Academic literature on the topic 'Humane animal husbandry'
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Journal articles on the topic "Humane animal husbandry"
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Fuentes López, Fayna. "Moral Risk and Humane Farming." Utilitas 31, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 463–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820819000268.
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Humane farming, that is, a husbandry system where animals do not suffer, either during their lives, or at the time of their killing, has been advertised as an ethical alternative to the horrors of factory farming. Although it could be argued that such a system does not currently exist, we ought to determine whether this is a morally desirable end to strive for. My objective is to assess one of the utilitarian arguments used in the debate about humane farming. In particular, I am interested in whether we have risk-related reasons to argue against the implementation of this practice. I will argue, against de Lazari-Radek and Singer, that considerations of moral risk should lead us to reject the practice of humane farming. In doing so, I will engage with arguments dealing with both the badness of animal death and the value of coming into existence.
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Millman, Suzanne T. "Animal Welfare Assurance – Impacts on Cattle Production and Export Markets." Ceiba 54, no. 1 (August 3, 2016): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ceiba.v54i1.2780.
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Given the strong and sustained public interest in animal welfare, globally sustainable agricultural systems must include animal welfare within the areas of consideration. Animal welfare relates to an animal’s quality of life and can range from very good to very poor. A number of conceptual frameworks have been proposed for animal welfare and humane animal care. To varying degrees, these frameworks include aspects of animal health and animal behavior, with relative importance of these criteria weighted by ethics or values. Animal care standards may be dictated by legislation, but are increasingly governed through purchasing decisions by food companies and retailers. Animal welfare assessment protocols that include animal-based parameters provide farmers with benchmarking data for comparison between and within farms, as well as flexibility to modify husbandry or housing when addressing weaknesses within the farm system. Within the laboratory and on commercial farms, researchers are identifying solutions to key animal welfare issues in cattle production, including painful husbandry procedures, restrictive housing and cow comfort, calf feeding, care of the compromised cow and low stress handling.
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Wilkinson, Michael JA, Colin Selman, Lynn McLaughlin, Linda Horan, Lindsay Hamilton, Colin Gilbert, Caroline Chadwick, and J. Norman Flynn. "Progressing the care, husbandry and management of ageing mice used in scientific studies." Laboratory Animals 54, no. 3 (August 12, 2019): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677219865291.
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Driven by the longer lifespans of humans, particularly in Westernised societies, and the need to know more about ‘healthy ageing’, ageing mice are being used increasingly in scientific research. Many departments and institutes involved with ageing research have developed their own systems to determine intervention points for potential refinements and to identify humane end points. Several good systems are in use, but variations between them could contribute to poor reproducibility of the science achieved. Working with scientific and regulatory communities in the UK, we have reviewed the clinical signs observed in ageing mice and developed recommendations for enhanced monitoring, behaviour assessment, husbandry and veterinary interventions. We advocate that the default time point for enhanced monitoring should be 15 months of age, unless prior information is available. Importantly, the enhanced monitoring should cause no additional harms to the animals. Where a mouse strain is well characterised, the onset of age-related enhanced monitoring may be modified based on knowledge of the onset of an expected age-related clinical sign. In progeroid models where ageing is accelerated, enhanced monitoring may need to be brought forward. Information on the background strain must be considered, as it influences the onset of age-related clinical signs. The range of ageing models currently used means that there will be no ‘one-size fits all’ solution. Increased awareness of the issues will lead to more refined and consistent husbandry of ageing mice, and application of humane end points will help to reduce the numbers of animals maintained for longer than is scientifically justified.
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Hosney, Mohamed, Abeer M. Badr, Sohair R. Fahmy, Ahmed Afifi, Vera Baumans, and Khadiga M. Gaafar. "Culture of Care Enhancement in Egypt: The Impact of Laboratory Animal Science Training on Participants’ Attitudes." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 49, no. 1-2 (January 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02611929211016851.
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Cairo University was the first academic institution in Egypt to establish an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), as mandated by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Animal-based research should be performed in accordance with international regulations to monitor the humane care and use of the laboratory animals. Until 2018, the formal training of researchers in the appropriate and correct methods of animal handling during sampling and administration, as well as their husbandry demands, was an uncommon practice in Egypt. In 2018, the Egyptian Association for Animal Research Advancement (EAARA) organised the first international course in laboratory animal science (LAS), in collaboration with Utrecht University (The Netherlands) and the Faculty of Science, Cairo University, to raise researchers’ awareness and increase their knowledge of the principles that govern the humane use and care of laboratory animals. A total of 26 researchers from a number of fields (veterinary medicine, dentistry, science, medicine, pharmacy and agriculture) enrolled in the course. In the responses to the post-course questionnaire, 24 (92.3%) participants stated that the principles of animal welfare (Three Rs) were well explained. In addition, 18 (69%) participants found that the course improved their skills in animal sampling and handling. Of the 26 participants, 22 (84.6%) became aware of their responsibility towards their experimental animals and agreed that the different methods of euthanasia were well explained. In conclusion, the general assessment of the course revealed a positive outcome regarding the culture of animal care; the course was repeated a year later, and several participants were enlisted as trainers in this second course.
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Smith and Lilley. "The Role of the Three Rs in Improving the Planning and Reproducibility of Animal Experiments." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 14, 2019): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110975.
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Training in the design of animal experiments focuses all too often on those aspects which can be approached mathematically, such as the number of animals needed to deliver a robust result, allocation of group size, and techniques such as randomization, blocking and statistical analysis. Important as they are, these are only a small part of the process of planning animal experiments. Additional key elements include refinements of housing, husbandry and procedures, health and safety, and attention at all stages to animal welfare. Advances in technology and laboratory animal science have led to improvements in care and husbandry, better provision of anesthetics and analgesics, refined methods of drug administration, greater competence in welfare assessment and application of humane endpoints. These improvements require continual dialogue between scientists, facility managers and technical staff, a practice that is a key feature of what has become known as the culture of care. This embodies a commitment to improving animal welfare, scientific quality, staff care and transparency for all stakeholders. Attention to both the physical and mental health of all those directly or indirectly involved in animal research is now an important part of the process of planning and conducting animal experiments. Efforts during the last 30 years to increase the internal and external validity of animal experiments have tended to concentrate on the production of guidelines to improve the quality of reporting animal experiments, rather than for planning them. Recently, comprehensive guidelines for planning animal studies have been published, to redress this imbalance. These will be described in this paper. Endorsement of this overarching influence of the Three R concept, by all the stakeholders, will not only reduce animal numbers and improve animal welfare, but also lead to more reliable and reproducible research which should improve translation of pre-clinical studies into tangible clinical benefit.
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Do, Johnny P., Erwin B. Defensor, Christine V. Ichim, Maria A. Lim, Jordan A. Mechanic, Mark D. Rabe, and Laura R. Schaevitz. "Automated and Continuous Monitoring of Animal Welfare through Digital Alerting." Comparative Medicine 70, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000090.
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A primary goal in preclinical animal research is respectful and responsible care aimed toward minimizing stress and discomfort while enhancing collection of accurate and reproducible scientific data. Researchers use hands-on clinical observations and measurements as part of routine husbandry procedures or study protocols to monitor animal welfare. Although frequent assessments ensure the timely identification of animals with declining health, increased handling can result in additional stress on the animal and increased study variability. We investigated whether automated alerting regarding changes in behavior and physiology can complement existing welfare assessments to improve the identification of animals in pain or distress. Using historical data collected from a diverse range of therapeutic models, we developed algorithms that detect changes in motion and breathing rate frequently associated with sick animals but rare in healthy controls. To avoid introducing selec- tion bias, we evaluated the performance of these algorithms by using retrospective analysis of all studies occurring over a 31-d period in our vivarium. Analyses revealed that the majority of the automated alerts occurred prior to or simultaneously with technicians' observations of declining health in animals. Additional analyses performed across the entire duration of 2 studies (animal models of rapid aging and lung metastasis) demonstrated the sensitivity, accuracy, and utility of automated alerting for detecting unhealthy subjects and those eligible for humane endpoints. The percentage of alerts per total subject days ranged between 0% and 24%, depending on the animal model. Automated alerting effectively complements standard clinical observations to enhance animal welfare and promote responsible scientific advancement.
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Gregory, N. G. "Welfare and product quality: the need to be humane." BSAP Occasional Publication 17 (January 1993): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00001294.
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AbstractIn this paper it will be argued that the relationships between welfare and product quality are not commonplace because processes within the animal intervene between substrate and product which reduce farming practices to a common level that is subordinate to the animal's metabolism. Nevertheless there are four ways in which compromised welfare can be linked to product quality: (1) product quality which is influenced by acute stress; (2) ante-mortem trauma occurring in parts of the animal which are edible; (3) disease states which leave lesions or taints in the edible product; and (4) product quality which is dependent on the long-term cumulative effects of exercise, lack of exercise or poor husbandry conditions.From this classification and the examples to be given in the paper it will become clear that some practices which compromise welfare can lead to poor product quality but there is little evidence to suggest that improved welfare practices benefit product quality. Nevertheless welfare improved products could be of better quality simply because more effort and attention is put into their production. If the same care and expenditure were to be put into systems where welfare was not the main goal, would product quality be any different?The conclusions that will be drawn from this paper are that: (i) practices which compromise welfare can lead to poor product quality, but there is little evidence that improved welfare benefits product quality; and (ii) modern labelling is suggestive instead of being explicit and as such it does not lend itself to promoting welfare improvements in a cognizant manner.
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Hawkins, Penny. "Recognizing and assessing pain, suffering and distress in laboratory animals: a survey of current practice in the UK with recommendations." Laboratory Animals 36, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 378–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367702320389044.
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A survey was undertaken to evaluate how animal pain, suffering and distress are recognized and assessed in UK scientific procedure establishments designated under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. A total of 28 institutions were visited between June 1999 and April 2001, within which 137 people were interviewed including scientists, veterinarians and animal technicians. All 28 establishments use clinical observation sheets to assist the recognition of adverse effects, nine use score sheets and seven use computerized data management systems. Clinical signs used as indicators of potential pain, suffering or distress are largely subjective. The survey also addressed protocols and methods for avoiding and alleviating adverse effects, record keeping, review of policies and protocols and issues relating to team work and training. Respondents use a range of techniques for reducing suffering including analgesia, humane endpoints, ensuring competence and refining husbandry. All establishments review projects regularly but few have the time or resources formally to review adverse effects noted in practice and to compare observations with predictions made in licence applications. Training is very consistent between different establishments and most aim to achieve a 'team approach' for monitoring and assessing animals. Results are summarized in the present, abridged paper and set out in full in a report that can be downloaded at http://www.lal.org.uk/pain/(Hawkins 2002). The present paper and the full report, including its recommendations, are intended to provide a source of information, discussion topics and ideas for all establishments that need to monitor animal well-being.
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Zhukova, I. O., O. M. Bobrytska, I. O. Kostiuk, L. A. Vodopyanova, K. D. Yugai, S. L. Antipin, and O. S. Kochevenko. "Ethology and Zoopsychology in the system of training a doctor of veterinary medicine." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 23, no. 102 (June 19, 2021): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10209.
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The authors have analyzed and summarized data sources regarding the necessary teaching of ethology and zoopsychology for students of the faculties of veterinary medicine. Ethology and zoopsychology is a compulsory subject for almost all educational institutions of this profile in Europe and the USA. In Ukraine these subjects are constant at the studying programs of the psychology faculties of the different universities, which prepare the specialists of reworking agrifood, the specialists of horse breeding, the felinologiests and others, but these ones are not consist a part of the preparing programs for the vet medicine students. Nevertheless, for a treatment and prevention it needs to understand the animal behavior features of and to might find out the approaches, to use humane methods without any animal damages and suffering. Ethology it is science, which studies the animal behavior from the biology side but Zoopsichology is close to both biological and psychological sciences and investigate not only natural behavior, but also the animal psyche. Therefore, until today there is a lot of unknown and obscure things into natural behavioral processes so the new explorations raise the curtain over the issues to understand animal and find access to its. It is only conditionally might be dividing the biological and psychological aspects of behavior because of it is impossible to connect they together without take into consideration the psyche factors. The animal psyche is necessary component of the ontho- and phylogenesis which is regulates the relationships between an organism and the environment. The tasks of Zoopsychology are studying of the formation of the psyche processes in animal during the ontogenesis, an origin of the psyche and its development, but Ethology tasks are – the stages of the ontho- and phylogenetical development of the behavior, determine its importance as a development factor, studying of the individual or population adaptation of the animals. The main respect comes to species-specific (instinctive) components of behavior. Ethological analysis is based on the study of biological methods of holistic behavioral act. Particular attention is paid to biological (etological) mechanisms of behavioral acts, the relationship between species and other taxa of animals on these grounds. Ethology studies the changes of the animal behavior in comparison with norms during emergency too. Its achievements are used in animal husbandry and other sectors of the economy, as well as in the development of scientific bases for keeping animals in captivity.
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Prescott, Mark J., Carolyn Clark, William E. Dowling, and Amy C. Shurtleff. "Opportunities for Refinement of Non-Human Primate Vaccine Studies." Vaccines 9, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030284.
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Non-human primates (NHPs) are used extensively in the development of vaccines and therapeutics for human disease. High standards in the design, conduct, and reporting of NHP vaccine studies are crucial for maximizing their scientific value and translation, and for making efficient use of precious resources. A key aspect is consideration of the 3Rs principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement. Funders of NHP research are placing increasing emphasis on the 3Rs, helping to ensure such studies are legitimate, ethical, and high-quality. The UK’s National Centre for the 3Rs (NC3Rs) and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) have collaborated on a range of initiatives to support vaccine developers to implement the 3Rs, including hosting an international workshop in 2019. The workshop identified opportunities to refine NHP vaccine studies to minimize harm and improve welfare, which can yield better quality, more reproducible data. Careful animal selection, social housing, extensive environmental enrichment, training for cooperation with husbandry and procedures, provision of supportive care, and implementation of early humane endpoints are features of contemporary good practice that should and can be adopted more widely. The requirement for high-level biocontainment for some pathogens imposes challenges to implementing refinement but these are not insurmountable.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Humane animal husbandry"
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Umstätter, Christina. "Tier-Technik-Beziehung bei der automatischen Milchgewinnung." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/14750.
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Durch die zunehmende Automatisierung der Tierhaltung gewinnt die Tier-Technik-Beziehung zunehmend an Bedeutung. Es besteht ein wachsendes Interesse am Tierverhalten, den Möglichkeiten des Lernens der Tiere und den Anpassungsstrategien. In der Dissertation untersuchte ich die Melk-, und Milchparameter und das Tierverhalten bei der automatischen Milchgewinnung. Die Messungen haben gezeigt, dass auf die Milchabgabe einzelner Individuen und insbesondere auf deren Euterviertel sehr differenziert einzugehen ist. Das Automatische Melksystem (AMS) vermag auf die speziellen Unterschiede der einzelnen Viertel, im Sinne einer verbesserten Tiergerechtheit, Rücksicht zu nehmen. Ein weiterer wichtiger Aspekt die Tiergerechtheit zu verbessern ist es, eine zuverlässige Prozesskontrolle durchzuführen. Dazu muss zunächst einmal festgestellt werden, wie sich die natürliche Variationsbreite der einzelnen Parameter darstellt, um pathologisch bedingte Abweichungen signifikant erkennen zu können. Die Gewinnung von verlässlichen Aussagen über den Gesundheitszustand von Kühen im AMS setzen voraus, dass verschiedene interdependente Parameter so verknüpft oder deren Messungen sooft wiederholt werden, bis ein intelligentes Entscheidungssystem seine Schlüsse ziehen kann. Dabei ist zu beachten, dass stark auffällige Werte ein hohes Maß an Information haben, aber eine entsprechend geringe Verlässlichkeit aufweisen. Sich wiederholende Werte haben hingegen einen geringen Informationsgehalt, dafür aber ein hohes Maß an Redundanz bzw. Verlässlichkeit, soweit sie nicht durch systematische Fehler entstehen. Für eine zuverlässige Prozesskontrolle kann es manchmal vorteilhafter sein, eine automatisierte Datengewinnung zu installieren, auch wenn der einzelne Parameter (z. B. die Leitfähigkeit) zwar wenig aussagekräftig, dafür aber die Durchführung deutlich zuverlässiger ist als bei Tests, die von Menschen manuell durchgeführt werden. Ähnliches gilt für die Haltungsumwelt von Tieren. Eine durch Automation dominierte Umwelt kann für Tiere deutlich berechenbarer und damit zuverlässiger gestaltet werden. Das bedeutet, dass für die Individuen weniger Stresssituationen mit den für sie unabsehbaren Folgen entstehen. Es sollte aber dabei beachtet werden, dass es zwingend ist, auf die Lerngeschwindigkeit der einzelnen Tiere, in Abhängigkeit von ihrer jeweiligen Lernsituation, einzugehen, um zuverlässige Umweltbedingungen für die Kühe mit einem AMS bereitzustellen. Es konnte weiterhin festgestellt werden, dass das Melken in einem AMS bei den Kühen nicht als belastender Stressfaktor identifiziert werden kann, wenn man die Herzfrequenz als Indikator heranzieht und diese über eine längere Zeit analysiert. Der zunehmende Einsatz von Technik in der Milchviehhaltung kann einen wichtigen Beitrag dazu leisten, die Haltungsumwelt der Kühe human und tiergerecht zu gestalten.Relationship between animal and technology in automatic milk production: Due to the fact of the increasing automation in husbandry systems becomes the relationship between the animal and the technology more and more important. There is a growing interest to know more about animal behaviour, the ability of learning and the coping strategies in such systems. In the thesis I investigated the parameter of milking, of milk and of animal behaviour in an Automatic Milking System (AMS). The measurement has shown that the milk yield differs very much between the quarters of the udder. An AMS has the possibility to take such differences into consideration. This is one step towards more animal welfare. Another improvement of animal welfare is a better control of the process. For that, it is important to have a certain knowledge about the natural variation of different parameters, such as electrical conductivity of the milk, milk ingredients or milk yield. This makes the basis of the identification of anomalies depending on pathological problems. To get a reliable declaration about the state of health one has to connect different interdependent parameters and/or the measurement has to be repeated so often until an intelligent decision system can draw conclusions. Besides it is important to know, that a conspicuous value is highly informative, but it is less reliable, otherwise is an often repeatable value less informative but highly redundant, if there is no systematic failure. For a control of the process it is important to get reliable information, so it is sometimes better to automat the tests, instead of using human knowledge, which is often more informative, but less reliable (i.e. electrical conductivity). There is a similarity in husbandry systems because an automated system can be much more reliable and calculable for animals. That means less stressing situations because of incalculable reactions. For such a reliable environment in an AMS it is necessary to give every cow their individual time to learn the facts about the AMS. The milking in an AMS cannot be identified as a negative stress factor, if one uses the measurement of heart rate for identification. The increasing automation in the dairy husbandry can be an important contribution to create a humane environment for dairy cows and improve animal welfare.
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Lund, Vonne. "Ethics and animal welfare in organic animal husbandry : an interdisiplinary approach /." Skara : Dept. of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2002. http://epsilon.slu.se/8803573.pdf.
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Bertenshaw, Catherine E. "The influence of positive human-animal interaction during rearing on the welfare and subsequent production of the dairy heifer." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270800.
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Cserhalmi, Niklas. "Djuromsorg och djurmisshandel 1860-1925 : synen på lantbrukets djur och djurplågeri i övergången mellan bonde- och industrisamhälle /." Möklinta ; Hedemora : Gidlund, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a498.pdf.
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Valenzuela, Oliver Alejandro. "La gestió dels recursos animals en la integració de les Illes Balears al món romà." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/395025.
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La Tesi doctoral presentada té per objectiu general avaluar els processos de canvi social i biològic als quals va donar lloc la integració de les Illes Balears al món romà. El treball es centra en l'estudi del registre arqueozoològic de les Balears des de l'Edat del Ferro fins al desenvolupament i consolidació de la societat romana. Per això, s'han estudiat totes les categories taxonòmiques possibles (mamífers, aus, ictiofauna, amfibis, rèptils i mol•luscs) dels següents jaciments: Pollentia, Sa Mesquida, Pedret de Bóquer, Son Fornés, Son Espases i Montefi.
Des d'un nivell d'anàlisi social, es pretenia establir les diverses pràctiques productives, en aquest cas agropecuàries, que es van desenvolupar al llarg d'aquest període. Per això va ser fonamental establir, en primera instància, les relacions socials de producció del sistema socioeconòmic de les comunitats talaiòtiques. Per, posteriorment, poder identificar els canvis que es van generar amb la inserció de aquest model al sistema romà.
Des d'un nivell d'anàlisi biològica, es pretenia establir l'estat de la biodiversitat insular en aquest marc cronològic de transició al món romà i així avaluar el seu impacte mediambiental. L'estudi acota una seqüència diacrònica de canvis molt significatius dins de l'evolució del territori balear. Es posa l'èmfasi en l'anàlisi de les invasions biològiques esdevingudes. Es tractava de documentar aquestes invasions, establir la seva cronologia precisa i estudiar les seves conseqüències.
Els resultats obtinguts amb la realització d'aquest treball indiquen que, a les Gimnèsies, el període romà marcà l'inici d'un dels canvis més importants en les formes que tengueren els seus habitants de gestionar i relacionar-se amb els seus recursos animals. A nivell ecològic, no només suposà un impacte de primer ordre per a la biodiversitat insular, amb la introducció de noves espècies que va provocar l'homogeneïtzació de la diversitat animal, sinó que també amplià i intensificà els biotops explotats, integrant ara no només el recursos terrestres sinó també els d'origen marí, com són els peixos.
A nivell social, és el primer cop des de l'arribada dels humans que s'evidencia de forma clara a les illes el manteniment sostingut d'una part de la població (urbana i militar) que no estava directament implicada en la producció dels seus propis aliments. Aquest fet marca l'inici de la separació entre productors i consumidors, i estableix una diferenciació clara entre dos models econòmics: un pre-romà, destinat a la producció de caire autàrquic, i un romà, on s'adopta una política econòmica de producció d'excedents i que es destina tant al manteniment de la nova estructura social com a la integració de productes dins la xarxa comercial mediterrània.The invasion of the Balearic Islands by Romans caused a transformation in several aspects of the native communities. Although, some of the aspects of the economy are known, it is not well understood how the livestock consumption and production changed. By studying the faunal remains of the two islands (i.e., Mallorca and Menorca) and focusing on the Iron Age to Roman transition, a better understanding of the factors is reached. The data of a large number of sites from both islands is used to demonstrate changes in species representation and body size. At the same time, this research provides a first insight into the inter-island comparison of development of the animal husbandry during this period.
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Navarrete, Belda Vanessa. "Domesticación animal y primeras prácticas ganaderas en el noreste peninsular (5500-4500 cal BC). Integración de los análisis bioquímicos en arqueozoología." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461194.
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En el presente trabajo de tesis doctoral se aborda la problemática de la dinámica del proceso de domesticación animal y las prácticas ganaderas iniciales en el extremo más occidental del área mediterránea a lo largo del intervalo temporal que abarca entre el 5.500-4.700 cal ANE. El objetivo principal de la tesis se aborda a partir del estudio de una muestra significativa de yacimientos neolíticos situados en el noreste de la Península Ibérica.
Se ha evaluado con esta tesis doctoral los principales modelos explicativos planteados en torno a los orígenes del neolítico en la Península Ibérica, prestando especial atención a las hipótesis y explicaciones formuladas sobre el proceso de domesticación animal y practicas ganaderas iniciales. A partir de los nuevos datos aportados con el estudio de una muestra significativa de yacimientos neolíticos del área del noreste peninsular se ha analizado la información existente bajo el prisma de la tafonomía, demostrando la importancia de considerar no solo la composición de los conjuntos de restos de fauna, sino su grado de representatividad histórica. La contextualización de los nuevos datos obtenidos a nivel peninsular y europeo, con un énfasis especial en el área mediterránea, ha aportado documentos significativos sobre las implicaciones que tuvieron la adopción y cría de rebaños de las cuatro principales especies domésticas. Los análisis efectuados han permitido constatar la explotación polivalente de los diferentes tipos de producciones animales, la plena integración de los ciclos agrícola y ganaderos, la práctica de estrategias ganaderas tanto intensivas como extensivas y la existencia de explotaciones ganaderas permanentes en zonas elevadas del Pirineo durante el Neolítico Inicial, documentos todo ellos que obligan a replantear algunas de las asunciones que han guiado hasta la actualidad el debate sobre los orígenes del Neolítico.
A nivel metodológico, el método seguido contempla como novedad de manera integrada los procesos analíticos desarrollados en el marco de la disciplina arqueológica, arqueotafonómica, arqueozoológica y biomolecular. Esta aproximación ha permitido documentar, caracterizar y evaluar los procesos de trabajo vinculados a la explotación y gestión de los animales domésticos durante el Neolítico Inicial. La integración de los análisis de isotopos estables ha supuesto una aportación significativa al estudio de la gestión ganadera, y ha permitido caracterizar las estrategias implementadas en la alimentación de los primeros animales domésticos. Los resultados ponen en evidencia la rápida adaptación de los animales domésticos a los ambientes peninsulares, documentándose la practica una estrategia ganadera plenamente consolidada caracterizada por la posibilidad de modelar la estructura demográfica de los rebaños, la productividad de las especies y las capacidades de adaptación alimentaria de los animales dependiendo de características fisiológicas y etológicas de cada especie.
La interpretación de los resultados muestra que la adopción de las técnicas ganaderas no es un proceso lineal ni homogéneo a inicios del Neolítico en la Península Ibérica. La documentación de modalidades regionales pone en relieve la importancia y magnitud del estudio de la domesticación animal y practicas ganaderas iniciales en el marco del proceso de neolitización en esta área geográfica.In the present doctoral PhD thesis the problematic of the dynamics of the process of animal domestication and the initial husbandry practices in the most western part of the Mediterranean area throughout the temporal interval that covers between 5,500-4,700 cal ANE is addressed. The main objective of this research is approached from the study of a significant sample of Neolithic sites located in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. The main explanatory models proposed about the origins of the Neolithic in the Iberian Peninsula have been evaluated with this doctoral thesis, focusing on the hypotheses and explanations formulated about the process of animal domestication and initial livestock practices. Based on the new data provided by the study of a significant sample of Neolithic sites in the northeastern peninsular area, the existing information has been analyzed from a taphonomical perspective, pointing out the importance of considering not only the composition of the faunal remains, but also its degree of historical representativeness. The contextualisation of the new data obtained at peninsular and European level, with a special emphasis on the Mediterranean area, has provided significant documents of the implications of adoption and herding of the four main domestic species. The analyzes carried out have shown polyvalent exploitation of the different types of animal production, full integration of the agricultural and livestock cycles, practice of intensive and extensive livestock strategies and existence of permanent livestock farms in the high areas of the Pyrenees during the Early Neolithic. All these documents force us to rethink some of the assumptions that have guided the debate on the origins of agriculture and pastoralism. At a methodological level, it is to be note as a novelty that the method implemented integrated several analytical processes developed within the framework of archaeological, archaeo-taphonomical, archaeozoological and biomolecular disciplines. This approach has allowed to document, characterize and evaluate the work processes linked to the exploitation and management of domestic animals during the Early Neolithic period. The integration of stable isotope analysis has involved contributing in a significant manner to the study of livestock management, allowing to characterize the strategies implemented in the feeding of the first domestic animals. Results show the rapid adaptation of domestic animals to peninsular environments. Indeed, the practice of a fully consolidated livestock strategy characterized by the possibility of modeling the demographic structure of the herds, the productivity of the species and the food adaptation capacities of the animals depending on physiological and ethological characteristics of each species, has been documented. Therefore, results allow to interpret that the adoption of livestock techniques was a non-linear, non-homogenous process at the beginning of the Neolithic in the Iberian Peninsula. The documentation of regional modalities highlights the importance and magnitude of the study of animal domestication and initial livestock practices in the framework of the neolithization process in this geographical area.
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Ferreira, Sandra Maria Morgado. "Avalia??o do impacto do Programa de P?s- Gradua??o em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia no Estado de Pernambuco." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1387.
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This research was conducted at the Graduate Program in Biotechnology of the Northeast Biotechnology Network - (PPGB - RENORBIO), Pernambuco, at Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, focusing graduate students of agriculture and animal husbandry research area during the period 2011-2014, as well as coordinators and teachers from the same area. The main objective was to demonstrate the impact of the former students performance in Pernambuco state. In order to complete this research objective, it was adopted a methodology of data collection in documentation research and descriptive field research. The investigative tools were semi-structured interviews; survey of Lattes curriculum and records and official documents of the graduated students of the program and the biotechnology area. The quantitative analysis of the collected data was conducted through programs like Excel, Adobe InDdesign and Adobe Illustrator. The qualitative analysis was performed by categorical analysis technique where the information is grouped by categories. The study was carried out on the profile of graduated students and their contribution for the development of the Pernambuco state, as well as the perception of the coordinators and teachers about the social and economic impact of the program for the state. The results showed the relevance of the program referred to the training of qualified personnel; to increase the scientific publication with the dissemination of new knowledge to society in general. Also, it was demonstrated the social and economic benefits for the people with new techniques, processes and products generated through the results of students' surveys
Esta pesquisa foi realizada no Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (PPGB - RENORBIO), Ponto Focal Pernambuco, na Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, cujo universo de estudo foram os egressos da ?rea de concentra??o em agropecu?ria, durante o per?odo 2011-2014, bem como os coordenadores e professores da mesma ?rea. O objetivo principal foi demonstrar o impacto da atua??o dos egressos do PPGB ? RENORBIO no Estado de Pernambuco. A fim de atingir seus objetivos, foi adotada, como metodologia de coleta de dados, a pesquisa documental e a pesquisa de campo descritiva, cujas ferramentas investigativas foram: entrevistas semiestruturadas; levantamento dos curr?culos Lattes e fichas de registros de matr?cula dos egressos e documentos oficiais do programa e da ?rea de biotecnologia da CAPES. A an?lise quantitativa dos dados coletados foi realizada nos programas Excel, Adobe InDdesign e Adobe Illustrator. Para a an?lise qualitativa optou-se pela utiliza??o da t?cnica da an?lise categorial, onde as informa??es s?o agrupadas por categorias. O estudo foi desenvolvido sobre o perfil dos alunos egressos e a contribui??o da atua??o dos mesmos para o desenvolvimento do Estado de Pernambuco, bem como a percep??o dos coordenadores e professores quanto ao impacto social e econ?mico do programa para o estado. Como resultado, constatou-se a relev?ncia do programa para a forma??o de pessoal qualificado; o aumento do acervo bibliogr?fico com a divulga??o de novos conhecimentos para a sociedade em geral; e os benef?cios sociais e econ?micos gerados ? popula??o com as novas t?cnicas, processos e produtos oriundos da aplica??o pr?tica dos resultados das pesquisas dos egressos
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Wahlstedt, Sabina. "Fragment av forntida Helgö : En osteoarkeologisk och tafonomisk studie med fokus på djur, rum, praktik och handling utifrån animalt benmaterial från Husgrupp 4 på Helgö." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Osteoarkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-173528.
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Zooarchaeological material from prehistoric settlements usually make up a large amount of the archaeological record. Despite this, research on the material is seldom utilized to its full potential. This is very much the case for the famous iron age settlement at Helgö. Therefore, in this thesis animal bones recovered from building group 4 at Helgö were analyzed using both osteological and taphonomic, as well as spatial variables as a mean to gain a better understanding of various aspects of the settlement and life at prehistoric Helgö. The results from the zooarchaeological analysis provide insight in social activities and practices concerning both human and animal interactions. The animals are found to have been an important part of the lives of the people at Helgö. Both spatial and structural differences in the material reveal various attitudes towards the animals and bring to light a diversity of activities and practices surrounding the settlement and Helgö.
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Montesinos, Llinares Lidia. "IRALIKU'K: La confrontación de los comunales. Etnografía e historia de las relaciones de propiedad en Goizueta." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/132603.
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Esta tesis, planteada inicialmente como un estudio de comunidad, presenta un estudio de caso sobre relaciones de propiedad en Goizueta; un pueblo euskaldun (vascófono) de unos 700 habitantes situado en el noroeste de Navarra, en una zona de montaña de tipo atlántico. A través del estudio de las regulaciones consuetudinarias y legales sobre el uso y la apropiación de recursos en el lugar de estudio y de los conflictos en torno a ellas se plantean algunas conclusiones teóricas respecto a las formas de propiedad y sus regulaciones.
La perspectiva de larga duración histórica y la documentación de archivo permiten conocer las transformaciones en las formas de aprovechamiento comunal y familiar en Goizueta desde el siglo XV y analizar los procesos de transformación tanto de las formas de vida como de la organización de la propiedad, pudiendo apreciarse así los factores y elementos que configuran esas transformaciones y también el carácter discontinuo y no lineal de estos cambios.
La tesis defiende la idea de que la propiedad en el lugar de estudio se ha mantenido siempre indefinida, entre imprecisiones y ambigüedades respecto a su correcta delimitación; y que ha tenido también un carácter fluctuante, cambiante y variable si tomamos en cuenta la complejidad de las relaciones de propiedad. Además, las relaciones sociales de propiedad se caracterizan por constituir un campo de fuerzas e intereses, siendo muchas veces conflictivas o negociadas, fruto de una tensión o pugna constante entre diferentes concepciones e intereses por marcar su definición.
Estas tres ideas: la indefinición de la propiedad, el carácter fluctuante de las relaciones de propiedad y también su carácter conflictivo o negociado se demuestran empíricamente a través del análisis detallado de diversos conflictos locales por la propiedad, casos jurídicos, históricos y etnográficos, que se extraen de documentación del archivo municipal de Goizueta o de las conversaciones y entrevistas con la población local.
La tensión entre las regulaciones consuetudinarias locales y las leyes liberales del siglo XIX, o entre las actuales regulaciones regionales, estatales y europeas, aparece también como un foco de interés que pone en evidencia el pluralismo jurídico existente y nuevamente el carácter permanentemente negociado y conflictivo de las relaciones de propiedad, y las tensiones entre costumbre y ley. Las entrevistas a juristas y abogados, trabajadores de la administración navarra y representantes políticos aportan la visión de las instituciones respecto a varios de estos conflictos, dando cuenta de los debates entre las partes y del choque de intereses.
En definitiva, la tesis aporta una reflexión teórica en torno a la posesión y la propiedad a través del estudio de casos etnográficos, poniendo la mirada especialmente en las transformaciones históricas de las formas de uso y apropiación comunales y en los conflictos de carácter local que permiten conocer las distintas formas de entender y reivindicar la posesión de ciertos bienes: terrenos comunales como los iraliku'k (helechales), los bienes de la Sociedad Elkartasuna o la finca de Artikutza. De esta forma, la reflexión en torno a los bienes comunales y su historia recorre el eje transversal de la tesis, aportando una mirada crítica sobre las formas de gobierno y las relaciones entre distintos ámbitos jurídicos: local, provincial, estatal, europeo...
Por otra parte, el estudio mantiene una mirada crítica en contra de las visiones evolucionistas de la historia y de las perspectivas del desarrollismo o el progresismo liberal que auguraban unas transformaciones económicas y de la propiedad necesarias y homogéneas para todas las sociedades campesinas que llevaría inevitablemente a su desaparición o inmersión absoluta en la economía de mercado. La tesis muestra las rupturas y discontinuidades históricas que caracterizan el devenir de la vida en Goizueta en contra de lo que plantean estas perspectivas o el propio orden propietario liberal, acercándose a las formas de vida ligadas al baserri (caserío), la ganadería o el cultivo de la tierra para conocer sus singularidades y las estrategias de subsistencia de quienes se dedican a ellas.The thesis presents a case study of property relationships in Goizueta, a town of 700 people in the mountains of Navarre. Through the study of the legal regulations on property, the historical conflicts associated with resources, and changes in the communal and familial forms of exploitation, several theoretical conclusions are presented regarding types of ownership and their regulations. The historical indefiniteness of property ownership where the study takes place, as well as the changes in property relationships are empirically shown through different legal and ethnographic cases. The tension between local customary regulations and the liberal laws of the nineteenth century or the current regional, state and European regulations appears as the focus that shows the permanently negotiated and conflictive nature of property relations. In the final analysis, the thesis provides a theoretical reflection on possession and property, with a special look at the historical transformations in the forms of communal appropriation and use.
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Giblin, Julia Irene. "Isotope Analysis on the Great Hungarian Plain: An Exploration of Mobility and Subsistence Strategies from the Neolithic to the Copper Age." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306863726.
Full textBooks on the topic "Humane animal husbandry"
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Akhtar, Aysha. Animals and public health: Why treating animals better is critical to human welfare. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
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International Society for Applied Ethology. International Congress. Proceedings of the 34th International Congress of the ISAE: Laboratory of Applied Ethology, UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil, 17-20 October, 2000. Edited by Ramos André de Avila, Machado Filho, Luiz Carlos Pinheiro, Hötzel Maria José, and Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Laboratório de Etologia Aplicada. Florianópolis, Brazil: UFSC, Laboratory of Applied Ethology, 2000.
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Nandorf, Tove. Antibiotics in animal husbandry: A threat to human health : conference in Brussels, March 8, 1996. Stockholm: Norstedts Tryckeri, 1996.
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Animal and human health and welfare: A comparative philosophical analysis. Wallingford, OX, UK: CABE pub., 2006.
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Low stress handling, restraint and behavior modification of dogs & cats: Techniques for developing patients who love their visits. Davis, CA: CattleDog Pub, 2009.
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J, Coleman Grahame, ed. Human-livestock interactions: The stockperson and the productivity and welfare of intensively farmed animals. 2nd ed. Wallingford, UK: CABI, 2011.
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Becker, Marty. For the love of cats: Amazing true stories of cats and the people who love them. Deerfield Beach, Florida: Health Communications, Inc., 2012.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Humane animal husbandry"
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Kreutzmann, Hermann. "Pastoral Practices in Transition: Animal Husbandry in High Asian Contexts." In Advances in Asian Human-Environmental Research, 1–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3846-1_1.
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Boden, Lisa, and Dominic Mellor. "Epidemiology and Ethics of Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals." In Ethics and Drug Resistance: Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health, 109–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27874-8_7.
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Abstract Despite a large and rapidly growing volume of research activity and output, primarily on the biological bases of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), epidemiological understanding of the causal mechanisms at play behind the apparent recent global rise in prevalence of AMR has, arguably, progressed very little. Despite this inconvenient fact, political imperative and expedience, among other drivers, have given substantial impetus to an interventionist approach against what are considered to be the culprits for the apparent growing prevalence of AMR and its impacts. Concern about the rise in prevalence of microbial infections that are resistant to therapeutic agents designed to kill them has arisen almost exclusively in relation to human health. (Public awareness and concern about antihelmintic resistance, for which the impacts are much more substantial for animal health, at least in developed temperate countries, are trivial by comparison). Nevertheless, antimicrobial drugs have been, and are, widely used in animal health and production throughout the world, and the contribution of this diverse usage to the ‘global AMR problem’ has historically been controversial. There is growing acceptance, notwithstanding the limitations in causal understanding noted previously, of AMR as an ecological problem of competing populations of microorganisms experiencing both natural and anthropogenic selection pressures in compartments that transcend species and other boundaries. Typifying what is described as a ‘One Health’ problem, AMR is therefore considered to be most amenable to conjoint mitigation efforts in all compartments: i.e. interventions in human health, animal health, food and the environment in a coherent manner. In animals, this calls into question the motivations and practices for antimicrobial drug usage, the majority of which are justified on the basis of promoting animal health and welfare and securing a food supply for a growing human population. Not surprisingly, there are great differences in animal husbandry and food demand, and in availability, access and regulation of antimicrobial usage in animals, and in surveillance of AMR, which are likely to be starkest between developed and developing countries. Thus, it is unlikely that the impacts of AMR, and the impacts of efforts to mitigate AMR that are directed to the ‘animal compartment’ of the ecosystem, will be felt equally across the world.
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Grupe, Gisela, and Joris Peters. "Climatic Conditions, Hunting Activities and Husbandry Practices in the Course of the Neolithic Transition: The Story Told by Stable Isotope Analyses of Human and Animal Skeletal Remains." In Human Bioarchaeology of the Transition to Agriculture, 63–85. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470670170.ch4.
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Delon, Nicolas. "The Meaning of Animal Labour." In Animal Labour, 160–80. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846192.003.0008.
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Proponents of humane or traditional husbandry, in contrast to factory farming, often argue that maintaining meaningful relationships with animals entails working with them. Accordingly, they argue that animal liberation is misguided, since it appears to entail erasing our relationships to animals and depriving both us and them of valuable opportunities to live together. This chapter offers a critical examination of animal husbandry based on the value of labour, in particular the view that farm animals could be seen as workers, and what it entails. It then considers ways in which our relationships to domesticated species could be made meaningful, including through work, without entailing the premature killing of animals raised for food. Meaningful animal lives depend on a proper analysis of the meaning, and value, of labour, which this chapter argues is missing from labour-based defences of humane husbandry.
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Waiblinger, Susanne. "Agricultural animals." In Anthrozoology, 32–58. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753629.003.0003.
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Farm animals have had a crucial role in human development and have been of high importance until now in many diverse farming systems. For the future, animal production poses substantial opportunities as well as risks, regarding both food security of the growing human population, as well as climate effects, depending largely on the farming system. Human–animal interactions inevitably occur throughout the lives of farm animals. However, the frequency and types of interactions are extremely variable, both between and within husbandry systems. This chapter reviews the variation in interactions and relationships, the causes for these differences and the implications for animal and human welfare. It shows evidence not only for the direct effects of the stockpersons’ relationship towards the animals in interactions and thus animal welfare, but also for the indirect effects via decision making. Lastly, societal implications and future research areas are discussed.
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Raphaely, Talia, Dora Marinova, and Mira Marinova. "The Future of Antibiotics and Meat." In Impact of Meat Consumption on Health and Environmental Sustainability, 178–200. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9553-5.ch009.
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This chapter discusses antibiotic use in the livestock industry and potential ramifications for human health. Antibiotics are routinely administered to food animals, primarily at sub-therapeutic levels. The extensive use of antibiotics in global animal husbandry in quantities greater than used for humans is creating antibiotic resistance. There is evidence that antibiotic resistant organisms emerging in food animals transfer to humans through the food chain, environmental contamination, direct association with animals or through mobile resistant genetic elements resulting in co-resistance to other antibiotics. No new classes of antibiotics have been developed since the 1980s. Intensifying use of existing antibiotics for meat production poses new challenges for treating humans, needs to be taken seriously and dealt with urgently. This chapter argues that reduced meat consumption is an under-considered but essential part in any suite of solutions aimed at preserving the use of antibiotics for human treatment.
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Rollin, Bernard E. "The Rise of Ethical Concern for Animals as a Major Social Phenomenon." In Multidisciplinary Approaches to Ethics in the Digital Era, 35–43. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4117-3.ch003.
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The second half of the 20th century represented a major rise in new ethical concerns, including, in the 1970s, the moral status of animals. Until then, analgesia was never used in veterinary medicine, even though many modalities were already known to control pain. This author and others wrote American law that required effective analgesics, which the US Congress mandated in 1985. The research community eventually recognized that failure to control pain in animal research subjects involved not only immoral pain to the animals but also caused invalid research results. Public concern in these areas also spread to farmed animals in intensive agriculture settings, where it was perceived that the profit motive had replaced the husbandry ethic. The increasing number of people owning companion animals also influenced their view of farm animals' moral status and others. The larger number of companion animal owners results from the alienation of human social relations, with animals' replacing the emotional value of human companionship.
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Oma, Kristin Armstrong. "Past and Present Farming: Changes in Terms of Engagement." In Humans and the Environment. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199590292.003.0020.
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In archaeology, changes in human–animal relationships are rarely considered beyond the moment of domestication. This is influenced by Ingold’s idea that domestication led to a shift in the human engagement with animals (Ingold 2000: 61–76; see Armstrong Oma 2007: 62–4, 2010 for critique). I do not question the validity of such a claim; however, I argue that changes in terms of engagement also happened beyond domestication, and that various configurations of human–animal relationships have existed throughout history. Further, I argue that such changes also have consequences for the environment, by choice of land use strategies and husbandry regimes. A twofold purpose is pursued: first, to investigate how changes in social systems, in my case changes in terms of engagement between humans and animals, affect land use in such a way as to impinge upon natural systems and ecosystems. Second, I wish to grasp the political underpinnings of the models that are employed by archaeologists and, by doing so, to deconstruct the political use of the past (see also Stump, Chapter 10 this volume). Alternative models regarding economic strategies are sought, and the implications of these are discussed. Human–environment studies frequently deal with the impact of human intrusive land use strategies on ecosystems. Awareness has been created around these processes regarding land use techniques and practices (for example Denham and White 2007; Mazoyer and Roudart 2006). However, in European archaeology the impact of husbandry practices upon ecosystems has received considerably less, if any, attention. People in past societies from the Neolithic onwards made the conscious decision to live with animals as herders or as farmers, blending together social and economic choices that had repercussions for landscape developments and ecosystems. Investigations into the relationship between environmental changes caused by husbandry practices and the social systems that instigated those changes are an important contribution to research on past environmental development. These changes are identifiable in the archaeological record.
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Dolgert, Stefan. "Vegetarian Republic: Pythagorean Themes in Plato’s Republic." In Proceedings of the XXIII World Congress of Philosophy, 83–88. Philosophy Documentation Center, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/wcp232018221288.
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Plato is often considered a founder of the humanist tradition, but I question this interpretation of Plato’s humanism via a return to the Neo-Platonic/Neo-Pythagorean interpretation of the “healthy city” (372e) of the Republic, which is more frequently (though infelicitously) referred to as the “city of pigs” (372d). Here, in the first city Socrates describes in Book II, we see a “vegetarian republic” in which humans and nonhumans live in mutual con-cord rather than as predator and prey. Neither hunting nor animal husbandry is practiced in this first regime, and while animals are used for labor-power, Socrates’ detailed description of the diet of the citizens of the huopolis makes it clear that animals are not consumed as food. Plato’s Socrates never retracts his praise of this first regime throughout the remainder of the Republic, which implies that this city and its human/animal comity retain their exemplary status in Plato’s political theory.
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Ervynck, Anton, and An Lentacker. "An investigation into the transition from forest dwelling pigs to farm animals in medieval Flanders, Belgium." In Pigs and Humans. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199207046.003.0018.
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There is ample evidence to show that in medieval Europe, unlike today, pigs (Sus scrofa f. domestica) were herded in woodland (see for example ten Cate 1972; Laurans 1975; Mane 1997). For England, this statement has been contested (Rackham 1976, 1980, 1986), but a recent re-evaluation of the historical data indicates that pig husbandry traditions there were the same as in continental Europe (Wilson 2003). Nowadays, pigs have almost everywhere become farm animals, at best living outdoors in semi-confinement near farmhouses, or, at worst, being reared in intensive indoor units with very limited freedom of movement. At some point in time the animals thus made the transition from forest dwellers to farmyard inhabitants, a process that is hardly documented by historical data, or at least little investigated by historians. The aim of this chapter is to investigate whether the analysis of animal remains from archaeological sites can recognize this transition by identifying changes in the characteristics of diachronic pig populations, indicative of differing animal husbandry regimes. Flanders (in present-day Belgium) was one of the most densely populated regions in medieval Europe, and as such, represents an appropriate case study area where the transition from forest to farmyard pigs can be explored. Historical data from Flanders confirm that deforestation was already very advanced towards the end of the High Medieval period (10th–12th centuries AD), so much so that reforestation campaigns were implemented (be it not always successfully) during Late Medieval times (13th–15th centuries AD) (Verhulst 1990; Tack et al. 1993; Tack & Hermy 1998). Deforestation, together with overhunting, resulted in the local extinction of wild woodland mammal species such as brown bear (Ursus arctos) in the 12th century, and wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) towards the end of the Middle Ages (Ervynck et al. 1999). In fact, in Flanders, virtually no parcel of land has been continuously under forest since medieval times, a phenomenon illustrated, for example, by the poverty of the carabid beetle fauna (an insect group with poor (re-)colonizing capacities) in present-day woodlands (Desender et al. 1999).
Conference papers on the topic "Humane animal husbandry"
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Zhanyang, Liu, Tao Naigui, Chen Yang, and Tao Yunliang. "Radiation Dose of Airborne Radioactive Material in Nuclear Power Plant Conventional Operating Conditions." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67007.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, air-immersion, ground deposition, ingestion and inhalation of airborne radioactive effluent released from nuclear power plant under normal operating conditions is studied according to the atmospheric diffusion and ground deposition patterns and parameters that are suitable for the environmental characteristics of the nuclear power plant site, and the public living habits and food chain parameters around the site. Based on the Gaussian plume model, with a radius of 80 kilometers we divide 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40,50,60,70,80 km concentric circles around the nuclear power plant site. The 16 compass azimuth axial are the sector center-line, forming a total of 192 sub-regions, atmospheric diffusion of radionuclides is simulated in the assessment area of the region. The annual average atmospheric dispersion factor is calculate by using hourly observation data of wind direction, rainfall and atmospheric stability of the meteorological tower and the ground station, taking into account the ground reflection during transmission, the the decay of the radionuclide, and the loss brought by the wet and dry settling that caused by gravity and rain washing. The airborne radioactive effluent is deposited on the ground or plant surface by dry settling and wet settling in the process of atmospheric environment changing and diffusion. Radioactivity of per unit area brought about by dry settling and rain fall settling is described by the deposition coefficient and deposition speed. The long-term ground deposition factor and ground annual concentration in the evaluation area were calculated under the situation of airborne radioactive effluents in the nuclear power station mixing emission, and the calculated result of radionuclide concentration in the air and soil was compared with the natural background value and the actual monitoring value. Based on the radionuclide deposited on the ground and air through the terrestrial food radioactive transfer mode, together with a large number of environmental surveys data on the population distribution, agriculture, farming, animal husbandry and people’s living and eating habits in the 80km around nuclear station, combing with the actual situation of nuclear power station, the calculation model is amended accordingly. Using reasonable dose mode to calculate the maximum individual and entire public effective dose of the residents in the assessment area, and the results will be compared with other human activities. By comparing the calculated results of radionuclide concentration and radiation dose, it provide quantitative reference information for us understanding the influence of nuclear power station on the surrounding radiation environment, and to meet the requirements of nuclear power plant influence on surrounding environment and people under normal operating conditions.