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Morehouse, Christal. "Combating human trafficking policy gaps and hidden political agendas in the USA and Germany." Wiesbaden VS, Verl.für Sozialwiss, 2008. http://d-nb.info/992304946/04.
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Preising, Tobias. "Die Bekämpfung des Menschenhandels im deutschen und internationalen Recht /." Berlin : Mensch & Buch-Verl, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015600243&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Hernandez, Marguerite. "Confronting Human Trafficking: Nongovernmental Organizations and the U.S Anti-Human Trafficking Approach." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1291226749.
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Farrell, Chelsea Annette. "Public Awareness of Human Trafficking." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5461.
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Public awareness is crucial in the fight against human trafficking, but little academic research looks at the public policy implications of different types of messaging the public may be using in recognizing human trafficking. Using policy feedback theory as the theoretical lens, the purpose of this quantitative study was to compare mean awareness scores for both film and social media to determine if there was a statistically significant difference between the scores and their degree of public awareness. Data were collected through an online survey, which included questions related to both film and social media, using a participant pool service. The survey measured awareness of human trafficking with a sample of 100 participants who included diverse backgrounds, ethnicities, races, genders, and ages. These data were analyzed using an independent-samples t test where the participants' awareness scores were compared for the 2 awareness strategies tested. The findings indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between film and social media at creating awareness of the phenomenon, with film being statistically higher. The implications for positive social change stemming from these results include recommendations for further research to be performed on human trafficking, specifically human trafficking awareness strategies. With improved anti-trafficking awareness strategies and a more informed public, the number of individuals affected by human trafficking will diminish and, eventually, the issue will cease to exist.
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De, Angelis Maria Ivanna. "Human trafficking : women's stories of agency." Thesis, University of Hull, 2012. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5823.
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This thesis is about women’s stories of agency in a trafficking experience. The idea of agency is a difficult concept to fathom, given the unscrupulous acts and exploitative practices which demarcate and define trafficking. In response to the three Ps of trafficking policy (prevention and protection of victims and the simultaneous prosecution of traffickers) official discourse constructs trafficking agency in singular opposition to trafficking victimhood. The ‘true’ victim of trafficking is reified in attributes of passivity and worthiness, whereas signs of women’s agency are read as consent in their own predicament or as culpability in criminal justice and immigration rule breaking. Moving beyond the official lack or criminal fact of agency, this research adds knowledge on agency constructed with, on, and by women possessing a trafficking experience. This fills an internationally recognised gap in the trafficking discourse. Within the thesis, female agency is explored in feminist terms of women’s immediate well-being agency (their physical safety and economic needs) and their longer term requirements for agency freedom (their capacity to construct choices and the conditions affecting choice). This feminist exploration of the terrain on trafficking found ways in which female agency takes shape in relationship and in degrees to women’s subjective and structural victimisation. Based upon the stories of twenty six women gathered through an in-depth qualitative study, agency is visible in identity, decision making and actions. Women fashioned individual trafficking identities from their subjective engagement with the official trafficking descriptors. Additionally, their identification with ties to home (expressed via family relationships, occupational roles, national dress and ethnic food) helped to sustain their pre-trafficking personas. Women exhibited agency in risk taking and choices (initial, shared, constrained and precarious), which characterised their journeys and explained their grading of trafficking ‘pains’. Significantly, the fieldwork raised women’s engagement with ‘the rules’ and practices of the host society, as a way of realising new social, recreational, educational, employment, sexual and consumer related freedoms. Acknowledging the international and UK serious organised crime frame on trafficking, the fieldwork also included fifteen interviews with anti-trafficking professionals involved in delivering the three Ps of trafficking policy. This complementary standpoint to women’s stories presents ways in which official actors helped and hindered women’s achievement of well-being and agency freedoms. Crucially, in addressing trafficking as an evolving and integral aspect in contemporary global movement - displaying similarity and cross over with migration, smuggling, asylum and refugee accounts - this research unearthed trafficking exploitations and experiences around transnational marriage, which have been traditionally isolated and overlooked by UK trafficking discourse and policy platforms.
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Hamlett, Anna. "Human trafficking : a modern day slavery." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1270.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science
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Patton, Bailey. "College students' perspectives on human trafficking." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/10972.
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Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) is an insidious and hidden form of abuse (Smith, Vardamen, & Snow, 2009; Clawson, 2010, Countryman-Roswurm, 2012). In the US, approximately 100,000 children are sexually exploited each year (Estes & Weiner, 2001; Smith et al., 2009). The complexity and scope of this issue requires a multi-disciplinary, collaborative approach led by professionals trained to identify and intervene on behalf of victims (ASERCA, n.d; Clawson & Dutch, 2008; Smith et al., 2009; Countryman-Roswurm, 2012; Rafferty, 2013; Countryman-Roswurm & Patton, 2014). Therefore, it is important to assess and enhance the knowledge and perceptions of DMST across disciplines. A University setting provides access to a range of disciplines and is typically structured to facilitate collaboration (Lattuca, Voigt, & Fath, 2004). This project examined 52 multi-disciplinary students' knowledge and perceptions of DMST before and after completing a one credit hour course on the topic. The results indicate that perception and knowledge about DMST were increased through participation in the course. The benefits of enhancing college students' perceptions of human trafficking and increasing their knowledge about human trafficking are discussed.Thesis (M.Sc.)--Wichita State University, Fairmount College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Social Work
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Hulsey, Amber Lee. "Human Trafficking| Flying under the Radar." Thesis, The University of Southern Mississippi, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10752077.
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The global hegemon, the United States encompasses roughly 57,000 to 63,000 of the roughly 45.8 million slaves present across the world today (Walk Free Foundation 2016a). This dissertation research uses the theoretical lens of Human Security as a unique approach in that it is people-centered, focusing on the individual, rather than the more traditional theories in international relations that emphasize the state as the central actor. This dissertation focuses on the understudied area of human trafficking into and within the United States. More specifically, the objective of this research examines the movement of trafficked persons via air and details actions to be taken to combat human trafficking.
Although the world relies upon aerial commerce to enable globalization and interdependence, these same transportation systems and flows that carry persons and goods for legal commerce and trade can also be used as an avenue for illegal commerce, including trafficking of human. Thus, the researcher surveyed aviation personnel in various sectors of the industry, government organizations, non-government organization and victims/survivors via an online survey platform and utilized social media to reach potential survey participants. The sample size used for this study was 10,065 and the study received 578 participants.
The data collection procedures and results used in this dissertation were designed to identify gaps in security safeguards that further enable human trafficking via aircraft. The author presents strategies that can be adopted to reduce, if not eliminate, human trafficking into and within the United States via air. The researcher identified eleven opportunities for future research and discusses the limitations. The studied reveals seven key findings: definition of human trafficking is not known in totality, the level of human trafficking awareness, the number of human trafficking cases identified, the characteristics of the typical respondent, aviation sectors place a slightly different areas of emphasis of human trafficking that is understudied, understudied areas of human trafficking were different than that of the typical respondent, and the absence of human trafficking regulations and training. Finally, the study introduces a comprehensive-holistic human trafficking training curriculum entitled, “Operation Safe House: Human Trafficking Training for Aviation Professionals.”
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Warren, Regina. "Institutional Isomorphism and Human Trafficking Investigations." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7091.
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Human trafficking exists domestically and internationally, and each year thousands of men, women, and children are trafficked into lives of involuntary servitude. Law enforcement efforts to investigate human trafficking across the United States are similar in nature; yet, prior research had not investigated the possible causes of these similarities. Utilizing institutional theory, this research investigated whether institutional isomorphic pressures have any impact on the formalization of human trafficking investigations. Data were collected from 26 municipal police organizations in a mid-Atlantic state on departmental human trafficking policies and practices via Farrell's understanding law enforcement responses to human trafficking survey instrument. Logistic regression analysis was used to predict the probability of human trafficking investigations occurring when institutional coercive, mimetic, and normative isomorphic pressures are introduced. The results indicated no significant relationship between institutional isomorphic pressures and the formalization of human trafficking investigations for the 26 municipal police departments in a mid-Atlantic state. Nonetheless, this study provides an understanding of municipal police department responses to human trafficking and investigatory practices. Accordingly, the social change implications of the study may encourage municipal policing institutions to develop and implement responses based upon human capital and interagency collaboration.
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Polek, Sarah. "Countering Human Trafficking : A Policy Analysis of Anti-Trafficking Measures in Germany." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-225744.
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Iroanya, Richard Obinna. "Human trafficking as a security issue : selected case studies." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46066.
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This study examined and analysed human trafficking as a security issue using South Africa and Mozambique as country case studies. Information gathered through documentary analysis methodology is relied upon to develop a conceptual framework of human trafficking and security. The link between trafficking and security is evaluated based on the conceptualisation of trafficking in the Palermo Protocol as well as the criteria for declaring social phenomena security threats, as articulated by the UN and several scholars. Through global and national overviews of human trafficking, its patterns, extent and enabling conditions are identified and analysed. In South Africa and Mozambique, human trafficking has domestic and international dimensions and is facilitated by several factors. However, factors facilitating domestic trafficking do not necessarily facilitate international trafficking in South Africa. The opposite is however, the case in the Mozambican context. An analysis of global, regional, and national counter trafficking measures, shows that the national security implications of human trafficking are not explicitly addressed. Trafficking involves national border violations; organised crime; corruption, and physical violence which have implications for security at all levels. Consequently, recommendations are made for the explicit securitisation of trafficking as well as the demonstration of sufficient political will to combat it. Regional and international co-operation is also considered necessary to combat trafficking, as well as prosecution of offenders and the introduction of poverty alleviating measures.Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Political Sciences
DPhil
Unrestricted
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Capparelli, Amy L. "Sex Trafficking 101: What are the Outcomes of Sex Trafficking Training?" University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo156707090765663.
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Egger, Adrian. "Human Sex Trafficking| How Sex Trafficking Victims and Survivors Experience Hope and Resilience." Thesis, George Fox University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10629214.
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Few studies have examined the experiences of sexually trafficked victims and survivors in the United States.
As the population increases it is important to understand how sexually trafficked victims and survivors cope with trauma, experience recovery, and respond to therapy. Research indicates that factors of hope and resilience play a vital role in the way individuals cope with trauma and experience recovery (Masten & Narayan, 2012).
This study examined factors of hope and resilience of 12 sexually trafficked victims and survivors, ages 14 to 21. Interviews were conducted and a mixed-methods design was employed to establish common themes related to how sex trafficking victims comprehend and experience hope and resilience within their lives.
Significant quantitative and qualitative results were found in this study. Six significant qualitative themes were derived from the interviews describing various ways that participants experienced hope and resilience. The themes included (a) Need for positive attachment (b) Positive Self-Portrayal (c) Introspection (d) Adaptability (e) Need for money, and (f) Desire for change.
Additionally, participants also completed the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Children’s Hope Scale or Adult Hope Scale, and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. Quantitative results indicate a strong positive correlation between depression and anxiety (r = .52, p < .01), a strong positive correlation between hope and resilience (r = .70, p < .04), and a strong negative correlation between resilience and anxiety (r = -.63, p < .03).
The implications of this study may be used to direct clinical focus when working with victims and survivors, placing emphasis on the importance of developing hope and resilience throughout the rehabilitation process.
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Wilcox, Daniel Joseph. "Barriers to combating human trafficking in Colombia." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/45274.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedDespite international and domestic policies and programs intended to combat human trafficking, Colombia remains one of the countries with the highest instances of human trafficking in the Western Hemisphere. Factors contributing to human trafficking in Colombia, such as internal violence and displacement, drug trafficking, a weak central government, and widespread corruption, have overpowered what energies the government marshaled against it. Moreover, governmental anti-trafficking programs tend to be underfunded, poorly administered, and quickly abandoned by Colombian officials. Additionally, hardline U.S. anti-drug policies in the region have aggravated the human trafficking problem without significantly affecting the flow of illegal drugs into the United States. Consequently, thwarting human trafficking, protecting and providing for its victims, and prosecuting perpetrators of the crime have been significantly challenging in this South American country.
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Varghese, Ashley Daniel. "Human trafficking and models of governing security." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28686.
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This thesis seeks to address the complex forms assumed by the problem of human trafficking in the contemporary world and in particular to analyse and overcome certain identified shortcomings in existing models of intervention. It begins by locating the problem historically through its foundations in slavery, and explores the incomplete nature of the abolition of that institution. These observations provide the context for the emergence of contemporary forms of exploitation. The complexity of the problem of human trafficking is reflected in the variety of approaches to intervention thus far attempted and in the lack of consensus among stakeholders concerning the effectiveness of competing models. The tendency towards institutional failure in current approaches, and the consequent growth of the trafficking phenomenon are compounded by the ability of criminal networks to infiltrate and corrupt the very systems that are meant to safeguard vulnerable populations. This thesis argues that the shortcomings of existing models are themselves evidence that one of the foundational reasons for the emergence of human trafficking as a networked global crime is the security deficit created by the replacement of the structures of state with criminal networks embedded within communities. These observations are supported by empirical evidence in the form of i) a detailed review of records relating to a number of prosecutions and ii) first-hand observations and interviews with officials and civil society organisations in India, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. I argue, in conclusion, that the evolution of models of intervention, leading to the creation of a preferred multidisciplinary model, show that this security deficit is best countered by emergent partnerships between the structures of the state, communities and civil society groups. Such innovations prefigure new hybrid structures, which offer a degree of hope for holistically tackling common global problems and networked crimes such as human trafficking.
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Miller, Aimee D. "Human sex trafficking| Individual risk factors for recruitment, trafficking, and victimization on the internet." Thesis, California State University, Dominguez Hills, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1525914.
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Human sex trafficking is the harboring, recruiting, or transporting of a person for purposes of prostitution. Traffickers use social networking sites to lure victims in a process called "grooming." Past research suggests that sexual victimization online could be associated with online risky behaviors, offline risky behaviors (e.g., substance abuse), poor academic performance, and problems at home, among others. The purpose of this study was to identify those psychosocial constructs that increase an individual's likelihood of becoming a victim of online HST. The likelihood of victimization was estimated by examining participants' reactions to realistic vignettes representing messages from strangers. This study hypothesized that executive dysfunction, participation in offline and online risk behaviors, and poor self-esteem would predict the likelihood of victimization. The results from the 168 young, female participants showed that marijuana use, online risk behavior, and self-esteem were found to predict this outcome. Executive dysfunction did not predict victimization likelihood.
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Omole, Christina. "Human Trafficking: The Health of Men Forced into Labor Trafficking in the United States." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1980.
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Human trafficking is a criminal act that occurs globally. It affects both women and men, but most studies have focused on female victims; few have explored trafficked men or their related health issues. Though there are many forms of trafficking, it is believed that most male victims are trafficked as forced labor. Using gender schema theory as a framework, this quantitative study examined archival data to identify the types of trafficking men are subjected to, their health ailments, and how these differ from the health ailments of trafficked women. Archival data from 124 individuals subjected to human trafficking in Florida were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, one-way ANOVA, Mann Whitney U, and Fisher's exact tests. Findings indicated that males were more likely to have been labor trafficked compared to other forms of trafficking, and that labor trafficked persons were not more susceptible to health ailments than were sex trafficked persons. Also, there was a significant difference in health conditions between male and female victims, with females reporting more issues such as malnourishment, skin rash, and anxiety. These findings help to alter the misperception that men are traffickers only by recognizing them to be victims as well. Implications for social change include increased awareness of male trafficking in health care policies and human trafficking prevention efforts.
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Siripatthanakosol, Kuanruthai. "Human trafficking for sexual exploitation : the framework of human rights protection." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1587.
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The thesis examines the current anti-trafficking framework with particular emphasis on the development of human rights protection. The study analyses legal responses to human trafficking at 2 levels: International and National measures. The research is structured into 8 chapters, proceeding from general background of human trafficking to the development of the framework of human rights protection. From the literature review, it is found that human trafficking is a multi-faceted problem, which needs a more comprehensive approach to tackle it. Despite the recognition of all forms of human trafficking, trafficking for sexual exploitation, in which the majority of trafficked persons are young women, is the focus of this study. The thesis concludes that the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons fails to adopt a comprehensive human rights approach. The core commitment of the Protocol is rather to prevent and prosecute human trafficking than to protect and identify the victims of human trafficking. This considerably undermines the effectiveness of trafficking intervention at all levels. Likewise, Thailand, a country of origin, and the UK, a destination country, have adopted/amended their anti-trafficking laws in line with the Trafficking Protocol. The thesis, however, finds that such countries have considerably failed to address the effective protection framework in their national agendas. In response to the fight against human trafficking, the thesis calls for the amendment of the Trafficking Protocol moving towards the development of comprehensive framework of human rights protection. The suggested framework imposes legal obligations seeking to guarantee the effective identification of victims, non-criminalisation, non-discrimination and nonrefoulement of victims of trafficking. In addition, the promotion of participation of states, NGOs, other member of civil society and individuals becomes integral parts to the suggested framework. All of which are to ensure the effective intervention and to develop best practice.
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Nanu, Cezara. "Preventing trafficking in human beings : implementing human rights and social justice." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.573499.
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The purpose of this study is to provide a critical analysis of current trafficking prevention measures by combining a theoretical emphasis on human rights with an empirical, lived-experience research approach. Empirical evidence is used to illuminate the relevance, appropriateness and potential power of the human rights based approach to trafficking prevention. I start with the fact that existing literature places trafficking within the migration, criminal justice, and women's rights discourse. There are also several attempts to place trafficking within a wider human rights debate but this approach has not been fully explored, especially within the prevention framework. My premise is that a human rights framework, based on principles or social justice and cosmopolitanism, which is agency driven rather then victim centred provides an ideal platform for preventing trafficking in human beings. The research provides
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Akuni, B. A. Job. "Child Trafficking: A Case of South Sudan." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/13363.
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The question regarding what makes child trafficking persistent in conflict and post-war settings has been subject to intense debate. The human trafficking literature makes general conclusions that trafficking is a by-product of civil wars, and in the process child traffickers exploit the breakdown of the rule of law. As such it is perceived that the governance of the problem of child trafficking can be effective whenever peace and stability is realised and when legal frameworks for protecting children are in place. Prompted by these assertions, I conducted a field study in South Sudan, a country emerging from one of Africa’s longest running and most brutal civil wars fought between the government in Khartoum and Sudanese Peoples Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A). The Sudan’s civil wars ended after the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005. Whilst the termination of the war raised expectations that the international anti-trafficking conventions, treaties and customary laws protecting children would have enforcement powers and would guarantee the rights and safety of the child, the peace failed to deliver on these expectations.
Based on empirical data obtained through an intensive micro-level qualitative research conducted in South Sudan over three months, the research findings reveal that a number of challenges pose serious difficulties in enforcing international counter-trafficking legislations and child protection instruments. These challenges are compounded by the interplay of the emerging socio-economic and political development in the post-independent South Sudan.
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Akuni, Baptist Akot Job. "Child trafficking : a case of South Sudan." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/13363.
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The question regarding what makes child trafficking persistent in conflict and post-war settings has been subject to intense debate. The human trafficking literature makes general conclusions that trafficking is a by-product of civil wars, and in the process child traffickers exploit the breakdown of the rule of law. As such it is perceived that the governance of the problem of child trafficking can be effective whenever peace and stability is realised and when legal frameworks for protecting children are in place. Prompted by these assertions, I conducted a field study in South Sudan, a country emerging from one of Africa’s longest running and most brutal civil wars fought between the government in Khartoum and Sudanese Peoples Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A). The Sudan’s civil wars ended after the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005. Whilst the termination of the war raised expectations that the international anti-trafficking conventions, treaties and customary laws protecting children would have enforcement powers and would guarantee the rights and safety of the child, the peace failed to deliver on these expectations. Based on empirical data obtained through an intensive micro-level qualitative research conducted in South Sudan over three months, the research findings reveal that a number of challenges pose serious difficulties in enforcing international counter-trafficking legislations and child protection instruments. These challenges are compounded by the interplay of the emerging socio-economic and political development in the post-independent South Sudan.
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McDonald, Lora Ann. "Human Trafficking as a Threat to the Security of Americans." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6063.
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Human trafficking is a transnational crime that allows traffickers to abuse victims physically and mentally, as well as stripping them of their human rights. The United Nations theory of human security and Mendelsohn's theory of victimology provided a conceptual framework to examine the harm that people endure from human trafficking. The purpose of this qualitative multiple-case study was to explain how human trafficking threatens the security of people and communities. Reviewing data from the Department of State concerning trafficking led to the investigation of youth exploitation, the use of technology in advancing the growth of human trafficking, the health concerns of victims of communities, and the possible uses of money made by traffickers. The primary guiding question for this study asked, "How does human trafficking threaten the safety of people who live in communities and the security of those communities throughout the United States? Data were collected from articles and current information published by government agencies, news media, and non-governmental organizations. Data were analyzed after coding for themes and patterns using Braun and Clarke's 6-step thematic analysis procedure. Findings indicate that victims live in fear, have lost their lives, are operating in plain sight but not recognized as victims, and endanger people living in local communities. The implications for positive social change include recommendations for collaboration among all stakeholders at the local level where traffickers operate in vulnerable communities, increase training of local law enforcement and healthcare personnel in identifying victims properly, and the development of awareness programs that reach people in local communities.
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Kulig, Teresa C. "Understanding the Nature of Human Trafficking: A Content Analysis Approach." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1535702623155505.
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Niamvanichkul, Nodwarang. "Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation in Southeast Asia." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5829.
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This study centers on the political aspects of human trafficking and sexual exploitation in Southeast Asia. Specifically, the human trafficking is a security studies concern because it is not only a social issue, but also a security threat. Just as with drug trafficking, human trafficking has security consequences. The study analyzed human trafficking issues in the following three countries in Southeast Asia: Thailand, Myanmar, and Cambodia. These three countries were chosen due to the high levels of human trafficking. In each of the chosen cases, there is an examination of human trafficking issues in terms of political structures, political policies, economy, and international aid. Findings showed that individual economic status was the most important factor in human trafficking. Regime type, although important, did not show as significant results when compared to individual economic status. However, there was a positive relationship found between international organizations and human trafficking. Recommendations were made concerning the formulation and implementation of political policies. If international organizations take action in each of the three countries, then the problem of human trafficking can decrease.M.A.
Masters
Political Science
Sciences
Political Science; International Studies
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Boria, Maria Gabriella. "Human Trafficking and Natural Disasters: An Empirical Analysis." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:106784.
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Thesis advisor: S AnukritiThesis advisor: Robert Murphy
It is widely believed that natural disasters increase human trafficking from the affected region or country; however, credible analyses of the causal relationship are lacking. This paper estimates the causal effect of natural disaster occurrence on economic factors and the probability of human trafficking. I find that there is a significant, positive effect of disasters—as measured by an indicator for occurrence as well as disaster intensity—on human trafficking. Moreover, disasters negatively impact economic outcomes, suggesting a potential mechanism through which disasters indirectly affect trafficking. These findings are policy-relevant for anti-human trafficking and disaster relief organizations as they provide empirical evidence for a previously hypothesized relationship and may help prioritize the underemphasized rise in trafficking during times of inevitable chaos
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Arts and Sciences Honors Program
Discipline: Economics
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Oram, Siân L. "Human trafficking and health in UK public policy." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2011. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1440244/.
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Background: The issue of human trafficking has risen up international and national political agendas in the last decade. Existing evidence suggests that many trafficked people suffer from a range of health problems as a result of their experiences. This research sought to analyse how health was incorporated into the UK response to trafficking between 2000 and 20 I O. Methods: Qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation at policy-relevant events and document collection. Data analysis was organised according to the principles of framework analysis. Results: Trafficking has been defined in the UK as a problem of organised immigration crime and the dominance of this definition has limited the extent to which health was incorporated into the national policy response. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) strategically used information about the health consequences of trafficking to support their arguments for the provision of support and protection to trafficked people. They did not use the information, however, to argue for health- related policy change. The Department of Health (OH) and healthcare providers were not engaged in trafficking policymaking and there was no discernable domestic pressure to develop a health- based response. A limited amount of health-related policy change did occur following the UK's ratification of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, but the scope of these changes was restricted by the lack of awareness in the health sector about trafficking and by the shortage of information relating to how trafficked people use health services. Conclusions: Future health-related policy change is likely to be limited so long as healthcare providers fail to act as advocates within the policymaking process and the OH remains on the margins of the policy subsystem
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Rentzsch, Viola. "Human trafficking 2.0 the impact of new technologies." University of the Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8353.
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Magister Legum - LLMHuman history is traversed by migration. This manifold global phenomenon has shaped the world to its current state, moving people from one place to another in reaction to the changing world. The autonomous decision to permanently move locations represents only a segment of what is considered to be migration. Routes can be dangerous, reasons can be without any alternative, displacements forced, and journeys deadly. Arguably the most fatal of all long-distance global migration flows, the transatlantic slave trade has left an enduring legacy of economic patterns and persistent pain. Whilst the trade in human beings originated centuries before, with Europe’s long history of slavery, this event represents an atrocious milestone in history. In a nutshell, European colonialists traded slaves for goods from African kings, who had captured them as war prisoners.
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Donohue-Dioh, Jessica James. "CONCEPTUALIZING THE PREVENTION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: SURVIVORS PERSPECTIVES." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/csw_etds/22.
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The following study seeks to conceptualize the prevention of human trafficking from the perspective of survivors. The study design was informed through a Public Health Framework and the application of Postmodernism, Social Constructionist Theory, Ecological Perspective and Empowerment Perspective. An integrative mixed-method, participatory research design was applied, namely Concept Mapping. Data was collected over approximately two-months, and included 35 survivors of human trafficking from 4 different states. Data collected from survivors resulted in a statement set (N = 108) and a 10-Cluster Final solution depicting the ways in which survivors conceptualized prevention. Additional outputs provide insight as to survivors’ perspectives on importance and feasibility of the prevention data.
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Michel, Erin Kelley. "Law Enforcement Response to Human Trafficking in Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1281107195.
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Ngwira, Callings Major. "Human trafficking in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/364.
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Human trafficking has been reported to be on the increase in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa with girls as young as ten years old being trafficked from and within the Province for sexual and labour purposes, and marriage. Human traffickers operate in rural areas, small towns and cities such as Port Elizabeth and East London. However, research on the role of the law enforcement authorities and the civil society organisations in the fight against trafficking in Eastern Cape Province is largely unknown. Situated within the Security Governance Theory, and using the intensive research design, this research reports on the role of the law enforcement authorities and the civil society organisations in the fight against human trafficking in Eastern Cape Province with emphasis on rural-urban differentiation. The challenges which law enforcement authorities and the civil society organisations faced are also discussed. The study, among other things, found that both the law enforcement sector and civil society organisations in the Province ensured that security, criminal justice, physical, emotional, psychological, health and spiritual needs of rescued victims of trafficking were met. The study further established that there was little progress in the fight against human trafficking, more especially in the rural areas of the Province, due to inadequate cooperation among anti-trafficking organisations and the lack of resources.
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Viergever, Roderik Floris. "Adapting to survive : facilitating recovery after human trafficking." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2016. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2572320/.
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Human trafficking is a crime that can result in both acute and chronic physical and mental health problems for victims. Additionally, victims are often faced with various social challenges. In recent years, many countries have recognized victims of human trafficking as a target population for their social and health services. In the Netherlands, the number of victims of human trafficking that seek shelter has more than doubled in the last decade and 3% of placements in shelters for victims of violence are now for victims of human trafficking. Despite the increasing relevance of victims of human trafficking for the Dutch social and health services, there is a dearth of evidence on how to best facilitate recovery for this population, both in the Netherlands and internationally. This thesis makes a contribution to redressing this knowledge deficit and explores the Dutch post-trafficking social and health services from the viewpoints of service users and service providers. By analysing their experiences with post-trafficking service provision and by building on theories of both service needs and system development, the thesis provides insight into these services from different empirical and theoretical perspectives. Its findings are based on data collected from interviews, observations, literature reviews and documentary analyses, mainly making use of qualitative methods of analysis. The thesis is situated in the field of social and health services research and makes two main contributions to this field. First, it advances insight into how recovery is conceptualized and experienced by victims themselves. Second, it provides lessons about how that recovery can be best facilitated by countries’ social and health services. Finally, the thesis also contributes to the qualitative research methods literature by reflecting on the challenges that were encountered in interviewing victims of human trafficking.
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Solakhyan, Marina. "Trafficking of women promoting international human rights norms through prevention, protection, and prosecution (Three "P"s) in Armenia." Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1180096688.
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Oyebanji, Kemi Fisayo. "Human trafficking across a border in Nigeria: Experiences of young women who have survived trafficking." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5939.
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Magister Artium - MA (Women and Gender Studies)Human trafficking is a global issue that most countries have battled to control and combat in recent times. It is exploitative, abusive and violates human rights. Research showing the prevalence of human trafficking in mostly underdeveloped and developing countries with slack border controls and ineffective immigration activities seem to foreground women as victims in most cases. Although men, women and children are all prone to trafficking, young women and girls are more vulnerable due to political, economic and social factors. This study focuses on the experiences of young women who survived trafficking. Working within a qualitat ive feminist framework, this study explores the lived experiences of trafficked young women across a border in Nigeria. Five participants aged twenty to twenty-five were selected through convenience and snowballing sampling. Narrative thematic analysis was used as a methodology for data analysis. Findings from this study clearly show multiple factors which contribute to young women's vulnerability to trafficking. Some of the factors included family instability, feminization of poverty and gender inequality, which saw male children preferred over their female counterparts. Low levels of education and lack of care and support from the family further emerged as a source of vulnerability to trafficking for young women due to their low level of education. Gender and sexuality played a role in the reason for trafficking in this case, because all of the survivors were trafficked for the purpose of commercial sex work.
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Nieminen, Linda. "Why is human trafficking excluded from the EU’s cybersecurity? : An explorative study about cybersecurity and human trafficking in the European Union." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9698.
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Combatting human trafficking is one of the top priorities in the European Union and Europol. Nonetheless, Europe is one of worlds’ leading regions for most trafficked human beings. Human trafficking is often connected to organised crime such as drug trafficking, cybercrime and child pornography and occurs across borders. 21st century’s digital age has broadly shifted human trafficking from the real-life to the cyberspace. However, human trafficking is not mentioned in any EU cybersecurity policies. This thesis aims to explore, using a feminist security approach, why human trafficking is overlooked in the European Union cybersecurity. By conducting an interpretive content analysis and using the method of deconstruction, I investigated the silences of human trafficking and gender. Leaning on feminist theories of securitisation, hegemonic masculinity and poststructural feminism, three significant assumptions were identified. The first assumption was that human trafficking is overlooked in the EU cybersecurity because of the non-human referent object of security. The second was that it is overlooked because of hegemonic masculinity. And lastly, because the issue is seen as private and therefore do not belong to cybersecurity. By analysing EU cybersecurity policies, I identified that the EU cybersecurity is dominated by norms of hegemonic masculinity and gendered social hierarchies. In the EU cybersecurity, threats related to non-human objects are constructed and gain hegemony over human rights and social policies. This study has raised important questions about the nature of cybersecurity in the EU, and greater efforts are needed to ensure women’s security in the cyberspace. These results suggest that if the EU aims to combat human trafficking wholehearted, it needs to start with acknowledging human trafficking as a threat in the cyberspace.
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Blanco, Cristina, and Chiara Marinelli. "Human Trafficking Victims versus Irregular Migrants. Challenges and Guidelines for the Attention and Protection of Foreigners Victims of Human Trafficking in Peru." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116265.
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The text aims to identify aspects that should be considered in preparing the State’s institutions to effectively combat human trafficking of a transnational nature. It addresses four main issues. First, it notices the specific problems of foreign human trafficking victims, which could be confused or overlapped with other categories, such as migrant smuggling and illegal migrant status. Subsequently, it develops three fundamental arguments that give primacy to their status as victims of human trafficking and their specialized attention from a human rights perspective. Thirdly, it provides guidelines on the elements that should constitute this approach from the specific rights of foreign victims of human trafficking. Finally, the Peruvian legal and institutional framework is analyzed, as well as its possibilities and challenges for adequate attention to foreign victims of trafficking.El texto apunta a determinar los aspectos que deben ser considerados para perfeccionar el funcionamiento del aparato estatal con el fin de luchar efectivamente contra la trata de personas de carácter transnacional y para orientarlo por los principios propios de un enfoque de derechos humanos con respecto a la víctima de trata de personas. Aborda cuatro puntos centrales. Primero, advierte la problemática particular de las víctimas de trata extranjeras, al ser proclive su confusión o superposición con otras categorías, como la de tráfico de migrantes y migrante en condición irregular. Posteriormente, se desarrollan tres argumentos fundamentales que otorgan primacía a su condición de víctima de trata y a su atención especializada desde un enfoque de derechos humanos. Como tercer punto, se brindan directrices sobre los elementos que deben componer este enfoque, a partir de los derechos específicos de víctimas de trata extranjeras. Por último, se analiza el marco normativo e institucional peruano, y sus posibilidades y retos para lograr una atención adecuada a las víctimas de trata extranjera.
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Roberts, Arthrine Meletha. "A Collaborative Approach With Therapists: Training and Utilizing the Roberts Human Trafficking Tool to Identify Domestic and International Victims of Human Trafficking." Diss., NSUWorks, 2018. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dft_etd/34.
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Human trafficking is prevalent globally, nationally and locally. In the state of Florida, there are many victims of domestic and international human trafficking. Therapists work in settings where they come in contact with victims of human trafficking while they are still in captivity. However, many therapists lack the training and resources to identify victims of human trafficking in the therapeutic setting, and so many of these victims go unidentified. While there are several human trafficking identification tools, none are designed exclusively for therapists to identify both international and domestic victims of sex trafficking. To address this need, I developed the Roberts Human Trafficking Tool (RHTT). This assessment used a collaborative approach for therapists to identify youths who are domestic and international victims of sex trafficking. This project utilized one action research cycle to obtain therapists’ feedback and suggestions for the improvement of the tool. To do this, I trained four stakeholders who were human trafficking therapists in South Florida on the assessment who utilized it among themselves and provided feedback for its advancement. This feedback was used to make changes to improve the tool. The findings indicate that the Roberts Human Trafficking Tool is a unique and interactive tool that helps break barriers in working with the human trafficking population. An important prerequisite for the effective utilization of the RHTT assessment is training therapists on human trafficking and on utilizing the tool.
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Leech, Tasha Nicole. "Human Trafficking: the Gap between International regulation and Enforcement." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-205089.
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The goal of this thesis is to provide insight as to why the number of trafficking cases and convictions is still relatively low compared to the total volume of trafficking occurring, even though the trade is increasingly addressed by international law. Through a study of trafficking itself, a summary of current international legislation, and an analysis of the implementation of said legislation this thesis will show that the gap between legislation and enforcement can be partially accounted for by a widespread failure by states to adequately address the demand for trafficked persons in their national legislation. While this is far from a complete explanation of the problem it is an important piece of the puzzle.
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Ferguson, John A. "International human trafficking in Canada : why so few prosecutions?" Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42474.
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This study investigated the anomaly between the claims that international human trafficking is wide spread in Canada versus the paucity of international trafficking prosecutions that have been achieved in this country following almost a decade of anti-trafficking enforcement. It relied upon a research approach that was anchored by Pierre Bourdieu’s ‘field’ theory in order to unite the disparate issues that were examined in this project into a cohesive explanation for why there have been so few international human trafficking prosecutions in Canada. This thesis examines how moral reform and radical feminism have come to dominate the trafficking discourse and how that dominance has resulted in a general understanding of the crime where the victims are vulnerable foreign women and children trafficked for the sex trade. The study traces the interaction that has taken place between the international anti-trafficking social movement and the Canadian government in order to demonstrate the influence that this social construction of international trafficking has had upon the government’s anti-trafficking policy, law and enforcement strategies. Through an analysis of government documents, statistical enforcement results, study research interviews, and alternative explanations that have been offered to account for the lack of international trafficking prosecutions, this thesis establishes that the most plausible explanation for so few international trafficking prosecutions in Canada is that the international trafficking of foreign women and girls into Canada for prostitution is not as systemic in this country as many have claimed. The examination of the lone international trafficking prosecution reveals that the victim formation which underpins the understanding of international trafficking can appreciably affect prosecutions because it dismisses from consideration as victims those persons who exist beyond the parameters of the accepted international human trafficking victim indicia.
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WINKELLER, HEATHER CHRISTINE. "HUMAN TRAFFICKING: AN INTERNATIONAL PROBLEM IN A REGIONAL FOCUS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192255.
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McArthur, Wilson Richard John. "Agonist stimulus trafficking by human prostanoid CRTH2 (DP2) receptors." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10308/.
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Agonists of hormone receptors possess affinity (the ability to bind) & efficacy (the ability to stimulate effect). In this thesis, alternative expressions of efficacy by recombinant prostanoid Chemoattractant Receptor Homologous molecule of TH2 cell (hCRTH2) receptors have been studied using a variety of assays and pharmacological techniques. When expressed in CHO cells, either with or without co-expression of chimeric G alpha 16z49 G-proteins, CRTH2 receptor-mediated calcium mobilisation pharmacology was found to be as published. Coupling of receptor activation to calcium elevation involved G beta gamma i/o mediated PLC beta -dependent mobilisation of both intra- & extra- calcium. In chimera-expressing cells, an additional coupling mechanism was observed which was presumably G alpha 16z49-mediated. The relative expression of receptor and G-protein molecules in both cell types was investigated but because of deficiencies in the methods employed the relative expression is essentially unknown. Because G alpha 16z49 & G beta gamma i/o represent different classes of PLC beta -activating G-proteins, simultaneous activation of them may have produced a synergistic response in chimera-expressing cells which may have affected the observed receptor pharmacology. When the G alpha 16z49 component was isolated in PTX-treated chimera-expressing CHO G alpha 16z49 cells, reversals of potency order were observed with respect to responses in untreated cells. These were most striking for 17 phenyl PGD2, 15 R 15 methyl PGF2 alpha, 15 deoxy delta 12,14 PGJ2 and 15 R 15methyl PGF2 alpha. Alterations of potency order were also observed in non-chimeric cells (G beta gamma i/o coupling) compared with PTX treated chimera-expressing cells. These were most striking for indomethacin, 16,16 dimethyl PGD2, delta 12 PGJ2 and 9,10 dihydro 15 deoxy delta 12,14 PGJ2. In [35S]-GTP gamma S accumulation assays using membranes prepared from non-chimeric cells and presumably reporting G alpha i/o coupling, agonist pharmacology was similar to G alpha 16z49 mediated calcium mobilisation data. However, the data were markedly different from G beta gamma i/o-mediated calcium mobilisation data generated in non-chimeric cells. These differences were most apparent for 13,14 dihydro 15 keto PGD2, 15 deoxy delta 12,14 PGJ2 and indomethacin. Desensitisation of agonist-stimulated calcium mobilisation was also studied. PGD2 produced rapid & long-lasting desensitisation of hCRTH2 receptors in a biphasic manner suggesting that two desensitisation mechanisms may operate. At low concentrations of PGD2 desensitisation was PTX-insensitive suggesting that a non-Gi/o-protein mediated mechanism may be responsible. Other CRTH2 receptor agonists inhibited responses to subsequent PGD2 EC80 exposure in calcium mobilisation assays. Interestingly, a group of molecules devoid of agonism in the calcium assay also inhibited PGD2 responses. This group of molecules included 19 hydroxy prostaglandins A2, E2 & F2 alpha , and PGE2 and appeared to mediate their effects through a mechanism that did not involve a competitive interaction with PGD2. The data generated here show that CRTH2 receptor agonist pharmacology is critically dependent on G-protein coupling partner and assay methodology, and are strongly indicative of agonist-directed stimulus trafficking. The data are consistent with the notion that G beta gamma subunit activation is not a passive "on-off" event but is rather an active event triggered by agonist- and GTP-dependent conformation changes in both receptor and G alpha subunit molecules.
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Snoke, Joshua H. "Human trafficking in Southeast Asia and U.S. national security." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/45258.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe United States government finds human trafficking to be an important subject and is placing increasing focus on the issue. The Southeast Asian portion of the Western Pacific encompasses a substantial portion of global trafficking, much of which has a final destination in the United States. This thesis asks the following question: How does trafficking in persons (TIP) affect U.S. national security interests and regional stability in Southeast Asia? To answer this question, this thesis examines how trafficking affects U.S. national security; the importance of combatting human trafficking in Southeast Asia to regional stability and to U.S. national security; levels of involvement the United States might seek to address the problem of human trafficking in Southeast Asia; and the possibility of an increase in maritime security efforts and interagency coordination in Southeast Asia to effectively combat human trafficking. U.S. national security is tied to regional stability through effects on economic interdependence and state partnerships. TIP threatens both, through its influence in transnational organized crime and the misuse of humans as an illegal resource. The thesis concludes by considering possible solutions to the problem that could be adopted by the United States military.
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Betz, Diana L. "Human trafficking in Southeast Asia causes and policy implications." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Jun/09Jun%5FBetz.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in in National Security Studies (Far East, Southeast Asia, Pacific))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2009.Thesis Advisor(s): Malley, Michael. "June 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 10, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Human trafficking, Southeast Asia, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, sex tourism, poverty, globalization, women's rights, education levels, uneven regional economic development, labor trafficking, corruption. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-92). Also available in print.
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Lee, Jeansun. "The regulation of Fas ligand trafficking in human lymphocytes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608285.
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Brenner, Christiane. "Dissecting peptidoglycan trafficking and transport(ers) in human cells." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB240.
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Les fragments du peptidoglycane, les muropeptides muramyl-triDAP (MTP) et le muramyl dipeptide (MDP) sont détectés spécifiquement par les récepteurs cytosoliques du système immunitaire inné, Nod1 et Nod2, respectivement. Mais à ce jour, l’internalisation cellulaire de ces fragments, et plus particulièrement dans les cellules du colon humain, reste mal connue. Dans le but de mieux comprendre ce processus d’internalisation cellulaire, une lignée de cellules humaines du colon HT-29 a été utilisée comme modèle. Les deux récepteurs, Nod1 et Nod2 ont été décrits comme étant exprimés dans cette lignée cellulaire, ainsi que la famille du “Solute Carrier 15A“ (SLC15A) connue pour être impliquée dans le transport des MDP et MTP dans d’autres systèmes cellulaires, mais ce qui ne semble pas être le cas dans notre lignée modèle. A titre d’exemples, SLC15A1 (PEPT1) et SLC15A2 (PEPT2) sont exprimés à l’apex des cellules et transportent, en général, des di-et tripeptides dans les cellules intestinales et rénales. Les transporteurs SLC15A3 (PHT2) et SLC15A4 (PHT1) quant à eux, seraient responsables du transport des MDP et MTP, respectivement, dans les endosomes et les lysosomes. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’identifier le mécanisme d’internalisation du MDP dans les cellules HT-29. Ainsi, différents inhibiteurs des voies d’endocytose ont été utilisés dans des expériences de microscopie. Nos résultats suggèrent que la voie d’internalisation est différente de celle utilisée par la transferrine. En effet, l’internalisation du MDP est partiellement dépendante de la dynamine, une GTPase, et des protéines Rac1/Cdc42, deux Rho GTPases. Ces trois protéines sont impliquées dans l’endocytose et Rac1 joue également un rôle dans l’immunité innée. En parallèle, nous avons inactivé le gène MFSD3 par la technique CRISPR-Cas9. Ce dernier est l’homologue du gène ampG d’Escherichia coli qui transporte spécifiquement les muropeptides anhydres. MFSD3 a été proposé comme un autre transporteur de muropeptides, comme le MTP, permettant leur accès à Nod1 et Nod2. Ainsi, nous avons étudié la fonction de MFSD3. Les cellules déplétées pour MFSD3 étaient affectées dans leur prolifération et dans l’accumulation d’Acetyl-CoA. Une étude protéomique a montré l’implication de MFSD3 dans plusieurs voies de signalisation, suggérant son rôle important dans le métabolisme et, plus largement, dans l’immunitéIn the past it has been found that the peptidoglycan fragments muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and muramyl-triDAP (MTP) are specifically recognized by the cytosolic immune receptors Nod2 and Nod1, respectively. However, it is not clear, especially in intestinal and colon epithelial cells, how these fragments are internalized. HT-29, a human cell line from the colon has been stimulated with MDP-Rhodamine to decipher its uptake mechanism. HT-29 poses an interesting model for studying since it is a colonic cell line and both NOD1 and NOD2 are endogenously expressed, while the Solute Carrier Family SLC15A, that has been associated in the past with internalization of both MDP and MTP, seems to be expressed within these cells, however the transporters do not seem to have a role in transport of these fragments in this cell model. SLC15A1 (PEPT1) and SLC15A2 (PEPT2) are expressed at the apical side of cell membranes and mediate the uptake of di- and tripeptides into intestinal and renal cells, while SLC15A3 (PHT1) and SLC15A4 (PHT1) are assumed to be transporting MDP and MTP, respectively, from the early endosome and from the lysosome. One aim of this thesis was to identify the uptake-mechanism for MDP within these cells. By using different inhibitors of endocytosis in combination with microscopy, it has been found that MDP conjugated to Rhodamine is partly endocytosed by an uptake mechanism dependent on Dynamin and Rac1, two Rho GTPases. These two proteins are both involved in endocytosis and vesicular trafficking. Rac1 many different cellular processes such as gene transcription, vesicle trafficking and cytoskeleton architecture, as well as immune signaling. In addition, CRISPR-Cas9 was applied by a collaboration of the lab to knock-down MFSD3, the human homologue of the AmpG gene in E. coli that has been found to recycle murein tripeptide and transport anhydrous muropeptides required to have the disaccharide N-acetylglucosamine-N-acetylmuramic acid (GlcNac-MurNAc). It was suggested in the literature that MFSD3 thus could be another likely candidate to transport ligands to NOD1. Therefore, it was investigated what the substrate, and in general the function of MFSD3 could be. A proteomics approach was carried out and by this several interesting signaling pathways could be identified that suggest that the gene is likely to be important in metabolism and immunity
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Tunde-Yara, Faith. "Human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal : a human rights based perspective." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20807.
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Human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal, known to be an obscure and uncommon form of trafficking in persons, has since become a popular phenomenon across various countries of the world. The crime is recognized in the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially women and children, which supplements the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. A reason for the inclusion of this form of trafficking in this particular international instrument on transnational organized crime is because most forms of trafficking, and more particularly human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal, as well as organ trafficking are generally perpetrated by transnational organized criminal groups. This dissertation seeks to consider the crime in detail, from a human right-based approach. This approach acknowledges that trafficking in all its forms, is a violation of human rights and seeks to depart from the common debates surrounding the spread of organ trafficking over the years. A large proportion of these debates have attributed the shortage of organs to the spread of the organ black market and organ trafficking in general. These debates have therefore focused on addressing the shortage of organs by developing systems to promote altruistic donation of organs. Even though there is an international recognition and admittance of the fact that human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal constitutes a serious human right abuse, there is still a wide gap in the body of research that focuses on the human right abuses involved in this type of human trafficking, and the need to protect and promote the rights of victim-donors. The aforementioned gap will serve as the crux of this dissertation as efforts will be made to address the inherent human rights abuses that victim-donors face. This dissertation will begin by introducing the crime of human trafficking through a brief historical overview. It will then proceed to give a background information on human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal. Subsequent chapters will address in detail the trends and patterns of the crime, the modus operandi of organ traffickers, the role players in organ trafficking networks, the consequences of the crime on the victims involved, the inherent human right violations promoted through the continuous perpetration of the crime of human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal, and the responses that have been given to curbing the crime from different international, regional and national institutions. Case studies will be examined to buttress the facts and findings of the entire dissertation.
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Kidd, Rachel Marie. "Vulnerability, Victimization and VIVA: A Cluster Analysis of Cross-National Human Trafficking Victims." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103246.
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Human trafficking, the cruel and inhumane crime that it is, exploits the lives of millions of people around the world. My study explores the common vulnerabilities that exist for victims of cross-national human trafficking. First, I analyze literature discussing individual and country- level victim demographics to identify characteristics that predict recruitment or abduction into human trafficking. Using the 2017 Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative, I demonstrate the applicability of Cohen and Felson's 1979 Routine Activity Theory (RAT) to explain the vulnerabilities to victimization further. More specifically, I use VIVA to assess the methods of control and types of exploitation utilized by domestic and international traffickers. A sociological study that combines the work of RAT and VIVA in relation to human trafficking victimization is yet to exist, therefore I am seeking to fill this research gap. The overarching goal of this study is to form a victim profile through cluster analysis and logistic regression in order to locate the unique patterns of victimization. My findings demonstrate that there is a significant relationship between the three clusters formed, the methods of control used by the perpetrator (physical, psychological, and economic abuse), and the types of exploitation suffered by the victim (sexual and labor exploitation).Master of Science
Human trafficking is the abduction and exploitation of individuals, in which victims are manipulated into sex or labor trafficking in unfamiliar environments without compensation. Trafficking occurs beyond national borders, therefore I look at victims originating from all over the globe. The literature I utilize looks at individual-level demographics and national-level characteristics. I then use a database to link certain social and theoretical elements of these demographics and characteristics to the methods of control and types of exploitation traffickers enforce upon their victims. Overall, this study forms a victim profile and locates the unique patterns of trafficking victimization through multiple data applications. My thesis concludes with findings on clusters that combine age, gender, recruiter relations, literacy rates, and trafficking laws and regressions that link these clusters to physical, psychological, and economic control as well as sexual and labor exploitation.
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Rijken, Conny. "Trafficking in persons : prosecution from a European perspective /." The Hague : T.M.C. Asser Press, 2003. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam051/2004436856.html.
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Obokata, Tomoya. "Trafficking of human beings as a human rights violation : obligations and accountability under international human rights law." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408594.
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Janashvili, Lela. "Human trafficking y la prevención administrativa de una nueva esclavitud." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667480.
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En el mundo globalizado moderno, Human Trafficking es una de las revelaciones más graves de la violación de los derechos humanos y, en consecuencia, se considera uno de los temas vitales para los estados de la comunidad internacional al que prestar atención. En la presente investigación tratamos de analizar el fenómeno de la trata de personas (sobre todo de mujeres y niñas) teniendo en cuenta sus aspectos legales y sociológicos.
En la segunda mitad del siglo XX, a pesar del desarrollo del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos facilitado por la comunidad mundial, miles de mujeres cada año, siguen siendo víctimas de la explotación sexual y del comercio ilegal en su propio país y en el extranjero. Para frenar esta aberración debemos quitarnos la venda de los ojos y analizar los diferentes factores que la provocan.
El primer y principal factor es la ruptura del delito de la trata. Al cometer acciones que envuelven a la trata, se vulneran flagrantemente los derechos humanos fundamentales como la libertad, el respeto y la dignidad de las víctimas. Además, la salud física y psíquica de las mujeres está en peligro, porque en la mayoría de los casos los signos característicos del delito de trata se identifican principalmente con violaciones y agresiones físicas y psíquicas, ya que las han sometido a secuestros, encarcelamientos, coacciones y en el fondo, a un sistema moderno de esclavitud.
La investigación tiene como objetivo revisar la trata en términos de violación de los derechos humanos sobre la base del análisis de las herramientas internacionales y nacionales existentes en todo el mundo, así como revelar tanto el éxito como las trabas en la lucha contra la trata y desarrollar las recomendaciones adecuadas. Además, hemos revisado las medidas administrativas y legales que deben tomar las organizaciones internacionales, los estados nacionales o el sector privado para prevenir la trata. Al mismo tiempo, se concede gran importancia a la aplicación de métodos innovadores en la lucha contra la trata.
Obviamente, los objetivos de la investigación son complejos y debido a su escala, la trata se analiza desde la seguridad humana, nacional y global, tomando en consideración los factores y riesgos económicos globales, así como las razones económicas, sociales, políticas y tecnológicas que lo causan. Es necesario que los Estados centren toda su atención en la prevención de la trata y, a tal fin, mejoren la base legislativa pertinente de conformidad con las normas jurídicas internacionales.In the modern globalized world Human Trafficking is one of the most severe revelations of human rights infringement and accordingly, it is considered to be one of the vital issues for the states of the international community to pay attention to. In the present research we tried to analyze the phenomenon of trafficking taking into account its legal and sociological aspects and its administrative prevention. In the second half of the 20th century despite the active development of the international law of human rights facilitated by the world community thousands of people become victims of the sexual exploitation and illegal trade committed for the various purposes in their own country as well as abroad every year. The concern of the international society over this type of crime mainly accounts for several factors. The first and major factor is the severance of crime of trafficking. While committing trafficking the fundamental human rights, freedom, respect and dignity are flagrantly abused, furthermore, the physical and psychical health of the human is in danger, because in most cases the signs characteristic to the crime of trafficking are identified mainly in the physical and psychical violations such as imprisonment, coercion, enslavement, etc. The paper aims at reviewing trafficking in terms of human rights infringement on the basis of analysis of the international and national tools existing worldwide as well as revealing the success and drawbacks in the struggle against trafficking and developing the relevant recommendations. In addition, the paper reviews the administrative-legal measures to be taken by the international organizations, national states or private sector in order to prevent trafficking. At the same time, great importance is attached to applying the innovative methods in the struggle against trafficking. Obviously, the goals of the research are complex and due to its scales trafficking are discussed in terms of the human, national and global security taking into consideration the global economic factors and risks as well as the economic, social, political and technological reasons causing it. It is necessary for the states to focus their full attention on the administrative prevention of trafficking and for this purpose to improve the relevant legislative basis pursuant to the international legal standards.
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Almario, Maria C. "THE INCLUSIVE HUMAN TRAFFICKING CHECKLIST: A DIALECTICAL METHODOLOGY OF MEASUREMENT." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/edp_etds/34.
Full textAbstract:
The identification of victims of human trafficking and consequential service provision is characterized by a significant disconnection between the estimated prevalence of this issue and the number of cases identified. The current dissertation introduces the Inclusive Human Trafficking Checklist (IHTC) as a screening measure, evaluates the appropriateness of the instrument, evaluates whether there are differences in assessment based on the participant’s profession, level of knowledge, and training, and assesses if users of the instrument perceive it as useful. A total of 201 participants were asked to rate three vignettes predetermined by experts to qualify as a either human trafficking case or not. The participants were placed in three conditions: business as usual (use of the Rescue and Restore instrument), utilization of the IHTC with and without training. The results revealed a statistically significant level of agreement between the expert’s diagnostic and the application of the IHTC. While there was an improvement in identification in the group with training, the difference was found to have a small effect size. The results also revealed an improvement on identification of cases when utilizing the IHTC. Participants who utilized the IHTC showed an increased ability to identify elements of identity-based vulnerabilities as well as elements of fraud, which according to the results, are distinctive variables in cases of human trafficking. In terms of the perceived utility, the results revealed higher mean scores for the groups utilizing the IHTC when compared to the business as usual condition. These findings suggest that the IHTC improves appropriate identification of cases and that it is perceived as a useful instrument. The application of the IHTC as a counseling and legal instrumentation utilized for conceptualization and intervention of human trafficking cases is discussed as an opportunity for enhancement of victim well-being, engagement and activism.