Dissertations / Theses: 'Human Sex Determination'

1

O'Reilly, Amanda. "Molecular analysis and deletion map of the human Y chromosome long arm." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308360.

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2

Charles, Brianne E. "A geometric morphometric analysis of the human ossa coxae for sex determination." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/21133.

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Thesis (M.S.F.S) PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
This study compares sexual variation of the human skeletal pelvis through geometric morphometric analyses. Digitization of the skeletal elements provides the framework for a multi-faceted examination of shape. The sample used in the study consists of individuals from the Bass Donated Skeletal Collection, located at the University of Tennessee-Knoxville. Landmarks digitized for the study are derived from the 36 points implemented in Joan Bytheway and Anne Ross’s geometric morphometric study of human innominates (2010). The author hypothesizes that morphological variation between males and females will be visible to varying degrees throughout the pelvis, with structures to be compared consisting of the ilium, ischium, pubis, obturator foramen, and acetabulum. Particular attention will be paid to the pelvic canal, as this area seems to carry the most sex-specific function of the bone. It is hypothesized that structures directly contributing to the pelvic canal will be more sexually dimorphic than peripheral structures. Data points plotted throughout the pelvis will allow for comparison of various regions. Results indicate that the innominate can be divided into modules with relatively low levels of covariation between them. Greatest amounts of sexual dimorphism are located at the pubis and ischium. The shape of the acetabulum and obturator foramen display little variation between the two sexes. Areas that have the potential for sex determination could be investigated more thoroughly in the future and may be of use in forensic cases in which remains are incomplete.
2031-01-01

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3

Hanley, Neil Anthony. "The characterisation of steroidogenic factor 1 during human development." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366566.

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Vance, Veronica L. W. "Age related changes in the post-cranial human skeleton and its implication for the determination of sex." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05182009-131018.

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MacLaughlin, Susan Margaret. "An evaluation of current techniques for age and sex determination from adult human skeletal remains." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1987. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=130729.

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The identification of the sex and age-at-death of an individual is of primary importance in the analysis and description of adult human skeletal remains in both forensic and archaeological contexts. Many current methods of sex and age determination have been derived on a very small number of skeletal collections and critical evaluations of their reliability on material of different provenance have been few. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the utility of methods (a) in widespread use for age and sex estimation, or (b) even if not in widespread use but offering particular advantages and (c) derived during the course of this investigation with a view designed to improving accuracy of prediction and ease of application. Three European skeletal series of documented age and sex of different temporal origins were used for this evaluation. Only non-destructive tests were evaluated. For sex determination metric and non-metric observations from the innominate were tested, as it is generally considered the most dimorphic area of the adult skeleton. The discriminatory potential of long bone dimensions was also assessed since they tend to survive inhumation better than the innominate and may be the only skeletal material represented in fragmentary remains. Pubic symphyseal metamorphosis is probably the most frequently used method for age-at-death estimation and its utility as a predictor of chronological age was examined as was the degree of degenerative joint disease as evidenced from the long bones. A method was devised based on estimates of bone loss from radiographs and densitometric traces of the humerus. It provided the lowest standard error of estimate in age-at-death assessment. Many of the methods in current use proved less efficient in sex and age identification in the samples investigated than on the material on which they were derived. The reasons for this, and the implications for the reconstruction of biological identity from skeletal remains are discussed and recommendations for age and sex estimations on the innominate and long bones are made.

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Pedrosi, Maria Elena <1982&gt. "Age Estimation and Sex Determination in Human Skeletal Remains. A Test of the Common Methods Used in Anthropology for Sex Determination and Age Estimation Applied to Identified Human European Skeletal Collection (Bologna, Coimbra 19th-20th C.)." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7488/4/PhD_Pedrosi.pdf.

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One of the main problems in reconstructing the biological profile of unidentified human remains is the reliability of the methods used. These methods are normally developed on modern identificated human skeletal collections, but human variability can introduce problematic biases when applied on osteological collections from different geografical and cronological contexts. This study test the reliability of selected macroscopic methods for sex determination: the index of sexualization of Acsadi and Nemeskeri, the Phenice method and for the age estimation: the synostosis of cranial sutures (Meindl and Lovejoy), the morphological variations at the pubic symphysis (Suchey and Brooks), the morphological variations at ileum surface (Lovejoy, et al.), the modifications of the sternal end of the fourth rib (Iscan et al.) and the variations of the degree of sacral vertebral body fusion (Belcastro et al.) on a large sample (n.489) of know sex and age from Certosa Cemetery of Bologna and “Colecção Esqueletos Identificados" of Coimbra. Regarding age, for each method was calculated the standard values of bias and inaccuracy. The method of pubic symphysis might be the most reliable for age estimation but we must consider the width of age ranges considered by the method. The values of inaccuracy are over 10 years in individuals older than 50 and 27 years in individuals older than 60. The index of sexualization confirm in more than 99% of cases the known sex and the Phenice method gave good results with the 87% of confirm. The reliability of the tested methods in the two european populations was confirmed, with the pelvis as the most diagnostic district, in particular the pubic symphysis. Nevertheless, the dramatic increase in values of bias and inaccuracy with increasing age confirms the need for new or revised age estimation methods that better suits the study of the remains of older individuals.

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7

Pedrosi, Maria Elena <1982&gt. "Age Estimation and Sex Determination in Human Skeletal Remains. A Test of the Common Methods Used in Anthropology for Sex Determination and Age Estimation Applied to Identified Human European Skeletal Collection (Bologna, Coimbra 19th-20th C.)." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7488/.

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One of the main problems in reconstructing the biological profile of unidentified human remains is the reliability of the methods used. These methods are normally developed on modern identificated human skeletal collections, but human variability can introduce problematic biases when applied on osteological collections from different geografical and cronological contexts. This study test the reliability of selected macroscopic methods for sex determination: the index of sexualization of Acsadi and Nemeskeri, the Phenice method and for the age estimation: the synostosis of cranial sutures (Meindl and Lovejoy), the morphological variations at the pubic symphysis (Suchey and Brooks), the morphological variations at ileum surface (Lovejoy, et al.), the modifications of the sternal end of the fourth rib (Iscan et al.) and the variations of the degree of sacral vertebral body fusion (Belcastro et al.) on a large sample (n.489) of know sex and age from Certosa Cemetery of Bologna and “Colecção Esqueletos Identificados" of Coimbra. Regarding age, for each method was calculated the standard values of bias and inaccuracy. The method of pubic symphysis might be the most reliable for age estimation but we must consider the width of age ranges considered by the method. The values of inaccuracy are over 10 years in individuals older than 50 and 27 years in individuals older than 60. The index of sexualization confirm in more than 99% of cases the known sex and the Phenice method gave good results with the 87% of confirm. The reliability of the tested methods in the two european populations was confirmed, with the pelvis as the most diagnostic district, in particular the pubic symphysis. Nevertheless, the dramatic increase in values of bias and inaccuracy with increasing age confirms the need for new or revised age estimation methods that better suits the study of the remains of older individuals.

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8

Gulhan, Oznur. "Skeletal sexing standards of human remains in Turkey." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2017. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/12272.

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The identification of victims involved in mass fatality incidents, as well as the identification of unknown individuals in criminal cases has become an increasingly important issue nowadays. Sex assessment represents a key point in forensic evaluations due to its significance in providing biological identity. Even though the availability of documented skeletal remains to forensic practitioners is a common practice in many countries, in Turkey, contemporary documented skeletal remains are not available for this purpose. For this reason, studies have been focused on living populations. Previous research has shown that modern technologies such as CT scanning present very promising potential in establishing new standards for contemporary populations. Therefore, the main aim of this project was to examine the application of the measurements taken from 3D CT images of the femur in order to assess sex, and to contribute to the establishment of discriminant function equations for the Turkish population for forensic applications. The accuracy and reproducibility of imaging methods in the assessment of the measurements taken from femora are essential when estimating sex. This research also concentrated on determining the accuracy and repeatability of CT measurements, using the femur. Prior to primary data collection, a preliminary study was performed in an effort to test the reliability of the femur measurements. The results of reliability analysis indicated no significant difference between the three observations of each measurement. Thus, the methodology employed in the current study appears reliable and reproducible. In addition, a validation study was conducted to determine the linear measurement accuracy of the 3D volume rendering models derived from a medical CT scanner and the influence of different reconstruction parameters. The differences between measurements obtained from dry bones and their 3D volume rendered models were also evaluated. The results from this study indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between measurements taken from different reconstruction parameters and measurements obtained from CT images and drybones. Using the CT data, volume-rendering function (VR), 3D Curved Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR), and Scout View on OsiriX were employed in order to compare the accuracy and reliability of each rendering method and to determine which technique is optimal for linear measurements. Overall, the measurements taken from the 3D Volume Rendering images had the highest intra-observer reliability when compared to the other two rendering methods. This research study produced data and interpretations that will inform on and improve population specific standards of sex assessment from three-dimensional postcranial osteometric landmarks. Additionally, this research is believed to provide value for a developing discipline of forensic anthropology, and integrate within the existing systems of criminal investigation and disaster victim identification practices in Turkey. A Turkish sample population, consisting of 300 adult hospital patients was examined via the interpretation of CT reconstructed images using the OsiriX software. The 3D reconstructions were then created using the volume-rendering function in OsiriX (v.5.6.). Following the 3D reconstruction, an image of each femur was segmented from the surrounding bones to ensure the correct usage of landmarks as accurately as possible. Thirteen measurements were acquired using a 3D viewer after being located and marked on each CT reconstructed femora. These thirteen anthropometric parameters were measured and analysed by basic descriptive statistics and discriminant analysis methods using the SPSS 21.0 software package. The intra-observer variation was assessed by obtaining the intraclass correlation coefficient in order to evaluate the accuracy of the linear measurements taken. Asymmetry was also tested. The results indicated that an accuracy of 92.3% was acquired from a combination of six of the measurements, and the Femur Vertical Diameter of Neck (FVDN) measurement was found to be the most dimorphic with 88.0% accuracy.

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9

Kwok, Cheni. "A study of xy female sex-reversal in humans." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364619.

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10

Wanek, Veronica L. "A Qualitative Analysis for Sex Determination in Humans Utilizing Posterior and Medial Aspects of the Distal Humerus." PDXScholar, 2002. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3571.

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Visual and metric analysis both provide accepted methods for sex determination in humans. Visual ascertainment uses differing morphological traits in males and females to establish sex. Researchers have continually sought accurate methods of sexing long bones when skulls or pelves are absent or fragmented. These long bone elements may not have sexually distinct characteristics, but tend to survive in the field quite well. Metric analysis depends on size dimorphism between males and females to correctly assign sex. Metric methods fail where the sexes overlap or when skeletal elements cannot be assigned to their correct biological population. Under these conditions, visual ascertainment is extremely useful. It relies on descriptive features, not size, to interpret the shape variations between male and female elements. For example, physiological soft tissue variations in the "carrying angle'" of the arm at the humero-radioulnar junction are known to be sexually dimorphic; therefore, the hard tissue features of the distal humerus also should be sexually dimorphic. I observed six distinct visual characteristics of the distal humerus to determine sex in a blind study conducted on 649 individuals sampled from diverse biological populations. In addition to visual assessment, I collected four humeral measurements to determine whether quantitative analysis would be a better indicator of sex than non-metric analysis. I used nonparametric statistical methods to examine· the significance of each morphological feature and its relationship to known sex. All characteristics showed a high association with sex, and the relationships between sex and each characteristic were statistically strong. The final predictive quality of this method was 84% regardless of population; I concluded that my visual method is a dependable sex predictor among diverse populations. Every biological group varied considerably in size dimensions, but exhibited common morphological features of the distal humerus. This confirms that visual techniques provide accurate results regardless of biological affiliation. In many cases, visual assessment was as accurate or more accurate than metric analysis. Therefore, the distal humerus and its unique physical features provide an alternative method to previously used quantitative techniques in the determination of sex.

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11

Seboun, Eric. "Caracterisation chez l'homme et la souris d'un arn poly a**(+) transcrit dans la lignee germinale male, conserve dans l'evolution." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077239.

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12

Gazin, Claude. "Structure du locus c-myc humain : mise en evidence d'une proteine codee par le premier exon et determination de certaines de ses proprietes structurales et fonctionnelles." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066248.

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La sequence nucleotidique au locus c-myc humain revele trois exons, dont le deuxieme et le troisieme codent pour une proteine homologue a u-myc alors que le premier exon code pour une proteine de 118 aminoacides. L'utilisation d'anticorps antipeptides permet de mettre en evidence la proteine de l'exon 1 (mychex 1) dans les cellules humaines et la realisation de transcriptions et des traductions in vitro indique, de facon independante, que la proteine detectee correspond bien a l'exon 1 du genie c myc proteine mychex 1 (dimere de 58 kd), conservee dans l'ensemble du regne animal, presente la capacite d'interagir avec l'adn avec une specificite de sequence qui correspond a celle de nfi, facteur nucleaire dans le controle de la transcription et de la replication

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13

Saifi, G. Mustafa. "Studies On Human Sex Chromosomes And Sex Determination." Thesis, 1999. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/2388.

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Saifi, G. Mustafa. "Studies On Human Sex Chromosomes And Sex Determination." Thesis, 1999. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/2388.

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15

Berg, Gregory Eugene. "Biological Affinity and Sex Determination Using Morphometric and Morphoscopic Variables from the Human Mandible." 2008. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/328.

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This study determined that morphometric and morphoscopic variables of the human mandible can be used to estimate the partial biological profile of an individual. Specifically, these mandibular variables were used in linear discriminant function analyses designed to estimate the biological affinity or sex of an individual, with or without biological a priori knowledge. The study data set is composed of 17 world samples including U.S. White, Black, and Hispanic individuals, prehistoric and proto-historic Native American groups, Southeast and Northeast Asian peoples, a Central American group, and a Nubian group. Eleven metric measurements were utilized: eight are standard measurements; two were designed for this study; and one was modified from its standard definition. Six morphoscopic variables were employed; most were analyzed as defined in the literature, though several involved expanded definitions and scoring categories. Specific definitions and graphics are provided for the measuring and scoring procedures. These variables were used in three types of analyses – a morphometric analysis, a morphoscopic analysis, and both types together, forming a morphometroscopic analysis. The combination of morphometric and morphoscopic data into one statistical analysis is a relatively novel approach to the analysis of human remains. Four major combinations of samples were used in the study: all groups, groups of individuals that are forensically interesting, groups that are potentially closely associated, and single groups through time. Results indicated that sex can be estimated using the morphometric data with high accuracy rates, typically 83% to 89%. Morphoscopic data produced sex estimation viii accuracy rates between 63% and 81%. Combining the two data sets produced accuracy rates in excess of 90%. Analyses examining the estimation of biological affinity were successful. Morphometric data produced better accuracy rates than morphoscopic data, but the morphometroscopic data sets were the most accurate. Linear discriminant functions using morphometroscopic data produced biological affinity accuracy rates that were frequently four times better than expected by random chance, and were often seven times greater than chance alone. Overall, the study concluded that mandibular morphometric and morphoscopic variables were useful for the estimation of sex and biological affinity in a variety of world populations.

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16

Lidstone, Laura J. "Analysis of sexual dimorphism in human eye orbits using computed tomography." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/4875.

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A plethora of anthropological studies have been undertaken on the skull, including many analyses of sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism reflected in the eye orbits has not always demonstrated consistent or reliable results. However, recent studies (Pretorius, Steyn, & Scholtz, 2006; Ji et al., 2010) suggest some positive results utilizing geometric morphometrics to predict sex. Utilizing 97 post-mortem CT (computed tomography) scans, established morphological and metric techniques for sex determination were assessed from 3D rendered models of the crania. In addition, landmark data were collected on the orbital margin to evaluate the accuracy of sex determination using geometric morphometric techniques. Traditional methods demonstrated poor levels of accuracy for prediction of sex, however, utilizing generalised procrustes analysis and discriminant function analysis on 3D landmark data resulted in 94.95% overall accuracy. Application of recent methodological advances, including geometric morphometrics, should continue to be developed as it increases the ability to assess sexual dimorphism which will allow for greater identification of unknown remains.

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17

Gulhan, O. "Skeletal sexing standards of human remains in Turkey." Thesis, 2017. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/12272.

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The identification of victims involved in mass fatality incidents, as well as the identification of unknown individuals in criminal cases has become an increasingly important issue nowadays. Sex assessment represents a key point in forensic evaluations due to its significance in providing biological identity. Even though the availability of documented skeletal remains to forensic practitioners is a common practice in many countries, in Turkey, contemporary documented skeletal remains are not available for this purpose. For this reason, studies have been focused on living populations. Previous research has shown that modern technologies such as CT scanning present very promising potential in establishing new standards for contemporary populations. Therefore, the main aim of this project was to examine the application of the measurements taken from 3D CT images of the femur in order to assess sex, and to contribute to the establishment of discriminant function equations for the Turkish population for forensic applications. The accuracy and reproducibility of imaging methods in the assessment of the measurements taken from femora are essential when estimating sex. This research also concentrated on determining the accuracy and repeatability of CT measurements, using the femur. Prior to primary data collection, a preliminary study was performed in an effort to test the reliability of the femur measurements. The results of reliability analysis indicated no significant difference between the three observations of each measurement. Thus, the methodology employed in the current study appears reliable and reproducible. In addition, a validation study was conducted to determine the linear measurement accuracy of the 3D volume rendering models derived from a medical CT scanner and the influence of different reconstruction parameters. The differences between measurements obtained from dry bones and their 3D volume rendered models were also evaluated. The results from this study indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between measurements taken from different reconstruction parameters and measurements obtained from CT images and drybones. Using the CT data, volume-rendering function (VR), 3D Curved Multiplanar reconstruction (MPR), and Scout View on OsiriX were employed in order to compare the accuracy and reliability of each rendering method and to determine which technique is optimal for linear measurements. Overall, the measurements taken from the 3D Volume Rendering images had the highest intra-observer reliability when compared to the other two rendering methods. This research study produced data and interpretations that will inform on and improve population specific standards of sex assessment from three-dimensional postcranial osteometric landmarks. Additionally, this research is believed to provide value for a developing discipline of forensic anthropology, and integrate within the existing systems of criminal investigation and disaster victim identification practices in Turkey. A Turkish sample population, consisting of 300 adult hospital patients was examined via the interpretation of CT reconstructed images using the OsiriX software. The 3D reconstructions were then created using the volume-rendering function in OsiriX (v.5.6.). Following the 3D reconstruction, an image of each femur was segmented from the surrounding bones to ensure the correct usage of landmarks as accurately as possible. Thirteen measurements were acquired using a 3D viewer after being located and marked on each CT reconstructed femora. These thirteen anthropometric parameters were measured and analysed by basic descriptive statistics and discriminant analysis methods using the SPSS 21.0 software package. The intra-observer variation was assessed by obtaining the intraclass correlation coefficient in order to evaluate the accuracy of the linear measurements taken. Asymmetry was also tested. The results indicated that an accuracy of 92.3% was acquired from a combination of six of the measurements, and the Femur Vertical Diameter of Neck (FVDN) measurement was found to be the most dimorphic with 88.0% accuracy.

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18

Vance, Veronica Liane Wanek. "Age related changes in the post-cranial human skeleton and its implication for the determination of sex." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24793.

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The study of skeletal differences between males and females has rarely taken into account the physical change in hard tissue characteristics with the onset of advanced age. Anatomical change through degenerative modification may pose a challenge when diagnosing the sex of an unknown individual, especially if age is unknown. The aim of this study was to establish whether sexual dimorphism changes with age. This issue was addressed by using three types of procedural analyses. Firstly, standard measuring techniques were utilized to determine sex from 593 individuals. Visual (morphological) assessment was then performed on 608 individuals using sexually dimorphic traits in the distal humerus and pelvis. Lastly, over 300 individuals were analyzed with geometric morphometries using four locations on the postcranial skeleton. Younger females and males (50 years of age and younger) were then compared to older individuals (over 50 years of age) to determine if sexual dimorphism was increasing or decreasing with the onset of age. Long bone measurements of the postcranial skeleton increased with the onset of age in the most osteoporotic sample (South African white females). Males exhibited an increase in size, mainly in the knee and elbow joints, and black females remained static in their measurements with age. Older white females especially can sometimes incorrectly be misclassified as males. Visual techniques indicated that all populations have similar non-metric morphology in the distal humerus and pelvis. Classification accuracies in females decreased when viewing the distal humerus, indicating a decrease in sexual dimorphism at this location. Females appeared static in their pelvic morphology with the onset of age. Males remained sexually dimorphic throughout life in the humerus and pelvis. Geometric morphometries showed that the morphology of the distal humerus is sexually dimorphic, and does not change with age. Morphometries also confirmed the marked sexual dimorphism in the pelvis, and showed virtually no change in sexual dimorphism when comparing young to old groups.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Anatomy
Unrestricted

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19

Gibbon, Victoria Elaine. "Development of molecular sex determination methods and their application to archaeological material sourced from the Raymond Dart collection of human skeletons." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/6899.

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Within biological anthropology there is a movement toward the use of mo- lecular methods and their application to anthropological questions. In South Africa there is great potential for research in anthropological genetics as this country is a vast repository of skeletal remains. This study aims to develop novel methods of molecular sex determination for skeletal material and apply these to an archaeological collection of historical importance. The bone extraction method developed here is minimally destructive to skeletal material and does not interfere with any anthropometric landmarks. The ex- tracted bone powder is subjected to DNA extraction procedures adapted for bone. In addition, two novel systems of molecular sex determination ideal for skeletal material are developed on the amelogenin gene, beginning in intron 2-3, spanning exon 3 and ending in intron 3-4. This area is optimal for sex- ing, as it includes 14 sex specific polymorphic regions in addition to an indel (insertion or deletion of nucleotides). Once these procedures of molecular sex determination are optimised and working with 100% efficiency on the controls, they will be applied to a collection of miscellaneous archaeological skeletons (ex-situ) sourced from the Raymond Dart Collection of Human Skeletons (Dart Collection). This collection is used to optimise these techniques for specimens derived from an archaeological context. These methods yielded 46.66% sex res- ults for the ex-situ sample, which is within the normal range for ancient DNA studies. These novel methods are then applied to an archaeological sample with good provenance, this being 36 skeletons of Chinese indentured miners sourced from the Dart Collection. While a previous morphometric study showed that this collection was represented by equal male to female ratios, the historical records suggest however that very few women accompanied these Chinese la- bourers. In using these procedures, 41.93% of this sample produced results all of which were male, correlating well with the historical records. The value of molecular approaches to investigate sex determination is that they do not rely on intact specimens as morphmetric methods do. Therefore in cases where the use of morphometrics is complicated, molecular approaches offer an accurate solution for diagnosing sex. The techniques of bone and DNA extraction are applicable for both human and animal skeletal tissue, and the methods of molecular sex determination are optimal for archaeological or forensic derived human skeletal material.

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Wittwer-Backofen, U., J. Buckberry, A. Czarnetzki, et al. "Basics in paleodemography: a comparison of age indicators applied to the early medieval skeletal sample of Lauchheim." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6240.

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Recent advances in the methods of skeletal age estimation have rekindled interest in their applicability to paleodemography. The current study contributes to the discussion by applying several long established as well as recently developed or refined aging methods to a subsample of 121 adult skeletons from the early medieval cemetery of Lauchheim. The skeletal remains were analyzed by 13 independent observers using a variety of aging techniques (complex method and other multimethod approaches, Transition Analysis, cranial suture closure, auricular surface method, osteon density method, tooth root translucency measurement, and tooth cementum annulation counting). The age ranges and mean age estimations were compared and results indicate that all methods showed smaller age ranges for the younger individuals, but broader age ranges for the older age groups.

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Mwale, Emanuel. "Jesus Christ’s humanity in the contexts of the pre-fall and post-fall natures of humanity: a comparative and critical evaluative study of the views of Jack Sequeira, Millard J. Erickson and Norman R. Gulley." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27660.

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Bibliography: leaves 653-669
Before God created human beings, He devised a plan to save them in case they sinned. In this plan, the second Person of the Godhead would become human. Thus, the incarnation of the second Person of the Godhead was solely for the purpose of saving fallen, sinful human beings. There would have been no incarnation if human beings had not sinned. Thus, the nature of the mission that necessitated the incarnation determined what kind of human nature Jesus was to assume. It was sin that necessitated the incarnation – sin as a tendency and sin as an act of disobedience. In His incarnational life and later through His death on Calvary’s cross, Jesus needed to deal with this dual problem of sin. In order for Him to achieve this, He needed to identify Himself with the fallen humanity in such a way that He would qualify to be the substitute for the fallen humanity. In His role as fallen humanity’s substitute, He would die vicariously and at the same time have sin as a tendency rendered impotent. Jesus needed to assume a human nature that would qualify Him to be an understanding and sympathetic High Priest. He needed to assume a nature that would qualify Him to be an example in overcoming temptation and suffering. Thus, in this study, after comparing and critically evaluating the Christological views of Jack Sequeira, Millard J. Erickson and Norman R. Gulley, I propose that Jesus assumed a unique post-fall (postlapsarian) human nature. He assumed the very nature that all human beings since humankind’s fall have, with its tendency or leaning towards sin. However, unlike other human beings, who are sinners by nature and need a saviour, Jesus was not a sinner. I contend that Jesus was unique because, first and foremost, He was conceived in Mary’s womb by the power of the Holy Spirit and was filled with the Holy Spirit throughout His earthly life. Second; He was the God-Man; and third, He lived a sinless life. This study contributes to literature on Christology, and uniquely to Christological dialogue between Evangelical and Seventh-day Adventist theologians.
Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology
D. Phil. (Systematic Theology)

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Human Sex Determination'

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