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1
Bunyamin, Bubun, Thariq Muslim, Diki Permana, and Hadi Purnomo. "The Role of International Law in Addressing Human Trafficking for the Purpose of Organ Trafficking: Implications for Global Health." Formosa Journal of Sustainable Research 3, no. 5 (May 24, 2024): 945–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/fjsr.v3i5.9111.
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Human trafficking for the purpose of organ trafficking has become a serious global problem that violates human rights and threatens global health. International law has an important role in efforts to combat this phenomenon by providing a legal framework that regulates and prohibits the practice of human trafficking and organ trafficking. In this paper, we explore the role of international law in addressing human trafficking for the purpose of organ trafficking and its implications for global health. We analyze various relevant international legal instruments, evaluate their implementation, and identify factors influencing the effectiveness of international law in combating human trafficking for the purpose of organ trafficking. We also provide suggestions to improve implementation of international law and protect global health from this harmful practice
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Arifin, Ridwan, Yehezkiel Lemuel, and Ngaboawaji Daniel Nte. "International Legal Instruments in Responding to Human Trafficking." Lentera Hukum 8, no. 3 (November 30, 2021): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v8i3.22137.
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Human trafficking grows and develops rapidly, with various motives and types of crimes. Various obstacles are faced in handling human trafficking cases, ranging from inadequate legal instruments to weak law enforcement. This study overviewed the international legal instrument on human trafficking cases, following the identification of the recent forms and issues in enquiring how international legal instruments deal with human trafficking. This study used legal research method by referring to international laws as the source of law in compiling this human trafficking research. This study found that various instruments and international cooperation have dealt with human trafficking cases. However, in various related studies, these different legal instruments did not have a clear and binding force when the issue occurs in the domestic state. In addition, human trafficking in various legal instruments also had many types, and all of them are interrelated. This study highlighted and concluded that in making various international legal instruments effective in this case, more intensive international cooperation was needed, both regionally and globally.
KEYWORDS: Human Trafficking, Labor Human Rights, Criminal Law.
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Chuang, Janie A. "Using Global Migration Law to Prevent Human Trafficking." AJIL Unbound 111 (2017): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2017.40.
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Our understanding of human trafficking has changed significantly since 2000, when the international community adopted the first modern antitrafficking treaty—the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Trafficking Protocol). Policy attention has expanded beyond a near-exclusive focus on sex trafficking to bring long-overdue attention to nonsexual labor trafficking. That attention has helped surface how the lack of international laws and institutions pertaining to labor migration can enable—if not encourage—the exploitation of migrant workers. Many migrant workers throughout the world labor under conditions that do not qualify as trafficking yet suffer significant rights violations for which access to protection and redress is limited. Failing to attend to these “lesser” abuses creates and sustains vulnerability to trafficking.
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Skakavac, Zdravko, and Tatjana Simic. "Human trafficking in domestic legislature." Temida 11, no. 4 (2008): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem0804023s.
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Human trafficking is an occurrence that, even in our time, is present in alarming proportions, in its actuality and consequences. It is a phenomenon with a long history and has been qualified as a serious international problem and is the object of interest for a large number of international subjects. However, the key international document that defines this phenomenon is the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime from Palermo 2000; specifically its Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children. After its adoption, intensive actions were undertaken to regulate the phenomenon on the level of national legislature. It's done so in the local legislature too. According to the criminal law of the republic of Serbia, besides the concrete law against human trafficking, a number of other crimes are connected to human trafficking. This paper deals with the most important ones. The purpose of this paper is to review the legislature on the phenomenon in the domestic law, then the accordance of incrimination with international standards, as well as to indicate the need for further changes in domestic legislature.
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Sihotang, Natalia, and Channarong Wiriya. "Human Trafficking in Thailand in Perspective of Human Rights Law." Journal of Law and Legal Reform 2, no. 4 (August 18, 2021): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v2i4.48760.
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Trafficking in human beings is increasingly due to the greatest gain of the perpetrators. Human trafficking is a global humanitarian problem. With the involvement of many countries, both as a country of origin, destination and transit country, making this problem more complex. The complexity of the problems is increasing as the neighbors and organized transnational crime networks are organized. Thailand is one of the transit countries, sources, and destinations for international human trafficking. These conditions led to the Government of Thailand began to realize the urgency of the dangers of human trafficking. This problem is increasingly complex because human trafficking is related to child and female prostitution.
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OGUNBANJO, Martin. "Human Trafficking as a Human Rights Violation in a Pluralistic and Interdependent World: Obligations and Accountability of States." مجلة جامعة السعيد للعلوم الانسانية و التطبيقية 6, no. 3 (July 9, 2023): 215–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.59325/sjhas.v6i3.147.
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Human trafficking is a common occurrence in the modern world. It has been estimated that thousands of people are trafficked every year, the most of whom are women and children. Almost all States are impacted by trafficking, and it is estimated that traffickers earn billions of dollars a year from their illegal activities. Slavery and the slave trade, which date back thousands of years, are the roots of trafficking. However, since the start of the 20th century, the term "human trafficking" has taken on a new meaning. This paper explores some state-imposed requirements related to human rights. While there are many different obligations, this paper focuses on the four most important ones that are imposed on all States, regardless of whether they are States of Origin, Transit, or Destination: the obligation to forbid trafficking, to look into and prosecute traffickers, to protect victims, and to address the causes and effects of the phenomenon. It will be shown that these are firmly established under international human rights law. Additionally, the Trafficking Protocol's potential to advance a human rights framework will be considered, along with the ramifications of the interplay between several international legal disciplines like international human rights law, international criminal law, and transnational criminal law. This paper ends with a comment on the value of global government in combating transnational organized crime, especially human trafficking. The fundamental conclusion is that States can be held directly responsible since some human rights standards and principles drawn from international human rights law are applicable to human trafficking.
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Gueraldi, Michelle. "Human trafficking and challenges to States’ compliance with International Human Rights Law: The case of Brazil." Cultural Dynamics 25, no. 2 (July 2013): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0921374013498140.
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This article identifies some challenges faced by the Brazilian State in eradicating human trafficking. International Human Rights Law is the instrument I adopt as a conceptual paradigm for analysis of the State’s conduct, arguing that Brazilian National Policy implemented since 2008 does not meet the preventative needs, the repression of perpetrators, nor victim protection as proposed by International Human Rights Law. The conduct of State powers shows that human trafficking is still conceived as a criminal offense, rather than as a human rights violation. Existing published Brazilian studies commonly approach human trafficking in terms of criminal law. I analyze it under the umbrella of International Human Rights Law, disassociating human trafficking from an exclusively feminist approach, and describing it in terms of a global human rights violation pattern related to international migration flows. I emphasize some interior legal concepts commonly overlooked by juridical doctrine, such as vulnerability and exploitation, with attention to cultural attitudes that help determine policy.
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Buhaiov, Yaroslav Y., Oleh P. Koretskyi, Viktoriia V. Koretska, Serhii V. Penkov, and Artem O. Shapar. "International experience of crime investigation in the field of human trafficking." Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no. 47 (December 17, 2021): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.47.11.16.
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The paper aims to define an effective anti-human trafficking system in Ukraine. On the basis of theoretical information and international experience systematic analysis, the peculiarities of investigating crimes in the field of human trafficking are identified: timely receipt of information concerning crimes commission, assigning a case of human trafficking to an investigator or prosecutor with positive experience in detecting such crimes, cooperation of law enforcement agencies with each other and law enforcement agencies of other states in regard to effective ways of such crimes investigation, an effective system of human trafficking victims support. It is possible to increase the effectiveness of combating human trafficking through activities in the following areas: training of law enforcement officers in accordance with international standards; exchange of experience between Ukrainian law enforcement officers with the employees of relevant institutions of other countries; enshrinement at the statutory level of stricter responsibility for such crimes commission; monitoring the compliance of the Ukrainian anti-human trafficking system activities with international standards; creation of a comprehensive support system for human trafficking victims.
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Schauer, Edward J. "Book Review: The International Law of Human Trafficking." International Criminal Justice Review 21, no. 3 (September 2011): 326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567711417178.
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Obokata, T. "Anne Gallagher, The International Law of Human Trafficking." Human Rights Law Review 12, no. 3 (May 22, 2012): 606–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngs006.
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Tolar, Autumn D. "Human Trafficking Analyzed as a Crime Against Humanity." International and Comparative Law Review 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 127–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2020-0006.
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Summary The global legal landscape recognizes the seriousness of human trafficking crimes yet many cases remain unheard. Current classifications of this crime along with jurisdictional requites for the International Criminal Courts are preventing adjudication of trafficking in persons when there is a factor of transnationality. I argue that the solution to positioning human trafficking into the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Courts is to analyze its rise to the level of a crime against humanity. Until this point, there has not been a human trafficking case well suited to make this argument to thoroughly demonstrate all the elements required to be classified as a crime against humanity. I argue that not only does the cross examination of human trafficking, under the Trafficking Protocol and the enumerated acts of Article 7(1) of the Rome Statute, meet the elements of a crime against humanity, but that the recent human trafficking situation of the Rohingya people in Myanmar further demonstrates its potential application and necessity. Classifying human trafficking as a crime against humanity would put these cases in the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Courts which would give previously domestically neglected cases an opportunity to be prosecuted and potentially deter the growing human trafficking epidemic.
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Šurlan, Tijana. "Prohibition of trafficking in human beings under the auspices of human rights." Bezbednost, Beograd 63, no. 2 (2021): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost2102005s.
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The following work is dedicated to the consideration of the prohibition of human trafficking from the aspect of human rights. The initial thesis is that human trafficking cannot be reduced only to the criminal law aspect, but that by standardizing this prohibition within the constitutions and international treaties in the field of human rights, this institute is positioned hierarchically at the highest level of the legal order. In the first part of the paper, the legal framework is examined, primarily international law and then constitutional law. The second part analyzes the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Serbia. The analysis of courts` decisions was used as a basis for the theoretical formulation of the most important aspects of the prohibition of trafficking in human beings as a category of human rights. Special emphasis was placed on the consideration of the positive obligations of the states undertaken by the ratification of international treaties in the field of human rights and the matter of the fight against human trafficking.
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Manolov, Martin Vihrenov. "The International trafficking of human organs." Police Practice and Research 14, no. 3 (June 2013): 270–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2012.754132.
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Winterdyk, John, and Philip Reichel. "Introduction to Special Issue: Human Trafficking." European Journal of Criminology 7, no. 1 (January 2010): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370809347894.
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This special issue focuses on a crime that has been classified by the United Nations as the third most profitable crime in the world — human trafficking (Fichtelberg 2008). 1 The international contributions in this issue cover a range of key social, economic, political and legal issues as they relate to human trafficking. The genesis for this collection evolved out of a major project led by Philip Reichel which was completed in 2007. Reichel and an international team examined Canadian and US practices of combating human trafficking. In addition, the project explored a range of initiatives used in Europe and proposed by the United Nations.2 Before presenting an overview of the articles, we thought it instructive to provide a synopsis of some of the fundamental issues involved in human trafficking. Our thinking was that a brief discussion of these more general, descriptive, theoretical and practical issues would provide some context for readers unfamiliar with the subject of human trafficking.
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Chuang, Janie A. "Exploitation Creep and the Unmaking of Human Trafficking Law." American Journal of International Law 108, no. 4 (October 2014): 609–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.108.4.0609.
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Over the last fifteen years, the problem of human trafficking has become a focus of government and advocacy agendas worldwide. Increasingly referred to as “modern-day slavery,” the phenomenon has prompted rapid proliferation of international, regional, and national anti-trafficking laws, and inspired states to devote enormous financial and bureaucratic resources to its eradication. It has also spawned an industry of nonprofits that have elevated the “abolition” of trafficking into a pressing moral campaign, which anyone can join with the click of a mouse. Scholars have also jumped into the fray, calling on states to marshal human rights law, tax law, trade law, tort law, public health law, labor law, and even military might to combat this apparently growing international crime and human rights violation.
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Liwanga, Roger-Claude. "Adopting an Anti-human Trafficking Law in the DR Congo: A Significant Step in the Process of Combating Trafficking." Slavery Today Journal 1, no. 1 (2014): 13–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22150/stj/kxpi2743.
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This paper highlights the necessity of adopting a comprehensive anti-human trafficking law in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The DRC ratified a number of international instruments prohibiting human trafficking, such as the Palermo Protocol, which recommend it to take legislative measures against human trafficking domestically. But so far, the DRC has not yet adopted a comprehensive anti-human trafficking law. With the increasing prevalence of human trafficking, the existing fragmented provisions on trafficking in the DRC (catalogued within the Law 06/018 amending the Penal Code, the Labor Code and the Law 09/001 on the Protection of the Child) are not sufficient to address the scourge, given the limited scope of their regulation of human trafficking. Countless victims of trafficking, particularly adults who are subjected to bonded labor, are unprotected by the law. Following the example of comprehensive anti-human trafficking legislations in the United States, Italy, Burkina Faso, Kenya or South Africa, the DRC should also adopt its own version of comprehensive anti-human trafficking law to increase its likelihood of effectively protecting trafficking victims, investigating trafficking offences, prosecuting trafficking offenders, and deterring potential traffickers. This paper recommends a sketch of a holistic anti-human trafficking law which is adapted to the DRC’s context.
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Ali Naggi, Islam Mahrous. "Legislative policy to criminalizing human trafficking in anti-trafficking law in Saudi Arabia." Otoritas : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan 14, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 194–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/ojip.v14i1.14247.
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This research discusses one of the most important crimes against humanity, where national and international statistics and reports revealed that the bad living conditions or bad troubled situations have forced thousands of women, children and men in their countries to be susceptible to the trafficking and exploitation. The study has been divided into two main sections. The first section presents concept of the trafficking in persons in international charters and conventions, reasons, seriousness and elements of the crime in general. The second section studies the Saudi lawmaker's addressing the crime in terms of definition, forms, prescribed penalty and reasons for augmentation of penalty. The study has concluded to a set of results and recommendations, the most important of which is that the Saudi lawmaker adopted position of the international conventions in defining crime and determining its forms. Moreover, the Kingdom has also made great strides in combating this type of crime at both international and local levels. The study recommended the need to impose harsh penalties on employers, who practice patterns of forced slavery to their workers, as well as the need to intensify efforts in order to take adequate measures to prevent smuggling the illegal labor.
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Sari, Febilita Wulan. "Legal Protection for Child Victims of Human Trafficking Based On International Law." Proceeding of International Conference on Business, Economics, Social Sciences, and Humanities 3 (December 1, 2022): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/icobest.v3i.152.
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Child trafficking is the worst form towards human dignity violation and becomes a serious problem for the international community. This study aims to find aspects of international law in child trafficking as well as obstacles in efforts to overcome these legal problems. The study conducted by the author is descriptive analytical with a normative juridical approach. It can be seen that the high data on child trafficking cases is not directly proportional to the number of cases reported or handled by law enforcement officials and related institutions. The minimum standards for the prevention of child trafficking have not been optimally applied and have made significant efforts in overcoming it.
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Siller, Nicole J. "Human Trafficking in International Law Before the Palermo Protocol." Netherlands International Law Review 64, no. 3 (October 2017): 407–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40802-017-0099-9.
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Solntsev, A. M., and M. Popovic. "Trafficking in Women and Girls on a Global Level under International Law." Kutafin Law Review 10, no. 1 (April 4, 2023): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2713-0533.2023.1.23.199-216.
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Human trafficking as a term is often used in everyday life. As a manifestation of organized crime, it is a form of modern slavery and affects all states, both developing and developed, highlighting the seriousness of the problem for the entire international community. Human trafficking is a gross violation of human rights, such as the right to life, freedom of movement, etc. All people can become victims, regardless of gender, age, social status, skin color, but often victims are the most vulnerable groups of the population. In the framework of this study, we will analyze the international legal mechanisms that are designed to counter human trafficking. Women and girls are particularly vulnerable to the challenge of human trafficking, and we will pay special attention to this category in our analysis of legal protection. Protection of human rights is certainly one of the most important aspects of the development of each country. The United Nations treaties on human rights are the foundation of the international system for the promotion and protection of human rights.
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Siller, Nicole. "The Prosecution of Human Traffickers?" European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance 2, no. 3 (September 4, 2015): 236–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134514-00203005.
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Despite its international construction and codification, the criminal offence of ‘trafficking in persons’ is absent from the statutes of international judicial institutions. Does this result in the inability to hold those who engage in the traffic of human beings accountable under international criminal law? While certain offenders are charged with the international crime against humanity of enslavement, it appears as though the establishment of their guilt often materialised (at least in part), on the converging characteristics of ‘trafficking in persons’ as codified in the Palermo Protocol and enslavement. Can this course of action survive, or should our present international judicial forums recognise ‘trafficking in persons’ as a separately codified offence and crime against humanity?
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Kruger, Hester B., and Hennie Oosthuizen. "South Africa – Safe Haven for Human Traffickers? Employing the Arsenal of Existing Law to Combat Human Trafficking." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, no. 1 (May 22, 2017): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i1a2466.
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Having ratified the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, South Africa is obliged to adopt legislative measures that criminalise human trafficking and comply with other standards laid down in this international instrument. However, by mid-2011, South Africa had not enacted the required comprehensive counter-trafficking legislation. The question that now arises is if the absence of such anti-trafficking legislation poses an insurmountable obstacle to the prosecution of traffickers for trafficking-related activities. In asking this question the article examines the utilisation of existing crimes in order to prosecute and punish criminal activities committed during the human trafficking process. Firstly, a selection of existing common law and statutory crimes that may often be applicable to trafficking-related activities is mapped out. Secondly, transitional trafficking provisions in the Children's Act 38 of 2005 and the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007 are discussed. Finally, since the Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in Persons Bill B7 of 2010 will in all probability be enacted in the near future, the use of other criminal law provisions in human trafficking prosecutions, even after the passing of this bill into law, is reflected upon.
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Thomas, Chantal. "Anti-Trafficking Law as a key to Global Economic Contradictions: A Response to Janie Chuang." AJIL Unbound 108 (2014): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300009417.
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Anti-trafficking law, with its rapid ascent to public visibility since the establishment of the Palermo Protocol fifteen years ago, offers a highly salient framework for understanding, and addressing, human exploitation. Yet this framework, as Professor Janie Chuang brilliantly illustrates in her article, Exploitation Creep and the Un-making of Human Trafficking Law,1 has proven both over-inclusive and, simultaneously and problematically, under-inclusive in its endeavors.The anti-trafficking framework is broad enough to have overlapped substantially with potentially competing legal and institutional regimes through the “exploitation creep” that Chuang identifies—regimes that ban, re-spectively, forced labor (“Creep 1”) and slavery (“Creep 2”). If brought to fruition, Chuang’s exposition suggests, the effect of anti-trafficking’s exploitation creep may be to marginalize the positive international law of forced labor and slavery treaties, and perhaps even to render them entirely superfluous.
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Khan, Ilyas, Muhammad Aqeel Khan, and Ashraf Ali. "International Law on Trafficking of Children for Domestic Work: An Analysis." Journal of South Asian Studies 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/jsas.010.01.4026.
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Child trafficking is a rampant problem in the world. An indeterminately great number of men, women, and children have become prey to the trafficking of persons for sexual abuse, forced labor, and other forms of mistreatment at the international level. The purpose of this article is to analyze the Law of Nations on the trafficking of children for domestic work. The study further explained international instruments on the trafficking of children for household work and the important viewpoints of trafficking provided procedures for expanding policies to deals with the trafficking of children for domestic work. The anti-trafficking strategies in treaties, conventions, and protocols are particularly focused on policies to combat the trafficking of children for domestic work, as well as other human rights strategies focused, that obligate the countries to act against traffickers, save children from harm and be vulnerable to the trafficking of children and create a preventive structure for those been trafficked.
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Gilani, Syed Raza Shah, Ilyas Khan, and Ashraf Ali. "HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL RESPONSES: THE CASE OF COMBATING HUMAN AND WOMEN TRAFFICKING." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 03 (September 30, 2022): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i03.689.
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Over the last two decades, the United Nations and various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have increased their efforts to combat human trafficking and women trafficking for sex around the world through international legal frameworks and conventions along with implementing mechanisms. These steps are aimed at limiting the potential victims’ vulnerability to trafficking, providing adequate help and protection for victims, and ensuring the speedy trials of the traffickers (and other important, behind-the-scene players), all while preserving the fundamental human rights of all. Given that the prohibition of slavery and human trafficking is a jus-cogens principle, states are obligated to act with reasonable diligence to prevent human trafficking, investigate and prosecute traffickers, and help and protect the trafficked individuals. Governments often tackle trafficking from the standpoint of law enforcement or criminal control (as opposed to victims’ protection and/or human rights perspective). Typically, they are preoccupied with border security, preventing unwelcome migration, combating organized crime, and lately, terrorism. This article argues that any attempts to combat trafficking are unlikely to be successful if the emphasis is on criminal prevention rather than on victim protection and rights, as demonstrated in the following pages. Key Words: Human Trafficking, Women Trafficking, Human Rights Approach, Sexual Exploitation.
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Williams-Woods, Alexandra, and Yvonne Mellon. "Irregular Victims: Investigating the Immigration Status Decisions of Post-NRM Victims of Human Trafficking, the Availability of Eligible Benefits and the Related Impact on Victims of Trafficking." Journal of Modern Slavery 4, no. 2 (December 2018): 66–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22150/jms/evku5747.
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Human trafficking is connected to migration as it often involves crossing international borders. This article argues that by failing to view the issue of human trafficking through the lens of migration, the current framework for assisting victims of human trafficking fails to ensure the protection of the individuals concerned. This article offers an innovative perspective by analysing the specific legal position of victims of human trafficking in the context of UK domestic law and international agreements, and tracing this to survivor experiences. The extent to which non-UK national survivors of human trafficking are able to access the rights that they are entitled to in the UK is explored, as well as what factors influence the accessibility of these rights. Utilising an interdisciplinary approach, encompassing scholarship of law and politics, this article links a review of the current legal landscape relating to immigration status for trafficking victims with empirical work exploring the experiences of non-UK national trafficking survivors.
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Beqiri, Fejzi, Elda Maloku, and Ahmet Maloku. "Human Organs Trafficking: Perspective from Criminal Matters, Business and Human Rights." Access to Justice in Eastern Europe 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2023): 292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-6.4-a000489.
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Background: The trafficking of human organs has evolved over the years. At first it appeared across isolated cases, but over time it has increased the curiosity of organised crime due to the high benefits and the small possibility of the perpetrators being pursued with an international character. The perpetrators of this criminal act start this criminal activity with the trafficking of sperm, but they can also continue with the tissues and organs from corpses. Also, human rights have evolved in recent decades. Today, human rights are at the epicentre of global poli- tics. In addition, security issues, poverty, social inequality, non-respect of human rights, lack of adequate laws, and lack of law enforcement are prerequisites for a particular impact on the trafficking of human organs. Methods: This paper provides a comparative look at the topic with a special emphasis on hu- man organ trafficking by analysing in different and interrelated perspectives, including the social aspect, criminal aspect, the benefits of criminal groups, and the violation of basic human rights. Results and Conclusions: As part of the concluding remarks, suggestions for future actions by law enforcement institutions in terms of anti-trafficking policies and practices.
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Kubota, Engine, Fahmi Fairuzzaman, and Saman Omar. "Human Trafficking: Legal Analysis on Indo-Malaysia Border." Journal of Judicial Review 25, no. 2 (December 2, 2023): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v25i2.8513.
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Indonesia and Malaysia both face a crisis in combating human trafficking. This crisis includes human trafficking that occurs at the Indonesia-Malaysia border. Indonesia is in Tier 2, while Malaysia is on this issue's Tier 2 watch list. The laws and regulations that Indonesia and Malaysia have in dealing with the issue of human trafficking at the border between the two countries are related. The objectives of this research are (1) to know the provisions and comparison of the laws of the two countries in dealing with human trafficking and (2) to examine the existing rules based on the perspective of international Law to provide input in the renewal of legal science at the national and international levels. This research, which was written using the normative jurisprudence method, found that Indonesia and Malaysia each have specific laws stipulated in Law No. 21/2007 on the Eradication of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons and the Anti-Trafficking in Persons and Anti-Smuggling of Migrants Act 2007 and are involved in bilateral and multilateral cooperation regarding combating human trafficking. The legal efforts that both countries have made still have many shortcomings and require more severe improvements to achieve legal objectives.
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Сакаева, Олеся, and Olesya Sakaeva. "Realization of International Law Norms in the Field of Combating Human Trafficking in the Russian Federation." Journal of Russian Law 2, no. 2 (January 20, 2014): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2245.
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The article examines the legal issues connected with the implementation of the rules of international law on the combating trafficking in persons in the legislation of the Russian Federation. Comparing provisions of treaties, soft law and legal regulations of Russian and foreign legislation concerning combating trafficking in persons the author comes to the conclusion of the necessity of improvement of Russian legislation in the field of prevention of trafficking in persons, its criminalization and penalization, trafficking victims protection.
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Praditama, Ida Bagus Mahendra, and Ida Bagus Erwin Ranawijaya. "THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN PREVENTING AND ADDRESSING HUMAN TRAFFICKING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY UNDER ICCPR." POLICY, LAW, NOTARY AND REGULATORY ISSUES (POLRI) 2, no. 3 (May 26, 2023): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.55047/polri.v2i3.620.
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This research aims to explore the regulations and principles of human rights and the role of International Law in preventing and addressing trafficking in persons, with a specific focus on the Right to Privacy outlined in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Furthermore, the study seeks to analyze the contribution of International Law to combat trafficking in persons from an ICCPR perspective. The act of trafficking violates various principles of international human rights, including the Right to Privacy as stipulated in Article 17 of the ICCPR. However, Article 17 also acknowledges that the right to privacy may be limited in cases of public interest or to safeguard the rights of others. The challenge lies in determining appropriate limitations on the right to privacy in specific situations, leading to norm vagueness. This research adopts a normative legal research method, incorporating a statutory approach relevant to the legal domain under examination, as well as conceptual and analytical approaches. The findings revealed that effective international cooperation is crucial in combating human trafficking. Nations must ensure that their domestic laws align with international legal standards for prevention and intervention in human trafficking. Adoption and implementation of pertinent international instruments such as the Palermo Protocol, an adjunct to the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and the Protocol on Combating Trafficking in Persons are recommended for this purpose.
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Shahadat Hossain, Mohammad. "PROTECTIONS OF THE VICTIMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING UNDER THE PREVENTION AND SUPPRESSION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING ACT, 2012." EPH - International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 8, no. 12 (December 3, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/ephhss.v8i12.1940.
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This study mainly focuses on the available protections for the victims of human trafficking provided by the Prevention and Suppression of Human Trafficking Act, 2012 of Bangladesh. Because, human trafficking victims in most of the cases remain with vulnerable condition and in highly need of urgent protection for their survival. Bangladesh, as a member of international community has taken initiative by legislating anti-human trafficking Act 2012 for combating this heinous offence. The researcher further critically analyses the loopholes in the provisions of the Act related with protection of victims, in line with international standard and concerned literature. Furthermore, the paper explores several findings and suggests possible way out for boosting the existing anti-human trafficking Act of the country. The aim of this paper is to enhance the protection mechanisms for the victims through analyzing and examining the available protection provided by the above Act. It further aims to address the learners, researchers and policy makers to pay more attention in this issue to protect the misfortune section of the citizen of Bangladesh. The possible outcome of this paper is that it comes across several gaps inside the Act which are requiring to be reconsidered and amended the law. This is purely a doctrinal research and entails qualitative phenomena. Hence, researcher consults with the specific law mentioned above along with relevant international laws on human trafficking and their protections. In addition, researcher examines the scholarly works, articles, reports on human trafficking in Bangladesh to achieve the objectives of this paper.
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Oriwardana, Norbertus, and Maidah Purwanti. "International Law Policy Against Illegal Migration in Efforts to Eradicate and Prevent Trafficking in Persons." Journal of Law and Border Protection 2, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v2i1.186.
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Thisiarticle describes the problems of crimes against humanity, namely human trafficking and peopleismuggling that occuriin Indonesia. Thereiareithreeicomponents thatiwillibeitheisubject ofithisiarticle.iFirst,ithisiarticleiwillianalyzeitheicausesiofihumanitraffickingiand peopleismuggling in Indonesia. Second,ithisiarticle will examine human traffickingiin Indonesia,iwhich,iasiitiis known,iis a transit country for those who intend to commit transnational crimes. Third, the Indonesian government's efforts to combat human trafficking and people smuggling are viewed from the aspects of international law and immigration crimes. As is well known, from most cases of human trafficking and people smuggling that have occurred, the majority are women and children. Therefore, the crime of smuggling and trafficking in personsiisiaireflectioniofitheiIndonesianigovernmentiwhich does not yet fully have a permanent andibindingilawirelateditoipolicies regulating the movement of people in this case.
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Harré, Thomas. "Human Traffickers’ Fair Trial Rights and Transnational Criminal Law." Anti-Trafficking Review, no. 18 (April 19, 2022): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14197/atr.2012221810.
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The right to a fair trial is enshrined in international and domestic law around the world. This article makes the simple argument that the focus on the rights of victims of human trafficking and efforts to increase the rate of prosecutions of human traffickers should not come at the cost of alleged traffickers’ rights to a fair trial, as a failure to uphold fair trial rights places them at risk of unfair prosecution. I consider the extent to which the transnational criminal legal regime regulating human trafficking at the international level provides for these fair trial rights, suggest that the fundamental purposes of transnational criminal law exist in a state of tension against the aims of the international human rights regime, and conclude that further empirical research on the legal experiences of human traffickers is necessary.
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Hassan, Dr Abida, Muhammad Irshad Ijaz, and Sadia Saeed Rao. "Racism and International Human Rights Law." Journal of Law & Social Studies 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52279/jlss.04.02.306315.
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Racism is as old as human history. It gives rise to different shapes such as race, caste, color, creed, nationality and origin. Ancient philosophers, namely, Aristotle, Rousseau, Hobbes and Locke have been against racism and supported humanity. Discrimination against humanity is a dark chapter for human rights. Art 1(3) of UN declaration presents to accomplish global collaboration by promoting and encouraging reverence for all human freedoms and rights devoid of difference as to race, sex, language or religion. Art 2 of UDHR speaks that “every person is entitled for all the rights and liberties mentioned in this declaration, without any sorts of distinction.’ 20th Century witnessed the abolition of slavery and trafficking of men in all forms. All the constitutions of the world have provisions of fundamental human rights without any discrimination and distinction, more than that, the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as well as his Last Sermon are the sources of fundamental rights, equality of all races with reference to ancient and modern laws of the world.
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Chacón, Jennifer M. "Human Trafficking, Immigration Regulation, and Subfederal Criminalization." New Criminal Law Review 20, no. 1 (2017): 96–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2017.20.1.96.
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In the fifteen years since the enactment of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act—the U.S. legislation implementing the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children—every state in the United States has enacted its own, state-level antitrafficking law. This paper presents a multistate survey of state-level antitrafficking laws and the criminal prosecutions that have been conducted pursuant to those over the past decade. The comparative treatment of noncitizens and citizens in antitrafficking prosecutions is of particular concern. This research reveals that while subfederal implementation of antitrafficking laws has the potential to complement stated federal and international antitrafficking objectives, it also has the power to subvert and undermine those goals. State-level enforcement both mirrors and amplifies some of the systemic problems that arise when the criminal law is used as a tool to combat trafficking, including the manipulation of antitrafficking tools and rhetoric to perpetuate racial subordination and migrant criminalization. Ultimately, this research offers broader theoretical insights into the promises and pitfalls of overlapping criminal jurisdiction both within federalist systems and within frameworks of international regulation.
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Setiyono, Joko, and Aga Natalis. "“CHILD TRAFFICKING” AS THE EMBODIMENT OF MODERN SLAVERY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW." International Journal of Law Reconstruction 6, no. 1 (May 17, 2022): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v6i1.17805.
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The purpose of this research is to find out the implementation and actualization of international and domestic law regarding child trafficking, to find examples of multilateral international cooperation forms that have been created in the context of overcoming child trafficking, and to identify threats and solutions needed by the international community in the prevention of Child Trafficking. This research was legal research with a normative juridical approach with descriptive-analytical research specifications. Child trafficking is a form of human trafficking. This crime can be attributed to the existence and widespread of the concept of "modern slavery." Internationally and nationally, laws regarding the prevention of child trafficking and child protection have been created. Examples in the international spectrum are UNTOC Annex II: Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, Convention on The Rights of the Child created by UNICEF, International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor (IPEC) by the ILO, the World Congress against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, and the Palermo Protocol. With evidence of the development of child trafficking with the influence of cyberspace and information technology, the international community's concern on this issue must also increase. This is needed in making effective policies, laws, and actions in overcoming the crime of child trafficking.
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Adewumi, Tayewo A., and Oluwayemi O. Ogunkorode. "Reappraising Effective Regulation in Preventing Human Organs Trafficking in Africa: Kenya and Nigeria in Perspective." ABUAD Law Journal 10, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 59–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/alj.2022.1001.04-j.
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Over the years, the issue of illegal human organ harvesting and trafficking has been an international concern. There have been so many stories of victims being promised better opportunies overseas but ended up being untraceable all over the world. The news that most of these people seeking greener pastures abroad must have fallen victim to the illegal international human harvesting and trafficking syndicates is quite alarming. The government of the countries, their citizens to be wary of the "too sweet to be true" job opportunities abroad and a better life abroad. United Nations' concern on this issue brought about the resolution adopted by the General Assembly at its 73rd session held on 17 December2018 on strengthening and promoting effective measures and international cooperation on organ donation and transplantation to prevent and combat trafficking in person persons for organ removal and trafficking in human organs. This article examines the law relating to organ harvesting and trafficking in Nigeria and Kenya putting into consideration the United Nations resolution. The article observes that Nigeria with its Trafficking in Person (Prohibition) Law Enforcement and Administration Act 2015 and Kenya with the Counter-Trafficking In Persons Act No. 8 of 2010 are yet to adopt the United Nations General Assembly resolution on strengthening and promoting effective measures and international cooperation on organ donation and transplanation to prevent and combat trafficking in persons for organ removal and trafficking in human organs. The article recommends total conformity with theUN resolution.
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O'Neill, Maria. "International Business Encounters Organized Crime: The Case of Trafficking in Human Beings." German Law Journal 19, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 1125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200022975.
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AbstractWith increasing globalization, transnational crime in general, and human trafficking in particular, a design of new legal framework is required in order to effectively operationalize interstate law enforcement operations and prosecutions. The development of a transnational criminal legal framework—or frameworks—can build on pre-existing transnational economic frameworks. There is also the need to extend the application of domestic law beyond national borders to influence transnational corporate behavior. Regulations based on reflexive law are one possible approach. Teubner's idea of reflexive law has been informing developments in this area. This approach uses traditional national law to inform corporate governance strategies in order to achieve effects on the market. A few jurisdictions have already adopted measures modeled on this approach to tackle human trafficking and slavery-like conditions in global supply chains. Weaknesses in the approaches adopted by the UK and the State of California have already been identified. If strengthened, this approach could be adopted in more jurisdictions—including the EU—and also to combat more areas of transnational crime—such as money laundering. This paper will examine the resulting challenges using human trafficking as a case study.
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Indriati, Noer. "Analysis of International Law on Human Trafficking with Children as The Victims." SHS Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185405004.
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Trafficking in person is interpreted as resulting from a State of social disorganization and crime caused by the variety of social–related things. The social change causes women and children to leave their homes and villages to seek a windfall to the region or another country with a reason to increase the standard of living. This research used normative juridical approach. The specification of research is descriptive, the analysis is juridical analytical, using secondary data that consist of primary and secondary and tertiary. The effective actions had to protect and eradicate the trafficking, especially the children. It needed international comprehensive approach from the countries of origin, transit and destination. The Government has an obligation to respect, to protect and to fulfill the rights of the child contained in some regulations. Trafficking of children as victims did not exactly use the way children are obtained, because the children did not know the purpose of the being sold.
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Ogunniyi, Daniel. "Armed Conflict-induced Displacement and Human Trafficking in the Sahel: Organised crime, vulnerabilities, and the accountability of non-state armed groups." Anti-Trafficking Review, no. 22 (April 29, 2024): 74–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14197/atr.201224225.
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Although organised criminal networks and non-state armed groups (NSAGs) have historically exploited conflict situations to commit various crimes, the extent of human trafficking by these entities in the Sahel has barely been interrogated in academic literature. In principle, while states have an obligation to criminalise trafficking in persons, problems arise where the state has lost parts of its territory to NSAGs or is facing ongoing conflicts with such groups. Boko Haram, for instance, controlled a large swath of territory in Northeast Nigeria from 2009 to 2015, with evidence of human trafficking. Therefore, this paper examines two specific aspects of human trafficking in the Sahel conflicts: trafficking by organised criminals and trafficking by NSAGs, especially terrorist organisations. It argues that while domestic laws may be useful in combating trafficking linked to organised criminal networks, the traditional state-centric approach to human rights protection makes human trafficking governance more complicated where NSAGs are involved, especially where they exercise territorial control. The paper unpacks these complexities and highlights the deficits in existing international law treaties. It argues that customary international law could provide a solution to the anti-trafficking governance challenge in the Sahel and makes a case for the adoption of an anti-trafficking Deed of Commitment within the Geneva Call mechanism.
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Shcherbatiuk, Volodymyr, Dmytro Kuras, and Yurii Sokur. "The problem of slavery and human trafficking: International law and scientific discourse." Naukovij vìsnik Nacìonalʹnoï akademìï vnutrìšnìh sprav 29, no. 1 (March 7, 2024): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.56215/naia-herald/1.2024.43.
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The expansion of the range of issues related to modern slavery and human trafficking is associated with the intensification of scientific research in this area, which raises the issue of classification and systematization of research in this area. The publication aims at defining the main criteria for systematizing scientific works in the field of combating slavery and human trafficking, and at classifying and analysing one of the selected segments of this body of research. In the context of analysing the process of researching a particular area of scientific interest, the main tools used are the principles of objectivity, scientificity and systematicity, while general scientific methods of cognition – deduction and retrospective, as well as special legal methods – comparative legal and legal forecasting. The analysis of the content and issues of scientific reports on research conducted in the field of combating human trafficking has shown both their high professional level and their focus on processing and summarizing factual data that are mostly not available in the format of ordinary scientific articles. It has also been established that scientific reports are mostly focused on solving practical problems, which increases the benefit of using the formulated conclusions not only in scientific, but also in law enforcement and social work. The practical value of the study lies in the fact that for the first time, an attempt was made to conduct a systematic analysis of a selected segment of works on the problem of modern slavery and human trafficking
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Radišić, Milica. "Human trafficking in the framework of the international adoption system: An (un)solvable problem?" Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta Nis 61, no. 95 (2022): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfn1-39454.
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The article explores the relationship between human trafficking and international adoption from the perspective of international (criminal) law. The article aims to indicate the specific position of international adoptions in relation to human traffic-king. To accomplish this goal, the article provides a review of relevant literature on this subject matter, including the views of authors who examined this relationship, with specific reference to current international documents in the field of human trafficking and international adoptions. The inadequate international documents on this matter and the authors' insufficent commitment to exploring this issue more thoroughly have generated different and often contradictory standpoints, and ultimately resulted in diverse and fairly liberal interpretation of certain international law provisions. The literature review allows us to observe the diversity of those views and the lack of common agreement among the authors, particularly on the basic concepts, which is one of the major hindrances in exploring this relationship. In the end, the author of this article suggest that an adequate solution may be the re-examination and reform of international law in the area of human trafficking and international adoptions, which would entail amending and supplementing the existing provisions or regulating illicit intercountry adoptions in a separate international document.
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Alwadeai, Aref Abdullah Mohmmed. "The Legal Framework on Human Trafficking in the UAE." Al Hikmah International Journal of Islamic Studies and Human Sciences 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 419–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46722/hkmh.4.4.21p.
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Trafficking in human beings is not accepted by the International Entities as a whole; because of the human rights violations that it entails and the woes that result from these acts. This research aims to identify the legal framework for crimes of trafficking in human beings in the UAE, and what made these legislations are distinquieshed in the CGC related to their phases of developments, by answering two main questions, firstly: What is the crime of human trafficking and its pillars? Secondly: what is the role of the UAE legislator in combating human trafficking crimes? The research followed the descriptive analytical approach. Finally: at the end of this research, number of results are reached related to the development of the UAE law as a special law for crimes of human trafficking as a complementary law to the Federal Penal Code. There are matters and procedures the UAE law must do it, for example, the need to criminalize the act of incitement to commit crimes of human trafficking in all its forms, by any means and whatever the legal or factual effect of this incitement.
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PORUMB, VLAD-ALEXANDRU. "VIEWS ON THE OFFENCE OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING." Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 13, no. 1 (October 29, 2019): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v13i1.3726.
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In the international background of the current period, Romania is included in the "Balkan Route" of illegal migration, which influences all the main areas of society, including the security of the state and that of its citizens.One of the main issues in the last decade, at national and international level, is the human trafficking, linked to the illegal migration, which is constantly increasing.Human trafficking is an offense which affects human rights, with profound economic and social interference, due to the mobility and perceivable advantages of the phenomenon.Until 2014, human trafficking was provided for by law 678/2001 regarding the prevention and control of human trafficking, but with the entry into force of the New Criminal Code this offense was covered by the same code, provided by art. 210.1
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Thuy, Ha Le, Hoang Thi Hai Yen, and Nguyen Quang Bao. "Fetus Trafficking in Viet Nam – The New Criminal Method of Human Trafficking." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (December 23, 2021): 1594–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.182.
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When it comes to basic rights of the fetus, including the right to life, theoretical studies around the world on human rights of the fetus still have not reached an agreement on approaches and explanation. Criminal law at the international and national levels still leaves the possibility of protecting the unborn child. Viet Nam’s criminal law is no exception to this trend. In addition, Viet Nam is currently facing human trafficking with new methods and tricks. Children are bought and paid for while still in the womb, then born abroad and given to traffickers. Children are only protected by criminal law for human trafficking if they are born, alive, and detected by the authorities. While the act of trafficking in fetuses is often easily detected by the authorities right from the stage of purchasing and paying, it is not feasible to prosecute this act for human trafficking under the criminal law of Viet Nam. This reduces the criminal law’s ability to suppress crime, at the same time, leaves many fetuses unprotected. Should criminal law be left outside the legal mechanism to protect children while in the fetal stage? This article suggests considering fetus trafficking as a form of human trafficking and to criminalize fetus trafficking. Criminal law should recognize fetus trafficking as a sign of crime or an early stage in the criminal process of human trafficking, because children need special care and protection, including appropriate legal protection before and after birth, due to their physical and mental immaturity.
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Surtees, Rebecca. "Trapped at Sea. Using the Legal and Regulatory Framework to Prevent and Combat the Trafficking of Seafarers and Fishers." Groningen Journal of International Law 1, no. 2 (December 5, 2013): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5a86a7a0dd73c.
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The breadth and diversity of trafficking for forced labour has become increasingly recognised over the past several years, including heightened attention to human trafficking within the seafaring and commercial fishing industries. Not only are these sectors where trafficking abuse can and does take place, but there are also aspects of these sectors that may lend themselves particularly to human trafficking abuses due to the nature of this form of trafficking as well as the legal and regulatory framework in place. The article begins by framing what constitutes trafficking at sea, both in the commercial fishing sector and in the merchant fleet and then presents the legal and regulatory framework to combat trafficking at sea – namely, international anti-trafficking law, international maritime law and the international law of the sea. The article then considers the “three P paradigm” of anti-trafficking (that is, prevention, protection and prosecution) and how improved policies, regulation and legislation (and, as importantly, enforcement) in these areas have the potential to contribute to an improved situation for seafarers and fishers—to both prevent and combat trafficking in commercial fishing and the merchant fleet, while also noting differences between the two sectors. The analysis also draws on the perspective and experiences of men trafficked in the seafaring and commercial fishing sectors to firmly situate the discussion in the practical realm and articulate what, in concrete terms, can be done to effectively prevent and combat trafficking of seafarers and fishers.
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Jovanovic, Marija. "The Essence of Slavery: Exploitation in Human Rights Law." Human Rights Law Review 20, no. 4 (September 1, 2020): 674–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngaa023.
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Abstract The modern slavery discourse has brought attention to the idea of ‘human exploitation’, which underpins a range of practices comprised by this popular umbrella term. Despite its extensive use, the concept of exploitation has never been defined in international law. This article articulates the necessary and sufficient conditions for the notion of exploitation in the context of the human rights prohibition against slavery, servitude, forced or compulsory labour and human trafficking. This is done by examining international legislation, jurisprudence and the philosophical discussions of this concept. Articulating the parameters of exploitation sets firm boundaries of this right while leaving enough room for its further refinement in light of the new and emerging forms of modern slavery. Such analysis is a pioneering effort at elucidating the theoretical foundations of the prohibition of slavery, servitude, forced or compulsory labour and human trafficking.
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Hassan, Dr Abida, Mahnoor Chaudhary, and Sadia Saeed Rao. "Human Trafficking: A Comparative Analysis amongst the Legislations of Pakistan, China and Russia in Relation to International Law." Journal of Law & Social Studies 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52279/jlss.04.01.141148.
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The topic under discussion is significant in nature as now a days human trafficking is very common due to various reasons. The researcher during study and research has determined that unemployment and unawareness are the main reasons for human trafficking. Further, it has been noted that the legislation is in existence but its proper implementation is weak in the said countries which is another cause for illegal human trafficking practices, if the implementation of laws be ensured and implemented strictly then human trafficking can be reduced up to some extent. Next is that awareness campaign can be useful for reduction of these activities people will be more conscious for taking decision before leaving their countries and step into another country. This paper focuses on minimizing the chances of human trafficking in Pakistan, Rusia and China through proper legislation and its implementation.
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Van Ingelgem, Paul. "Belgian law tackling the trafficking in human beings." ERA Forum 3, no. 4 (December 2002): 247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12027-002-0033-3.
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Abu Dalu, Lujain Ahmed. "The crime of human trafficking against persons with disabilities. A comparative study." Journal of Social Sciences (COES&RJ-JSS) 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25255/jss.2021.10.3.303.316.
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The criminalization of human trafficking has passed through several stages throughout the ages, starting with Islamic Sharia and its prohibition of slavery and servitude to considering it a crime of denial in international human rights law, which in turn emphasized the imposition of punishment on it and its prevention in peace and war, because of its danger to the whole world. There are several mechanisms to prevent, suppress and combat human trafficking. Whether at the international level by international treaties and agreements or at the regional level by national laws. This study noted a legislative shortcoming in the mechanisms applied to the crime of human trafficking, especially those against persons with disabilities. Considering the crime of human trafficking is a flagrant violation of human rights, specifically the human right to life and the preservation of his dignity. For the aforementioned reasons, this legal study is conducted, in two sections, where it shed light in the first section on the general of the crime of human trafficking by explaining its concept and the pillars of the crime of human trafficking. While the second section clarify the concept of the crime of human trafficking against persons with disabilities.