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Loots, Josua. "Infrastructure for development : the use of human rights impact assessments in public-private partnerships." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78572.
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This thesis contributes to the understanding of the most effective ways to promote sustainable and inclusive development. It uses public private partnerships in infrastructure projects as a case study for demonstrating that a holistic approach of development that incorporates human rights considerations is needed to achieve sustainable and inclusive development outcomes. The dissertation explores different notions of development and how they have influenced the regulatory frameworks for and the structuring of Infrastructure projects and their effectiveness in achieving their intended development outcomes. It demonstrates that public-private partnerships add several layers of complexity to infrastructure finance, planning and implementation, and that they can result in a significant gap between the project’s intended and actual developmental outcomes. The thesis proposes that governments and other project sponsors use human rights impact assessments (HRIAs) to address the challenges created by public-private partnerships in infrastructure projects and shows that this will help increase the possibility that infrastructure PPPs lead to sustainable development outcomes. The thesis also analyses a number of established human rights impact assessment methodologies and proposes a new approach that is specifically designed for the particular context of public-private partnerships in infrastructure projects.<br>Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2020.<br>National Research Foundation (NRF)<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>LLD<br>Unrestricted
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Bengtsson, Linus. "The Impact of Rights Based Approaches to development - how can it be shown if they make a difference?" Thesis, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23274.
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This study deals with how NGOs make human rights impact assessment in relation to their Rights-Based Approaches (RBAs) and discuss what a common framework for impact assessment could look like. The study deals with Oxfam, CARE and Amnesty International, and analyse how their different backgrounds and approaches influence their work with measuring impact. It is showed that they are not able to link development to human rights and not successful in reporting impact in human rights terms. The NGOs with a background in the development field focus on empowering rights-holders while the NGO with a background in the human rights field focus on duty-bearers. The paper concludes that to be accountable to people in the south NGOs need to co-operate on impact assessment and link it clearly to human rights law. It is important that this is done in a process that empowers partners and rights-holders, rather than reinforces old power structures.
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Wortmann, Martin [Verfasser]. "The Institutionalization of Human Rights Impact Assessments : the Case of the European Union / Martin Wortmann." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1216143838/34.
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Krstik, Stanko. "The Agreement Concerning Annual Reports on Human Rights and Free Trade Between Canada and Colombia and Home State Responsibility to Prevent Transnational Human Rights and Environmental Harm Caused or Enabled by International Investment Agreements." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30289.
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The Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement (CCOFTA) came into force in August 2011 amidst concerns that the provisions protecting Canadian investment in Colombia could exacerbate the precarious human rights situation. The Agreement concerning Annual Reports on Human Rights and Free Trade between Canada and Colombia was negotiated to address such concerns by enshrining the first ever human rights impact assessment (HRIA) of a free trade and investment agreement (TIA) in an internationally binding instrument. This thesis builds on a growing body of international legal scholarship that has considered the duty of home states of private investors to regulate their activity in the host state so as to prevent them from causing or contributing to human rights and environmental harm. It examines state obligations found in human rights, environmental and general principles of international law to propose that while an obligation might exist for the home state to exercise unilateral regulation of its investors, in the presence of a TIA that could cause or enable private human rights or environmental harm, investor regulation through the TIA can be seen as duty for both the home and host states. In view of the absence of such regulation in the CCOFTA, this thesis will consider if the annual HRIA mechanism is an alternative for preventing human rights and environmental harm caused or enabled by the TIA. It is submitted that while HRIAs of TIAs are a novel concept for which little international practice exists, this mechanism has the capacity to provide concrete evidence of human rights or environmental harm caused or enabled by the TIA, but only if based on a methodological model that uses existing state international human rights law obligations as indicators to measure a change in the human rights situation, draws unequivocal causal links between the investment protection provisions and human rights indicators, and allows for broad public participation, especially from the most marginalized and underrepresented groups in the host state to validate its methodology and findings. While under international law all investment-exporting states might have a duty to conduct HRIA on the effects of a proposed TIA as part of the due diligence to prevent transnational harm, the enshrinement of such assessments in an internationally binding instrument triggers a duty for the home state to, on one hand use the HRIA mechanism to prevent transnational human rights or environmental harm and, on the other hand, structure its annual assessments according to the described model in order to give effect to the duty to prevent. Broad and inclusive participation of the local affected communities from the host state in the HRIA becomes an integral component of the home state duty to prevent that can be expected to reveal any negative effects on the human rights situation from the TIA provisions, as well as the type of action required from both states parties to address them.
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Godwin, Donna D. "The Impact of Gender on Domestic Human Rights Abuse." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4515/.
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This study develops three models of human rights determinants with the inclusion an untested variable, women in parliaments. The research is conducted on pooled cross-sectional time-series data from 130 countries between 1978 and 1996. For the purpose of analysis the Prais-Winsten Regression method with Panel Corrected Standard Errors was used. The women in power variable is hypothesized to be significantly, positively correlated with a state's propensity toward respect for human rights and is operationalized as percentage of women in parliaments. Three models incorporating as control variables previously identified correlates of human rights abuse were utilized to asses the impact of percentages of women in parliaments on two individual subsets of human rights: personal integrity rights and socio-economic rights. Two models were designed to measure the subset of rights categorized as personal integrity rights using two separate measures: State Department Scores and Amnesty International Scores. Model number three utilized the Physical Quality of Life Index to measure levels of socio-economic rights. Statistical significance was demonstrated by the women in parliament variable in all three models.
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Youngs, Raymond. "A comparative law assessment of the contribution which German human rights law can make to English human rights law." Thesis, Kingston University, 2013. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/27783/.
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Thalmann, Vanessa. "Prison labour for private corporations : the impact of human rights." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82672.
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In the past two decades, the prison population has increased considerably in many industrialized countries. In the United States, for example, the prison population has more than quadrupled since 1980. As a response to the considerable incarceration costs, the number of private prisons and the number of prisoners working for private corporations have increased significantly. Proponents of private sector involvement in prison industries argue that inmate labour can reduce the incarceration costs and contribute to rehabilitation of prisoners.<br>The question of private sector involvement in prison facilities raises significant concerns as regards to international labour standards. Opponents of private sector involvement argue that private hiring of prison labour can involve exploitation. They also argue that the authority for punishment is a core governmental function that cannot be delegated to the private sector. Furthermore, in most cases, labour and social security laws are not applied to inmates. Therefore, prison labour can constitute unfair competition with free labour or even go as far as to replace free labour.
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Freedman, Rosa. "The United Nations Human Rights Council : a critique and early assessment." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2011. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/2418.
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The United Nations Human Rights Council was created in 2006 to replace the UN Commission on Human Rights. The Commission‘s failure had been attributed to its increasing politicisation and decreasing ability to discharge its mandate. Many radical reforms were not taken up at the Council‘s creation. The Council‘s constituent instrument did provide theoretical methods for avoiding the Commission‘s failings, all of which required implementation by states, regional groups and political blocs. Despite efforts at the Council‘s creation, and during early sessions, to avoid selectivity, partiality and bias, the new body has seen little change in the problems that had beset its predecessor. Many of the issues at the new body can be found in other international organisations. Unlike other bodies, however, those failings undermine the Council‘s ability to discharge its mandate. In order to examine the Council, I have used international law alongside general theories of international relations as applied to international organisations. Council sessions, procedures and mechanisms have been examined, and politicisation of the new body has been compared with the Commission‘s failings.
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Karamalidou, Anastasia. "A critical assessment of human rights in English and Dutch prisons." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2010. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/7901/.
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At international (United Nations) and regional (Council of Europe) level, post-war initiatives have seen the gradual emergence of a multitude of human rights instruments with direct and indirect applicability to prison conditions and prisoner treatment. In particular, the Council of Europe, via its Convention on and Court of Human Rights, has succeeded at ushering in the prisoner as a legitimate rights holder as any other human agent. Nearly a decade into the new millennium and past 50 years since the inception of the European Convention, the present study attempts to explore the dynamics of human rights in prisons against the latter' s unwavering popularity. Having only prisoners on board, it sets off to document their awareness, understanding and conceptualisations of the idea and application of human rights to the carceral context. The objective is to unravel the potentiality (-ies) of human rights in prisons, if any, and its implications for imprisonment as a state punishment. To this end, we are taken to two Western European countries-England & Wales and the Netherlands. There, 9 prisons and a probation office are visited where 63 adult men and women assess the state and viability of human rights in jail through interviews and questionnaires. Their differences in terms of the context of their imprisonment aspire to discern elements, which are conducive to making prison work-if possible.
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Musonda, Patience Chomba. "Human Rights assessment on the reintegration of child soldiers in Uganda." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/37364.
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Jebril, Mona A. S. "Academic life under occupation : the impact on educationalists at Gaza's universities." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271892.
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This sociological study explores the past and current higher education (HE) experience of educationalists at Gaza’s universities and how this experience may be evolving in the shifting socio-political context in the Arab World. The thesis is motivated by three questions: 1. What are the perspectives of academic staff in the Faculties of Education at Gaza’s universities on their own past HE experiences? 2. What are the perspectives of students and their lecturers (academic staff) in the Faculties of Education at Gaza’s universities on students’ current HE experiences? 3. How do educationalists in the Faculties of Education at Gaza’s universities perceive the shifting socio-political context in the Arab World, and what current or future impact do they think it will have on the education context at Gaza’s universities? To examine these questions, I conducted an inductive qualitative study. Using 36 in-depth, semi- structured interviews which lasted between (90-300 min), I collected data from educationalists (15 academic staff; 21 students) at two of Gaza’s universities. Due to difficulties of access to the Gaza Strip, the participants were interviewed via Skype from Cambridge. Informed by the literature review, and triangulated with other research activities, such as reviewing participants’ CVs, browsing universities websites, and keeping a reflective journal, a thematic analysis was conducted on the interview data. Theoretically, although this study has benefited from conceptual insights, such as those found in Paulo Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed and in Pierre Bourdieu’s work on symbolic violence, it is a micro-level study, which is mainly data driven. The findings of this research show that in the past, educationalists were relatively more passive in terms of shaping their HE experiences, despite efforts to become resilient. In the present, students and their lecturers continue to face challenges that impact negatively on their participation and everyday life at Gaza’s universities. However, how the HE experience will evolve out of this context in the future is uncertain. The Arab Spring revolutions have had an influence on Gaza HE institutions’ campuses as they have triggered more awareness of students’ grievances and discontent. Because of some political and educational barriers, however, students’ voices are a cacophony; they remain split between “compliance” and resistance (Bourdieu, 1984, p. 471; Swartz, 2013, p. 39). Previously, Sara Roy (1995) rightly indicated a structure of “de-development” in the Gaza Strip (p.110). The findings from this research show that the impact of occupation and of the changes in the Arab World on the educational context in Gaza are more complex than previously thought. There is a simultaneous process of construction and destruction that is both external and internal to educationalists and which undermines academic work at Gaza’s universities. Based on this, the study concludes by explaining six implications of this complex structure for academic practice at Gaza’s universities, offering nine policy recommendations for HE reform, and highlighting six areas for future research.
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Bonn, Georg. "Communication Flow, Information Exchange and Their Impact on Human Rights Violations." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277910/.
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Although international human rights declarations exist, violations of human rights are still sad but also common facts around the world. But for repressive regimes, it becomes more and more difficult to hide committed human rights violations, since society entered the "Information Revolution." This study argues that the volume of international information exchanged influences a country's human rights record. A pooled cross sectional time series regression model with a lagged endogenous variable and a standard robust error technique is used to test several hypotheses. The findings of this study indicate that the flow of information can be related to a country's human rights index. The study also suggests that more empirical work on this topic will be necessary.
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McCallum, Suzanne. "Out of the ghetto?, the feminist impact on international human rights law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0029/MQ66629.pdf.
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Ozsahin, Mustafa Cuneyt Morrison Minion K. C. "The impact of European Union membership conditionality of human rights in Turkey." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6733.
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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 23, 2010). Thesis advisor: Dr. Minion KC Morrison. Includes bibliographical references.
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Upadhyaya, Krishna Prasad Sriprapha Petcharamesree. "The impact of democratisation on the human rights of dalits in Nepal /." Abstract, 2003. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2546/cd357/4238420.pdf.
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El-Haybi, Wissam Abdo. "Impact of Nongovernmental Organizations Promoting and Developing Women's Human Rights in Lebanon." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5854.
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Domestic violence is a global issue and is one of the most widespread violations to human rights. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine strategies applied by 3 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to sustain and develop women's human rights. The theoretical foundation for this study was based on Sabatier and Jerkins' advocacy coalition framework and Jones and McBeth's theory of narrative policy. The research question was focused on the influence Lebanese laws have on domestic violence in supporting NGOs in promoting women's human rights. A case study design was used to answer the research question and in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 participants each from 3 selected NGOs. Data from the transcripts were analyzed using hand coding and analysis for emergent themes. The interviews and the reflective notes were organized based on how the participants perceived domestic violence and to what extent the existing laws enabled them to reduce the effect of domestic violence on society. The findings revealed that despite laws, women in Lebanon still suffer from domestic violence due to the patriarchal and confessional system, and this affects women's psychological and social lives. Recommendations include establishing a Google page that supports domestic violence victims and having NGOs provide preventative programs as well as counseling for men and women because domestic violence is a social problem. The implications for social change include informing policy makers of the importance of the issue, which increases awareness and can lead to new ways to reduce the effects of domestic violence.
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Weston, Elin. "Section 19 of the Human Rights Act 1998 : importance, impact and reform." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/section-19-of-the-human-rights-act-1998(1f30141e-d2a3-48df-9a73-b1c36a09a88f).html.
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Section 19 of the HRA 1998 (HRA) requires a Minister to make a statement to Parliament, before the second reading of a bill for which he is responsible, on the proposed legislation’s compatibility with Convention rights. This procedural mechanism is of central importance to the scheme of the Act, aiming to better protect Convention rights while preserving parliamentary sovereignty (Chapter 1). The section 19 procedure accords with similar developments in a number of other Commonwealth jurisdictions which emphasise the importance of human rights standards being taken into account in the legislative process (Chapter 2). However, despite its domestic and international significance, the importance of section 19 within the scheme of the HRA was overshadowed during the Act’s parliamentary passage and in academic studies of its operation (Chapter 3). Section 19 has resulted in the development of many positive practices relating to the preparation of legislation by central government (Chapter 4) and the scrutiny of legislation by Parliament (Chapter 5), notably the production of detailed guidance for the Executive and the work of the Joint Committee on Human Rights. However, a number of obstacles remain, such that section 19 has had a more limited impact than originally intended. Many of these limiting factors are illustrated in a case-study examination of the passage of section 19 of the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc) Act 2004 (Chapter 6). This thesis proposes reforms to the section 19 system designed to alleviate a number of the problems identified, including transferring the obligation to make statements of compatibility to the Attorney-General and providing education and training on human rights issues to parliamentarians (Chapter 7). These and other measures discussed in this thesis would help ensure that the democratically accountable branches of government fully contributed to the protection of human rights in the United Kingdom.
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Budde, Rebecca [Verfasser]. "Qualification of Children’s Rights Experts in Academia - a Qualitative Impact Assessment / Rebecca Budde." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1176640038/34.
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Alhmoudi, Mohamed Khalifa. "The impact of international human rights on women's rights in the United Arab Emirates : progress towards gender equality." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2017. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/22686/.
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Despite substantial progress, gender inequality is still endemic in many regions around the world, particularly in Muslim countries. This constitutes a main obstacle to human development. At the international level, various instruments have been adopted in order to improve the situation of women, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) and particularly the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). These conventions are important tools to advance the rights of women across the world. Amongst other international instruments, the UAE has ratified these conventions in order to demonstrate its commitment to women rights. Nonetheless, the UAE has repeatedly been criticised by the Committees of the CERD and the CEDAW and other non-governmental bodies for failing to meet the requisite international standards. Whilst the UAE has embarked on a modernisation programme several decades ago and has adopted a national strategy on the advancement of women and has created various national mechanisms and has made considerable progress in empowering women, there still exist some issues which impede gender equality. It is against this background that the research ascertains what impact the ratified human rights conventions have had in the UAE and how the UAE meets its international gender equality obligations. The objective of the research is therefore to critically assess to what extent the UAE has enabled women to enjoy political rights, as well as other rights affirmed by international women rights instruments and to analyse the impact which major international conventions, which the UAE has ratified, have had, as well as relevant national laws, policies and initiatives. A doctrinal analysis was critically conducted and socio-legal research was also considered. Additionally, a mixed method approach was adopted. Interviews were conducted with 14 respondents from the Ministry of the State for National Council Affairs, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Interior, the United Arab Emirates University, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Justice, the United Arab Emirates National Committee to Combat Human Trafficking, the Emirates Human Rights Association, UAE non-profit bodies, the General Women’s Union, the Ewa'a Shelter for Women and Children, the Family Development Foundation Abu Dhabi and the Dubai Foundation for Women and Children. Furthermore, two surveys were conducted with 427 female Emiratis and non-Emiratis, who live in the UAE. The research generally confirmed the literature. The findings highlighted that ratification constituted the logical conclusion of a long standing started state policy to promote gender equality. However, whilst much progress has been made in the economic and educational realm and to some extent in the political sphere, issues still persist in the private and family realm. Yet over time, the existing issues are likely to disappear, particularly in light of the fact that women are now much more educated, which will inevitably change their economic role and result in more public participation over the next years. Nonetheless, it is important that further legal reform takes place in order to combat androcentric and patriarchal interpretations within the law.
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Awoniyi, Henry Olufemi. "An assessment of the Nigerian Christian magazine's response to oppression in Nigeria as an advocacy journal 1967-1987." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362170.
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For twenty-three years, the Christian Council of Nigeria made plans for a newspaper with which to plead the cause of the disadvantaged in Nigeria. In April 1967, it eventually launched the <I>Nigerian Christian</I> magazine as a Christian journal for reporting and reflection on matters of importance to the nation. This thesis assesses the <I>Nigerian Christian</I> magazine's response to oppression in Nigeria, in order to determine whether the magazine lived up to its foundling vision. The study is delimited to 1) the <I>Nigerian Christian's</I> reporting and reflection over a twenty-year period beginning from its debut, and 2) the following issues: (i) national ideology, (ii) the rule of law, (iii) constitutional view of subsistence rights, (iv) official corruption, and (v) the strike phenomenon. The concept of advocacy press, a journalistic category, currently articulated and promoted by the World Association for Christian Communication, was adapted and used as a normative frame of reference, for assessing the <I>Nigerian Christian's</I> response to oppression in Nigeria. Having established that the criterion is both a journalistic category and a socio-ethical tool with a sound theological basis; its news-worthiness criteria were adapted and reformulated for this study as follows: 1) alternative time-frame, 2) alternative social actors, 3) alternative narrative. The analysis shows that the <I>Nigerian Christian</I>, in its reporting, lived up to its founding vision with respect to the first news-worthiness criterion. It was less faithful to its vision with the second. With reference to the third criterion, the <I>Nigerian Christian</I> betrayed its founding vision because its reflection on the five issues was an echo of the <I>status quo</I>.
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Okogbule, Nlerum Sunday. "An appraisal of the mutual impact between globalization and human rights in Africa." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3309/.
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Globalization has become one of the defining features of the contemporary world, and is, no doubt, having some impact on human rights. In examining the nature of the impact with particular reference to Africa, this Thesis challenges the conventional scholarship which has so far concentrated on the impact of globalization on human rights, ignoring the possible impact of human rights on processes of globalization, and argues that in order to obtain a holistic view of the relationship between globalization and human rights, sufficient attention must equally be given to the corresponding impact of human rights norms on processes of globalization. In support of this formulation, three levels of analysis are adopted in the Thesis, namely; international, regional and national systems. It is argued that at the international level, the impact of human rights norms on processes of globalization is evidenced by the fact that international economic institutions such as International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and World Trade Organization (WTO), which initially ignored human rights norms in their policies, programmes and operations, have now embraced such norms. At the regional level, the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, embodying human rights norms attentive to the African condition, has been used to constrain processes of globalization. Finally, using three African countries, namely, South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya as case studies, it is demonstrated that at the national levels, human rights norms are also impacting on processes of globalization, as the activities of transnational corporations, and those of governments based on the dictates of economic globalization, are being challenged by human rights NGOs and other social movements. It is on this score that the ‘Mutual Impact thesis’ is formulated, the contention being that for a proper understanding of whether the impact of globalization on human rights is positive or negative, a debate that has engaged the attention of some writers, the preliminary issue of the corresponding impact of human rights on globalization must also be taken into account.
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Vasconcelos, M. C. P. S. "Public involvement in Environmental Impact Assessment : the Portuguese case." Thesis, University of Salford, 2001. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/14822/.
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Public involvement in environmental management has become an important component of decision making, which had been until the 1970's based almost entirely on "economic efficiency" and "science centred approach". EIA, the most widespread instrument asking for public involvement in environmental management has been reconceptualised to incorporate concepts of sustainable development for which EIA is well fitted provided it is a "holistic", "preventive" and "participative" instrument. However, depending on political, institutional and social contexts EIA processes, by opening decision making to the public sphere, still represent a great shift in traditional planning. EIA was introduced in the Portuguese legal system in 1990 due to the Portuguese membership in the European Union and public participation became mandatory. The intriguing question on the basis of this investigation is how a society labelled as having a non-participative culture and where decision making has never been opened to public scrutiny behaves with such an instrument. A broad picture of EIA public participation in the Portuguese society has been outlined, the approach taken stressing the importance of cultural contexts in getting insights to the understanding of the phenomenon. This broad picture has been enhanced by the use of an in-depth case study of the Portuguese reality in order to stress relevant features. An analytical model to guide the investigation has been constructed by putting together pieces of consensus on public participation effectiveness identifying key issues and key criteria. This investigation indicates that despite the reactive approach taken to EIA and the weakness of the Portuguese EIA system, EIA has been contributing to a change in public perceptions as well as in attitudes of developers, consultants, government and institutions towards environmental management. It is increasingly felt that EIA got roots in Portuguese society being the instrument that asks more regularly and with more efficacy for public involvement. In pair with this, it is also recognised that EIA needs reformulations to make it a more effective, comprehensive and credible tool. Public participation in the Portuguese EIA system presents several difficulties related to the social/cultural context and to the procedures used in its implementation. The former deals in a great part with the lack of traditions of participation in society, the strong weight of representative democracy and the low levels of environmental consciousness. The later deals with the late phase of public involvement, poor mechanisms used to disseminate information and promote a two-way communication and the use of a standard bureaucratic process. Environmental problems arrived late to Portuguese society but have become increasingly relevant due to the development policies followed. Signs exist now that the traditional passive citizenship can give place to a more active one and that the lay public increasingly feel that they have a word to say in decisions affecting their quality of life. Some avenues have been explored in this investigation related to context and practice of public involvement in EIA and to the challenge posed by sustainable development to societies especially those considered of intermediate development.
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Nusinov, Michael Cooper. "Visualizing threat and impact assessment to improve situation awareness /." Online version of thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11245.
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Kihara, Ivy Evonne Wanjiku. "The Impact of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism on the Right to Education." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1099_1318496212.
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After the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States of America, there has been a shift in the policies of many countries to combat terrorism. Terrorism has had a devastating effect on many citizens of the world. These include âthe enjoyment of the right to life, liberty and physical integrity of victims. In addition to these individual costs, terrorism can destabilise Governments, undermine civil society, jeopardise peace and security, and threaten social and economic development.â1 All of these also had a real impact on the enjoyment of human rights. Therefore the fight to curb further terrorist attacks is paramount. States are charged with the responsibility of curbing terrorism by their citizens. But with responsibility comes obligations to the citizenry.2 States should therefore not engage in policies or actions that further deprive others of their enjoyment of human rights. This is well put by Hoffman when he says âhistory shows that when societies trade human rights for security, most often they get neither.
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Kumar, C. Raj. "Corruption and its impact on human rights in India : comparative perspectives on improving goverance." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/198804.
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Van, Gensen Wendy-Lee. "Assessment of the development of victims' rights within the legislative and policy framework in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3791.
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Magister Legum - LLM<br>This study assesses the development ofvictims' rights in the legislative and policy
framework in South Africa. It is argued that although victims' rights are recognised
more has to be done to concretise these rights.
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Glarou, Despoina [Verfasser]. "The Impact of Naturalistic and Legal Positivist Doctrines on the Implementation of International Human Rights Treaty Law : The Case of Reservations to Human Rights Treaties / Despoina Glarou." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1126262722/34.
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Foden, Jo. "Integrated spatial assessment of human pressures and impact on UK seabed habitats." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/32635/.
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Jumpa, Salisa. "Assessment of human impact on the genetic diversity of tropical forest taxa." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/assessment-of-human-impact-on-the-genetic-diversity-of-tropical-forest-taxa(3c1e3317-7d48-4587-bfde-f76eca45ca56).html.
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Biodiversity in Southeast Asia has been decreasing as a result of human activities. The findings of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, reported in 2005, demonstrated that environmental change, such as deforestation, has resulted in recent major loss of biodiversity at the species level and increased rates of extinction; however, it is unknown whether a similar deficit has occurred at the level of genetic diversity within species. This study aims to understand how the past has shaped the current pattern of genetic diversity, the impact of recent forest loss on genetic diversity and how this information can be used to develop effective conservation strategy. To achieve this aim, microsatellites were developed by sequencing genomic libraries and from comparisons of database sequences. The utility of these markers for population genetics studies has been tested and confirmed for the three main study taxa and across a broad range of other squirrel species. These microsatellites and mitochondrial sequence data (cytochrome b gene) were utilized to determine the genetic diversity and population structure of three squirrel taxa with varying degrees of forest dependency on Thailand’s tropical forests. The most forest dependent taxon is Phayre’s flying squirrel (Hylopetes phayrei). The second taxon is the moderately forest-dependent tree squirrel, the Grey-bellied squirrel (Callosciurus caniceps). The third, and least forest dependent taxon, is the Indochinese ground squirrel, Menetes berdmorei. Our data revealed far more biodiversity in these taxa than previously recognized; there were three genetically distinct lineages in H. phayrei and M. berdmorei and two lineages in C. caniceps. This demonstrates that biodiversity in this region has been underestimated. In the two most forest dependent taxa lineage divergence dated to the Pleistocene indicating that this biodiversity was generated by isolation in allopatric forest refugia during the cool, dry periods of the Pleistocene. In H. phayrei, the most forest-dependent taxon, at least two of the lineages were distinct species occurring sympatrically in Thailand on the border with Myanmar. This taxon supported the biogeographical hypothesis developed in forest dependent mosquitoes of allopatric isolation in northwest and northeastern Pleistocene refugia. Callosciurus caniceps had evidence of a southern refugium in peninsular Thailand or Malaysia. The lower levels of structuring in the least forest dependent taxon M. berdmorei suggest a limited impact of Pleistocene environmental change. All three taxa had eastern lineages which may have been due to Pleistocene forest fragmentation in some of the species. These eastern populations typically had lower levels of microsatellite and mtDNA genetic diversity. This is likely due to the recent loss of genetic diversity as in recent decades these forests have been highly fragmented and reduced in size due to human activity. Our finding that the northern Thai-Myanmar border region is a suture zone in highly dependent forest species and has high within lineage/species diversity makes this region a priority for conservation. The distinct genetic lineages in the east and south should also be managed as separate conservation units. Further efforts are required to assess the impact of loss of genetic diversity in Thailand’s fragmented forests and how this may be remedied.
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Fleay, Caroline. "The impact of internal and external responses on human rights practices in China : the Chinese government and the spiral model /." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, 2005. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16120.
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This thesis assesses the usefulness of the five phase spiral model as an explanation of the changes in the Chinese government's human rights practices from the time of the "antirightist" campaign in 1957-58 to the end of 2003. Thomas Risse, Stephen Ropp and Kathryn Sikkink's spiral model focuses on the constitutive relationship between a target state and international human rights norms by exploring the influence of a transnational network promoting these norms on the human rights practices of the target state. The thesis concludes that the spiral model has provided a valid explanation for many of the changes in the Chinese government's human rights practices, and its responses to its internal and external critics, from 1957 to 2003. Many of the responses of the transnational human rights network and the Chinese government by the end of this period indicate that the latter had progressed to phase three of the model. Some aspects of the Chinese government's practices and relationships with its more powerful state critics can be better explained by the alternative explanations examined here, neorealism and modernisation theories. However, constructivist approaches, and in particular the spiral model, are more effective in explaining the developing pattern of communication about the validity of human rights norms. This thesis also concludes that the spiral model only conceptualises part of the constitutive relationship between the target state and international human rights norms - the influence of these norms on the identities, interests and behaviours of a target state.<br>It does not conceptualise the influence of a target state on international human rights norms or the transnational human rights network. Therefore, the spiral model cannot explain why the Chinese government has had such a significant influence over the enforcement mechanisms of these norms. An explanation for this is found instead by combining elements of neorealism and constructivism.
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Techane, Meskerem Geset. "Where is the African Charter? Assessing the impact of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights in Mauritius." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/18643.
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The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights is turning 30 since its adoption. The Charter is also soon turning to its 20 in Mauritius since ratification. The Charter indeed has been hailed for its unique normative content and aspired to be a beacon of human rights in the Continent which has attracted the attention of academicians as well as experts in the field of human rights. The Charter has undoubtedly affected domestic systems through the promotional and protective mandates exercised by the African Commission. How much the Charter has actually influenced domestic human rights practices however, has not yet formed much of the available literature. More so, Mauritius being a party to the Charter for nearly two decades has not enjoyed the attention of writers on the African Charter. Not much is known as to the interactions of Mauritius with the African system which calls for investigation of how much the Charter has influenced the domestic system for two decades long. Beyond formidable normative content, the success of a human rights system depends on the impact it exerts on domestic systems through shaping the behaviours, actions and practice of domestic institutions. Such reflection is therefore, important to gauge the impact of the African Charter and profile its future towards success. This study attempts to enlighten the impact of the African Charter in Mauritius by embarking on examination of the practices of domestic institutions and actors offering unexploited area to ponder critically.<br>Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011.<br>http://www.chr.up.ac.za/<br>nf2012<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>LLM
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Galliker, Doris. "The potential impact of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on the realisation of socio-economic rights in the international arena: what can be learnt from the justiciability of socio-economic rights in South Africa?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4694.
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The Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the 'Optional Protocol' or the 'OP-ICESCR') has recently been adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations. This document establishes a new complaints procedure for economic, social and cultural rights ('ESCR') within the United Nations human rights system. Hence, those rights ' as it is already the case for civil and political rights (CPR) ' will become quasi-justiciable at international level. Once the Optional Protocol will enter into force, individuals and groups victims of violations of any right contained in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the 'Covenant' or the 'ICESCR') will have the possibility to submit communications to the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the 'Committee' or the 'CESCR'), as long as the state concerned is party to the OP-ICESCR.
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Pegram, Thomas Innes. "The global diffusion of national human rights institutions and their political impact in Latin America." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2b5e171e-10b0-4a55-a5ca-dcdee61750bf.
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In this thesis, two questions are analysed: (1) why have National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) become so widely disseminated among contemporary states? And, (2) what explains the variable institutionalisation of NHRIs once activated? The thesis first traces the diffusion of NHRIs across political regimes in general, with particular attention to unstable democratic regimes. It argues that NHRI creation can be attributed to three principal diffusion mechanisms: coercion, acculturation, and persuasion. These three explanatory models, however, lack precision. Linking each mechanism to recent processes of diffusion in Latin America, the analysis identifies how the diffusion of an Iberian variant to the generic NHRI category - the Defensorfa del Pueblo - corresponds to three intermediate categories: compulsion, material inducement and framing of ideas. The initial political circumstance of Defensoria creation in Latin America, in turn, has significant implications for their institutionalisation. A domestic level of analysis is necessary to explain the institutionalisation of Defensorias operating in the democratic regimes of Latin America. The standard explanation correlates performance with structural form. While this thesis recognises the development of formal design principles is important in explaining institutionalisation, it adds a major qualification. It shows that the informal dimension of Defensorias' relations with organised state and social actors and rules of access across accountability arenas is often decisive. A typological framework is generated to assess the impact of these two dimensions on Defensorias when formal rules are enforced in a variable manner and tend to lack stability over time. This comparative analysis highlights the accountability gap which these institutions attempt, importantly, to address. By explaining how Defensorias actually work, including when and why they matter, this thesis goes beyond narrow institutionalism as suggested by the political accountability literature.
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Seguin, Kady. "The Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights: Assessing impact on company behaviour in Colombia." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28365.
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The debate over the use of legal regulation and voluntary initiatives for generating responsible business practices from companies operating abroad has raised concerns regarding the effectiveness of voluntary initiatives. A main argument against voluntary initiatives is that companies adopt them solely to boost corporate image, and that implementation has been limited. To provide insight into this debate, research was conducted on the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights (VPs), an initiative in the extractive sector that focuses on safeguarding human rights. The research involved three case studies on companies operating in Colombia, including BHP Billiton, Occidental Petroleum and Talisman Energy. The findings of this research indicate that overall the initiative has generated some improvement in the way that companies manage potential security and human rights risks, providing evidence that companies are not adopting voluntary initiatives solely for the purpose of boosting public relations.
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Alshammari, Yahya. "The promotion of the right of self-determination in international law and the impact of the principle of non-interference." Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/9199.
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This dissertation presents an analytical study of the evolution of the right of political selfdetermination and the influence of the principle of non-interference on promotion of this right. The intellectual and legal interests in democracy, good governance and social justice have contributed to the development of this right and its realisation for peoples lacking the least degree of good governance. The right of political self-determination is strongly associated with international intervention because governments facing popular demands for this right often resort to repression and military means to suppress such claims. Such interventions have also been driven by contemporary interest in supporting collective rights through international organisations that monitor and identify violations of various political rights. Thus, this dissertation focuses on the tension between the principle of non-interference and the modern legal trend to promote the political rights of all peoples. This research contributes considerable insights into the transformation of the principle of non-interference from an absolute obligation into a flexible concept by tracing the contributing legal changes both in international practices and in emerging rules and principles in international law. It is concluded that the promotion of the right of self-determination has resulted in international practices that have dramatically influenced and caused tension with the principle of noninterference. Keywords: right of political self-determination, democracy, statehood, the principle of noninterference, international intervention, sovereignty.
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Xu, Jing. "Li County under reform : policy implementation and impact in central China, 1978-2013." Thesis, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2016. http://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/6365/.
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This thesis analyses the implementation and impact of a succession of reform policies in a reasonably typical county in central China between 1978 and 2013. Three phases in the recent history of Li County – a fairly representative microcosm – are examined. These phases emerged as China witnessed transitions across three generations of the central leadership. This study pays special attention to certain key reforms: the allocation of lands to households, the development of Township and Village Enterprises, and self-governance for villagers in the 1980s; the decentralisation of fiscal authority, and the tax sharing system in the 1990s; and the reforms of taxes and fees, reforms beneficial to agriculture, and other supporting reforms from 2000 to 2013. By assessing the implementation of these policies in one predominantly agrarian county in central China – in which 81.5% of the population was rural in 2010 - the thesis attempts to present a vivid picture of what has been happening in China, and to explain why China became what it is now. It also seeks to contribute to an understanding of the diverse political and social impacts of the reforms. The methodology which the current study employs is mainly qualitative. The findings in the thesis are based in part on secondary sources, but it mainly relies on two types of primary sources, which were examined during several phases of fieldwork between 2011 and 2013. First, documentary materials archived by many government departments at different levels within the county were consulted. Second, oral evidence was collected through recorded interviews with local party cadres and peasants in 53 villages in thirty townships within the county. The quantitative data set out in the thesis is drawn either from official statistics or from personal testimonies. The two sets of evidence complement each other, enable cross checking, and lend credibility to this analysis. They help us to understand conflicts that arose amid reform between different groups, and between traditional customs and modern values – and the strategies that have been adopted by a diversity of actors to ease those conflicts and to stabilise society. They also yield insights into the economic, social and environmental impediments which confronted the reform process, and into both the hardships and opportunities which ordinary people encountered.
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Gidwani, Anoop Gulab. "The impact and accountability implications of the Bill of Rights in relation to the Independent Commission Against Corruption." Thesis, [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13762175.
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Some, Kounkinè Augustin. "Governance assessment, a tool for human rights promotion : a critical look at the African Peer Review Mechanism." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1102.
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"Furthermore, the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) has been proposed as a key element of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). The APRM is said to be the most remarkable innovation in the AU and the NEPAD framework designed to promote good governance and human rights. Its central purpose is to ensure the compliance of African states with the standards and practices of governance contained in the Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance (Durban Declaration). Although the APRM has been welcomed by a large number of development actors, there are also some doubts as to this mechanism working in the context of Africa. One of the main reasons for such reservations is that peer review on political governance has never been tested elsewhere before. ... The study is structured into five chapters. This first chapter serves as an introduction and has described the context of this paper by giving the background and general structure of the paper. Chapter two will briefly define the notion of peer review, highligting the founding context and the process of the APRM itself. This summary is necessary for a proper understanding of the paper. Chapter three will endeavor to point out the human rights aspects in the APRM, that is, the substance and potential of the mechanism for human rights protection and promotion, including references to international human rights instruments. Chapter four is a proposal for giving the APRM the best prospect for success; this will include adopting a 'population-based approach', meaning that the citizens are central part and owners of the process of the evaluation of government policies. Such ownership should produce a more realistic evaluation of the outcomes of public policies. Finally, chapter five will conclude this study by providing some recommendations as to how to ensure that APRM is a tool that guarantees human rights." -- Introduction.<br>Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.<br>Prepared under the supervision of Doctor Enid Hill, Chair of the Department of Political Science, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt<br>http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>LLM
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Kamigori, Kaori Sriprapha Petcharamesree. "Japan's official development assistance and its impact on promotion and protection of human rights in Burma /." Abstract, 2003. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2546/cd360/4238518.pdf.
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Janz, Nicole. "The impact of foreign direct investment on human rights and labour standards : an industry sector approach." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708829.
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Walenius, Desirée. "The impact of the power balance between the state and the transnational corporation on human rights." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412273.
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Over the last decades there have been a shift in the power balance between the transnational corporation and the state. This shift is due to the transnational corporation’s power has increased. Therefore, this thesis will examine the impact of the power balance between the state and the transnational corporation on the enforcement of law concerning human right abuses by transnational corporations. It will focus primary on the state’s possibility to enforce its international human rights obligations. In order to find out the impact the power balance has on the enforcement, I will discuss different challenges that could stand in the way for the state due to the power of the transnational corporation or that the state is powerless over the transnational corporation. The result is that the state only has a small possibility of enforcing human rights regulation on the transnational corporation. The reason for this is because the state is relying on the economic opportunities from the transnational corporation and the system is constructed in a manner which made the state powerless in relation to the transnational corporation. The result was therefore that the state has difficulties in enforcing the law concerning human right abuses by transnational corporations. After this conclusion it is quite clear that the power balance between the state and the transnational corporation plays a crucial role in the enforcement of the law concerning human rights abuses by transnational corporations. However, it is possible to make changes in the system so that the power balance between the state and the transnational corporation do not have the same negative effect on human rights and therefore strengthening the protection of human rights.
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Nyaundi, Kennedy Monchere. "How does the implementation of counter terrorism measures impact on human rights in Kenya and Uganda?" Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12912.
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Includes bibliographical references.<br>This thesis explores the impact of counter terrorism measures on human rights in Kenya and Uganda. It identifies terrorism as a global problem and reviews its common features. It recognises that the human cost of terrorism has been felt in virtually every corner of the world. It analyses the nature and scope of trends of terrorist activities in Kenya and Uganda, offers possible reasons for the increase of incidents of terror and considers the challenges in combating terrorism in these countries. The thesis outlines the fundamental freedoms that are most commonly engaged in the fight against terrorism and describes states’ obligations in respect of those rights. It recognises that a significant effect of terrorist activity is the tendency to pit security against human rights. It demonstrates that legislation intended to strengthen anti terrorism efforts raise serious concerns in relation to international and domestic human rights law. The thesis investigated one central concern: How does the implementation of counter terrorism measures impact on human rights in Kenya and Uganda? To answer this question, the study sought to investigate several related questions: In the enforcement of counter terrorism measures, is it possible for governments to play by the constraints of the rule of law? Is freedom during times of emergency as important as during peacetime? Is it possible and practical to observe art 4 of the ICCPR in the war against terrorism or should a lower threshold be established?
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Matlawe, Isaac Mpusang. "The impact of culture on the right of women to participate in public affairs : a comparative analysis of Swazi and Buganda Kingdoms." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1047.
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"For a long time patriarchial African societies have denied women their rightful place in public life. There are certain cultural practices within these patriarchal societies, which impede the realisation of the human rights of women. Such cultural practices have impacted on the division of power and perpetuated the stereotypical roles of women within those societies. The diminshed status of women in public life does not accord with universal human rights norms and standards. The fact that Swaziland has not ratified the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) makes it difficult for women to vindicate their rights within the United Nations (UN) structures. The right to participate in public affairs is recognised and enshrined as a fundamental human right in both universal and regional human rights instruments. The exercise of this right ensures that citizens, both men and women, have a say in the affairs of the government of their respective countries. The scope of this right includes the right to vote and to be elected at genuine periodic elections, which shall be by universal and equal suffrage held by secret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of the will of the electors. The deeply patriarchal nature of the two kingdoms presupposes that social, legal and political power is mainly vested in men. With the exception of royal women, "commoner" women are often given inferior roles or none at all in public life. The number of women holding positions in public life in both kingdoms suggests that there is an inherent anomaly in the division of power. ... Chapter two of this study examines the legal and institutional framework regulating the right to participate in public affairs at international and regional level. It does so by identifying the international and regional human rights instrumetns governing the exercise of this rights. The chapter focuses on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) and the Protocol to the African Charter on the Rights of Women. It also discusses the role of the treaty bodies established under the ICCPR and CEDAW as well as the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. The third chapter examines the provisions of the national constitutions of Uganda and Swaziland, governing the right to participate in public affairs and the enforcement mechanisms created under those constitutions. It also analyses the political set-up in Buganda and Swazi kingdoms including the traditional set-up in Swaziland. Chapter four starts by defining culture and then goes on to explore the debate over the universality of human rights and cultural relativism. Beyond this debate, the chapter proposes a way for finding a common ground between the two theories. It then turns on to focus on cultures and traditional practices impacting on the rights of women to participate in public affairs in the two kingdoms. Chapter five gives a brief exposition of the role of roqyl women in both kingdoms. Here emphasis is on the roles of the queen mothers in both kingdoms, the role of the queen sister in Buganda and the princess of the country in Swazilnad. Finally, chapter six presents the conclusion of the study. This chapter also advances recommendations, which may be useful in assisting other traditional African societies in the full realisation of the right." -- Introduction.<br>Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2003.<br>http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>LLM
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Aliero, B. A. "Utilisation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) technique in assessment of impact of human interference on natural ecology of estuaries : a case study of Mersey Estuary." Thesis, University of Salford, 1994. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/14832/.
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A conceptual study of the impacts of human activities on the natural ecology of estuaries was carried out. The Mersey Estuary was used as a case study. Environmental Impact Assessment Techniques (EIA) was used to identify and evaluate impacts generated by various activities of Man on estuaries. The study was conducted with materials and data gathered from scientific papers, documents, reports and other related literature sources. The findings of the research reveal that estuaries exist in several forms and shape. They are characterised by graded salinity ranging from marine condition (3.5%) to fresh water (0.05%) and periodic and spontaneous tidal movements. Estuaries are highly productive ecosystems and support large wildlife and fish. For many years Man has exploited estuarine resources. However, in the last two hundred years, the advent of the industrial revolution led to dramatic growth of navigation and establishment of industries close to estuarine waters. Consequently estuaries attracted large human populations which discharged sewage along with industrial effluent direct into their waters causing rapid deterioration in water quality and severe distress of the biota. The Mersey Estuary is typical of such industrialized estuaries. The level of engineering modification and the extent of pollution witnessed in the Estuary is possibly unparalleled by any other estuary in the U. K. These activities have significantly affected the ecosystem of the Mersey and the socioeconomic lif e of people living within its catchment boundary and beyond. EIA has become an important tool in environmental planning and management. I have used its principles and techniques in the identification and analysis of impacts caused by activities of Man on the Mersey Estuary. Analysis of results indicate that the construction of training wall along the sea channels and the building of the Manchester Ship Canal were most important, reducing estuarine capacity and the stabilization of the inner estuary navigation channel. The heavy organic load from sewage and industry discharged directly into the estuary caused severe deficiency of dissolved oxygen and consequent loss of fish and wildlife. The drive to clean up the Estuary started in the 1970s and so far positive changes are being recorded showing improved wildlife which reflect general improvement in the whole Estuary.
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Ayalew, Assefa Getachew. "The impact of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and the protocol on the Rights of Women on the South African judiciary." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/1567.
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Assefa, Ayalew Getachew. "The impact of the African Charter on human and people's rights and the protocol on the rights of women on the South African Judiciary." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/18612.
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The African Charter on Human and Peoples‟ Rights (the Africa Charter), which is one of the constituents of the African human rights system, was adopted by the Assembly of Head of States and Governments of the OAU in 1981 and entered into force five years later in 1986. The African Charter covers a wider range of rights when compared to the other regional human rights instruments, such as the European and the Inter-American Human Rights Systems. As many writers indicated, the Africa Charter is designed to reflect the history, values, traditions, and development of Africa by joining collective rights and individual duties. The African Commission on Humans and Peoples‟ Rights (the Commission) is responsible for the enforcement of the African Charter. Currently, the African Charter has been ratified by 53 countries. South Africa has signed, ratified and deposited the Charter on 09 July 1996.<br>Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Letitia van der Poll, Faculty of Law of the University of the Western Cape, South Africa<br>Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2011.<br>http://www.chr.up.ac.za/<br>nf2012<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>LLM
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De, Bona Giacomina. "The impact of International Society : the case-study of human rights in Libya between 1969 and 2008." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522644.
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Díaz, Crego María. "The impact of the jurisprudence of the Inter- American Court on the European Court of Human Rights." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116558.
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The reciprocal influence between the Inter-American Court andthe European Court of Human Rights has been analysed by several studies that have focused on the impact of the European case- law in its Inter- American counterpart. In this context, this paper aims to pay attention to the reverse phenomenon. Therefore, it studies the decisions in which the European Court of Human Rights has explicitly referred to the Inter-American Court’s case law. By doing so, it attempts to elucidate the subject areas in which the European Court is most influenced by its Inter-American counterpart and the extent of this influence.<br>La influencia recíproca de las jurisprudencias de la Corte Interamericana y el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos ha sido objeto de muchos estudios, que han tendido a poner especial atención en el impacto de la jurisprudencia europea en su homóloga americana. En este contexto, el trabajo que se presenta propone analizar el fenómeno inverso, estudiando las decisiones del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos que han citado de forma expresa a la Corte Interamericana, con miras a determinar las materias sobre las que la influencia interamericana en la jurisprudencia europea es más evidente, así como el alcance de esa eventual influencia.
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Choudhry, Shazia. "The impact of the European Convention on Human Rights on UK family law : doctrine, theory and gender." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/80235/.
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My work in the field of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and domestic family law grew out of concern as to whether the so-called 'paramountcy principle' contained in the Children Act 1989 (CA 1989) was compatible with the ECHR as incorporated by the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA). My first examination of its compatibility took place within the context of the extension of the paramountcy principle from private law children proceedings to public law adoption proceedings by the Adoption and Children Act 2002. This evolved into a larger and more detailed analysis with Professor Helen Fenwick, an expert in the field of human rights, of the compatibility of the principle in both private and public law proceedings under the CA 1989 within the broader context of the merits of adopting a rights-based approach to applications by parents under the act. This also examined in detail what I considered to be a great deal of sceptism about the adoption of a rights based approach and the possible reasons for it within the domestic family law field. After this, I was able to provide a detailed analysis of the merits of adopting a rights based approach to the issue of domestic violence with Professor Jonathan Herring in two further publications. All of these publications therefore form part of the body of work on which the PhD is based.
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Escobar, Claudia Patricia Davis Gerard Albert. "Sensitivity analysis of subjective ergonomic assessment tools impact of input information accuracy on output (final scores) generation /." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Spring/master's/ESCOBAR_CLAUDIA_15.pdf.
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