undertaking to care and to protect : The experience of killing healthy homeless animals in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013577.
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Although animal welfare workers overwhelmingly describe themselves as animal lovers the exigencies of day to day animal welfare work often require that they perform euthanasia of healthy animals as part of welfare shelter management, and animal population control. In this research study, the particular burdens placed upon seven South Animal welfare workers who are required to rescue, care for, nurture and rehabilitate the animals in their care; while simultaneously being required to kill these same – often physically and behaviourally healthy - animals after a specific period of time, or in response to various logistical, procedural and practical intricacies, ranging from lack of space and resources to an unavailability of suitable homes; are explored from an interpretative phenomenological approach using the Interpretative Phenomenological Method (IPA), and from a South African perspective. It was found that animal-loving individuals engaged in the care and subsequent euthanasia of healthy animals report experiencing profound personal, interpersonal and professional and ideological (dis)stress related to guilt, sorrow, moral unease and horror. Four themes emerged from interview data, which are discussed in relation to relevant research and literature. Experiences in a South African context were found to be very much aligned with those reported in previous research and literature pertaining to this topic. In particular, it was found that there is a need to articulate specifically, and precisely the nature of the act. It is proposed that the term “Agapéthanasia” would be appropriate and useful in this field.
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Wisniewski, Ilona. "Neuropsychological aspects of right temporal lobe epilepsy : visual memory and perception." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00865637.
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The aim of the present thesis was to advance the knowledge of diagnostic procedures for lateralizing visual memory deficits and to study the characteristics of perception in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The first study examined the appropriateness of four routinely used learning and reproduction visuo-spatial memory tests as an identification method for right mesial temporal lobe dysfunctions. Various statistical methods illustrate the tests poor capacity to lateralize the functional deficit zone, even when epilepsy-related clinical and other cognitive factors were controlled. The second study is built upon the results of the first, aiming to validate a new test paradigm for lateralizing right hippocampal dysfunctions. Thus we assessed mesial TLE patients preoperatively with the Delayed Matching to Sample (DMS-48) task and postoperatively with two parallel versions that we had developed and standardized in healthy controls. Our analysis suggests that the DMS-48 and its parallel versions were able to lateralize the epileptic onset zone pre- and postsurgically. The third part consists of an expansion from visual memory to visual perception. A study of single case suggests that visual object recognition and visual imagery are sustained by cortical areas located in proximity to the temporo-occipital ventral pathway and that perception and imagery for space is subserved by mechanisms, which are close anatomically, and outside the ventral path. Furthermore, the results seem to indicate that nonlesional paroxysmal activity in the posterior temporal lobe can cause chronic dysfunctions of the visual system, which may be reversible with effective seizure control.
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Sacco, Solomon Frank. "A comparative study of the implementation in Zimbabwe and South Africa of the international law rules that allow compulsory licensing and parallel importation for HIV/AIDS drugs." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1100.
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"Zimbabwe and South Africa are facing an HIV/AIDS epidemic of such proportions that the populations of these countries will markedly decline in the next ten years despite the existence of effective drugs to treat the symptoms of AIDS and dramatically lower the communicability of the virus. These drugs are under patent protection by companies in the developed world and the patents raise the prices above the level of affordability for HIV infected persons in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe has declared a national emergency on HIV/AIDS, apparently in conformance with TRIPS and has issued compulsory licenses to a local company that has started to manufacture and sell cheap anti-retroviral drugs. South Africa has not declared a national emergency and has not invoked the TRIPS flexibilities or utilized flexibilities inherent in its own legislation. However, while thousands of people die every week in the two countries, neither government has yet provided an effective HIV/AIDS policy. Extensive litigation and public pressure in South Africa has led the government to announce a policy of supplying free HIV drugs in public hospitals while the Zimbabwean government has announced the provision of the same drugs, also in public hospitals, apparently utilising the state of emergency. The TRIPS agreement under which the two governments undertook to protect international patents allows compulsory licensing under certain circumstances (not limited to a national emergency) and the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, and subsequent agreements by the Ministerial Council of the WTO allow the manufacture and, in limited circumstances, the parallel importation of generic drugs. These provisions provide a theoretical mechanism for poor countries to ensure their citizens' rights of access to health (care). The research is aimed at identifying the extent of the effectiveness of the legal norms created by Articles 20 and 31 of TRIPS, the Doha Declaration and subsequent Council of Ministers' decisions, which together ostensibly provide a framework to allow provision of generic drugs. It is further aimed at investigating how the state of emergency in Zimbabwe has been utilised to provide cheap generic drugs to Zimbabweans and whether this would be an option for South Africa. A comparison of the legal provisions governing the provision of drugs in the two countries will also be undertaken to examine the extent to which international and national constitutional and legal provisions may be utilised to give effect to the right to health." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.
Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Enid Hill at the American University in Cairo.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Capriati, Marinella. "Human rights, interests and duties." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:068aeab6-ae43-423b-873a-a441b910269a.
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This dissertation focuses on the concept of human rights, and in particular on how we should understand the interests protected by human rights and human rights' correlative duties. The work consists of three papers. Human rights and interests In the first paper I consider which conditions interests have to satisfy in order to be protected by human rights. I call these the Interest Conditions. I argue that we need to distinguish between two kinds of Interest Conditions: qualitative and quantitative ones. This means that we need to consider both which type of interests, and how much of these interests, human rights protect. I then consider the content of these conditions. Political accounts and fidelity to human rights practice In recent years, considerable attention has been received by so called "political accounts" of the analysis of human rights. According to these theories, one of the distinctive features of human rights is that they play a certain political function. In particular, a large number of political accounts hold that human rights have political correlative duties. I call this thesis 'Political Duties'. Political Duties has been defended on the grounds of the desideratum of fidelity, according to which the analysis of human rights ought to be faithful to human rights practice. I consider two ways of interpreting this desideratum and the corresponding versions of the argument in support of Political Duties. I argue that neither version successfully supports the thesis. The universal scope of positive duties correlative to human rights In the third paper I focus on duties correlative to human rights. We can distinguish between two different kinds of duties: negative and positive ones. Negative duties are duties not to perform an action, while positive duties are duties to perform an action. I focus on the latter and, in particular, I concentrate on the question of their scope - that is, on understanding who holds them. I defend a refinement of the thesis that all individuals hold positive duties correlative to human rights, which I call the Universal Scope Thesis.
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Taylor, Nicola Jane. "Respecifying animals : sociological aspects of human-animal relations." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302628.
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Hussey, Stephen Henry. "Challenging the orthodox view of human rights." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d509684a-dfcc-4ff6-8f9f-1f2cd22e1667.
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The concept of human rights holds a distinctive significance in political practice, yet philosophers remain divided over the nature of these rights. The Orthodox View defines human rights as moral rights possessed by all individuals simply in virtue of their humanity. Proponents of this view claim that the contemporary idea of human rights is a continuation of the natural rights project of the eighteenth century and shares many of its basic philosophical assumptions. This thesis argues that the Orthodox View is no longer an appropriate characterisation of the concept of human rights we find in current domestic and international practice. It also rejects recent alternatives offered by supporters of the Political View, who define human rights by particular functions they serve, specifically their role(s) in acting as benchmarks for the legitimacy of states or triggers of international concern. I propose instead a new 'Political Justification View' of human rights, which states that human rights are demands which challenge unjustifiable political-institutional orders, which are the concern of all people, and which protect the equal standing of individuals in political decisions that affect the collective or individual good. This view better captures the diversity of practices that employ the term 'human rights', whilst also explaining its innovative power as a moral language that enables individuals to challenge the official institutional order under whose authority they live. Finally, I argue that within this broader view of human rights there are two distinct moral concepts which pertain to different parts of human rights practice: Domestic Human Rights and International Legitimacy Rights. Separating these two concepts is helpful in resolving long-standing debates about whether human rights are properly thought of as minimalist moral concerns of legitimacy or broader social goals to be achieved through political institutions.
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Straub, Karsta. ""Public health vs. human rights? : a human rights approach to non-smoker protection in Hong Kong" /." Thesis, View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38852093.
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Sidarous, Mona. "When professional rights conflict with human rights : legal and ethical issues." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26220.
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My aim is to demonstrate that professionals perceive they have a right to refuse to provide their services and are currently acting accordingly. This thesis explores whether a professional right to refuse services exists; if so, the limits of this right; and whether a professional 'right' to refuse services ought to exist and in what circumstances. This requires analysis of whether refusals to provide professional services might be considered unethical conduct according to existing codes of ethics and moral theories, unprofessional conduct within the norms of professional regulatory and disciplinary bodies, or illegal conduct according to Canadian law, in particular, human rights law. The issues are examined primarily with reference to physicians who treat patients and some comparisons are made with physician clinical researchers and lawyers. The shift from a duty-based system of professional service to a rights-based system of professional privileges has led to conflicting goals of professional self-regulation, and some possible resolutions to this conflict are explored.
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Björkman, Barbro. "Ethical aspects of owning human biological material." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Philosophy and History of Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-610.
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Senona, Joseph M. "Human rights and the WTO: Incorporation or cooperation? Is there a need for an agreement on trade-related aspects of human rights?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=init_7812_1177925661.
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The main objective of this paper was to explore and evaluate the viability of incorporating the promotion, enforcement and protection of human rights within the WTO agenda, mandate and framework. It further aimed to investigate the viability of accelerating multilateral cooperation amongst international major role players, thus assessing and evaluating the kind of cooperation necessary for the adequate protection and enforcement of human rights by the WTO and major role players involved.
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Sundsten, Melinda. "Foreign aid and corruption : Ethical aspects of foreign aid." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-296380.
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This literary analysis focuses on the correlation between foreign aid and corruption. The “Capabilities Approach” by Amartya Sen is used to discuss how to, and who is responsible for, developing an ethically justified aid policy. Arguments and ideas from five different sources have been analyzed. The primary sources are African Development by Todd Moss, Corruption and Development by Georg Cremer, Lord of Poverty by Graham Hancock, The White Man’s Burden by William Easterly, and Internationalisation of corruption by Daniela Herrmann and Clare Fletcher. This study analyzes three questions. Firstly, does foreign aid affect the level of corruption, and how? Secondly, how do you measure development and justice? Thirdly, who is considered accountable? The results show that there is a connection between aid and corruption and that the aid agencies together with the governments have the primary responsibility to improve the policy and reconstruct the organizations. The policy should focus on enhancing the quality of life of the individual.
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Mokoena, Joyce Desia. "Construction of a model for human rights education in the health professions." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/652.
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Thesis (Ph.D. (Health Sciences))-- University of Limpopo, 2012A theory - generative, qualitative, descriptive, exploratory and contextual design was used in this study, in phases 1 and 2. The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the nature of human rights education in the health professions programmes at the University of Limpopo, MEDUNSA Campus in order to develop a model for human rights education and teaching of the students in such programmes. In Phase 1, data were collected by means of unstructured, in-depth interviews from the sampled lecturers teaching ethics and/or human rights, as well as by observation, field notes and document analysis. The findings indicated that human rights education is an empowering process for the students, which can be facilitated through a collaborative, Inter-professional and interdisciplinary approach. The content for a human rights education programme should include Ethics and Human Rights which is contextual in terms of the South African society and also considers the international perspectives of human rights. Interactive teaching strategies should be used to facilitate maximum involvement and engagement of the student with the subject matter. In Phase 2, the construction and description of the model is done, based on the guidelines of Dickoff, James & Weidenbach (1968); Chinn & Kramer (2008); Walker & Avant (2011). The concepts which were derived from the themes that emerged from the interviews with the key informants, the observations made, the field notes, the review of selected documents and the literature which used as data, provided the framework for the model “Human Rights Education in the Health Professions”. The thesis provides the research report, and a description of the model, including the guidelines for implementation. Recommendations which are based on the findings of the study have been made with respect to education, practice and research. A key recommendation concerns the review of the content of the curriculum for human rights. Key words: collaboration, education, empowerment, ethics, human rights, human rights education.
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Poon, Sze-chung, and 潘思璁. "Socialisation of international human rights norms in the context of China's modernisation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/198815.
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This thesis is about understanding the dynamics involved in the socialisation of international human rights norms. It examines the process within an analytical framework of transnational advocacy networks, the spiral model, in the context of China’s modernisation. Existing literature points to China’s economic power and potential political influence on the international arena and the Chinese state’s authoritarian regime domestically in explaining the limited achievements transnational advocacy networks have had in inducing human rights changes in China. This thesis responds with a novel perspective constructed in three steps by examining: 1) the relationship between China’s identity and political legitimacy since the beginning of China’s modernisation in the 1840s; 2) how China’s modernisation drive impacts the development of its domestic civil society; 3) the potential of human rights INGOs in inducing human rights changes with case studies of the Dui Hua Foundation and the Rights Practice. It is found that under this novel perspective, the Chinese state’s authority has been limited by rising social problems, which threaten the state’s political legitimacy to rule. Chinese civil society actors play an important role in producing solutions to these social problems, convincing the state to further relax its control. Human rights INGOs contribute to this relationship through strengthening Chinese civil society actors’ capacity in solving social problems and monitoring official institutions, while also informing government officials about reforms that could make domestic practices more compatible to international human rights norms. In this vein, despite the fact that international human rights norms have been altered by China’s power, they remain influential on China’s behaviour by the careful alignment of the human rights work of transnational advocacy networks to suit China’s interest to political legitimacy. This thesis confirms and strengthens the spiral model as a framework to understand the socialisation of international human rights norms. This thesis contributes to understanding the power of international human rights norms, i.e. the extent to which they influence the behaviour and practices of states, as well as the role of transnational advocacy networks in situations where human rights violations persist.published_or_final_version
Modern Languages and Cultures
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Noer, Kristin. "Donor response to human rights violations : a regime in foreign aid?" Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24099.
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Using regime theory, we consider in this thesis whether there is evidence of the gradual establishment of norms, principles, rules and regulations governing donor policies with regards to linking foreign aid to human rights practices. We hypothesize that, despite the constraints caused by the multiplicity of foreign policy objectives for any given donor, there is evidence of a developing human rights regime in the foreign aid policies and practices of donors of aid. Using a historical approach, we study the aid policies and practices of two international organizations (the United Nations and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) and two aid donors (Norway and the United States). We investigate the donors' policy statements, monitoring mechanisms, policy implementation and changes in donor behavior for evidence of the presence of a regime. Our findings suggest regime development occurring over three distinct periods of time (1945-50; 1973-83; 1989-94), with the resulting regime operating at three distinct levels with varying degrees of efficiency and effectiveness.
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Cooper, Andrew James. "The Human Right to Health Care: A Distributive cliché." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Philosophy and Religious Studies, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/979.
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The universal human right to health care is a cliché that is frequently invoked by politicians and various activist groups to express the idea that inequalities in the distribution of medical resources are unjust. These disgruntled social reformers are largely uninformed about the true nature of human rights, claiming that any society in which some citizens go without comprehensive medical services is institutionalising immorality by violating Article 25 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Such uninformed and exaggerated claims only serve to distort the public conception of human rights, obscure the legitimate demands of social justice, and impose unrealistic expectations on health care systems of limited resources. In this paper, I intend to uncover the true meaning of the universal right to health care, ultimately rejecting the commonly held notion that inequality in the distribution of medical resources necessarily entails a violation of human rights. In Chapters One and Two, I dissect the notion of human rights in order to further define Article 25, discussing any moral and practical implications the acceptance of this right has for both the individual and society. Chapters Three and Four concern the just allocation of health care resources within society, in accordance with the right to health care, and will assess appropriate distributive principles for the health care institution.
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Palmer, Keith. "Aspects of human health and occupational exposure to vibration." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312305.
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Guerini, Elena. "Animal Rights and Human Responsibilities: Towards a Relational Capabilities Approach in Animal Ethics." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157548/.
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In this thesis, I analyze some of the most important contributions concerning the inclusion of animals in the moral and political sphere. Moving from these positions, I suggest that a meaningful consideration of animals' sentience demands a profound, radical political theory which considers animals as moral patients endowed with specific capabilities whose actualization needs to be allowed and/or promoted. Such theory would take human-animal different types of relationships into account to decide what kind of ethical and political responsibilities humans have towards animals. It would be also based on the assumption that animals' sentience is the necessary and sufficient feature for assigning moral status. I start from the consideration that in the history of political philosophy, most theorists have excluded animals from the realm of justice. I then propose an examination of utilitarianism, capabilities approach, and relational-based theories of animal rights (in particular the works by Kymlicka and Donaldson, and Clare Palmer) and borrow essential elements from each of these approaches to build my theory. I claim that a political theory which attaches high importance to individual capabilities, as well as to the various types of relationships we have with animals, is the most appropriate to tackle the puzzle of human responsibilities to animals.
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Lowe, Daniel Matthew. "Assessing the universality of human rights in the context of health." Thesis, Durham University, 2018. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12657/.
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This thesis looks to examine the contemporary potentiality of universal human rights. It begins by noting that within the modern context the idea of universal rights is increasingly challenged by a security dominated discourse. The era of the so called ‘War on Terror’ is defined by diminished appreciation of the concept of human rights, both in terms of government commitments and popular opinion. The central aim of this thesis is to determine whether the idea of universal human rights is justifiable within these contexts. In accordance with this aim, this thesis will utilise important elements of critical jurisprudential accounts of human rights, centred on the work of Costas Douzinas. These elements, based upon challenging the accepted standards/interpretations of legal concepts, will be employed in an attempt to provide an objective appraisal of the sufficiency of prevailing interpretations of the concept of human rights. Through utilisation of Douzinas’ authoritative body of work documenting the presence of human rights in the contemporary world, this thesis will ultimately look to challenge the perception that security and human rights are competing aims. This thesis will argue that the universality of human rights relates to their overarching purpose. In accordance with James Griffin, this thesis will propose that this purpose relates to the actualisation of ‘normative agency’. Through a critical examination of the modern construct of human rights, centred around issues of human healthiness, this thesis will identify the right to health as a foundational claim – in that its fulfilment (either directly or indirectly) is a pre-requisite for the meaningfulness of other protections (and the actualisation of normative agency). This thesis will conclude by examining this concept of human healthiness within the context of national security. Here it will be shown that as both national security and human rights are centred on considerations of subsistence, they are not incompatible, and that the universality of the idea of rights is absolute. Further, it will be shown that this absoluteness reflects a permanence of purpose rather than practical implementation.
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Thoresen, Stian Ho Yong. "Health care challenges and human resources for health in Thailand : migrations, social and political tensions, and human rights implications." Thesis, Curtin University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1693.
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The global shortage of human resources for health and the brain drain of health care professionals exacerbate health care challenges in many small and medium sized economies, including efforts to curb the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This research investigated attitudes, perceptions, and dynamics among health care students and professionals in Thailand related to human resources for health, migration, inequitable distribution between rural and urban areas as well as between the public and private sector, and influences on migration ambitions. This included contemporary social and political parameters. Perceptions and attitudes among health care students and professionals were explored through a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews with health care professionals. Additional interviews with key-informants encapsulated contemporary events, dynamics, adversities, and challenges specific to the Thai context. It is argued that both the right to health care and health care professionals’ right to free movement must be protected and upheld. This research adds to the knowledge and insight into the specific health care challenges in Thailand and reflections upon the sustainability of the health care system; both in light of these health care challenges and the principles of sustainability as proposed by The World Commission on Environment and Development, the Brundtland Report (1990). It will enhance the scope from which health care, manpower expansion, and reform is pursued. Any approach to stem the exodus of health care professionals must recognise the rights of all stakeholders, including health care professionals and health care consumers, and all stakeholders must be engaged in the pursuit of sustainable health care through the principles of sustainable development and global sustainability.
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Thoresen, Stian Ho Yong. "Health care challenges and human resources for health in Thailand : migrations, social and political tensions, and human rights implications." Curtin University of Technology, School of Social Work and Social Policy, 2008. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=118405.
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The global shortage of human resources for health and the brain drain of health care professionals exacerbate health care challenges in many small and medium sized economies, including efforts to curb the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This research investigated attitudes, perceptions, and dynamics among health care students and professionals in Thailand related to human resources for health, migration, inequitable distribution between rural and urban areas as well as between the public and private sector, and influences on migration ambitions. This included contemporary social and political parameters. Perceptions and attitudes among health care students and professionals were explored through a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews with health care professionals. Additional interviews with key-informants encapsulated contemporary events, dynamics, adversities, and challenges specific to the Thai context. It is argued that both the right to health care and health care professionals’ right to free movement must be protected and upheld. This research adds to the knowledge and insight into the specific health care challenges in Thailand and reflections upon the sustainability of the health care system; both in light of these health care challenges and the principles of sustainability as proposed by The World Commission on Environment and Development, the Brundtland Report (1990). It will enhance the scope from which health care, manpower expansion, and reform is pursued. Any approach to stem the exodus of health care professionals must recognise the rights of all stakeholders, including health care professionals and health care consumers, and all stakeholders must be engaged in the pursuit of sustainable health care through the principles of sustainable development and global sustainability.
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Pleasants, Gabriel J. "Bioethics and Human Rights: A Problem, a Proposal, and an Achievement." Thesis, Boston College, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/508.
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Thesis advisor: James F. KeenanThis study investigates the recent paradigm shift in bioethics to an approach that uses the language of human rights to work towards social justice and health equity. It follows the three stages of Kuhn's "paradigm shift": recognizing the fallibility of the first paradigm and proving its destructiveness, presenting the theoretical particulars of a new paradigm, and demonstrating how the new paradigm becomes operational. The case study of the organ trade shows the failure of the first model of bioethics, based on autonomy and non-maleficence. This model falsely depicts the true ethical challenges while shadowing the enormous harms it causes. An emerging bioethical model centered on human rights is presented as the best theoretical option to remedy the ills of the first paradigm and make sense of bioethical dilemmas across the globe. But the second paradigm cannot simply look better, it must be operational. Applying the human rights model, the Treatment Action Campaign in South Africa achieved universal access to antiretroviral treatment, thus confirming the theory of the new paradigm in action. The study concludes with a call for an ethics of implementation within the new paradigm that balances the radical ideal of health as a human right with concrete and pragmatic improvements in healthcare; an ethics of "being on the way" to the ultimate goal of justice and equity in health
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2007
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: International Studies
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Hartwigsen, Gesa [Verfasser]. "The forgotten hemisphere : right-hemispheric contributions to modality-independent phonological aspects of language processing in the healthy human brain / Gesa Hartwigsen." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1019982721/34.
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Mahery, Prinslean Sandra. "Children's health service rights and the issue of consent." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1858_1223452795.
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Although the concept of human rights is very much accepted as part of human existence throughout the world today, there is still much controversy surrounding the idea of rights for children. The Constitution, however, not only recognises the fact that like all other members of society, children are capable of being bearers of human rights but emphasises also the special position of children in society by granting them specific rights in the Constitution. Health rights are particularly important for children as the entitlements and obligations created by such rights are necessary for children to realise their full potential. In this thesis the entitlements and obligations attached to children'shealth service rights in the COnstitution are explored.
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Emery, Maurice George. "Aspects of human CYP 2E1 regulation in health and disease /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7943.
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Peterman, Amber Handa Sudhanshu. "Essays in maternal health and human rights evidence from sub-Saharan Africa /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2396.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.Title from electronic title page (viewed Jun. 26, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Public Policy." Discipline: Public Policy; Department/School: Public Policy.
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Antonopoulos, Irene. "The human rights aspects of the protection of the environment : a proposal for an additional protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms guaranteeing the protection of fundamental human rights in environmentally challenging circumstances." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=211063.
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Speldewinde, Peter Christiaan. "Ecosystem health : the relationship between dryland salinity and human health." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0127.
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Australia is experiencing widespread ecosystem degradation, including dryland salinity, erosion and vegetation loss. Approximately 1 million hectares (5.5%) of the south-west agricultural zone of Western Australia is affected by dryland salinity and is predicted to rise to 5.4 million hectares by 2050. Such degradation is associated with many environmental outcomes that may impact on human health, including a decrease in primary productivity, an increase in the number of invasive species, a decrease in the number of large trees, overall decrease in biodiversity, and an increase in dust production. The resulting degradation affects not only farm production but also farm values. This study examines the effects of such severe and widespread environmental degradation on the physical and mental health of residents. Western Australia has an extensive medical record database which links individual health records for all hospital admissions, cancer cases, births and deaths. For the 15 diseases examined in this project, the study area of the south west of Western Australia (excluding the capital city of Perth) contained 1,570,985 morbidity records and 27,627 mortality records for the 15 diseases examined in a population of approximately 460,000. Environmental data were obtained from the Western Australian Department of Agriculture?s soil and landscape mapping database. A spatial Bayesian framework was used to examine associations between these disease and environmental variables. The Bayesian model detected the confounding variables of socio-economic status and proportion of the population identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. With the inclusion of these confounders in the model, associations were found between environmental degradation (including dryland salinity) and several diseases with known environmentally-mediated triggers, including asthma, ischaemic heart disease, suicide and depression. However, once records of individuals who had been diagnosed with coexistent depression were removed from the analysis, the effect of dryland salinity was no longer statistically detectable for asthma, ischaemic heart disease or suicide, although the effects of socio-economic status and size of the Aboriginal population remained. The spatial component of this study showed an association between land degradation and human health. These results indicated that such processes are driving the degree of psychological ill-health in these populations, although it remains uncertain whether this 4 is secondary to overall coexisting rural poverty or some other environmental mechanism. To further investigate this complex issue an instrument designed to measure mental health problems in rural communities was developed. Components of the survey included possible triggers for mental health, including environmental factors. The interview was administered in a pilot study through a telephone survey of a small number of farmers in South-Western Australia. Using logistic regression a significant association between the mental health of male farmers and dryland salinity was detected. However, the sample size of the survey was too small to detect any statistically significant associations between dryland salinity and the mental health of women. The results of this study indicate that dryland salinity, as with other examples of ecosystem degradation, is associated with an increased burden of human disease.
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Sattar, Md Parvez. "Human rights and three special aspects of the rule of law in the modern society." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31097.
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The principal object of the present research may be seen as an attempt to highlight certain specific and special aspects of the modern concept of the rule of law, particularly in the context of its relevance and pertinence to the contemporary demands and developments in the area of fundamental human rights and freedoms. In this line of thought, three specific areas have been identified that have received considerable attention and importance in the conceptual and normative development in the field of the modern legal edifice of human rights, international and domestic, particularly in the last few decades. These 'special' aspects are to be found-. a. in the concept of human rights in the administration of justice:;b. in the principles and practices relating to human rights in certain exceptional situations commonly called 'states of emergency' ; and. c. in the indispensable pertinence and significance of the doctrine of independence and impartiality of the judiciary to these modern features of the rule of law. While the foundation of these cardinal norms of human rights are to be found in the Universal Declaration of human rights, 1948, they have been given the sanction of binding treaties by incorporating them into subsequent major human rights instruments, particularly- the UN's Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as well as the three regional treaties. These legal norms of international human rights law have then been further elaborated by the adoption of a wide range of global, regional and subsidiary instruments in the recent time. Moreover, the importance and urgency of these particular areas of human rights have been reiterated and re-emphasised by the constant devotion and continued efforts of numerous international institutions, organisations and individual scholars by means of studies; survey, research, conferences, seminars, symposia etc. And finally, over the last half a century or so, since the first treaty provision was made in this regard (i.e., the ECHR in 1950), a considerable amount of jurisprudence has been developed in the case law of the monitoring organs in these relevant fields.
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Addo, M. K. "The implications for some aspects of contemporary international economic law of international human rights law." Thesis, University of Essex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378354.
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Mavela, Xolani Shadrack. "A genre-theoretic analysis of human rights texts in Xhosa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52642.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis employs the theoretical framework of text construction advanced by Grabe and Kaplan (1996) for the analysis of human rights magazine texts in isiXhosa. The theory employed in this study includes linguistic elements, which can be included in teaching methodology for developing the learners' analytic skills in analyzing the discourse structure of written texts. These kinds of analytic skills are strongly reflected in Curriculum 2005 for the learning area languages. The thesis employs a range of textlinguistic strategies for analyzing written genre texts on human and civil rights issues. It is argued that the incorporation of these strategies by teachers in the process of language teaching in Curriculum 2005 will enable the learners to analyse texts successfully and to gain an awareness about how language is used in texts. For the purpose of analysis in this thesis, texts from the Bona magazine with contents ranging on human and community or civil rights were collected. The thesis demonstrates that text analysis involves to a large extent, an investigation of generic factors such as the communicative purpose, the culture and the community in which the text is produced. Following the discussion of the generic features of texts, a broad definition of the term text is explored, and the textlinguistic construction and certain levels of analysis are identified. In addition to this, the study demonstrates that analysis of the linguistic structure of texts needs to incorporate the discussion of the parameters of the ethnography of writing advanced by Grabe and Kaplan (1996). The ethnography of writing entails that a detailed analysis of texts should address the following questions: 'Who writes what to whom, for what purpose, why, when and how?' The study explores the implications and rationale for incorporating text analysis in language teaching and learning. Lastly, the relationship between the theoretical underpinnings assumed in this study, and the learning outcomes of Curriculum 2005 are explored. This study demonstrates that the theoretical framework of Grabe and Kaplan (1996) which underlies in the construction of written texts, will not only introduce the language learner to an inclusive language pedagogy, but can be employed for effective text analysis of isiXhosagenre texts on human rights in popular magazineslike Bona.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis maak gebruik van die teoretiese model van Grabe en Kaplan (1996) vir die analise van menseregte tydskrifartikels in isiXhosa. Die teorie wat aangewend word in die studie sluit linguistiese elemente in wat ingesluit kan word in taalonderrigmetodologie vir die ontwikkeling van leerders se analitiese vaardighede in die analise van diskoersstrukture van skriftelike tekste. Hierdie soort analitiese vaardighede word sterk gereflekteer in Kurrikulum 2005 vir die leerarea van tale. Die tesis wend 'n verskeidenheid tekslinguistiese strategieë aan vir die analise van geskrewe genre tekste oor menseregte en burgerlike regte vraagstukke. Daar word betoog in die studie dat die insluiting van hierdie strategieë deur onderwysers in die proses van taalonderrig in Kurrikulum 2005 leerders in staat sal stelom tekste suksesvol te ontleed en 'n bewussyn te kry van hoe taal in tekste gebruik word. Vir die doeleindes van analise is hierdie tesis is tekste gebruik uit die BONA tydskrif met 'n inhoud oor menseregte en gemeenskaps- en burgerlike regte. Die tesis demonstreer dat teksanalise in 'n groot mate 'n ondersoek behels van generiese faktore soos kommunikatiewe doelstelling, die kultuur en die gemeenskap waarin die teks geproduseer word. Na 'n bespreking van die generiese faktore van tekste word 'n breë definisie van die term "teks" ondersoek, en die tekslinguistiese konstruksie en bepaalde vlakke van analise word geïdentifiseer. Hierbenewens demonstreer die studie dat die linguistiese analise van tekste die bespreking moet insluit van die parameters van die etnografie van geskrewe tekste soos voorgestaan deur Grabe en Kaplan (1996). Die etnografie van geskrewe tekste behels dat die analise van tekste die volgende vrae ondersoek: Wie skryf wat vir wie vir watter doel, waarom, wanneer en hoe? Die studie ondersoek die implikasies en motivering vir die insluiting van teksanalise in taalonderrig. Laastens word die verhouding tussen die teoretiese grondslae, wat aanvaar word in hierdie studie, en die leeruitkomste van Kurrikulum 2005 ondersoek. Die studie toon aan dat die teoretiese raamwerk van Grabe en Kaplan (1996), wat onderliggend is aan die konstruksie van geskrewe tekste, kan aanvaar word om leerders in te lei in 'n meer inklusiewe taalonderrig en kan aangewend word vir effektiewe teksanalise van isiXhosa genre tekste gebaseer op die menseregte in populêre tydskrifte soos Bona.
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Suhaila. "The status and rights of religious minorities in contemporary Islamists' discourse /." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79772.
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This thesis is an attempt to examine one of the most important on-going debates in contemporary Islamists' discourses, namely, the status and rights of religious minorities in an Islamic state. The call by Islamists for the establishment of such a state governed by the Shari'ah has given rise to criticism that Islamization would entail the revival of the discriminatory rulings of traditional Islamic law with respect to non-Muslim citizens and the negation of the modern principle of the right to equality for all citizens irrespective of religious belief. To provide a background to the problem, this study presents a brief review of the stance of traditional Islamic law on the status and rights of non-Muslims living within the domain of Islam. This tradition has informed the discourses of contemporary Islamists on the question. Two currents of thought are examined: radical and moderate Islamism. Radical Islamists assert that granting non-Muslim citizens equal status and rights with Muslims is inconsistent with the teachings of Islam, although in stating this they confirm the apprehensions that Islamization would result in institutionalizing discrimination against religious minorities. Moderate Islamists on the other hand maintain that the concept of equal rights for all citizens is compatible with the tenets of Islam. Nonetheless, their arguments are not without problems as there are limits to how far they are willing to go in offering equal status and rights to non-Muslims.
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Bajramaj, Ermira. "Microdialysis in the human masseter muscle- Methodological aspects." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-19896.
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Introduktion: Mikrodialys används för att studera metabola förändringar i olika vävnader. Vid mikrodialys sätts en kateter i muskeln vilket inducerar en traumafas, som kan påverka frisläpp av substanser. En 120 minuters stabiliseringstid har föreslagits så att metabola förändringar p.g.a. traumat ska normaliseras och ej påverka resultatet. En lång stabiliseringstid leder dock till att dessa studier är tidskrävande och därför även dyra och svårgenomförda. Syfte: Att undersöka och fastställa lämplig stabiliseringsperiod för mikrodialys av serotonin och glutamat i massetermuskeln hos friska individer samt hos patienter med myofascial TMD. Material och metod: Intramuskulär mikrodialys utfördes och dialysat samlades in på 15 friska kontroller samt 15 patienter med myofascial TMD för analys av serotonin och glutamat. För att tillåta vävnaden återhämta sig från traumafasen utvärderades en 120-minuters stabiliseringsperiod, där de första 20 minuterna utgjorde ursprunglig baseline och de sista 20 minuterna stabiliserad baseline. Resultat: Ingen signifikant förändring av serotonin och glutamat observerades över tid för kontroll-gruppen (P>0,05). För TMD-gruppen sågs däremot såg en signifikant sänkning av serotoninhalten over tid (P<0,001) följt av en signifikant ökning mellan tidpunkten T100-120 och T120-140 (P<0,001). För glutamat sågs en reduktion vid tidpunkten T20-40 jämför med det ursprungliga baselinevärdet (P<0,05). Konklusion: Resultaten antyder att 20 minuters stabiliseringsperiod är tillräcklig för friska individer vid mikrodialys av serotonin och glutamat i masseter muskeln. Hos patienter med myofacial TMD är glutamat-nivåerna stabiliserade efter 40 minuter. Serotonin nivåerna är däremot inte stabiliserade efter 120 minuter, vilket tyder på en spontan ökning av intramuskulär serotonin 2 timmar efter införandet av katetern.Introduction: Microdialysis is a technique used to study metabolic changes in tissues. When performing microdialysis, a catheter is inserted into the muscle inducing a trauma phase, which may affect the release of substances. A 2-hour stabilization period has been suggested to allow tissues to recover from metabolic changes following the trauma. A long stabilization period however, makes these studies time-consuming and thus expensive.Aim: To investigate the necessary stabilization period for microdialysis of serotonin and glutamate in the masseter muscle in healthy subjects and in patients with myofascial TMD.Material and Methods: Intramuscular microdialysis was carried out in 15 patients with myofascial TMD and 15 healthy controls to collect serotonin and glutamate. To allow the tissue to recover following the probe insertion, a 120-min stabilization period was evaluated where the first 20 min served as the zero baseline and the last 20 min as the stabilized baseline. Results: No significant alterations of serotonin or glutamate were observed over the 2-hour period for the controls (P>0.05). For the TMD group, a significant decrease of serotonin was observed over time (P<0.001) followed by a significant increase between T100-120 and T120-140 (P<0.001). For glutamate, a significant reduction was observed at T20-40 compared with the zero baseline (P<0.05). Conclusion: A 20-min stabilization period is sufficient for healthy subjects for microdialysis of serotonin and glutamate in the masseter muscle. In patients with myofascial TMD, glutamate levels are stabilized after 40 minutes. Serotonin levels are not stabilized after 2 hours indicating a spontaneous increase of serotonin.
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Moses, Misty. "Who Benefits? The Effects of Foreign Aid and Foreign Direct Investment on Human Rights." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3637/.
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The global emphasis on human rights has generated a surge of studies into what causes regimes to abuse the basic rights of their citizens. Causes of abuse can be internal or external in nature, based on economics, politics or cultures. This study examines the effects of foreign aid and foreign direct investment on three types of human rights: personal integrity, civil and political, and subsistence. I perform ordinary least squares regression analyses with panel-corrected standard errors on a pooled cross-sectional time series design incorporating 127 countries from 1976 to 1996. While my results are not significant, it is important to observe that there is a tendency toward negative relationships for the majority of the analyses.
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Penninga, Mark, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "A Judeo-Christian account of human dignity in Canadian law and public policy." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2008, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/671.
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Understanding human dignity is integral to protecting human rights. An examination
of Canada‘s Supreme Court decisions and Canadian public policy debates reveals that human
dignity is being defined synonymously with individual autonomy and equality. This narrow
understanding has serious implications for people who are not able to assert their autonomy.
To understand the philosophical ideas behind these decisions, this thesis examines classical,
modern, and postmodern accounts of human dignity and concludes that they fall short in
providing an objective grounding for dignity that is truly human. It then looks to the Judeo-
Christian account of human dignity to provide a transcendent foundation for human dignity.
With this account, persons are rational and physical, relational, inviolable, and teleological –
a hopeful contrast to the prevailing contemporary accounts. This thesis then defends the place
of this religious perspective in our secular country.vi, 182 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.
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Swart, Sarah Jean. "Unaccompanied minor refugees and the protection of their socio-economic rights under human rights law." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8093.
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The main objective of this study is to investigate the practical treatment of Unaccompanied Minor Refugees (UMR) in Ghana and South Africa, and to explore whether such treatment is in accordance with existing international norms and standards for the protection of refugee children.
The study will focus on the realisation of children’s socio-economic rights in order to measure treatment. This study also seeks to address the obstacles which prevent the full and proper treatment of UMR, and to make recommendations as to how the international community can better regulate the treatment of UMR. In essence, this paper aims to investigate whether there is a discrepancy between the rights of child refugees acknowledged in international law and the situation of UMR in practice, and, if so, how this can be remedied. This paper seeks to show, through the case studies of Ghana and South Africa, that UMR are, to a certain extent, lost in the systemA Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr E.Y. Benneh of the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
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Mumbanika, Mbwisi Daddy. "The implications of the right to health for the democratic republic of Congo in relation to access to medical service and medical care Dady Mbwisi Mumbanika." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4723.
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Lunze, Karsten. "Health and human rights: advocacy tools for structural HIV prevention among Russian drug users." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12155.
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Thesis (D.P.H.)--Boston UniversityInjection drug use fuels the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Russian Federation (Russia). Evidence suggests that repressive drug law enforcement is part of the HIV risk environment and associated with risk behaviors that promote HIV transmission among people who inject drugs (PWID). However, no quantitative studies on police involvement and associated risk behaviors or health outcomes exist from Russia. We conducted a mixed-methods study in St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Vladikavkaz to characterize the impact of current policing practices on HIV-risk behaviors and overdose among PWID; and to explore attitudes of stakeholders about Russian drug policy and opportunities to change. Descriptive and multivariate regression analyses of quantitative cross-sectional data from 582 HIV prevention trial participants showed that reported policing practices such as arbitrary arrests, planting of false evidence, and extrajudicial syringe confiscations, are common in Russia and are associated with adverse risk behaviors and health outcomes such as receptive needle sharing and drug overdose, respectively. These policing practices often constitute human rights violations. We failed to demonstrate any deterrent effect of abusive policing practices on drug use. A qualitative exploration among 23 key stakeholders revealed that police violence in various forms is ubiquitous in the lives of Russian PWID. Police abuse is rooted in stigma and a power imbalance between police and PWID, and reinforced by police corruption and the dehumanization of PWID. This study suggests that police practices are part of the HIV risk environment of Russian PWID. The translation of empiric evidence into policy change in the Russian country context might be facilitated by police trainings emphasizing public health and harm reduction principles as well as the development of joint public safety/public health task forces. Using research evidence from other countries to influence policy in Russia has had limited effects. Therefore, more evidence from Russian studies is needed to advance the alignment of public health and public safety efforts to effectively address drug userelated harm and HIV prevention in Russia.
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Buabeng-Baidoo, Johannes. "‘Human Rights do not stop at the border' : a critical examination on the fundamental rights of regular migrants in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/18607.
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In Africa, the fight against poverty has a great deal in common with the struggle for political and
economic security. For many migrant workers around the continent and elsewhere, the need for
socio-economic security serves as the underlining motive for migration to boundaries beyond
their own, in search of ‘greener pastures’ - a life of dignity, respect and socio-economic security.
The high level of infrastructure, economic and political stability remains an attractive incentive
for irregular migrants to migrate to South Africa. Thousands of migrant workers make annually
the journey to South Africa with the hope of finding a better life. However, their arrival in South
Africa marks the beginning of an even more tenacious struggle against unimaginable odds. For
many irregular migrants, the dream of a better life soon becomes a nightmare highlighted by
constant struggle against xenophobia, police brutality, exploitation by unscrupulous employers,
marginalisation and disregard for fundamental human rights by the state.Mini Dissertation (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
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Centre for Human Rights
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Ram, Jat Tej. "Maternal health and health care in Madhya Pradesh state of India : an exploration using a human rights lens." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-95900.
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Pregnancy and motherhood are natural processes in the lives of women of reproductive age. These processes are generally considered to be positive and fulfilling experiences. However, for various reasons, many women end up dying as a result of these processes. Improving maternal health and reducing maternal mortality are accepted as human rights challenges and prioritized in several international declarations and national policies. However, progress in achieving these objectives still remains poor. This thesis aims to explore the maternal health and healthcare in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh through a human rights lens. A human rights lens provides a framework to study various aspects of the problem of maternal health from a human rights perspective. It helps in highlighting the gaps and challenges related to political priority, sociocultural, economic and individual-level factors and the availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of maternal healthcare services. A combination of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies was applied in four sub-studies conducted in Madhya Pradesh. The specific objectives were: to investigate, by using John W. Kingdon’s multiple-streams model of agenda setting, why and how maternal health became a political priority in the state (Paper I); to estimate the effects of individual-, community- and district-level characteristics on the utilization of maternal health services with special reference to antenatal care, skilled attendance at delivery and post-natal care (Paper II); to analyse sociocultural and service delivery related dimensions of maternal deaths in rural central India through a human rights lens (Paper III); and to evaluate the technical efficiency of the public district hospitals using data envelopment analysis (Paper IV). The findings of the first qualitative study indicated that various developments at international, national and state level brought the issue of maternal health to the priority political agenda in Madhya Pradesh state. This resulted in the introduction of new policies and programmes and more resources were allocated for improving maternal health. However, several challenges still remain in ensuring proper implementation of these programmes and policies. The quantitative study on factors affecting the use of maternal health services revealed that 61.7% of women used antenatal care at least once, 49.8% of women used skilled attendance at delivery and 37.4% of women used post-natal care during their most recent pregnancy. The household’s socio-economic status and mother’s education emerged as the most important factors associated with the use of antenatal care and skilled attendance at delivery. Delivery by skilled personnel and the use of antenatal care were the most important factors in the use of post-natal care. This study highlighted the need to identify and focus on community- and district-level intervention along with addressing the individual-level factors. The findings of the third qualitative sub-study revealed that all pregnant women in the study tried to access medical assistance for obstetric complications but various factors delayed appropriate care. The underestimation of complication symptoms by family members, gender inequity and the negative perceptions regarding delivery services deferred decisions to seek care. Transportation problems and care seeking at multiple facilities also constrained timely reaching of appropriate health facilities. Negligence by health staff in providing care, and unavailability of blood and emergency obstetric care services, delayed the receiving of adequate care after reaching a health facility. This study indicates that normative elements of a human rights approach to maternal health, i.e. availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality, were not fully upheld. The deceased women and their relatives were unable to claim their entitlements and the duty bearers could not meet their obligations despite their conscious efforts to improve maternal health. In the last study, the results of data envelopment analysis revealed that half of the district hospitals (20) in the study were operating inefficiently. This research establishes a need to give special attention to addressing challenges in the maternal health programmes at the implementation level as well as tackling the social determinants of maternal health. In order to increase the utilization of maternal health services in the state, the need to identify and focus on community- and district- as well as individual level interventions is emphasized. In order to prevent maternal deaths, a need for further concentrated efforts is underlined with a view to honouring human rights elements of maternal health by better community education, women’s empowerment and health system strengthening with the provision of appropriate and timely services including emergency obstetric care of good quality. It also highlights a need to identify the causes of the observed inefficiencies and to take appropriate measures to increase the efficiency of district hospitals.
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Rajack, Louise S. "Pets and human health : the influence of pets on cardiovascular and other aspects of owners' health." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340465.
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McDermid, Joann M. "Antioxidant micronutrient intake and oxidative stress in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23920.
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An imbalance of the oxidant-antioxidant equilibrium has been associated with disease progression in HIV-seropositive individuals. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the efficacy of antioxidant supplementation in reducing the concentrations of oxidative stress markers. The objectives of the present cross-sectional study were to evaluate the dietary intake and nutritional supplementation practices of 24 HIV-seropositive persons in Montreal and explore the relationship between dietary intakes of antioxidant micronutrients (ascorbic acid, vitamin E, $ beta$-carotene, zinc, selenium), oxidative stress (plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), leukocyte glutathione (GSH)) and immunological indices (absolute CD4+ counts, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)). Unexpectedly, and paradoxically, a tendency to higher MDA concentrations in subjects with higher CD4+ counts was observed (r = 0.39, p $<$ 0.10). Moreover, supplementation with vitamin E was associated with significantly higher MDA concentrations (p $<$ 0.05). Ascorbic acid intake, even at levels in excess of the tissue saturation (200 mg/d) did not significantly lower MDA concentrations. Neither GSH concentrations nor CD4+ counts were significantly different between supplement users and non-users. In general, the small sample size of this study may have been in part responsible for the failure to detect statistical significance in some associations, however, trends were noted. These included the observation that vitamin supplement users were more likely to have a history of a clinical event associated with HIV infection (opportunistic infection, neoplasm, unintentional weight loss), have a longer duration of IV-seropositivity and have significantly higher MDA concentrations (p $<$ 0.05). In this study, it appears that antioxidants, and vitamin E in particular, were ineffective in reducing the elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with HIV infection.