Dissertations / Theses: 'Human trafficking (International law)'

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Leech, Tasha Nicole. "Human Trafficking: the Gap between International regulation and Enforcement." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-205089.

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The goal of this thesis is to provide insight as to why the number of trafficking cases and convictions is still relatively low compared to the total volume of trafficking occurring, even though the trade is increasingly addressed by international law. Through a study of trafficking itself, a summary of current international legislation, and an analysis of the implementation of said legislation this thesis will show that the gap between legislation and enforcement can be partially accounted for by a widespread failure by states to adequately address the demand for trafficked persons in their national legislation. While this is far from a complete explanation of the problem it is an important piece of the puzzle.

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Horzum, Ekin Deniz. "Charting the international legal framework applicable to modern day human trafficking." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8677/.

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This thesis argues that the international legal framework applicable to human trafficking is inadequate to address contemporary challenges. It also explains why and how human trafficking is a controversial phenomenon due to its complex nature, which is shaped by real-world incidences. Overall, this thesis stresses that human trafficking is real, and that survivors are human beings, who do matter. Drawing on international law, in order to capture the inadequacy of international legal framework, this thesis discusses the definition of human trafficking in comparison to the terms modern-day slavery and migrant smuggling, and considers obligations to protect, including identification and non- criminalisation of human trafficking victims. In the context of definitional analysis, this thesis not only looks at the international legal regulations pertaining to related phenomena, but also critically reviews international law to help address how human trafficking is defined and understood by the international community, including the media, scholars and international courts, alongside real-world incidents. The definition of human trafficking and obligations to protect are evidently interrelated; without defining human trafficking, identification of trafficking victims, as required by the obligations of protection, is not possible. In this respect, there are two main aspects in which international law does not adequately respond to human trafficking crimes: defining human trafficking and identifying its ‘victims’/survivors, as is explained in this thesis.

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Obokata, Tomoya. "Trafficking of human beings as a human rights violation : obligations and accountability under international human rights law." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408594.

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Högfors, Frida. "Human Trafficking : International Law and the Regulation of Sexual Exploitationof Women on the Internet." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-86526.

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Constantinou, Angelo. "EU Acquis, international law, and local implementation : trafficking in women and the sex trade in Cyprus." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6458.

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Despite its long pre-existence, the issue of human trafficking (especially for sexual purposes) has become the epicentre of attention since the closing of the past century. The globe-wide attempt of politicians, academics, practitioners, technocrats, activists, and journalists to define, advocate, measure, and ‘control’ people trafficking has brought to the fore particular (re)actions. One such example is the EU and international law that aim to facilitate the legal framework within which national administrations should embark upon to ‘better deal’ with human trafficking. While EU and international law can only go so far as to lay the theoretical basis that signatory states must follow for dealing with human trafficking, ultimately, planning and implementing public policy become the prerogative of the individual state. In light of this, the central contribution of this study is the exploration of the application of EU and international law in concern with human trafficking within the Cypriot context. In other words, how EU and international law on human trafficking are applied in day-to-day interactions between state employees, civil groups, and trafficked women. For this purpose, the study examines the interpretation and application of the local legislation by the criminal justice agencies as well as the local NGOs. Notably, such undertakings are informed by past and present geopolitical and socio-economic developments that have been taking place since the British colonisation of Cyprus. Research findings (based on ethnographic fieldwork and documentary study), demonstrate that EU’s attempt to enforce legislative cohesion, common policies, and harmonised practices over the issue of human trafficking across its Member States is yet to materialise. The case of Cyprus, and at times of other EU States, are used as a paradigm in which both, the EU acquis and international law fail to impose legal prescriptions on national authorities. To illustrate, the dimensions of prevention, detection, identification, prosecution, and adjudication of human trafficking, as well as trafficking victims’ protection, rehabilitation, and repatriation are explored in piecemeal and they all testify of systemic deviations from EU and international guidelines. Both Cypriot public services and local NGOs assigned to handle human trafficking are not in a position to bear the standards laid out by the EU and the CoE. Consequently, victims of trafficking are often predisposed to adverse conditions and as a result, they are often undertreated. Moreover, it is often the case that law on paper—both EU and Cypriot— and law in practice are diametrically different.

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Arcenas, Maria Teresa L. Sriprapha Petcharamesree. "Human rights protection beyond state borders : a study of national laws on anti-trafficking in women in the Philippines and in Malaysia /." Abstract, 2007. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2550/cd405/4637983.pdf.

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Jovanović, Marija. "Human trafficking, human rights and the right to be free from slavery, servitude and forced labour." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:438dfa89-492c-4882-b882-8f21a0f60e9e.

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The thesis engages with a dynamic discourse on the human rights approach to human trafficking. Building on the traditional doctrine of human rights, the thesis demonstrates that human trafficking is not a human rights violation, save for a state involvement in it, either directly or through a failure to observe its positive obligations imposed by the existent human rights. In situations that do engage human rights law, the thesis defends an argument that conceptually, human trafficking falls within a domain of the right to be free from slavery, servitude and forced labour. This argument is grounded in both a doctrinal and a conceptual analysis. In particular, the thesis conducts a unique conceptual and legal analysis of Article 4 of the European Convention of Human Rights offering an original interpretation of the concept of exploitation in the context of practices associated with trafficking and 'modern slavery'. This type of inquiry is missing in the existent scholarship. The thesis also conducts a detailed analysis of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on positive obligations to protect vulnerable individuals arising out of 'absolute' rights. In addition to providing a complete analysis and classification of these positive obligations, the thesis draws attention to the important difference between the scope of the right and the scope of state responsibility in situations of private infringements of 'absolute' rights. Accordingly, the thesis demonstrates that whereas the prohibition contained in these rights is absolute for the state, positive obligations in situations of their infringements by private individuals are of a limited scope. The analysis of the jurisprudence of the Strasbourg Court is supplemented by a comprehensive discussion of the obligations established in the trafficking-specific instruments. The thesis explains how victim protection provisions contained in these instruments may inform human rights obligations, yet, it demonstrates that these do not represent such obligations on their own. This analysis provides a roadmap for practitioners and activists when arguing cases before the Strasbourg Court and domestically. In addition to this practical dimension, the thesis intends to provide an important contribution to the scholarship on human rights law, and on human trafficking specifically.

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Sikka, Annuradha. "Trafficking in Persons in Canada: Looking for a "Victim"." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31786.

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This dissertation looks at the concept of “trafficking in persons” and how it has been created, interpreted and utilized in the international sphere and in Canada. Using the approach of Critical Legal Pluralism (CLP), it examines the legal regulation of trafficking as being created through a bi-directional constitutive process, with paradigmatic conceptions of trafficking having a hand in creating regulation as well as being influenced by it. Through a review of data retrieved using a variety of qualitative methods as well as classic legal analysis, this dissertation explores the operation of various social actors and their effect on the determination of what trafficking is, and who is worthy of protection from it. In Part One the international framework is outlined through a discussion of the creation of the dominant paradigm of trafficking and implementations of it. Chapter One traces the history of the anti-trafficking movement by looking at the development of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, and by examining the creation of dominant discourses around trafficking. Chapter 2 uses CLP to examine the influences of a variety of actors on the creation of these discourses and the repercussions the discourses have had on the implementation of anti-trafficking policies. Part Two then turns to the Canadian context. In Chapter Three, classical legal methodologies are employed to discuss Canada’s obligations under international law with respect to trafficking, as well as the creation of definitions of trafficking in the Canadian legal regulatory context. Chapter Four then reviews data from Canada to discuss the ways in which various actors have been involved in the creation and operation of the dominant paradigm and how it in turn affects the operation of trafficking-related legal constructs. Ultimately, it is found that due to the influence of the dominant paradigm and the motivations that aid in its operation, programs and policies framed under the rubric of “trafficking” necessarily fail to achieve meaningful redress for the groups they purport to benefit. On this basis, an alternative approach is suggested to address phenomena currently being dealt with through anti-trafficking frameworks. A move is suggested away from a focus on “trafficking” to a sectoral approach, accounting for the complexities and histories of individuals subject to exploitative circumstances.

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Klynn, Nicholas M. "Supranationalism in the Fight Against Transnational Threats: A Comparative Study of ASEAN and EU Policy Responses to Human Trafficking." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/509.

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Transnational security threats are among the most pressing and complicated problems facing both governmental and non-governmental actors in today's world. Human trafficking is one example of contemporary transnational security threat that is relatively less studied compared to other transnational security threats. Because transnational security threats such as human trafficking exist above and outside the boundaries of state control, it may be supposed that a greater degree of supranationalism in the policy responses to them would yield better results in combatting these modern-day ills. Anti-trafficking efforts from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the European Union are examined to assess the impact of degree of supranationalism present in the respective policy responses to determine if any advantage is gained from aligning supranational policies to transnational problems. This question is not answered conclusively due to a lack of supranationalism present in key areas of EU governance responsible for law enforcement efforts.

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Mirei, Omar. "Trafficking in human beings for forced labour in domestic and international law : a comparative legal study of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom." Thesis, Abertay University, 2016. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/2ec52521-f713-4ad7-ae1e-7edcd606afae.

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This thesis examines the effect of combating of human trafficking as a crime. Special emphasis has been placed on forced labour and the rights of trafficked victims and their protection. The study explores various legislations undertaken at regional, national and international levels and considers rights of trafficked victims under international human rights and Islamic rights. The aim of the thesis is to provide a critical and comparative analysis of the legal systems of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Kingdom (UK) in terms of human trafficking. The thesis consists of eight chapter; each covering a different aspect of the study. It begins by providing background information regarding the issue of human trafficking and proceeds to examine developments of legal frameworks across the two jurisdictions to combat this crime and penalize the criminals. It seeks to examine the legal system pertaining to human trafficking for forced labour and analyse the three distinct platforms, that is, prevention, protection, and punishment, by comparing the legal systems of the KSA and the UK. The examination of both countries aims to identify the strength and weaknesses of the KSA system as compared to the UK system. Thus, it concludes that the KSA can improve its ranking from Tier 2 watch list to Tier 1 if reforms are introduced in the legislation and enforcement domains. The study also demonstrates how the UK and the KSA portray ‘human trafficking’ in their regional laws. A problem often faced during the information-gathering and investigation stages is the lack of available evidence against traffickers, a particular issue in the KSA. The thesis concludes that the transnational aspect of this phenomenon makes it necessary to establish a thorough and comprehensive legal framework to cover all matters pertaining to this crime, including the protection of victims and punishment of criminals in the KSA and the UK, including immigration and ‘kafala’ strategies that may be of value in future researches.

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Al-Zoubi, Muath Yahia Yosef. "An analysis of the crime of trafficking in persons under international law with a special focus on Jordanian legislation." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/12138.

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This thesis analyses the crime of trafficking in persons under international law with a special focus on Jordanian legislation, arguing that efforts to address the crime of trafficking in persons require a holistic approach, but it will focus on questions of jurisdiction and legal definitions. After analysing the definitions, elements, forms, and typologies of the crime of trafficking in persons under the Trafficking in Persons Protocol (TIPP) as the main legal international instrument, this thesis further examines whether or not Jordanian legislation is in line with international standards. Then, under the holistic approach to addressing the crime of trafficking in persons, this thesis examines trafficking in persons as a transnational organised crime. Subsequently, it examines trafficking in persons as a crime against humanity by examining whether or not the International Criminal Court (ICC) might be regarded as an effective organ for addressing trafficking in persons as a crime against humanity. Later, the thesis examines the efforts made in Jordan to address the crime of trafficking in persons. Accordingly, this thesis concludes that trafficking in persons is a multi-dimensional problem and that long-term success will not be achieved by taking a disjunctive approach to addressing its many facets. Therefore, achieving a unified approach will lead to a permanent solution or will at least make a major contribution to addressing the problem.

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Regmi, Kumar. "The responsibility of the States under international human rights law to address the trafficking in Nepalese girls into prostitution." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ63090.pdf.

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Malm, Eva. "Människohandel: En analys av det folkrättsliga regelverkets tillräcklighet." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-162612.

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Human trafficking is the fastest growing and the third largest transnational crime. It is driven by the demand for commercial sexual services and cheap labour, and the ample supply of vulnerable people to exploit together with a prevailing system of impunity makes it a highly profitable crime. It imposes grave human rights violations upon its victims, and has devastating effects on society. A global agreement to combat human trafficking – the Palermo Protocol – was adopted by the United Nations in the year 2000. This global agreement provides a legal definition for human trafficking and requires states to take actions to prevent human trafficking, prosecute the perpetrators and protect the victims. Most states have joined this agreement and have made subsequent efforts to implement it. The Council of Europe has adopted a specific convention that even strengthens it. Despite the many efforts to combat human trafficking the number of victims continue to increase and the number of convictions remain low. Some scholars suggest it is because of the incomplete or lack of national implementations, while other scholars suggest the international legal framework is inadequate. The main purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the international legal framework is adequate to combat human trafficking, and to discuss strengthening options. It uses a classical analytical legal method that examines and analyses the most relevant international agreements. Conclusions are that the Palermo Protocol focuses mainly on prosecution, requires too little preventing and protecting measures, and has a weak compliance mechanism. Human rights treaties also address human trafficking but their weak compliance mechanisms make them ill equipped to compel states to act. To combat human trafficking, measures to prevent, prosecute and protect are all crucial, and such measures can probably best be enforced by strengthening all relevant legal areas (human rights law, labour law, migrant law, refugee law and humanitarian law) and engaging all parts of society.

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Rodrigues, Thais de Camargo. "O tráfico internacional de pessoas para fim de exploração sexual e a questão do consentimento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-30102012-102346/.

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A presente dissertação, pautada no direito penal mínimo e no princípio da dignidade humana, discorre sobre o tráfico internacional de pessoas para fim de exploração sexual, tendo em vista o consentimento da vítima maior e capaz. Para tanto, foi feita uma análise introdutória do direito penal sexual e da prostituição, buscando identificar o bem jurídico tutelado hodiernamente sem a influência de conteúdo estritamente moral, pois no tráfico de pessoas deve prevalecer a proteção da liberdade sexual. Foram examinados os principais acordos internacionais afeitos à matéria, em especial o Protocolo de Palermo, e também a legislação de países como Alemanha, Portugal, Espanha, Itália, Estados Unidos e Argentina. Neste contexto, fez-se uma leitura crítica da legislação brasileira (mormente o art. 231 do Código Penal), que está em falta com a agenda internacional por se limitar a tutelar o tráfico internacional quando se trata de exploração de índole sexual. Além disso, o dispositivo se mostra falho em sua essência, por não enxergar o tráfico como um fenômeno, um processo delitivo complexo e multifacetado. À ineficácia legislativa se soma a insuficiência das políticas públicas nesta seara para o efetivo enfrentamento do tráfico de pessoas, visando a sua prevenção, punição e também a proteção às vítimas.
This paper which is based on the principles of minimum criminal law and human dignity, talks about the international human trafficking for sexual purposes, considering the consent of the adult and capable victim. For this, a preliminary analysis of the criminal sex and prostitution law was made, in order to identify the legal protected property, without the influence of the strictly moral context, because the protection of sexual freedom shall prevail in human trafficking. This paper also evaluates the more important international treaties with regard to this issue, with special regard to the Palermo Protocol as well as the legislation of countries such as Germany, Portugal, Spain, Italy, United States of America and Argentina. A comparative analyses of the Brazilian law was developed (Article 231 of the Brazilian Criminal Code), concluding that the Brazilian law is more restricted than the international rules, because it legislates that Human trafficking is only for sexual purposes and does not consider any other. Besides that, the aforementioned article has a flaw as it does not consider the traffic as a phenomenon, a complex and multifaceted wrongful process. The inefficient Brazilian legislative process is attributed to the insufficiency of public policies in this area to effectively face human trafficking, focusing on its prevention and punishment as well as the protection of the victims.

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Kamrani, Marjon E. "Keeping the Faith in Global Civil Society: Illiberal Democracy and the Cases of Reproductive Rights and Trafficking." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1268079906.

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Mezhi, Mejbel Mezhi Bathal Alrashedi Ali. "In the context of both International Law and the application of Islamic Sharia Law, how effective have Kuwait and the Kuwaiti legal system been in addressing, preventing and combating human trafficking?" Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/62860/.

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This thesis answers the question of how effective Kuwait and the Kuwaiti legal system have been in addressing, preventing, and combating human trafficking in the context of both international law and the application of Islamic Sharia Law (ISL). The thesis is concerned with trafficking in persons with a particular focus on trafficking to exploit labour in Kuwait as compared to the five other Arab countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The GCC countries are parties to the main international instrument that governs trafficking, namely the United Nations Trafficking Protocol 2000 (UNTP). The GCC countries also have ISL as one of their main sources of law. With particular reference to Kuwait in the context of the Gulf region, this thesis examines how national, international, and religious legal frameworks impact the fight against trafficking in the region, and evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of current laws, such as anti-trafficking laws and labour laws. It also seeks to demonstrate the links between the principles of international law and ISL, as such an overlap can provide the basis for further reform in relation to the prevention of trafficking and increased protection for victims. The thesis also discusses trafficking in persons and labour exploitation in the context of criminal justice. The UK was selected as an example of a country that has addressed trafficking, in particular labour exploitation and how Kuwait can learn from the UK. The thesis also assesses the effectiveness of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in combating trafficking in persons, in particular women and children, which is recognised by Article 7(2) of the statute under the definition of an act of enslavement in the context of crimes against humanity. The thesis concludes by making recommendations for change at the national, regional, and international levels to strengthen cooperation in combating trafficking in persons, which is the modern form of slavery.

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Tomsson, Viktoria. "The Effectiveness of the Convention on the Rights of the Child : Examined through a legal assessment of Ghana’s implementation of Article 35 concerning Child Trafficking." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-182509.

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The aim of this thesis is to examine to what extent the Convention on the Rights of the Child may be regarded as an effective instrument for a state’s aim to abolish child trafficking. An underlying aim is to examine what factors make a convention effective in general. The study is conducted through a doctrinal method with a legal sociological perspective, examining the normative aspects of law. In this sense, Ghana’s implementation of Article 35 of the CRC is evaluated, in order to reach the objective of the study. Thus, the Ghanaian legal system constitutes the base upon which the analysis is made. Hereby, the effectiveness of the CRC is measured by the extent to which the commitments made by Ghana, have led to the adoption of concrete measures to improve the rights of children as it pertains to child trafficking, since the ratification of the CRC. An underlying aim is to discover what factors may affect the effectiveness of a convention, such as inadequate legal framework, its application of it or other cultural factors. In order to measure the effectiveness of the CRC, a normative model is applied, explaining both the notions of compliance versus effectiveness. Herein, it is clarified that: in order to measure the effectiveness of a convention in this matter, one first needs to examine if the national legal framework complies to the convention in question. Thus, in the first part, it is concluded that Ghana has successfully incorporated the CRC in its legal framework. In the second part, it is shown how, despite of the effective incorporation of the CRC, there remains a gap between what is prescribed by law and the manifestation in practice. Different factors have been concluded to influence the effectiveness of the Convention. In order for a state to implement measures to deal with an issue, there must be a clear standard set out in the convention in the first place. In this regard, it has been noted that the lack of clarity and ambiguity of the wording in Article 35 of the CRC may have affected the effectiveness of the convention. Moreover, it is noted that the nature of the issue: the phenomenon of child trafficking, in itself, is a complex issue with certain elements that makes it more challenging to regulate than “normal” human rights violations. Not least, it is proven how the socio-cultural norms of Ghana have a noticeable effect on the implementation of the Convention. At last, it is demonstrated how the process of norm-internalization in a state may affect the effectiveness of a Convention: it has been shown how Ghana’s policy-making system has not been effective in practice. Nevertheless, the conclusion remains: the effectiveness of a convention depends on the function it serves in the first place. As for the case of the CRC, it remains an effectivetool to abolish child trafficking as long as the States Parties take united responsibility to make it so.
Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning barnkonventionen (CRC) kan utgöra ett effektivt instrument för en stats ändamål att avskaffa barnhandel. Ett bakomliggande syfte med studien är att utreda vilka faktorer som gör en konvention effektiv generellt sett. Studien baseras på en rättsdogmatisk metod i ljuset av ett rättsociologiskt perspektiv där de normativa aspekterna av lagen undersöks. I detta avseende utvärderas Ghanas implementering av artikel 35 i CRC för att uppnå syftet med studien. Således vilar den rättsliga analysen på det ghananska rättssystemet som grund. I sammanhanget granskas barnkonventionens effektivitet med avstamp i hur de åtaganden som gjorts av Ghana har lett till vidtagande av konkreta åtgärder för att förbättra barns situation vad gäller barnhandel. En normativ modell tillämpas för att förstå vad begreppen effektivitetoch efterlevnadinnebär i sammanhanget. Här klargörs att, för att mäta effektiviteten av en konvention, måste det först undersökas huruvida det nationella regelverket uppfyller de reglerade skyldigheterna i den ifrågavarande konventionen. I den första delen dras slutsatsen att Ghana har införlivat barnkonventionen på ett tillfredsställande sätt. I den andra delen redovisas det hur det kvarstår en diskrepans mellan vad som föreskrivs i lag och hur lagen manifesteras i praktiken, trots det effektiva införlivandet av barnkonventionen. Det påvisas hur olika faktorer påverkar en konventions effektivitet. I detta avseende noteras det att (bristen på) tydlighet och klarhet i ordalydelsen av artikel 35, kan påverka konventionens effektivitet. För att en stat ens ska kunna genomföra åtgärder för att hantera en viss fråga måste det finnas en tydlig standard i konventionen i första hand. Vidare noteras det att problemets natur: fenomenet barnhandel i sig, är en komplex fråga med vissa element som gör det mer utmanande att reglera fenomenet än ”normala” kränkningar av mänskliga rättigheter. Inte minst anmärks det hur de sociokulturella normerna i Ghana har en märkbar effekt på tillämpningen av barnkonventionen. Slutligen redogörs det för hur olika norminternaliserande faktorer i en stat kan påverka effektiviteten av en konvention: det redovisas hur Ghana brister i författandet av effektiva ”policies” för att åtgärda problematiken. Slutsatsen påvisar hur effektiviteten av en konvention beror på den funktion som konventionen har i första hand. Vad gäller barnkonventionen, utgör den ett effektivt verktyg i kampen mot barnhandel, så länge som medlemsstaterna faktiskt tar enat ansvar i att säkerställa dess effektivitet.
Minor Fields Studies, SIDA

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Aurey, Xavier. "La transformation du corps humain en ressource biomédicale. Etude de droit international et européen." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020023.

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Transformé en une ressource biomédicale au profit du soin d’autrui (sang, tissus, cellules, etc.) ou de la recherche (sujet d’essai clinique), le corps est aujourd’hui soumis aux enjeux de la globalisation du monde médical. Un tel constat ne vient pas remettre en cause toute approche fondée sur les droits de l’Homme, mais il oblige à les repenser différemment, en incluant l’ensemble des acteurs en cause. Les droits de l’Homme doivent alors adapter leur vocabulaire, sans compromettre les valeurs qui sous-tendent leur régime. La thèse soutenue vise ainsi à démontrer que les principes tant de la bioéthique que du régime traditionnel des droits de l’Homme ne sont pas suffisants pour permettre la protection des individus dans le contexte spécifique de la transformation du corps humain en ressource biomédicale. Il est alors nécessaire d’apprendre aux acteurs de la normalisation technique de la biomédecine et du marché de la santé à traduire le langage des droits de l’Homme dans leurs propres dialectes
Transformed into a biomedical resource for the benefit of the care of others (blood, tissues, cells, etc.) or research (clinical trial subject), the body is now subject to the challenges of the globalization of the medical world. Such finding won’t challenge all approach based on human rights, but it requires rethinking them differently, by including all stakeholders involved. Human rights must then adapt their vocabulary, without compromising their founding values. The thesis here developed aims to demonstrate that both the principles of bioethics and of human rights are not sufficient for the protection of individuals in the specific context of the transformation of the human body in biomedical resource. It is then necessary to teach all actors of the technical standardization of biomedicine and of health market to translate the language of human rights in their own dialects

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Vuorijärvi, April. "The Dark Side of Economic Sanctions: Unveiling the Plight of Women from Myanmar/Burma - A Minor Field Study in Myanmar and Thailand." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23157.

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An investigative research unraveling the implication of economic sanctions on Burmese women. This research was inspired by allegations in 2003 that thousands of women in Burma/Myanmar lost their jobs in the garment industry, thus exposing women to vulnerable aspects of forced migration and trafficking. A short case study of Iraq, Haiti, and Cuba is additionally provided while the history of economic sanctions and boycotts is heavily scrutinized. Perspectives of humanitarian law, human rights law, and feminist theory frame the basis of the research of which provide another critical dimension into the ongoing debate on economic sanctions.

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Gaudard, Deborah. "La lutte contre la criminalité organisée au Brésil et les unités spéciales de police : droit de la guerre ou droit de la paix ?" Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3050.

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Depuis plusieurs décennies, de nombreuses favelas à Rio de Janeiro au Brésil sont contrôlées par des factions du trafic de drogues. Cette réalité a produit des conflits d’une extrême violence entre plusieurs acteurs, les trafiquants, les forces de l’ordre et les “milices” composées de policiers actifs ou retraités, de pompiers et de gardiens de sécurité. Pour faire face à cette situation, les politiques de sécurité publique se sont axées sur l’usage de la force et la répression. Ce contexte conduit à se poser la question de savoir si les autorités brésiliennes sont confrontées à des troubles intérieurs, ou si elles sont désormais engagées dans un conflit armé non international tel qu’il est défini par les textes internationaux. Dans la première hypothèse (troubles intérieurs) c’est le droit interne du pays et le Droit International de Droits de l’Homme qui s’applique. Dans la seconde hypothèse (conflit armé non international), le Droit International humanitaire (DIH), branche du droit de la guerre, devrait s’appliquer. C’est ce que cette recherche a voulu étudier, en mesurant quels pourraient en être les effets positifs pour les populations concernées et si l’efficacité de la lutte contre le trafic de drogues s’en trouverait améliorée, sans négliger, non plus, qu’à Rio puissent se combiner à la fois certaines caractéristiques de chacune de ces deux hypothèses. Il s’est agi d’ancrer dans le droit des mesures nouvelles qui, compte tenu de l’échec manifeste des politiques de sécurité en vigueur, s’avèrent indispensables pour contrôler ou réduire la violence liée au trafic de drogues
For several decades, numerous favelas in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil have been controlled by narco-traffickers. As a consequence, extremely violent conflicts have occurred between several key players, the traffickers, the police, and militias made up of active and retired police officers, firemen, and security officers. To handle this situation, public order policy has focused on repression and the use of force. This context leads to a question as to whether the Basilian authorities are facing internal troubles, or if they are involved in a non-international armed conflict as defined by international rules. In the first case (internal troubles), the internal law of the country applies, as well as Human Rights International law. In the second case (non-international armed conflict), International Humanitarian Law (war law section) should apply. This question is what this research aims to study by measuring which positive effects could result from it for the affected people and if the efficiency of the fight against narco-traffickers could be improved, bearing in mind that in Rio, characteristics of both hypothesis could be combined. It is about establishing new rules in law, which prove essential to control or reduce the violence due to narco-traffickers considering the obvious failure of current security policies

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Clesse, Charles-Eric. "La traite des êtres humains: un cadre legal perfectible pour une meilleure protection des victimes ?étude de la législation belge éclairée de normes internationales et de législations française, luxembourgeoise et suisse." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209468.

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La législation belge est reconnue comme l'une des meilleures en Europe. Elle est pourtant perfectible, surtout dans un souci d'aide aux victimes. Afin de renforcer la lutte contre la traite des êtres humains en Belgique, l'étude de la législation nationale sera éclairée de normes internationales, française, luxembourgeoise et suisse. L'introduction de la thèse, disponible ci-après, donne, entre autres, l'objet de l'étude et son postulat de départ. Nous y renvoyons le lecteur.
Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Moreno, Urpí Alexandre. "La lucha contra la trata de seres humanos en la Unión Europea: análisis de los instrumentos de protección, persecución y prevención." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670283.

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La trata de seres humanos es un delito penal que lesiona los derechos humanos más básicos de las víctimas. Dada su lesividad, las Naciones Unidas impulsaron la lucha contra este fenómeno desde una triple perspectiva: la protección de las víctimas, la persecución de los delincuentes y la prevención del fenómeno. Esto, conocido como el paradigma de las 3P, sirvió como inspiración para otros instrumentos regionales que también pusieron en el foco de atención a la trata de seres humanos. Estos son los casos del Consejo de Europa y de la Unión Europea. Si bien los tres instrumentos coinciden en la definición del fenómeno, las estrategias que han desarrollado difieren en cuanto al enfoque y a los medios. El objeto del presente trabajo es analizar la estrategia de la Unión Europea para luchar contra la trata de seres humanos. De acuerdo con el objetivo planteado, se ha efectuado un examen de la efectividad, la adecuación y la utilidad de los diversos instrumentos que han vertebrado dicha estrategia a la luz del paradigma de las 3P. A través de la metodología clásica de las ciencias jurídicas, se constata que debe replantearse la lucha contra la trata a nivel de la Unión para adaptarla a la realidad del fenómeno y, de este modo, devenir una estrategia verdaderamente eficiente y adecuada.
Trafficking in human beings is a criminal offence which hurts basic human rights of its victims. Considering this harmfulness, the United Nations inspired the fight against this phenomenon following a triple perspective: the protection of victims, the repression of traffickers and the prevention of the phenomenon. This tripe perspective, also known as a 3P paradigm, was used to inspire other regional legal instruments which also put in the centre of the question the fight against human trafficking. These are the cases of the Council of Europe and the European Union. All these instruments agreed to establish a definition of the phenomenon, but strategies to materialise the fight against human trafficking were different. Specifically, they differ in the approach and with the means. The object of this thesis is to analyse the European strategy against trafficking in human beings. According to the object mentioned above, an exam has been done based on effectiveness, adaptation and usefulness criterion in the light of the 3P paradigm. Through juridical sciences classical methodology, it is possible to confirm that the European Union should redesign its strategy against trafficking in human beings. This redesign may focus on the adjustment to the reality of human trafficking. This is the only way to become a truly effective, appropriate and useful strategy.

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LINGENFELTER, Kerttuli Kareniina. "When is human trafficking slavery or enslavement? : human trafficking at the intersection of human rights law and criminal law." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/64684.

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Award date: 22 October 2018
Supervisor: Professor Martin Scheinin
This thesis explores the international definitions of slavery, enslavement and human trafficking to determine if and when human trafficking is slavery. Using predominantly the legal method, the thesis argues that there is an overlap between the definitions, yet they are not synonymous. Furthermore, the principles of human rights law and criminal law are compared in the context of slavery and human trafficking. Although the systems can and do engage with each other, it is posited that in a criminal setting courts should be wary of relying on human rights jurisprudence to determine the substance of the criminal definition. This is because human rights are interpreted in an evolutive, teleological way, whereas criminal courts should be bound by the principle of legality. Human rights courts, on the other hand, could and should engage more with the contours of the definitions of human trafficking and slavery – not to determine criminal liability, but instead to produce a deeper, more nuanced understanding of the structures that render persons vulnerable to exploitation. In this way, the thesis asserts, a human rights approach could move beyond the current model, which is excessively oriented toward criminal investigation and punishment. Due to current challenges posed by conflict and post-conflict situations, the thesis ends by reflecting on the potential of human trafficking being prosecuted by the International Criminal Court as a crime against humanity. Although the possibility has found some support within academia, this thesis proposes that if and when human trafficking does amount to slavery and meets the other elements of crimes against humanity, it has and can be prosecuted. Some forms of human trafficking, as of all other acts constituting crimes against humanity, will, however, fall outside the scope of international criminal law.

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Hulsey, Amber Lee. "Human Trafficking| Flying under the Radar." Thesis, The University of Southern Mississippi, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10752077.

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The global hegemon, the United States encompasses roughly 57,000 to 63,000 of the roughly 45.8 million slaves present across the world today (Walk Free Foundation 2016a). This dissertation research uses the theoretical lens of Human Security as a unique approach in that it is people-centered, focusing on the individual, rather than the more traditional theories in international relations that emphasize the state as the central actor. This dissertation focuses on the understudied area of human trafficking into and within the United States. More specifically, the objective of this research examines the movement of trafficked persons via air and details actions to be taken to combat human trafficking.

Although the world relies upon aerial commerce to enable globalization and interdependence, these same transportation systems and flows that carry persons and goods for legal commerce and trade can also be used as an avenue for illegal commerce, including trafficking of human. Thus, the researcher surveyed aviation personnel in various sectors of the industry, government organizations, non-government organization and victims/survivors via an online survey platform and utilized social media to reach potential survey participants. The sample size used for this study was 10,065 and the study received 578 participants.

The data collection procedures and results used in this dissertation were designed to identify gaps in security safeguards that further enable human trafficking via aircraft. The author presents strategies that can be adopted to reduce, if not eliminate, human trafficking into and within the United States via air. The researcher identified eleven opportunities for future research and discusses the limitations. The studied reveals seven key findings: definition of human trafficking is not known in totality, the level of human trafficking awareness, the number of human trafficking cases identified, the characteristics of the typical respondent, aviation sectors place a slightly different areas of emphasis of human trafficking that is understudied, understudied areas of human trafficking were different than that of the typical respondent, and the absence of human trafficking regulations and training. Finally, the study introduces a comprehensive-holistic human trafficking training curriculum entitled, “Operation Safe House: Human Trafficking Training for Aviation Professionals.”

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Defuns, Pascal S. "International Arts Trafficking Phenomenology, Criminal Prosecution, Subsumtion : Swiss Law /." St. Gallen, 2007. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/00643361004/$FILE/00643361004.pdf.

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Michel, Erin Kelley. "Law Enforcement Response to Human Trafficking in Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1281107195.

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Ferguson, John A. "International human trafficking in Canada : why so few prosecutions?" Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42474.

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This study investigated the anomaly between the claims that international human trafficking is wide spread in Canada versus the paucity of international trafficking prosecutions that have been achieved in this country following almost a decade of anti-trafficking enforcement. It relied upon a research approach that was anchored by Pierre Bourdieu’s ‘field’ theory in order to unite the disparate issues that were examined in this project into a cohesive explanation for why there have been so few international human trafficking prosecutions in Canada. This thesis examines how moral reform and radical feminism have come to dominate the trafficking discourse and how that dominance has resulted in a general understanding of the crime where the victims are vulnerable foreign women and children trafficked for the sex trade. The study traces the interaction that has taken place between the international anti-trafficking social movement and the Canadian government in order to demonstrate the influence that this social construction of international trafficking has had upon the government’s anti-trafficking policy, law and enforcement strategies. Through an analysis of government documents, statistical enforcement results, study research interviews, and alternative explanations that have been offered to account for the lack of international trafficking prosecutions, this thesis establishes that the most plausible explanation for so few international trafficking prosecutions in Canada is that the international trafficking of foreign women and girls into Canada for prostitution is not as systemic in this country as many have claimed. The examination of the lone international trafficking prosecution reveals that the victim formation which underpins the understanding of international trafficking can appreciably affect prosecutions because it dismisses from consideration as victims those persons who exist beyond the parameters of the accepted international human trafficking victim indicia.

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WINKELLER, HEATHER CHRISTINE. "HUMAN TRAFFICKING: AN INTERNATIONAL PROBLEM IN A REGIONAL FOCUS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192255.

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Wilcox, Joseph Morgan. "Trafficking in women: International sex services." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2754.

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This research looks to identify precursors to women becoming involved in trafficking for prostitution and/or sexual services in the United States. The failure to find patterns or trends regarding why women are trafficked or what types of women are trafficked most often, helps dispel some myths regarding the stereotypical victim of trafficking.

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Tosun, Leman. "La traite des êtres humains : étude normative." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00634880.

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La présente étude porte sur l'encadrement juridique et pas sur la mise en oeuvre, car nous souhaitons nous interroger sur l'existence d'une volonté des Etats de combattre à travers du droit positif le phénomène. Dans l'ensemble on constate qu'il existe un lien indissociable entre la prévention et la répression de la traite et la protection des droits fondamentaux des victimes. L'histoire du droit international relatif à la traite remonte à 1904, la date d'adoption du premier instrument juridique international sur la question. En 1926 a été élaboré la première Convention relative à l'esclavage. Suite à l'ampleur du phénomène, la Convention relative à la répression de la traite des êtres humains et à l'exploitation de la prostitution d'autrui de 1949 et la Convention supplémentaire relative à l'abolition de l'esclavage, de la traite des esclaves et des institutions et pratiques analogues à l'esclavage de 1956 ont été adoptées. Ces conventions, ne prenaient pas en compte tous les aspects du problème, étaient antérieures à la plupart des pratiques modernes relatives au trafic de personnes, et ne disposaient pas d'organe de contrôle au niveau international. Le Protocole additionnel de la Convention des Nations Unies contre la criminalité transnationale organisée visant à prévenir, réprimer et punir la traite des personnes, et en particulier des femmes et des enfants donne pour la première fois une définition conventionnelle la plus élaborée du phénomène. De son côté le Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale institue un nouvel organe international pour la traite en citant la réduction en esclavage au nombre des crimes considérés comme étant des crimes contre l'humanité. A coté des conventions universelles plusieurs organisations internationales et régionales se penchent sur le phénomène. La Convention du Conseil de l'Europe sur la lutte contre la traite des êtres humains est l'instrument du Conseil la plus susceptible de contribuer de manière efficace à la lutte contre la traite des êtres humains. L'Union européenne a adoptés plusieurs résolutions spécifiques concernant la traite, au niveau du continent Américain, l'Organisation des États Américains a adopté plusieurs instruments concernant la traite, à l'échelle du continent africain, il y a des initiatives importantes qui se préoccupent directement du problème. Au niveau étatique les États membres disposent dans l'ensemble de dispositions pénales spécifiques permettant d'incriminer la traite en introduisant des sanctions effectives et dissuasives. En établissant des dispositions dans les différents codes, la Turquie prévoit une efficace répression en répriment toutes les formes de la traite. De son coté l'Ukraine pays d'origine de la traite doit non seulement sanctionner sévèrement les trafiquants, mais en même temps doit se conformer aux normes et exigences internationales. Avec le développement du phénomène une protection aux victimes est assurée, non seulement à travers les conventions à vocation universelle, mais aussi à travers diverses institutions régionales. Avec le Protocole de Palerme la communauté internationale a mis en place un cadre juridique international visant assurer une meilleure protection. De son côté dans le Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale la protection et l'assistance proposées aux victimes sont applicables à toutes victimes de crime. Tandis que les deux conventions de Conseil de l'Europe, la Convention des droits de l'homme et la Convention sur la traite des êtres humains protègent efficacement les victimes, et les instruments adoptés au niveau de l'Union européenne contribuent à l'harmonisation des politiques de protection, les engagements pris par l'OSCE ne prévoient pas de dispositions contraignantes, de la manque de mécanisme de contrôle.

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Solakhyan, Marina. "Trafficking of women promoting international human rights norms through prevention, protection, and prosecution (Three "P"s) in Armenia." Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1180096688.

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32

Staton, Nicollette Marie. "International Anti-Trafficking Norms in Kosovo:How local actors implement global expectations." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1399566636.

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33

Owuor, Elijah. "Theory of International Law: Basic Human Rights Conception of the International Law." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/philosophy_hontheses/3.

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The incidents of human rights violations have increasingly captured the international attention. I think that part of the reasons for human rights violations is because of the foundational theories of the current international law. In this thesis project, I argue that basic human rights should be the moral foundation of the international law. I achieved my goal in several steps. In the first section, I introduced the thesis project; I also outline my objectives. In the second section, I briefly define human rights, basic human rights, and provided the scope of basic human rights. In the third section, I provided my argument that basic human rights should be the moral foundations of the international law; provide criterion of state legitimacy; I critiqued the United Nations in the context of my arguments. Finally, I concluded by formulating the international basic human rights law.

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Tunde-Yara, Faith. "Human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal : a human rights based perspective." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20807.

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Human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal, known to be an obscure and uncommon form of trafficking in persons, has since become a popular phenomenon across various countries of the world. The crime is recognized in the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially women and children, which supplements the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. A reason for the inclusion of this form of trafficking in this particular international instrument on transnational organized crime is because most forms of trafficking, and more particularly human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal, as well as organ trafficking are generally perpetrated by transnational organized criminal groups. This dissertation seeks to consider the crime in detail, from a human right-based approach. This approach acknowledges that trafficking in all its forms, is a violation of human rights and seeks to depart from the common debates surrounding the spread of organ trafficking over the years. A large proportion of these debates have attributed the shortage of organs to the spread of the organ black market and organ trafficking in general. These debates have therefore focused on addressing the shortage of organs by developing systems to promote altruistic donation of organs. Even though there is an international recognition and admittance of the fact that human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal constitutes a serious human right abuse, there is still a wide gap in the body of research that focuses on the human right abuses involved in this type of human trafficking, and the need to protect and promote the rights of victim-donors. The aforementioned gap will serve as the crux of this dissertation as efforts will be made to address the inherent human rights abuses that victim-donors face. This dissertation will begin by introducing the crime of human trafficking through a brief historical overview. It will then proceed to give a background information on human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal. Subsequent chapters will address in detail the trends and patterns of the crime, the modus operandi of organ traffickers, the role players in organ trafficking networks, the consequences of the crime on the victims involved, the inherent human right violations promoted through the continuous perpetration of the crime of human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal, and the responses that have been given to curbing the crime from different international, regional and national institutions. Case studies will be examined to buttress the facts and findings of the entire dissertation.

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Owuor, Elijah Medego. "Theory of international law basic human rights conception of the international law /." restricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-05192008-125514/.

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Thesis (B.A. Honors)--Georgia State University, 2008.
Title from file title page. Robert Sattelmeyer, Andrew Jason Cohen, committee members. Electronic text (34 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed October 26, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 34).

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Legg, Andrew. "Deference in international human rights law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:42fc2528-cf7c-4cd8-9ff6-0d0bd25b6220.

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Deference in international human rights law has provoked animated discussion, particularly the margin of appreciation doctrine of the European Court of Human Rights. Many commentators describe the practice of deference but do not explain how it affects judicial reasoning. Some approve characteristics of deference but do not provide a justification to defend the practice against criticism. Others regard deference as a danger to human rights because it betrays the universality of human rights or involves tribunals either failing to consider a case properly or missing an opportunity to set human rights standards. This thesis employs a different approach by focussing on deference as the practice of assigning weight to reasons for a decision on the basis of external factors. This approach draws on theories of second-order reasoning from the philosophy of practical reasoning. The thesis offers a conceptual account of deference that accords with the practice not only of the European Court of Human Rights, but also the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the UN Human Rights Committee. Additionally the thesis presents a normative account of deference, that the role of these tribunals entails permitting a measure of diversity as states implement international human rights standards. Deference in international human rights law then is the judicial practice of assigning weight to the respondent states’ reasoning in a case on the basis of three factors: democratic legitimacy, the common practice of states and expertise. This affects judicial reasoning by impacting the balance of reasons in the proportionality assessment. The account defended in this thesis dispels concerns that deference is a danger to human rights, whilst providing a theory that justifies the practice of the tribunals. The thesis thus provides the contours of a doctrine of deference in each of the three international human rights systems.

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Cinar, Yildiz Sermin. "International Organizations And Human Rights: The Case Of International Organization For Migration (iom) As Part Of Counter Trafficking Efforts In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610289/index.pdf.

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Trafficking in persons is a phenomenon that threatens not only basic human rights but also source, passage and destination countries
therefore, it rightfully draws international attention. Being a global threat, it necessitates cooperation and intervention. The aim of the thesis is to analyze anti-trafficking efforts in Turkey by focusing on a particular international initiative. To this end, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) is selected as a case and its activities in Turkey are mentioned with the ultimate goal of questioning its effectiveness in the process of fighting against trafficking in persons. The thesis examines the phenomenon of trafficking in persons with a conceptual analysis by dwelling upon the objectives, function and perspective of the IOM. It concentrates on the IOM, which actively assists the Turkish government in every aspect of migration and in combating human trafficking with a particular focus on trafficking in women through the counter-trafficking program implemented in 2004. The thesis also aims at evaluating whether international and local actors take effective actions that cover both the prevention and punishment of trafficking in women, and the protection of victims&rsquo
rights. The binding international legal instrument on the subject matter, the UN Trafficking Protocol of 2000, will be referred to and different approaches to the evaluation of the problem will be mentioned so as to present the focal points of the varying goals.

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38

Torres, Candice. "Sex trafficking Florida's response to the international organized crime." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/521.

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Florida has the second-highest incidence of human trafficking in the country. Sex trafficking of women into and out of the state of Florida is defined by various terms from international, national and local terms. The United Nations defines sex trafficking in Article 3, paragraph (a) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime as: "Trafficking in persons: shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation". This study explores the experiences of women who have been trafficked as well as the recruitment strategies by which women are trafficked and to what extent their life changes. This study aims to understand the extent to which local nonprofits in the state of Florida have tackled the issue as well as the international, federal and state government laws are enforced. The findings will provide useful guidelines to help nonprofits in the state of Florida work together to combat the issue as well as be used as an informative research proposal for the community to push stronger legislation and raise more awareness.
B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science

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39

Gaspari, Laura <1992&gt. "The fight against women sex trafficking In International, European and Italian Law." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/10506.

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Human trafficking is the second most profitable illicit activity after trafficking in firearms and drugs, especially of women for sexual exploitation. In the last few decades, the issue of human trafficking has gained increasingly importance at a global level and many steps have been made to fight it. Starting from the UN Trafficking Protocol supplementing the Transnational Crime Convention of 2000, the need for a comprehensive approach that look at trafficked people as victims, involving new international and local actors along with States and law enforcement agents, has been required. Not only should States act through the prosecution and repression of offenders but also, they should commit themselves to effective protection and assistance measures for victims. In fact, human trafficking is a clear violation of human rights, dignity, and a real gender issue in the whole process of recruitment, transportation, and exploitation, especially for women and minors. The present work focuses on the systems of protection and assistance for sex trafficking victims provided by the International, European, and Italian law, with the aim of comparing them, emphasizing their development and effectiveness. It aims at understanding if the victims are at the centre of anti-trafficking policies nowadays or if the repressive approach to prosecute offenders is still the priority. To examine the analysis provided, a case study of the situation of Verona, in the North-East of Italy will be used.

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Roberts, Arthrine Meletha. "A Collaborative Approach With Therapists: Training and Utilizing the Roberts Human Trafficking Tool to Identify Domestic and International Victims of Human Trafficking." Diss., NSUWorks, 2018. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dft_etd/34.

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Human trafficking is prevalent globally, nationally and locally. In the state of Florida, there are many victims of domestic and international human trafficking. Therapists work in settings where they come in contact with victims of human trafficking while they are still in captivity. However, many therapists lack the training and resources to identify victims of human trafficking in the therapeutic setting, and so many of these victims go unidentified. While there are several human trafficking identification tools, none are designed exclusively for therapists to identify both international and domestic victims of sex trafficking. To address this need, I developed the Roberts Human Trafficking Tool (RHTT). This assessment used a collaborative approach for therapists to identify youths who are domestic and international victims of sex trafficking. This project utilized one action research cycle to obtain therapists’ feedback and suggestions for the improvement of the tool. To do this, I trained four stakeholders who were human trafficking therapists in South Florida on the assessment who utilized it among themselves and provided feedback for its advancement. This feedback was used to make changes to improve the tool. The findings indicate that the Roberts Human Trafficking Tool is a unique and interactive tool that helps break barriers in working with the human trafficking population. An important prerequisite for the effective utilization of the RHTT assessment is training therapists on human trafficking and on utilizing the tool.

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Loos, Clemens. "The convergence and divergence of International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6236_1182745813.

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In this minithesis, I demonstrate that International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law are two distinct but related fields of law. First, the examination deals with the instance that the aim of both branches of law, the protection of human rights, is common, but the approach to reach this aim is different. In this regard, I show numerous points of divergence of both branches of law which have their origin in the fundamentally different historical developments of International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law. I give the main attention to the application of both sets of law, whereby the contractions and legal gaps of the protection of human rights become apparent. The proposals dealing with the solution of these issues are discussed. I argue that a new legal instrument for a comprehensive and compatible protection of human rights is necessary, especially in times of internal strife. Regarding the question as to whether International Humanitarian Law or International Human Rights Law should apply if both branches are applicable, I take the view to apply the roman principle of law lex specialis derogat legi generali in such a way that the more specific rule whenever they have a specific justification for dealing with specific problems is applicable. Both branches of law do not merge to one, but they converge to a harmonious relationship, where they complement each other and provide the highest protection of human rights.

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Mohd, Yusof Mohd Norhisyam Bin Mohd. "Human trafficking law in Malaysia as reflected in policies and practices." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17624/.

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Human Trafficking is a global phenomenon which represents an obdurate and serious problem in Malaysia, which is a destination, source and transit country for forced labour and sexual exploitation. Human trafficking is difficult to eradicate as were former slavery practices, since it manifests itself in complicated and multi-layered forms, often committed by the clandestine and sophisticated groups of perpetrators. Realising its menace, the international community has taken constructive moves to address the problem by agreeing on a comprehensive international treaty in the form of the Trafficking Protocol 2000 reflecting the 3P paradigm – to prevent, prosecute and protect. The main focus of this research is to critically analyse the Malaysian policy and the legal provision responding to human trafficking in the light of international law. It investigates the human trafficking problems, and the relevant policy, strategy as well as laws in addressing human trafficking in Malaysia based on the premise that the anti-human trafficking strategy and laws should be concurrent with the international treaty. It identifies shortcomings in the implementation in terms of fairness and effectiveness. Such shortfalls are due to various reasons including the lack of empathy, knowledge, training and resources. The problem is aggravated by the practices of corruption, hence creating obstacles in the policy and legal implementation process. While this research aims to review the policy and laws in Malaysia, it also makes some reference to the policy and laws governing human trafficking in England and Wales to identify progressive ideas for Malaysia’s adoption. This research also argues that the values of the effectiveness and fairness within the implementation of the policy and laws in Malaysia must be adhered to so as to enable the human trafficking problems to be addressed appropriately in the long run.

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Godoy, Wilson Magdalena Sofia. "Sexual violence in armed conflict under international law: The interplay between international humanitarian law human rights law and international criminal law." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/56998.

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Portellas, Laverne Fleur. "A critical analysis of child trafficking laws and policies in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12665.

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Includes bibliographical references.
The trafficking of children has been recognised by the international community as a transnational organised crime that affects children globally. As the child rights movement has grown in momentum over the last few decades, so has the concern regarding the exploitation of children. Child trafficking is certainly one of the gravest forms of abuse currently perpetuated against a child and his/her rights. Despite the numerous policy documents, international treaties and various other legal documents prohibiting the sale of children for any purpose; these documents have not resulted in the decrease or elimination of child trafficking. This paper will engage with child trafficking through a human rights lens in order to highlight the full extent of child abuse perpetuated by child trafficking. It is due to the very nature of child trafficking that resulted in the international and regional community enacting legal instruments to deal with different aspects of this crime. These instruments require states to prevent and punish the trafficking of children. This paper will examine South Africa s child trafficking laws and policies having regard to its international and regional obligations.

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Mashiyi, Tandeka. "The effectiveness of human child trafficking legislation in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1289.

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Trafficking in human beings is a major problem worldwide. Human trafficking is as a result of a complex set of interrelated push and pull factors. Push factors includeinter alia poverty, a lack of opportunities, dislocation of families, gender, racial and ethnic inequalities and the break-up of families. Research shows that pull factors include the promise of a better life, consumer aspirations and lack of information on the risks involved, established patterns of migration, porous borders and fewer constraints on travel. It is as a result of the global epidemic of this trafficking in persons that certain instruments on an international level as well as legislation on a national level have been enacted. The question which arises is: are these pieces of legislation effective in dealing with the scourge of human trafficking? Every legislation passed will have its strengths, as well as weaknesses but the main objective of such legislation should always be to combat, criminalise and prosecute the specific criminal act. Furthermore, the enacted legislation should be designed to effectively combat the challenges which threaten to exacerbate the criminal act. Failing to fulfil this intention will render such legislation nugatory. This treatise will be looking at various international instruments that have been passed abd v adopted by various countries, which specifically deal with trafficking in humans generally and specifically in relation to the children. International instruments that will be discussed include inter alia, slavery Convention, Convention on the Rights of the child, Worst forms or Child Labour Convention, Parlemo Protocol, United Nations Transnational Organised Crime Protocol to mention but a few. All these instruments have in a way dealt with and made provisions for the criminalisation of the act of trafficking in humans and a the scrounge of trafficking escalates the international governments strive to enact instruments that are going to be able to curtail this pandemic of trafficking. As more focus will be on the South African legislation this treatise is also going to examine all the relevant piece of legislation that have been passed by the South African government in order to deal with human trafficking. These will include the discussion of the Constitution, Child Care Act, Children’s Act, Children’s Amendment Act, Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) and Related matters. Amendment Act Prevention of Organised Crime Act as well as the Prevention and combating of Trafficking in Persons Bill. The treatise will listen critically discuss the Bill in so far as its strengths and weaknesses are concerned.

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Szczerba, Christopher. "The Effects of Development on Policies in the Prevention of International Human Trafficking." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1644.

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Governments and leaders across the globe almost universally agree that human trafficking is a modern atrocity that has harshly negative effects for individuals, communities, entire states and the international community. Nevertheless, they are not in agreement on how best to investigate cases and provide aid to victims. Many states lack the resources to effectively create and implement policies. Governments must act to protect their citizens and people within their borders. Policies are necessary to correctly identify victims, investigate accusations, bring cases to trial and prevent vulnerable populations from becoming victimized through awareness. This thesis asserts that there is a link between the development level of a state and its ability to limit the grotesque crimes of trafficking that occur within its borders. Using the United Nation's annual report which details the development ranking of individual states, it is possible to comparatively analyze the ability of these states to comply with international standards established by the United States of America in the protection of victims of human trafficking. Special attention is paid to the challenges that societies face when there are drastic changes to states' economic activity or political stability and how these affect the frequency of trafficking occurrences and a government’s ability to respond.
B.A.
Bachelors
Political Science
Sciences

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Kingsbury, Benedict. "Indigenous peoples in international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334165.

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Sadeghi, Soraya <1995&gt. "Protecting Human Rights Defenders under International Law." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/17750.

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The main aim of this thesis is to analyse how international instruments and their corresponding mechanisms support and protect Human Rights Defenders and to which extent this support is useful. Human Rights Defenders have always faced difficulties due to their operate that is essential to promote and implement democracy and human rights. After a detailed introduction in which they are described the categories most at risk of HRDs, the first chapter is based on the crucial moment of the adoption of the 1998 UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders and the consequent role of the UN Special Rapporteur. In the second chapter they are analysed the different regional mechanisms that the various human rights organizations in America, Africa and Europe have adopted to protect HRDs and how they have changed over time. Lastly, in the third chapter it has been made a comparison between the most influential cases about human rights defenders that have been submitted before the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-America Court of Human Rights.

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Keith, Linda Camp. "The Law and Human Rights: Is the Law a Mere Parchment Barrier to Human Rights Abuse?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2247/.

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This study is the first systematic global analysis of the impact of law on human rights, analyzing the impact of twenty-three constitution provisions and an international covenant on three measures of human rights behavior, over the period of 1976-1996. Three sets of constitutional provisions are analyzed, including 1) ten provisions for individual freedoms and due process rights, 2) nine provisions for elements of judicial independence and 3) four provisions that outline procedures for states of emergency. Additionally, the impact of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on actual human rights behavior is analyzed. Each of these areas of law are evaluated individually, in multiple models in which different elements vary. For example, some models control for democracy with different measures, others divide the data into the Cold War and post-Cold War eras, and some test constitutional indices. Finally, all provisions are simultaneously analyzed in integrated models. Provisions for fair and public trials are consistently shown to decrease the probability of abuse. An index of four freedoms (speech, religion, association, and assembly) decreases the probability of abuse somewhat consistently. Three of the provisions for judicial independence are most consistent in reducing the probability of abuse: the provisions for exclusive judicial authority, for the finality of judges' decisions, and banning exceptional courts. Two of four states of emergency provisions decrease abuse as international lawyers have argued: the provisions for legislative declaration of the emergency and the ban against dissolving the legislature during an emergency. However, two of the provisions are shown to hurt human rights practices: the duration and the derogation provisions. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights does not demonstrate a statistically significant impact. While the performance of the constitutional provisions is less than legal scholars would hope, their combined impact over time are shown to be quite large, relative to the impacts of other factors shown to affect human rights abuse.

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Fuentes, Carlos. "Normative plurality in international law: the impact of international human rights law in the doctrine of sources of international law." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123029.

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This dissertation attempts to provide a theoretical framework for explaining the choices made by international decisions-makers as to what constitutes law. It is proposed that the practice of international human rights courts recognises that different normative instruments coexist in an un-ordered space, and that meaning can be produced by the free interaction of those instruments around a problem. Based on such practice, the author advances his normative plurality hypothesis, which states that decision-makers must survey the acquis of international law in order to identify all the instruments containing relevant normative information for a particular situation. The set of rules of law applicable to the situation must then be complemented with other instruments containing specific normative information relevant to the situation, resulting in a complete system of norms advancing a common purpose.
Cette thèse vise à fournir un cadre théorique pour expliquer les choix effectués par les décideurs internationaux sur ce qui constitue la loi. Il est proposé que la pratique des tribunaux internationaux des droits de l'homme reconnaît que différents instruments normatifs coexistent dans un espace non-ordonné, et que le sens peut être produit par le libre jeu de ces instruments autour d'un problème. Sur la base de cette pratique, l'auteur avance son hypothèse de la pluralité normative qui stipule que les décideurs doivent étudier l'acquis du droit international afin d'identifier tous les instruments contenant des informations normatives pertinents pour une situation particulière. L'ensemble des règles de droit applicables à la situation doit ensuite être complété par d'autres instruments contenant des informations normatives spécifiques relatives à la situation, résultant en un système complet de normes avançant un objectif commun.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Human trafficking (International law)'

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