Journal articles: 'Human trafficking – South Africa – Prevention'

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Kruger, Hester B., and Hennie Oosthuizen. "South Africa – Safe Haven for Human Traffickers? Employing the Arsenal of Existing Law to Combat Human Trafficking." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, no. 1 (May 22, 2017): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i1a2466.

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Having ratified the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, South Africa is obliged to adopt legislative measures that criminalise human trafficking and comply with other standards laid down in this international instrument. However, by mid-2011, South Africa had not enacted the required comprehensive counter-trafficking legislation. The question that now arises is if the absence of such anti-trafficking legislation poses an insurmountable obstacle to the prosecution of traffickers for trafficking-related activities. In asking this question the article examines the utilisation of existing crimes in order to prosecute and punish criminal activities committed during the human trafficking process. Firstly, a selection of existing common law and statutory crimes that may often be applicable to trafficking-related activities is mapped out. Secondly, transitional trafficking provisions in the Children's Act 38 of 2005 and the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007 are discussed. Finally, since the Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in Persons Bill B7 of 2010 will in all probability be enacted in the near future, the use of other criminal law provisions in human trafficking prosecutions, even after the passing of this bill into law, is reflected upon.

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Gould, Chandré. "Sex Trafficking and Prostitution in South Africa." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 653, no. 1 (March 28, 2014): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716214521557.

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This article examines the complex arrangements within which women working in prostitution in South Africa find themselves, and documents their resilience in a hazardous work environment. Findings are drawn from a survey and in-depth interviews with sex workers in Cape Town that investigated the nature and extent of human trafficking in the sex industry, and from a separate survey of sex workers during the World Cup in South Africa in 2010. The findings provide the basis for a critique of Western rescue missions and the larger antitrafficking movement.

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Yingwana, Ntokozo, Dr Rebecca Walker, and Alex Etchart. "Sex Work, Migration, and Human Trafficking in South Africa: From polarised arguments to potential partnerships." Anti-Trafficking Review, no. 12 (April 2, 2019): 74–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14197/atr.201219125.

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In South Africa, the conflation of sex work with human trafficking means that migrant/mobile sex workers are often framed as victims of trafficking while arguments for the decriminalisation of sex work are discounted due to claims about the risks of increased trafficking. This is despite the lack of clear evidence that trafficking, including in the sex industry, is a widespread problem. Sex worker organisations have called for an evidence-based approach whereby migration, sex work, and trafficking are distinguished and the debate moves beyond the polarised divisions over sex work. This paper takes up this argument by drawing on research with sex workers and a sex worker organisation in South Africa, as well as reflections shared at two Sex Workers’ Anti-trafficking Research Symposiums. In so doing, the authors propose the further development of a Sex Work, Exploitation, and Migration/Mobility Model that takes into consideration the complexities of the quotidian experiences of migration and selling sex. This, we suggest, could enable a more effective and productive partnership between sex worker organisations and other stakeholder groups, including anti-trafficking and labour rights organisations, trade unions, and others to protect the rights and well-being of all those involved in sex work.

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DiRienzo, Cassandra E., and Jayoti Das. "Human Trafficking and Country Borders." International Criminal Justice Review 27, no. 4 (March 30, 2017): 278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567717700491.

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The primary purpose of this study is to empirically test whether neighboring countries within the Schengen region have similar human trafficking prevalence rates. It is argued that the free flow of persons across borders in the region impacts human trafficking in two ways. First, it lessens many of the transportation challenges and costs faced by human traffickers. Second, it enhances the ability of traffickers to acquire knowledge about neighboring countries in regard to policing, demand for trafficked persons, and terrain, which enables trafficking networks to spread. The Moran Index, a measure of spatial autocorrelation, is used to test the hypothesis using the Global Slavery Index’s proportion of country population living in slavery, a proxy for human trafficking. The Moran Index is significant and positive in the Schengen region, indicating that country neighbors within the region tend to have similar human trafficking prevalence rates. The Moran Index is calculated in other global regions (Africa, Asia, and North and South America) in addition to Schengen border itself, and the index is insignificant in these areas, which offers evidence that the relationship between neighboring countries within the Schengen region is unique. Policy implications of these findings are offered.

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Palmary, Ingrid, and Thea de Gruchy. "The globalisation of trafficking and its impact on the South African counter-trafficking legislation." Critical Social Policy 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018319829640.

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This article was prompted by emerging and highly politicised debates in South Africa over the role of ‘foreign influence’ in policy-making. Whilst popular debates on this issue are often over simplified, it nevertheless seemed a relevant topic for migration policy-making given its cross-national focus. In this article, we therefore consider what influenced the development of South Africa’s 2013 Prevention and Combatting of Trafficking in Persons Act (TiP Act) as just one example of migration policy-making. Using qualitative methods, we map the influences on the South African TiP Act, and highlight how these shaped the passing of the Act, as well as the form that it took. We describe three pathways of international influence that shaped and constrained the possibilities for the Act: the global system for the governance of trafficking, the globalisation of knowledge around trafficking, and the nature of diplomatic relations. Exploring these pathways, we interrogate and unpack the idea that policy-making takes place in isolation and exclusively at a national level. Instead, this article illustrates how policy-making around issues of trafficking, and migration, takes place amidst complex and unequal global relationships.

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Bello, Paul Oluwatosin. "Long-term criminal justice response to human trafficking in south africa: an impossible mission." Contemporary Justice Review 21, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 474–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2018.1531716.

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Bello, Paul Oluwatosin. "Criminal justice response to human trafficking in Nigeria and South Africa: suggestions for better performance." Contemporary Justice Review 21, no. 2 (March 29, 2018): 140–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2018.1455507.

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Wellington, Teya, and Kurebwa Jeffrey. "The Effectiveness of State and Non-State Actors in Combating Human Trafficking and Ensuring Safe Migration Concerns of Zimbabwean Women." International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, no. 55 (May 20, 2019): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ijwpds.55.42.52.

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This study focuses on the effectiveness of State and Non-state actors in combating human trafficking and ensuring safe migration of Zimbabwean women. The study relied on qualitative research methodology while data was gathered through primary and documentary search. Respondents were purposively selected from victims of human trafficking and organisations that deal with combating human trafficking. These included IOM, Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP) Human Trafficking Desk, Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs. The study revealed that human trafficking in Zimbabwe thrives under conditions of vulnerability which are caused by various factors ranging from poverty, limited educational opportunities, poor economic conditions, gender and age. A strong relationship between Government and NGOs’ inadequate adherence to the Palermo Protocol standards and escalation of human trafficking was also exposed. Though Zimbabwean has several laws that deals with human trafficking, implementation of these laws still remains a challenge. This has contributed to the escalation of human trafficking cases from Zimbabwe to neighbouring countries, particularly South Africa.

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Liwanga, Roger-Claude. "Adopting an Anti-human Trafficking Law in the DR Congo: A Significant Step in the Process of Combating Trafficking." Slavery Today Journal 1, no. 1 (2014): 13–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22150/stj/kxpi2743.

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This paper highlights the necessity of adopting a comprehensive anti-human trafficking law in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The DRC ratified a number of international instruments prohibiting human trafficking, such as the Palermo Protocol, which recommend it to take legislative measures against human trafficking domestically. But so far, the DRC has not yet adopted a comprehensive anti-human trafficking law. With the increasing prevalence of human trafficking, the existing fragmented provisions on trafficking in the DRC (catalogued within the Law 06/018 amending the Penal Code, the Labor Code and the Law 09/001 on the Protection of the Child) are not sufficient to address the scourge, given the limited scope of their regulation of human trafficking. Countless victims of trafficking, particularly adults who are subjected to bonded labor, are unprotected by the law. Following the example of comprehensive anti-human trafficking legislations in the United States, Italy, Burkina Faso, Kenya or South Africa, the DRC should also adopt its own version of comprehensive anti-human trafficking law to increase its likelihood of effectively protecting trafficking victims, investigating trafficking offences, prosecuting trafficking offenders, and deterring potential traffickers. This paper recommends a sketch of a holistic anti-human trafficking law which is adapted to the DRC’s context.

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Oluwatosin Bello, Paul, and Adewale A. Olutola. "Back to basics : preventing the susceptibility of South African youth and children to human trafficking through basic education Navigate this Journal." African Renaissance 16, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2516-5305/2019/16n4a10.

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Motseki, Morero. "Understanding Policing of Human Trafficking in Gauteng Province, South Africa: The Phenomena, Challenges and Effective Responses." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 9 (December 1, 2020): 1312–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.151.

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Bello, Paul, and Adewale Olutola. "COMMUNITY POLICING AS A MECHANISM IN COMBATING HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN SOUTH AFRICA: GETTING THE PRIORITIES RIGHT." Politeia 35, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0256-8845/1521.

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Williams, Brian G., and Eleanor Gouws. "The epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus in South Africa." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1411 (July 29, 2001): 1077–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0896.

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We review the epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in South Africa where the prevalence of HIV infection is among the highest in the world. The epidemic reached South Africa relatively recently but the prevalence of infection has increased rapidly and there are significant differences among provinces. Although few 15–year–old people are infected the prevalence increases rapidly with age thereafter, especially among women. The prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 exceeds that of HIV and curable sexually transmitted infections are common. ‘Circular migration’ may help to explain the high rates and rapid spread of HIV in the region. The incidence of tuberculosis has increased dramatically as a result of the HIV epidemic. Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of vertical transmission has been shown to be effective in local conditions but transmission through breast–feeding remains problematical. While some epidemiological models have been developed, much more needs to be done in this regard in order to plan, coordinate and evaluate an effective response to the epidemic. We conclude by discussing some of the research that is needed and steps that could be taken to reduce the continued spread of the infection.

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Weyer, J., and Lucille Blumberg. "Management of rabies." South African Family Practice 61, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v61i3.4973.

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Rabies is endemic in South Africa and human rabies cases continue to be reported annually. Most human cases in South Africa are dog-transmitted. Whilst efforts are underway to control and eventually eliminate dog rabies in the country, prevention of the disease through appropriate use of rabies postexposure prophylaxis is critical to save lives. This article provides a summary of rabies in South Africa and key aspects of the prevention of the disease in exposed humans.

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Lutya, Thozama Mandisa. "Epi-Criminological Responses to Human Trafficking of Young Women and Girls for Involuntary Prostitution in South Africa." Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 10, sup1 (December 2009): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14043850903316196.

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Emser, Monique, and Suzanne Francis. "Counter-trafficking governance in South Africa: an analysis of the role of the KwaZulu-Natal human trafficking, prostitution, pornography and brothels task team." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 35, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 190–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2017.1309363.

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Gould, Chandré. "Trafficking? Exploring the relevance of the notion of human trafficking to describe the lived experience of sex workers in Cape Town, South Africa." Crime, Law and Social Change 56, no. 5 (November 5, 2011): 529–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-011-9332-3.

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Foot, Kirsten A., Helen Sworn, and AnnJanette Alejano-Steele. "Structures and Practices of Cross-Sector Engagement in Counter-Human Trafficking Coalitions in the Global South." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 11, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v11.i1.6259.

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Human trafficking is a violation of human rights that takes many forms (U.S. Department of State, 2017). Participation in same-sector and multisector coalitions and collaborative counter-trafficking efforts are being actively encouraged by the aid industry globally. Working in partnership with other organizations within and across sectors is increasingly perceived as necessary. There is a wide variety of models for structuring and enacting multisector collaboration to counter human trafficking, but little is known yet about the effects of various models combined with the communication practices of leaders and members, on the functioning and outcomes of the collaborations, and most extant studies overlook the Global South. This paper helps redress the dearth of research on coalitions in the Global South through a multimethod, comparative analysis of three national level counter-trafficking coalitions (CTCs) operating in the regions of sub-Sahara Africa, Asia-Pacific Islands, and Southeast Asia. All three CTCs began in the civil society sector and are comprised primarily of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The primary research question addressed in this paper is: Through what structures and practices do NGO-led CTCs in Global South countries engage with public and private sector entities? Findings indicate similarities in the vulnerabilities of NGO-led CTCs in Global South countries, and the challenges they face in cross-sector interactions, but variations in the strategies they employ in those interactions. Each CTC engages the public and private sectors in their country in multiple ways: through membership in the CTC, partnerships with the CTC, and/or a range of engagement practices. Finally, NGO-led CTCs in the Global South engage in the kinds of cross-sector and local-global dynamics that are a key focus in critical cosmopolitan theorizing.

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Bello, Paul Oluwatosin, and Adewale A. Olutola. "The enforcement of anti-human trafficking law in South Africa: a case of an aircraft without a pilot." Police Practice and Research 19, no. 3 (October 12, 2017): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2017.1387783.

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Motseki, Morero M., and Jacob T. Mofokeng. "Stakeholders as catalyst to human trafficking: A case study of three selected areas of Gauteng province, South Africa." Cogent Social Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1825057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1825057.

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Mabunda, S., I. T. R. Kennedy, and L. Blumberg. "Pilot programme review of human rabies prevention services in a rural district of South Africa." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 21 (April 2014): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.641.

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Simpson, Greg, Fabiola Quesada, Pranab Chatterjee, Manish Kakkar, Matthew F. Chersich, and Séverine Thys. "Research priorities for control of zoonoses in South Africa." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 115, no. 5 (April 1, 2021): 538–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trab039.

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Abstract Background Zoonoses pose major threats to the health of humans, domestic animals and wildlife, as seen in the COVID-19 pandemic. Zoonoses are the commonest source of emerging human infections and inter-species transmission is facilitated by anthropogenic factors such as encroachment and destruction of wilderness areas, wildlife trafficking and climate change. South Africa was selected for a ‘One Health’ study to identify research priorities for control of zoonoses due to its complex disease burden and an overstretched health system. Methods A multidisciplinary group of 18 experts identified priority zoonotic diseases, knowledge gaps and proposed research priorities for the next 5 y. Each priority was scored using predefined criteria by another group of five experts and then weighted by a reference group (n=28) and the 18 experts. Results Seventeen diseases were mentioned with the top five being rabies (14/18), TB (13/18), brucellosis (11/18), Rift Valley fever (9/11) and cysticercosis (6/18). In total, 97 specific research priorities were listed, with the majority on basic epidemiological research (n=57), such as measuring the burden of various zoonoses (n=24), followed by 20 on development of new interventions. The highest research priority score was for improving existing interventions (0.77/1.0), followed by health policy and systems research (0.72/1.0). Conclusion Future zoonotic research should improve understanding of zoonotic burden and risk factors and new interventions in public health. People with limited rural services, immunocompromised, in informal settlements and high-risk occupations, should be the highest research priority.

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Farrell, C., Mark Lanier, and Christiaan Bezuidenhout. "A Comparative Analysis of Human Trafficking: The United States of America (USA) and the Republic of South Africa (RSA)." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 3 (September 22, 2014): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2014.03.23.

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Bakare, Ummukulthoum, Benita Olivier, Corlia Brandt, and Lonwabo Goldwana. "Injury prevention knowledge, beliefs, and practices among women’s football teams in South Africa." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 1 (July 20, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2021/v33i1a9505.

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Background: Numerous factors account for injury prevention or lack thereof in any team setting. With the increasing burden of injuries in women’s football, and limited human resources accessible in sub-Saharan Africa, it is important to investigate the ways in which standardised injury prevention practices can be achieved. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate injury prevention knowledge, beliefs, and practices in women’s football teams in the University Sport South Africa (USSA) Football League in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Methods: A cross-sectional self-administered survey was conducted among women’s football teams registered to participate in the USSA Football League in South Africa’s Gauteng Province. Results: A total of 107 respondents participated in the study, which included both players (n=98; 92%) and their support staff (n=9; 9%). The median (interquartile range) age of the participants was 22 (20-25) years. In the population sampled, 36% of the participants perceived that they had adequate knowledge of injury prevention practices in football, while others felt they had limited knowledge of the basic injury prevention programmes (IPPs). The results also indicated that the injury prevention practices of coaches (93%) and their beliefs in this regard (70%) are sufficient for achieving the basic injury prevention goals. Most of the respondents (89%) indicated that a medical support system is important in attaining the goals of injury prevention. Conclusion: Members of women’s teams in the USSA Football League have recognised limited knowledge about the basic IPPs, while they do employ some of the basic injury prevention practices in football. These practices could be influenced by the beliefs of the coaches and the players, and most of them believe that IPPs are important. It is essential as key stakeholders that coaches' and players' education and knowledge of injury prevention strategies should be considered as an integral part of the process to succeed. It should be strongly highlighted and implemented, thus augmenting the credibility, trust and compliance for IPPs in the sport.

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Ladislaus Fredrick Batinoluho. "Analysis of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the Tourism Industry in Tanzania." Hospitality & Tourism Review 1, no. 2 (November 15, 2020): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.38157/hospitality-tourism-review.v1i2.214.

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Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the commercial sexual exploitation of children in the tourism industry in Tanzania and to propose mitigation measures. Methods: This study was based on the desk review of published materials. Critical analysis of commercial sex exploitation of children in the Tourism (CSECT) industry in Tanzania was conducted. Results: According to the findings, children in Tanzania are involved in commercial sex trade with tourists and residents. This perception was also supported by the studies which were conducted by End Child Prostitution and Trafficking International (ECPAT International) in Tanzania in 2013 and in Kenya, Zambia, and South Africa in 2015. Implications: The problem of commercial sex exploitation of children in Tourism is aggravated by poverty and the trafficking of children for child labor engagement. The study serves as an early wake-up call for the policymakers in Tanzania. The study recommends prevention, protection, prosecution, policy, and mobilize coordinated national action to end the problem.

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Buthelezi, Silindile. "Human trafficking and the new legal framework in South Africa: Intervention needed for the law to reach vulnerable girls and women." Agenda 29, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2015.1045338.

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Xiao Xu, Divya A. Patel, Vanessa K. Dalton, Mark D. Pearlman, and Timothy R. B. Johnson. "Can Routine Neonatal Circumcision Help Prevent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission in the United States?" American Journal of Men's Health 3, no. 1 (September 23, 2008): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988308323616.

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Primary prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to pose an important challenge in the United States. Recent clinical trials conducted in Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda have demonstrated considerable benefit of male circumcision in reducing HIV seroincidence in males. These results have ignited debate over the appropriateness of implementing routine provision of neonatal circumcision in the United States for HIV prevention. This article discusses major contextual differences between the United States and the three African countries where the clinical trials were conducted, and cautions that the applicability of the scientific data from Africa to this country must be carefully considered before rational policy recommendations regarding routine neonatal circumcision can be made as a strategy to prevent the spread of HIV in the United States.

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PUCKREE, T., R. KASIRAM, M. MOODLEY, R. M. SINGH, and J. LIN. "Physiotherapists and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome: knowledge and prevention: a study in Durban, South Africa." International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 25, no. 3 (September 2002): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004356-200209000-00009.

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Kuhn, Louise, Rakiya Saidu, Cecilia Svanholm-Barrie, Ana Tergas, Rosalind Boa, Jennifer Moodley, Thomas C. Wright, David Persing, Scott Campbell, and Lynette Denny. "HPV Testing of Self-Collected Vaginal Swabs for Cervical Cancer Prevention in South Africa." Journal of Global Oncology 2, no. 3_suppl (June 2016): 65s—66s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2016.003749.

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Abstract 33 Background: Cervical cancer screening programs in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC) need to be strengthened. One of the challenges is insufficient health care personnel to achieve optimal coverage. We evaluated the potential of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing using self-collected vaginal swabs to improve screening. Methods: As part of a larger NCI-supported study in Cape Town, South Africa, we recruited 261 HIV-uninfected and 237 HIV-infected women aged 30-60 years, at one primary health care site. All women were instructed to self-collect a vaginal swab on site immediately prior to a gynecologic exam, during which a cervical sample was collected. Both self- and clinician-collected samples were tested for high risk HPV types (16, 18, 45, 31, 33, 35, 52, 58, 51, 59, 39, 56, 66, 68) using Cepheid GeneXpert (HPV XpertTM). All women underwent at least one colposcopy with histological sampling. Classification of endpoint was based on expert pathology review. Results: The HPV prevalence using the cervical vs. self sample, respectively, was 14% vs. 25% among HIV-uninfected and 50% vs. 62% among HIV-infected women. Among women who were diagnosed with grade 2 or 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cervical cancer, 94% were positive on HPV Xpert on the cervical and 88% on the vaginal swab, ignoring HIV status. However, specificity was poor for HPV tests done on self samples, 78% in HIV-uninfected and 52% in HIV-infected women. On a patient preference questionnaire, >90% of women stated they would be prepared to collect a sample at home and two-thirds expressed a preference to be examined by a clinician. Conclusion: Even in self-collected vaginal samples, HPV Xpert has excellent sensitivity for detecting cervical cancer precursor lesions. In LMIC settings where the ratio of health care workers to the population is low, HPV testing of self-collected samples could successfully triage women who require further evaluation and treatment. AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Louise Kuhn No relationship to disclose Rakiya Saidu No relationship to disclose Cecilia Svanholm-Barrie No relationship to disclose Ana Tergas Consulting or Advisory Role: Helomics Rosalind Boa No relationship to disclose Jennifer Moodley No relationship to disclose Thomas C. Wright No relationship to disclose David Persing No relationship to disclose Scott Campbell No relationship to disclose Lynette Denny No relationship to disclose

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Wright, Caradee Y., D. Jean du Preez, Danielle A. Millar, and Mary Norval. "The Epidemiology of Skin Cancer and Public Health Strategies for Its Prevention in Southern Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031017.

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Skin cancer is a non-communicable disease that has been underexplored in Africa, including Southern Africa. Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an important, potentially modifiable risk factor for skin cancer. The countries which comprise Southern Africa are Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland. They differ in population size and composition and experience different levels of solar UVR. Here, the epidemiology and prevalence of skin cancer in Southern African countries are outlined. Information is provided on skin cancer prevention campaigns in these countries, and evidence sought to support recommendations for skin cancer prevention, especially for people with fair skin, or oculocutaneous albinism or HIV-AIDS who are at the greatest risk. Consideration is given to the possible impacts of climate change on skin cancer in Southern Africa and the need for adaptation and human behavioural change is emphasized.

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Nieuwoudt, Pieter, and Jason Bantjes. "Health professionals talk about the challenges of suicide prevention in two correctional centres in South Africa." South African Journal of Psychology 49, no. 1 (February 9, 2018): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246318758803.

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Suicide is the leading cause of death among offenders in correctional facilities in many parts of the world. While epidemiological data have described the extent and scope of the problem, no research has documented the experiences and insights of health professionals who are tasked with providing care to suicidal offenders in South African correctional centres. It is within this context that we set out to document the experiences of a group of health professionals working in two correctional facilities in South Africa. We were interested in learning from them about their perceptions of the factors that contribute to suicidal behaviour among offenders and their suggestions for suicide prevention. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with a group of health professionals ( N = 10). Data were analysed using thematic analysis and an inductive approach was adopted for coding the data. The participants describe a number of structural and contextual factors which they believe make correctional centres in South Africa unsafe, thus increasing the risk of suicidal behaviour among offenders and hindering suicide prevention efforts within the two correctional centres where data were collected. These factors include high levels of psychopathology, trauma, substance abuse, violence, gangsterism, overcrowding, inadequate mental health care resources, and problems relating to stigma. These findings highlight human rights and mental health issues facing offenders and draw attention to conditions within correctional centres that need attention as part of any national suicide prevention strategy in South Africa.

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Ikejiaku, Brian-Vincent. "Migration, Poverty, the Role of State, (International) Law and Development in the Industrialised Countries of Europe." Law and Development Review 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 465–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2021-0045.

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Abstract The current radical strategies by which there is, on one hand, an increasing European assistance to developing poor countries of Africa/Middle East and on the other hand, tightened border-security within Europe as a means to reduce migration from the South; may worsen the state of poverty in Europe, particularly on the immigrants and impact on the workforce in Europe with implication on development. Though, these strategies may sound radically appealing, they are however, unlikely to reduce migration flows to Europe. While there is still a “wide development gap” between the poor countries of Africa/Middle East and industrialised countries of Europe, migration will often increase, at least in the next two-three decades. Radical border security in Europe will expose the migrants to human trafficking in different form and manifestation contrary to Article 3 UN Protocol on Trafficking in Person. The paper examines the role of the State and Law and development, in addressing the issues of poverty and migration within the industrialised countries of Europe. The research argues that there is the likelihood that poverty and human right issues will increase in Europe in the near-future, if the State/EU fails to play their role, by changing their policy direction and repositioning themselves by improving their Law and development stance. The research employs the human rights-based approach, interdisciplinary and critical-analytical perspective within the framework of international Law and development. It employs qualitative empirical evidence from developed countries of Europe and poor developing countries for analysis.

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Ramjee, Gita, Reshmi Dassaye, Tarylee Reddy, and Handan Wand. "Targeted Pregnancy and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention Risk-Reduction Counseling for Young Women: Lessons Learned from Biomedical Prevention Trials." Journal of Infectious Diseases 218, no. 11 (June 26, 2018): 1759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy388.

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Abstract Background Women enrolled in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention efficacy trials receive counseling on prevention of HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and pregnancy during every visit. Incident pregnancy has an impact on efficacy outcomes. Incidence rates of pregnancy and HIV/STIs among women who became pregnant and associated risk factors were assessed. Methods Data from 9165 women participating in HIV prevention trials in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa from 2002–2012 were combined. Demographic and behavioral predictors of incidence pregnancy and incidence HIV and STIs were determined using Cox regression models. Results Overall pregnancy incidence was 9.6 per 100 person-year (py) (95% confidence interval [Cl], 9.1–10.3). Human immunodeficiency virus incidence among pregnant women was 5.93 per 100 py (95% Cl, 4.73–7.44). Incidence of STIs among pregnant women for Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Treponema pallidum (syphilis) were 10.87, 7.42, 3.92, and 1.43 per 100 py, respectively. In the adjusted analyses, we observed overlapping risk factors for HIV acquisition during pregnancy, ie, young age, not married/not cohabitating, and low parity. The risk of pregnancy and HIV acquisition is more than 3 times higher among young women (<20 years of age). Conclusions We identified overlapping risk factors for pregnancy and HIV incidence, suggesting an urgent need for appropriate, targeted, individual-centred counseling for women participating in HIV prevention trials.

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Jones, Deborah L., Violeta J. Rodriguez, Suat Babayigit, Antonio Chahine, Stephen M. Weiss, and Karl Peltzer. "Reproductive decision-making among postpartum HIV-infected women in rural South Africa." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 9 (April 8, 2018): 908–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462418766932.

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Despite pregnancy spacing recommendations to optimize health outcomes among mothers and neonates, unplanned pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa is common among women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (WLHIV). This study examined factors associated with reproductive decision-making among WLHIV to inform pregnancy-planning interventions. WLHIV in rural South Africa (n = 165) were assessed at 12 months postpartum. The relative importance of factors associated with reproductive decision-making was estimated. Women were a mean of 28 years old (SD = 5.71). Risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV (Mean = 0.43; SD = 0.33) had the greatest impact on decision-making, followed by partners’ desires (M = 0.22; SD = 0.18), family preferences (M = 0.18; SD = 0.13), and community opinion (M = 0.17; SD = 0.13). MTCT was most important to women with greater HIV knowledge. However, WLHIV who had been diagnosed with HIV for a longer time placed more emphasis on partner preference and community opinion, and less importance on MTCT risk. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) was less important to women experiencing intimate partner violence and those with depression. Findings highlight the need for tailored, focused interventions to support the unique circumstances of WLHIV and support the inclusion of families and/or partners in the counseling process. Results underscore the need for perinatal preconception counseling for women during routine HIV care.

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Gonçalves, Denise Utsch, Fernando Augusto Proietti, João Gabriel Ramos Ribas, Marcelo Grossi Araújo, Sônia Regina Pinheiro, Antônio Carlos Guedes, and Anna Bárbara F. Carneiro-Proietti. "Epidemiology, Treatment, and Prevention of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Associated Diseases." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 23, no. 3 (July 2010): 577–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00063-09.

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SUMMARYHuman T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus to be discovered, is present in diverse regions of the world, where its infection is usually neglected in health care settings and by public health authorities. Since it is usually asymptomatic in the beginning of the infection and disease typically manifests later in life, silent transmission occurs, which is associated with sexual relations, breastfeeding, and blood transfusions. There are no prospects of vaccines, and screening of blood banks and in prenatal care settings is not universal. Therefore, its transmission is active in many areas such as parts of Africa, South and Central America, the Caribbean region, Asia, and Melanesia. It causes serious diseases in humans, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and an incapacitating neurological disease (HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis [HAM/TSP]) besides other afflictions such as uveitis, rheumatic syndromes, and predisposition to helminthic and bacterial infections, among others. These diseases are not curable as yet, and current treatments as well as new perspectives are discussed in the present review.

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Pienaar, Gerrit. "The interaction between religious freedom, equality and human dignity." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 6, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2003/v6i2a2870.

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In balancing religious freedom with the right to equality and human dignity of persons affected by discriminatory measures, the provisions of sections 9, 10, 15(1), 31(1) and 36 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996 and sections 7, 8 and 14 of the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 have to be considered. Especially in the case of racial or gender discrimination, the burden rests on the respondent to prove that the distinction is based on acknowledged church dogma or religious belief, and is of such a nature that it passes the test of a nuanced and context-sensitive form of balancing of these freedoms and the right to human dignity and equality of persons affected by them.

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Goin, Dana E., Rebecca M. Pearson, Michelle G. Craske, Alan Stein, Audrey Pettifor, Sheri A. Lippman, Kathleen Kahn, et al. "Depression and Incident HIV in Adolescent Girls and Young Women in HIV Prevention Trials Network 068: Targets for Prevention and Mediating Factors." American Journal of Epidemiology 189, no. 5 (October 29, 2019): 422–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz238.

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Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub-Saharan Africa is a critical public health problem. We assessed whether depressive symptoms in AGYW were longitudinally associated with incident HIV, and identified potential social and behavioral mediators. Data came from a randomized trial of a cash transfer conditional on school attendance among AGYW (ages 13–21 years) in rural Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, during 2011–2017. We estimated the relationship between depressive symptoms and cumulative HIV incidence using a linear probability model, and we assessed mediation using inverse odds ratio weighting. Inference was calculated using the nonparametric bootstrap. AGYW with depressive symptoms had higher cumulative incidence of HIV compared with those without (risk difference = 3.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1, 7.0). The strongest individual mediators of this association were parental monitoring and involvement (indirect effect = 1.6, 95% CI: 0.0, 3.3) and reporting a partner would hit her if she asked him to wear a condom (indirect effect = 1.5, 95% CI: –0.3, 3.3). All mediators jointly explained two-thirds (indirect effect = 2.4, 95% CI: 0.2, 4.5) of the association between depressive symptoms and HIV incidence. Interventions addressing mental health might reduce risk of acquiring HIV among AGYW.

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Chen, Shuai, Fangyu Ding, Mengmeng Hao, and Dong Jiang. "Mapping the Potential Global Distribution of Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) Based on a Machine Learning Method." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 10182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310182.

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As one of the most notorious invasive species, the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) has many adverse impacts on biodiversity, environment, agriculture, and human health. Mapping the potential global distribution of S. invicta becomes increasingly important for the prevention and control of its invasion. By combining the most comprehensive occurrence records with an advanced machine learning method and a variety of geographical, climatic, and human factors, we have produced the potential global distribution maps of S. invicta at a spatial resolution of 5 × 5 km2. The results revealed that the potential distribution areas of S. invicta were primarily concentrated in southeastern North America, large parts of South America, East and Southeast Asia, and Central Africa. The deforested areas in Central Africa and the Indo-China Peninsula were particularly at risk from S. invicta invasion. In addition, this study found that human factors such as nighttime light and urban accessibility made considerable contributions to the boosted regression tree (BRT) model. The results provided valuable insights into the formulation of quarantine policies and prevention measures.

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Padayachee, Ashlyn L., Şerban Procheş, and John R. U. Wilson. "Prioritising potential incursions for contingency planning: pathways, species, and sites in Durban (eThekwini), South Africa as an example." NeoBiota 47 (June 19, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.47.31959.

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Increased trade and travel have resulted in an increasing rate of introduction of biological organisms to new regions. Urban environments, such as cities, are hubs for human activities facilitating the introduction of alien species. Additionally, cities are susceptible to invading organisms as a result of the highly altered and transformed nature of these environments. Despite best efforts at prevention, new incursions of alien species will occur; therefore, prioritising incursion response efforts is essential. This study explores these ideas to identify priorities for strategic prevention planning in a South African city, Durban (eThekwini), by combining data from alien species watch lists, environmental criteria, and the pathways which facilitate the introduction of alien species in the city. Three species (with known adverse impacts elsewhere in the world) were identified as highly likely to be introduced and established in Durban (Alternantheraphiloxeroides,LithobatescatesbeianusandSolenopsisinvicta). These species are most likely to enter at either the Durban Harbour; pet and aquarium stores; or plant nurseries and garden centres – therefore active surveillance should target these sites as well as adjacent major river systems and infrastructure. We suggest that the integrated approach (species, pathways, and sites) demonstrated in this study will help prioritise resources to detect the most likely and damaging future incursions of alien species.

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Brown, Tyler S., Lavanya Challagundla, Evan H. Baugh, Shaheed Vally Omar, Arkady Mustaev, Sara C. Auld, N. Sarita Shah, et al. "Pre-detection history of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 46 (October 28, 2019): 23284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906636116.

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Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) infections pose a major threat to global public health. Similar to other AMR pathogens, both historical and ongoing drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) epidemics are characterized by transmission of a limited number of predominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains. Understanding how these predominant strains achieve sustained transmission, particularly during the critical period before they are detected via clinical or public health surveillance, can inform strategies for prevention and containment. In this study, we employ whole-genome sequence (WGS) data from TB clinical isolates collected in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa to examine the pre-detection history of a successful strain of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB known as LAM4/KZN, first identified in a widely reported cluster of cases in 2005. We identify marked expansion of this strain concurrent with the onset of the generalized HIV epidemic 12 y prior to 2005, localize its geographic origin to a location in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal ∼400 km away from the site of the 2005 outbreak, and use protein structural modeling to propose a mechanism for how strain-specific rpoB mutations offset fitness costs associated with rifampin resistance in LAM4/KZN. Our findings highlight the importance of HIV coinfection, high preexisting rates of drug-resistant TB, human migration, and pathoadaptive evolution in the emergence and dispersal of this critical public health threat. We propose that integrating whole-genome sequencing into routine public health surveillance can enable the early detection and local containment of AMR pathogens before they achieve widespread dispersal.

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Rwamwejo, Janvier, Silvina Ramos, Karen Morgan, Karin Richter, Chan Joo Kim, Mercè Peris, and Jennifer S. Smith. "Persuasive messaging for human papillomavirus vaccination by adolescent providers in a five-country multi-site study." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 29, no. 2 (January 4, 2019): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2018-000004.

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ObjectiveStrong persuasive messaging by providers is a key predictor for patient acceptance of prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccination. We aimed to determine optimal messaging to promote human papillomavirus adolescent vaccination across different geographical sites.MethodsAdolescent providers (n = 151) from Argentina, Malaysia, South Africa, South Korea, and Spain were surveyed on messages, family decision makers, and sources of communication to best motivate parents to vaccinate their adolescent daughters overall, and against human papillomavirus. Multivariate logistic regression assessed the likelihood of recommending messages specifically targeted at cervical cancer with providers’ characteristics: gender, medical specialization, and previous administration of human papillomavirus vaccination.ResultsMothers were considered the most important human papillomavirus vaccination decision makers for their daughters (range 93%–100%). Television was cited as the best source of information on human papillomavirus vaccination in surveyed countries (range 56.5%–87.1%), except Spain where one-on-one discussions were most common (73.3%). Prevention messages were considered the most likely to motivate parents to vaccinate their daughters overall, and against human papillomavirus, in all five countries (range 30.8%–55.9%). Optimal messages emphasized cervical cancer prevention, and included strong provider recommendation to vaccinate, vaccine safety and efficacy, timely vaccination, and national policy for human papillomavirus vaccination. Pediatricians and obstetricians/gynecologists were more likely to cite that the best prevention messages should focus on cervical cancer (OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.17 to 15.02 vs other medical specialists).ConclusionsProvider communication messages that would motivate parents to vaccinate against human papillomavirus were based on strong recommendation emphasizing prevention of cervical cancer. To frame convincing messages to increase vaccination uptake, adolescent providers should receive updated training on human papillomavirus and associated cancers, while clearly addressing human papillomavirus vaccination safety and efficacy.

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Enaifoghe, Andrew, Melita Dlelana, Anuoluwapo Abosede Durokifa, and Nomaswazi P. Dlamini. "The Prevalence of Gender-Based Violence against Women in South Africa : A Call for Action." African Journal of Gender, Society and Development (formerly Journal of Gender, Information and Development in Africa) 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 117–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2021/v10n1a6.

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The prevalence of gender-based violence in South Africa is an intense and widespread problem that impacts almost every aspect of life. This call for states’ intervention in the prevention of gender-based violence (GBV) in the country. Reports show that intimate partner violence and sexual coercion are the most common forms of GBV globally, and these are the types of violence that are explored in this paper. GBV has serious consequences for women’s health, such as homicides, suicides, AIDS-related deaths as well as physical injuries, chronic pain syndrome, gastrointestinal disorders, complications during pregnancy, miscarriage and low birth-weight of children. GBV also poses significant costs for the economies of both developed and developing countries alike, including low productivity and earnings, and low accumulation of human and social capital. Findings from literature show that violence can negatively affect women’s physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health, and may increase the risk of acquiring HIV in some settings. The study called on the government to take imperative actions to address gender-based violence (GBV). It recommended the implementation of a more strategic plan having recognized the detrimental impact of GBV on the victims and the general society.

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Nanima, Robert D. "THE LEGAL STATUS OF EVIDENCE OBTAINED THROUGH HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN UGANDA." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 19 (September 8, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2016/v19i0a727.

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The Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995 (Constitution of 1995) is silent on the issue of dealing with evidence obtained through human rights violations. This silence dates to the Constitutions 1962, 1966 and 1967. It is only the Prohibition and Prevention of Torture Act of 2012 that renders evidence obtained through torture inadmissible. This means that evidence obtained through human rights violations, other than torture is not covered by any other legislation in Uganda. The position is different in other common law jurisdictions such as South Africa, Kenya and Zimbabwe, which have constitutional provisions on how to deal with evidence obtained through human rights violations. Decisions handed down by the Courts are inconsistent in dealing with this kind of evidence. This comparative study coupled with Uganda’s international human rights obligations delves into this lacuna in the law and gives proposals for reform.

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Johnson, Leigh F., Timothy B. Hallett, Thomas M. Rehle, and Rob E. Dorrington. "The effect of changes in condom usage and antiretroviral treatment coverage on human immunodeficiency virus incidence in South Africa: a model-based analysis." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 72 (January 18, 2012): 1544–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0826.

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This study aims to assess trends in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence in South Africa, and to assess the extent to which prevention and treatment programmes have reduced HIV incidence. Two models of the South African HIV epidemic, the STI (sexually transmitted infection)–HIV Interaction model and the ASSA2003 AIDS and Demographic model, were adapted. Both models were fitted to age-specific HIV prevalence data from antenatal clinic surveys and household surveys, using a Bayesian approach. Both models suggest that HIV incidence in 15–49 year olds declined significantly between the start of 2000 and the start of 2008: by 27 per cent (95% CI: 21–32%) in the STI–HIV model and by 31 per cent (95% CI: 23–39%) in the ASSA2003 model, when expressed as a percentage of incidence rates in 2000. By 2008, the percentage reduction in incidence owing to increased condom use was 37 per cent (95% CI: 34–41%) in the STI–HIV model and 23 per cent (95% CI: 14–34%) in the ASSA2003 model. Both models also estimated a small reduction in incidence owing to antiretroviral treatment by 2008. Increased condom use therefore appears to be the most significant factor explaining the recent South African HIV incidence decline.

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Mkhize, Princess Z., T. Naicker, O. A. Onyangunga, and J. Moodley. "Adherence to iron prophylactic therapy during pregnancy in an urban regional hospital in South Africa." South African Family Practice 61, no. 5 (October 28, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v61i5.4937.

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Background: Iron and folic acid supplementation plays a major role in the prevention and control of iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Therefore, this study assesses adherence to prophylactic iron supplementation during the antenatal period in South Africa.Methods: An observational study was conducted in a regional hospital from January to December 2016. HIV-uninfected (n = 100) and HIV-infected (n = 100)] women were enrolled and subdivided into three groups: (a) ≤ 34 weeks (n = 33), (b) 34–36 weeks (n = 34) and (c) ≥ 37 weeks (n = 33) gestational age respectively. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were coded and statistically analysed using SPSS software. Pill count and self-reported data from women (n = 24) at ≤ 34 weeks and 34–36 weeks reflected 50% adherence and 46% non-adherence, being higher in the HIV-infected women (75%). Nausea was the commonest side effect across all trimesters (79. 2%). Adherence (27.8%) and non-adherence (72.1%) to iron, folic acid and calcium supplementation were found in 88% of women.Conclusion: This study found that adherence to micronutrient supplementation is low in pregnancy, albeit higher in HIV-infected women receiving antenatal care at a regional hospital in Durban, South Africa.Abbreviations: Haemoglobin (Hb), Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV), antiretroviral therapy (ARV), zidovudine (ZDV), tuberculosis (TB), low to middle- income countries (LMICs), World Health Organization (WHO), antenatal clinic (ANC).

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Bistrina, Maria G. "CROSS]BORDER SECURITY OF THE MEDITERRANEAN: AFRICAN AND ASIAN MIGRATION VECTORS." RUDN Journal of Political Science 21, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2019-21-2-323-332.

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The current European migration crisis outlined the problems of cooperation between the EU countries in the search for solutions in emerging multilateral conflicts. Therefore, the purpose of this analysis is to identify the role of the regional information exchange network and cooperation in the field of illegal migration and to reduce cross-border crime between the countries of North Africa, Asia and the EU. Cooperation can include assistance with the authorities to implement national strategies to address the causes of illegal migration by encouraging local economic development and providing access to jobs for migrants and host communities, and to strengthen protection for the most vulnerable. It is extremely important to increase the capacity of the authorities in North Africa and Asia to combat illegal migration and human trafficking by strengthening their border surveillance systems. Other areas of support with EU countries include an inter-agency visit to the European Border Guard and the Coast Guard Agency in Warsaw, the designation of a contact point for Operation Sophia and the study of information exchange opportunities within the Seahorse Mediterraneo project. Key issues include changes in the legal and institutional framework, knowledge base, channels for legal migration, border control, prevention of illegal migration.

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Mushasha, Matodzi P., Ntsieni S. Mashau, and Dorah U. Ramathuba. "The Knowledge of Female Students Regarding the Human Papilloma Virus and Vaccines at a Selected University in South Africa." Open Public Health Journal 14, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502114010257.

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Background: The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the viruses that causes high mortality rates worldwide, and if not detected and treated early, it may lead to fatal complications such as cervical cancer and breast cancer. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge of female students regarding the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and its vaccines at a selected University in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Methods: A quantitative approach was adopted in this cross-sectional descriptive study. The target population was all female students residing in the university residences on campus, and a sample size of 310 students was determined. A systematic sampling technique was used to select the rooms of students, and a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data collected was analysed using SPSS version 26, and results were presented in the form of frequency and percentages. Results: Out of the 310 respondents, 56.8% had never heard about the HPV, while 43.2% had heard about the HPV and its vaccines. The majority (82.9%) of the respondents were uncertain about the two HPV vaccines available in South Africa, while only 1.9% of the respondents knew that anal cancer is one of the health problems related to HPV. The results of the study further showed that 56.8% of the respondents did not know whether the HPV vaccines prevented cervical cancer or not, while only 6.1% disagreed that the HPV vaccines prevented cervical cancer. Conclusion: The study concludes that the female students at the selected university had insufficient knowledge regarding HPV and its vaccines. Since cervical cancer is one of the major causes of death in low and middle-income countries, knowledge regarding HPV and its vaccines is crucial, especially among the young generation, in order to promote the effective prevention of cervical cancer. Community and university radios should have programs about health promotion issues informing the communities about HPV and its vaccines.

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Sewnunan, A., and L. M. Modiba. "Influence of the home environment on the prevention of mother to child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune-deficiency syndrome in South Africa." SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS 12, no. 1 (January 2015): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17290376.2015.1123645.

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Adelabu, Olusesan Adeyemi, Benson Chuks Iweriebor, Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh, and Larry Chikwelu Obi. "Genomic Profiling for Piroplasms in Feeding Ixodid Ticks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Pathogens 9, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121061.

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Importation of tick-infected animals and the uncontrollable migration of birds and wild animals across borders can lead to geographical expansion and redistribution of ticks and pathogen vectors, thus leading to the emergence and re-emergence of tick-borne diseases in humans and animals. Comparatively, little is known about the occurrence of piroplasms in ixodid ticks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, thus necessitating this study, which is aimed at detecting piroplasms (Theileria and Babesia) from feeding tick samples collected from cattle, sheep, and goats in selected sites in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. A total of 1200 feeding ixodid ticks collected from farm animals at selected homesteads were first subjected to molecular identification using mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene by PCR and were further tested for the presence of piroplasms through amplification of the 18S rRNA gene via nested-PCR followed by sequencing of the PCR products. The results indicated that 853 (71.1%) corresponded to the genus Rhipicephalus, 335 (27.9%) corresponded to genus Amblyomma, and 12 (1%) corresponded to genus Haemaphysalis. Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus were the most common identified ticks from this study. The 18S rRNA nested-PCR revealed that 44 (3.7%) samples were confirmed positive for Theileria. A homology search for the generated sequences revealed a high percentage identity of 98–98.9% similarity to T. buffeli, T. orientalis, and T. sergenti in the GenBank. Based on the results obtained herein, we conclude that there is a big diversity of Theileria species; therefore, we suggest that this research should cover more geographical areas in order to reveal the true prevalence of this pathogen in the studied area because this will be a great step in the possible prevention of an outbreak that could have devastating effects on livestock production and human health in both the studied areas and South Africa at large.

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Taku, Ongeziwe, Adrian Brink, Tracy L. Meiring, Keletso Phohlo, Charles B. Businge, Zizipho Z. A. Mbulawa, and Anna-Lise Williamson. "Detection of sexually transmitted pathogens and co-infection with human papillomavirus in women residing in rural Eastern Cape, South Africa." PeerJ 9 (March 3, 2021): e10793. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10793.

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Background South African women of reproductive age have a high burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, there is limited information on the prevalence of sexually transmitted pathogens in women from rural Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The study aims at determining the prevalence of sexually transmitted pathogens and co-infection with high-risk (HR) HPV among women from rural Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Methods A total of 205 cervical specimens were collected from women aged ≥ 30 years from a rural community-based clinic. The samples were tested for a panel of pathogenic STIs [Chlamydia trachomatis (serovars A-K & L1-L3), Haemophilus ducreyi, Herpes Simplex Virus (Types 1 & 2), Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), and pathobionts [Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), Mycoplasma hominis (MH) and Ureaplasma spp. (UP)] using a multiplex PCR STD direct flow chip assay through a manual Hybrispot platform (Master Diagnostica, Granada, Spain). HR-HPV detection was performed by Hybrid Capture-2 assay. Results High-risk HPV prevalence was 32.2% (66/205) and HIV-1 prevalence was 38.5% (79/205). The overall prevalence of six pathogenic STIs was 22.9% (47/205), with TV having the highest prevalence (15.6%; 32/205). UP (70.2%, 144/205) and MH (36.6%, 75/205) were the most frequently detected pathobionts. Co-infection with ≥ 2 pathogens pathobionts was observed among 52.7% (108/205) participants. Of the six pathogenic STIs, three participants had more than one STI (1.46%) with the presence of MH and UP. HSV-2 (OR: 4.17, CI [1.184–14.690]) and HIV infection (OR: 2.11, CI [1.145–3.873]) were independent STIs associated with HR-HPV infection. Conclusions The high prevalence of pathogenic STIs underscores the need to improve syndromic management policy by implementing effective strategies of prevention, screening tests, and management. HSV-2 and HIV positive remain strongly associated with HR-HPV infection.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Human trafficking – South Africa – Prevention'

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