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Journal articles on the topic 'Humane animal husbandry'
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1
Fuentes López, Fayna. "Moral Risk and Humane Farming." Utilitas 31, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 463–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820819000268.
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Humane farming, that is, a husbandry system where animals do not suffer, either during their lives, or at the time of their killing, has been advertised as an ethical alternative to the horrors of factory farming. Although it could be argued that such a system does not currently exist, we ought to determine whether this is a morally desirable end to strive for. My objective is to assess one of the utilitarian arguments used in the debate about humane farming. In particular, I am interested in whether we have risk-related reasons to argue against the implementation of this practice. I will argue, against de Lazari-Radek and Singer, that considerations of moral risk should lead us to reject the practice of humane farming. In doing so, I will engage with arguments dealing with both the badness of animal death and the value of coming into existence.
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Millman, Suzanne T. "Animal Welfare Assurance – Impacts on Cattle Production and Export Markets." Ceiba 54, no. 1 (August 3, 2016): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ceiba.v54i1.2780.
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Given the strong and sustained public interest in animal welfare, globally sustainable agricultural systems must include animal welfare within the areas of consideration. Animal welfare relates to an animal’s quality of life and can range from very good to very poor. A number of conceptual frameworks have been proposed for animal welfare and humane animal care. To varying degrees, these frameworks include aspects of animal health and animal behavior, with relative importance of these criteria weighted by ethics or values. Animal care standards may be dictated by legislation, but are increasingly governed through purchasing decisions by food companies and retailers. Animal welfare assessment protocols that include animal-based parameters provide farmers with benchmarking data for comparison between and within farms, as well as flexibility to modify husbandry or housing when addressing weaknesses within the farm system. Within the laboratory and on commercial farms, researchers are identifying solutions to key animal welfare issues in cattle production, including painful husbandry procedures, restrictive housing and cow comfort, calf feeding, care of the compromised cow and low stress handling.
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Wilkinson, Michael JA, Colin Selman, Lynn McLaughlin, Linda Horan, Lindsay Hamilton, Colin Gilbert, Caroline Chadwick, and J. Norman Flynn. "Progressing the care, husbandry and management of ageing mice used in scientific studies." Laboratory Animals 54, no. 3 (August 12, 2019): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677219865291.
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Driven by the longer lifespans of humans, particularly in Westernised societies, and the need to know more about ‘healthy ageing’, ageing mice are being used increasingly in scientific research. Many departments and institutes involved with ageing research have developed their own systems to determine intervention points for potential refinements and to identify humane end points. Several good systems are in use, but variations between them could contribute to poor reproducibility of the science achieved. Working with scientific and regulatory communities in the UK, we have reviewed the clinical signs observed in ageing mice and developed recommendations for enhanced monitoring, behaviour assessment, husbandry and veterinary interventions. We advocate that the default time point for enhanced monitoring should be 15 months of age, unless prior information is available. Importantly, the enhanced monitoring should cause no additional harms to the animals. Where a mouse strain is well characterised, the onset of age-related enhanced monitoring may be modified based on knowledge of the onset of an expected age-related clinical sign. In progeroid models where ageing is accelerated, enhanced monitoring may need to be brought forward. Information on the background strain must be considered, as it influences the onset of age-related clinical signs. The range of ageing models currently used means that there will be no ‘one-size fits all’ solution. Increased awareness of the issues will lead to more refined and consistent husbandry of ageing mice, and application of humane end points will help to reduce the numbers of animals maintained for longer than is scientifically justified.
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Hosney, Mohamed, Abeer M. Badr, Sohair R. Fahmy, Ahmed Afifi, Vera Baumans, and Khadiga M. Gaafar. "Culture of Care Enhancement in Egypt: The Impact of Laboratory Animal Science Training on Participants’ Attitudes." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 49, no. 1-2 (January 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02611929211016851.
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Cairo University was the first academic institution in Egypt to establish an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), as mandated by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Animal-based research should be performed in accordance with international regulations to monitor the humane care and use of the laboratory animals. Until 2018, the formal training of researchers in the appropriate and correct methods of animal handling during sampling and administration, as well as their husbandry demands, was an uncommon practice in Egypt. In 2018, the Egyptian Association for Animal Research Advancement (EAARA) organised the first international course in laboratory animal science (LAS), in collaboration with Utrecht University (The Netherlands) and the Faculty of Science, Cairo University, to raise researchers’ awareness and increase their knowledge of the principles that govern the humane use and care of laboratory animals. A total of 26 researchers from a number of fields (veterinary medicine, dentistry, science, medicine, pharmacy and agriculture) enrolled in the course. In the responses to the post-course questionnaire, 24 (92.3%) participants stated that the principles of animal welfare (Three Rs) were well explained. In addition, 18 (69%) participants found that the course improved their skills in animal sampling and handling. Of the 26 participants, 22 (84.6%) became aware of their responsibility towards their experimental animals and agreed that the different methods of euthanasia were well explained. In conclusion, the general assessment of the course revealed a positive outcome regarding the culture of animal care; the course was repeated a year later, and several participants were enlisted as trainers in this second course.
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Smith and Lilley. "The Role of the Three Rs in Improving the Planning and Reproducibility of Animal Experiments." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 14, 2019): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110975.
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Training in the design of animal experiments focuses all too often on those aspects which can be approached mathematically, such as the number of animals needed to deliver a robust result, allocation of group size, and techniques such as randomization, blocking and statistical analysis. Important as they are, these are only a small part of the process of planning animal experiments. Additional key elements include refinements of housing, husbandry and procedures, health and safety, and attention at all stages to animal welfare. Advances in technology and laboratory animal science have led to improvements in care and husbandry, better provision of anesthetics and analgesics, refined methods of drug administration, greater competence in welfare assessment and application of humane endpoints. These improvements require continual dialogue between scientists, facility managers and technical staff, a practice that is a key feature of what has become known as the culture of care. This embodies a commitment to improving animal welfare, scientific quality, staff care and transparency for all stakeholders. Attention to both the physical and mental health of all those directly or indirectly involved in animal research is now an important part of the process of planning and conducting animal experiments. Efforts during the last 30 years to increase the internal and external validity of animal experiments have tended to concentrate on the production of guidelines to improve the quality of reporting animal experiments, rather than for planning them. Recently, comprehensive guidelines for planning animal studies have been published, to redress this imbalance. These will be described in this paper. Endorsement of this overarching influence of the Three R concept, by all the stakeholders, will not only reduce animal numbers and improve animal welfare, but also lead to more reliable and reproducible research which should improve translation of pre-clinical studies into tangible clinical benefit.
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Do, Johnny P., Erwin B. Defensor, Christine V. Ichim, Maria A. Lim, Jordan A. Mechanic, Mark D. Rabe, and Laura R. Schaevitz. "Automated and Continuous Monitoring of Animal Welfare through Digital Alerting." Comparative Medicine 70, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000090.
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A primary goal in preclinical animal research is respectful and responsible care aimed toward minimizing stress and discomfort while enhancing collection of accurate and reproducible scientific data. Researchers use hands-on clinical observations and measurements as part of routine husbandry procedures or study protocols to monitor animal welfare. Although frequent assessments ensure the timely identification of animals with declining health, increased handling can result in additional stress on the animal and increased study variability. We investigated whether automated alerting regarding changes in behavior and physiology can complement existing welfare assessments to improve the identification of animals in pain or distress. Using historical data collected from a diverse range of therapeutic models, we developed algorithms that detect changes in motion and breathing rate frequently associated with sick animals but rare in healthy controls. To avoid introducing selec- tion bias, we evaluated the performance of these algorithms by using retrospective analysis of all studies occurring over a 31-d period in our vivarium. Analyses revealed that the majority of the automated alerts occurred prior to or simultaneously with technicians' observations of declining health in animals. Additional analyses performed across the entire duration of 2 studies (animal models of rapid aging and lung metastasis) demonstrated the sensitivity, accuracy, and utility of automated alerting for detecting unhealthy subjects and those eligible for humane endpoints. The percentage of alerts per total subject days ranged between 0% and 24%, depending on the animal model. Automated alerting effectively complements standard clinical observations to enhance animal welfare and promote responsible scientific advancement.
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Gregory, N. G. "Welfare and product quality: the need to be humane." BSAP Occasional Publication 17 (January 1993): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00001294.
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AbstractIn this paper it will be argued that the relationships between welfare and product quality are not commonplace because processes within the animal intervene between substrate and product which reduce farming practices to a common level that is subordinate to the animal's metabolism. Nevertheless there are four ways in which compromised welfare can be linked to product quality: (1) product quality which is influenced by acute stress; (2) ante-mortem trauma occurring in parts of the animal which are edible; (3) disease states which leave lesions or taints in the edible product; and (4) product quality which is dependent on the long-term cumulative effects of exercise, lack of exercise or poor husbandry conditions.From this classification and the examples to be given in the paper it will become clear that some practices which compromise welfare can lead to poor product quality but there is little evidence to suggest that improved welfare practices benefit product quality. Nevertheless welfare improved products could be of better quality simply because more effort and attention is put into their production. If the same care and expenditure were to be put into systems where welfare was not the main goal, would product quality be any different?The conclusions that will be drawn from this paper are that: (i) practices which compromise welfare can lead to poor product quality, but there is little evidence that improved welfare benefits product quality; and (ii) modern labelling is suggestive instead of being explicit and as such it does not lend itself to promoting welfare improvements in a cognizant manner.
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Hawkins, Penny. "Recognizing and assessing pain, suffering and distress in laboratory animals: a survey of current practice in the UK with recommendations." Laboratory Animals 36, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 378–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367702320389044.
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A survey was undertaken to evaluate how animal pain, suffering and distress are recognized and assessed in UK scientific procedure establishments designated under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. A total of 28 institutions were visited between June 1999 and April 2001, within which 137 people were interviewed including scientists, veterinarians and animal technicians. All 28 establishments use clinical observation sheets to assist the recognition of adverse effects, nine use score sheets and seven use computerized data management systems. Clinical signs used as indicators of potential pain, suffering or distress are largely subjective. The survey also addressed protocols and methods for avoiding and alleviating adverse effects, record keeping, review of policies and protocols and issues relating to team work and training. Respondents use a range of techniques for reducing suffering including analgesia, humane endpoints, ensuring competence and refining husbandry. All establishments review projects regularly but few have the time or resources formally to review adverse effects noted in practice and to compare observations with predictions made in licence applications. Training is very consistent between different establishments and most aim to achieve a 'team approach' for monitoring and assessing animals. Results are summarized in the present, abridged paper and set out in full in a report that can be downloaded at http://www.lal.org.uk/pain/(Hawkins 2002). The present paper and the full report, including its recommendations, are intended to provide a source of information, discussion topics and ideas for all establishments that need to monitor animal well-being.
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Zhukova, I. O., O. M. Bobrytska, I. O. Kostiuk, L. A. Vodopyanova, K. D. Yugai, S. L. Antipin, and O. S. Kochevenko. "Ethology and Zoopsychology in the system of training a doctor of veterinary medicine." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 23, no. 102 (June 19, 2021): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10209.
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The authors have analyzed and summarized data sources regarding the necessary teaching of ethology and zoopsychology for students of the faculties of veterinary medicine. Ethology and zoopsychology is a compulsory subject for almost all educational institutions of this profile in Europe and the USA. In Ukraine these subjects are constant at the studying programs of the psychology faculties of the different universities, which prepare the specialists of reworking agrifood, the specialists of horse breeding, the felinologiests and others, but these ones are not consist a part of the preparing programs for the vet medicine students. Nevertheless, for a treatment and prevention it needs to understand the animal behavior features of and to might find out the approaches, to use humane methods without any animal damages and suffering. Ethology it is science, which studies the animal behavior from the biology side but Zoopsichology is close to both biological and psychological sciences and investigate not only natural behavior, but also the animal psyche. Therefore, until today there is a lot of unknown and obscure things into natural behavioral processes so the new explorations raise the curtain over the issues to understand animal and find access to its. It is only conditionally might be dividing the biological and psychological aspects of behavior because of it is impossible to connect they together without take into consideration the psyche factors. The animal psyche is necessary component of the ontho- and phylogenesis which is regulates the relationships between an organism and the environment. The tasks of Zoopsychology are studying of the formation of the psyche processes in animal during the ontogenesis, an origin of the psyche and its development, but Ethology tasks are – the stages of the ontho- and phylogenetical development of the behavior, determine its importance as a development factor, studying of the individual or population adaptation of the animals. The main respect comes to species-specific (instinctive) components of behavior. Ethological analysis is based on the study of biological methods of holistic behavioral act. Particular attention is paid to biological (etological) mechanisms of behavioral acts, the relationship between species and other taxa of animals on these grounds. Ethology studies the changes of the animal behavior in comparison with norms during emergency too. Its achievements are used in animal husbandry and other sectors of the economy, as well as in the development of scientific bases for keeping animals in captivity.
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Prescott, Mark J., Carolyn Clark, William E. Dowling, and Amy C. Shurtleff. "Opportunities for Refinement of Non-Human Primate Vaccine Studies." Vaccines 9, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030284.
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Non-human primates (NHPs) are used extensively in the development of vaccines and therapeutics for human disease. High standards in the design, conduct, and reporting of NHP vaccine studies are crucial for maximizing their scientific value and translation, and for making efficient use of precious resources. A key aspect is consideration of the 3Rs principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement. Funders of NHP research are placing increasing emphasis on the 3Rs, helping to ensure such studies are legitimate, ethical, and high-quality. The UK’s National Centre for the 3Rs (NC3Rs) and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) have collaborated on a range of initiatives to support vaccine developers to implement the 3Rs, including hosting an international workshop in 2019. The workshop identified opportunities to refine NHP vaccine studies to minimize harm and improve welfare, which can yield better quality, more reproducible data. Careful animal selection, social housing, extensive environmental enrichment, training for cooperation with husbandry and procedures, provision of supportive care, and implementation of early humane endpoints are features of contemporary good practice that should and can be adopted more widely. The requirement for high-level biocontainment for some pathogens imposes challenges to implementing refinement but these are not insurmountable.
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Lenchenko, Ekaterina Mikhailovna, and Dmitry Alekseevich Blumenkrants. "Study of enterobacteria biofilms critical point control technologies livestock and food production." Health, Food & Biotechnology 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36107/hfb.2020.i3.s94.
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The relevance of the study and the presence of gaps in the existing knowledge on the topic. Monitoring studies of the biological safety of food raw materials for microbiological indicators is an urgent problem due to the increase in the number registered diseases transmitted to humans through raw materials and products of animal origin. There is a tendency for a statistically significant increase in epidemiological indicators throughout the world, the proportion of these pathologies is increasing both in humane medicine and veterinary medicine. The aim of the work is a comparative assessment and selection of effective methods for studying the formation biofilms enterobacteriaceae circulating among susceptible animal species and isolated from food raw materials.Methods. Аnalysis of growth and dynamics development biofilms Enterobacteriaceae was carried out during cultivation on nutrient media containing growth factors for the repair of the cell wall and the reversal viable uncultured microorganisms. To study the morphological and functional patterns of the development a population microorganisms in vitro and in vivo, we used the conventional and developed methods for preparing preparations for scanning, transmission phase contrast, optical and luminescence microscopy.Results and its discussion. During microbiological control critical points in the technology of animal husbandry and food production, the morphological and functional characteristics biofilms, which are communities microorganisms secreting a polymer matrix and adhered to the tissues of susceptible animal species and abiotic surfaces livestock buildings and food industries, were studied. The developed methods of biofilm cultivation made it possible to study enterobacteriaceae biofilms in vitro and in vivo, without disturbing the natural architectonics of the population microorganisms, to determine the components extracellular matrix. For the study dynamics morphological and functional patterns of the development populations microorganisms, routine and technological advances present are recognized as promising, for example, scanning electron microscopy makes it possible to assess the degree of formation and morphological composition biofilms. Phase contrast microscopy to reveal processes depending on the composition medium and the oxygen content in the culture medium.Conclusions. Methods for cultivating biofilms in vitro and in vivo without disturbing the natural architectonics of biofilms made it possible to optimize the preparation samples for research and eliminate the routine stages of colony counting, and significantly increase the number of analyzes. Due to the simplicity of operations and minimization manual labor, productivity increases, safety of work is increased, cost of personnel working time is reduced, and subjective factors are excluded. For the development of a complex antiepizootic and diagnostic measures, a priority direction is the disclosure of scientific knowledge in the field fundamental studies of ecological plasticity and adaptation potentially pathogenic enterobacteria to parasitism in the warm-blooded organism of birds and mammals. This will allow solving applied problems controlling the critical points of livestock and food production technology, developing effective chemotherapeutic and disinfecting drugs to reduce cell coaggregation and detect viable uncultured microorganisms.
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Peker, Gurbet. "Djuren i den rurala livsstilsmigrationen." Budkavlen 99 (November 10, 2020): 90–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.37447/bk.99535.
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Animals and Rural Lifestyle Migration
Gurbet Peker
Keywords: Lifestyle migration, rural idyll, animal husbandry, interspecies relationships
This article examines the role of animals and animal husbandry in rural lifestyle migration to the Gotlandic countryside. One area of interest is the significance of animals and animal husbandry as part of migrants’ notions of the rural idyll and the place they seek. The article also describes and analyses animal-related everyday practices and interspecies relationships that are developed between migrants and animals.
The empirical material has been collected using ethnographic methods based on observations and qualitative interviews. The researcher also emerged herself in aspects of the rural lifestyle migration being studied. The informants have all left the city of Stockholm in favour of life in the Gotlandic countryside, where they devote themselves to small-scale animal husbandry and keep sheep, horses, chickens and other animals.
The theoretical foundation is that humans and other animals are in a state of constant becoming-with and, thus, create each other’s lifeworlds. The focus is on analysing everyday practices and how interspecies relationships shape the migrants and their lifestyles. At the same time, the researcher also looks at the way in which discourses affect the migrants’ rural lifestyle migration, both as cultural preconceptions and everyday practices.
The results show that animals and animal husbandry play a central role in the rural idyll and the place that migrants seek. The interspecies relationships are also important for the informants’ socialisation and establishment processes in the Gotlandic countryside. The migrants find their relationships with the animals meaningful and crucial for the established lifestyle. These close everyday relationships lead the informants to renegotiate aspects of their view of animals as well as their view of eating meat. This lifestyle with animals also involves emotional challenges related to slaughter, an aspect of animal husbandry that the migrants find stressful. The interspecies relationships documented in the material are consistently characterised by ambivalence and constant renegotiations. In summary, the article shows that the animals and the animal-related practices are crucial for the lifestyle to which the migrants aspire, the everyday life they establish, as well as for the migration project as a whole.
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Jennings, M., M. J. Prescott, Hannah M. Buchanan-Smith, Malcolm R. Gamble, Mauvis Gore, Penny Hawkins, Robert Hubrecht, et al. "Refinements in husbandry, care and common procedures for non-human primates." Laboratory Animals 43, no. 1_suppl (April 2009): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/la.2008.007143.
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Preface Whenever animals are used in research, minimizing pain and distress and promoting good welfare should be as important an objective as achieving the experimental results. This is important for humanitarian reasons, for good science, for economic reasons and in order to satisfy the broad legal principles in international legislation. It is possible to refine both husbandry and procedures to minimize suffering and improve welfare in a number of ways, and this can be greatly facilitated by ensuring that up-to-date information is readily available. The need to provide such information led the British Veterinary Association Animal Welfare Foundation (BVAAWF), the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME), the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) and the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) to establish a Joint Working Group on Refinement (JWGR) in the UK. The chair is Professor David Morton and the secretariat is provided by the RSPCA. This report is the ninth in the JWGR series. The RSPCA is opposed to the use of animals in experiments that cause pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm and together with FRAME has particular concerns about the continued use of non-human primates. The replacement of primate experiments is a primary goal for the RSPCA and FRAME. However, both organizations share with others in the Working Group, the common aim of replacing primate experiments wherever possible, reducing suffering and improving welfare while primate use continues. The reports of the refinement workshops are intended to help achieve these aims. This report produced by the British Veterinary Association Animal Welfare Foundation (BVAAWF)/Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME)/Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA)/Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) Joint Working Group on Refinement (JWGR) sets out practical guidance on refining the husbandry and care of non-human primates (hereinafter primates) and on minimizing the adverse effects of some common procedures. It provides a valuable resource to help understand the physical, social and behavioural characteristics and needs of individual primates, and is intended to develop and complement the existing literature and legislative guidelines. Topics covered include refinements in housing, husbandry and common procedures such as restraint, identification and sampling, with comprehensive advice on issues such as primate communication, assessing and facilitating primate wellbeing, establishing and maintaining social groups, environmental and nutritional enrichment and animal passports. The most commonly used species are the key focus of this resource, but its information and recommendations are generally applicable to other species, provided that relevant individual species characteristics are taken into account.
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Scheel, David. "Octopuses in wild and domestic relationships." Social Science Information 57, no. 3 (July 4, 2018): 403–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018418785485.
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People commonly interact with terrestrial domestic animals, such as dogs and cats, horses, cattle and goats, and birds. Thereby individuals of different species form animal–human bonds. We are now forming relationships with ocean animals in increasingly common ways through growing human populations, advances in technology such as SCUBA, ocean mapping, underwater instrumentation and advances in aquatic animal husbandry. Octopuses and humans share quite distant evolutionary ties and yet share aspects of sensory ability and intelligence. Octopuses thereby pose interesting challenges and conundrums for understanding animal–human relationships. I consider several reasons to expect that the evolution of octopuses, and of animal cognition generally among active and visually sophisticated animals, will favour traits that support relationships between individuals. The evolutionary outcome of animals capable of forming inter-individual relationships may thus be expected in any evolving biota with organisms of this kind. This article explores the ability of ocean and terrestrial animals to relate to one another in ways that are reciprocal, if not equally balanced, and illustrates this with the examples of octopuses.
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Kożuchowski, Józef. "Etyczne zobowiązania człowieka wobec świata zwierząt. Wizja Roberta Spaemanna." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2011): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2011.9.1.02.
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The article presents the concept of moral obligations that man has towards animals proposed by Robert Spaemann. Spaemann give reasons for perceiving animal as an object of the law. His analyses present possibilities of solving basic moral questions like for example experiments on animals, animal husbandry, animal slaughter, hunting, interfering into animal nature, and our responsibility for them. Spaemann presents very original argumentation for taking care and responsibility for animals, deriving it from human dignity.
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Shitaye, J. E., W. Tsegaye, and I. Pavlik. "Bovine tuberculosis infection in animal and human populations in Ethiopia: a review." Veterinární Medicína 52, No. 8 (January 7, 2008): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1872-vetmed.
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Ethiopia is one among the nations that possesses the largest number of livestock population in the African continent estimated to be 33 million cattle, 24 million sheep and 18 million goats. In contrast to the huge livestock resource, the livestock productivity is however, found to be very low. The major biological and socio-economical factors attributing to the low productivity includes: the low genetic potential and performance, poor nutrition (in quality and quantity terms), the prevailing of different diseases, traditional way of husbandry systems and inadequate skilled manpower, among others. Ethiopia is one of the African countries where tuberculosis is wide spread in both humans and cattle and the endemic nature of tuberculosis in humans and cattle has long been documented. The disease is considered as one of the major livestock diseases that results in high morbidity and mortality, although the current status on the actual prevalence rate of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) at a national level is yet unknown. Detection of BTB in Ethiopia is carried out most commonly on the basis of tuberculin skin testing, abattoir meat inspection and very rarely on bacteriological techniques. Recently undertaken studies indicated the prevalence rate of BTB with a range of 3.4% (in small holder production system) to 50% (in intensive dairy productions) and a range of 3.5% to 5.2% in slaughterhouses in various places of the country. BTB in cattle remains to be a great concern due to the susceptibility of humans to the disease. The infections mainly take place by drinking raw milk and occur in the extra-pulmonary form, in the cervical lymphadenitis form in particular. The aim of this paper is to review the status of BTB in Ethiopia in relation with the existing animal husbandry systems and abattoir meat inspection surveillances. Control measures, economic impacts and the zoonotic aspect of the disease are also briefly addressed.
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Kożuchowski, Józef. "Ethical responsibilities of man toward animal world. The vision of Robert Spaemann." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 18, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2020.18.5.16.
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The article presents the concept of moral obligations that man has towards animals proposed by Robert Spaemann. Spaemann give reasons for perceiving animal as an object of the law. His analyses present possibilities of solving basic moral questions like for example experiments on animals, animal husbandry, animal slaughter, hunting, interfering into animal's nature and our responsibility for them. Spaemann presents very original arguments for taking care of and responsibility for animals, deriving it from human dignity.
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Kirsanov, V. V., and Yu A. Tsoy. "Trends in the Development of Biotechnical Systems in Animal Husbandry." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 14, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2020-14-3-27-32.
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The concept of biotechnical systems belongs to the class of human-machine systems or human–machine–plant systems, human–machine–animal systems. The latter relate to agriculture and the livestock industry. In agricultural production, biotechnical systems have the properties of bimodality, when there are two or more biological objects, a person as a managing operator and a service object (plants, animals).(Research purpose) The research purpose is in analyzing trends in the development of biomachine and technical systems in order to further intellectualize and digitalize agricultural production.(Materials and methods) There are two approaches in the study of human-machine systems: anthropocentric and machine-centric; the first one assigns a crucial role to the person, the second one – to the machine.(Results and discussion) The article presents the functionality of the Human and Machine subsystems. Part of the functions of the Human operator will gradually be transferred to the Machine, and the Human operator will be transformed into a human Expert and a human User. The article presents a scheme for an intelligent biotechnical system in animal husbandry, and determines the coefficients of adaptation of local automated and robotic biotechnical systems to biological objects. Authors have created a scheme for the functioning of local biotechnical systems in a partially autonomous multi-agent control mode, and identifies criteria for evaluating the functioning of local biotechnical systems.(Conclusions) We need to strengthen the Machine factor on the basis of developing machine-centric models and convert complex three-tier system of biotech in animal husbandry in two-tier with the polarization of the human Expert, human User and Machine–Animal subsystems. The latter absorbs more and more intelligent functions that are passed by a Man, for which it retained control, coordination and management of the entire system.
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Hernández, Marta, David Abad, José María Eiros, and David Rodríguez-Lázaro. "Are Animals a Neglected Transmission Route of SARS-CoV-2?" Pathogens 9, no. 6 (June 18, 2020): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060480.
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Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date. Whereas no one husbandry animal case has been reported to date, which would have significant implications in food safety, companion animals play a role in COVID-19 epidemiology that opens up new questions. There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection. Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient. Besides, the epidemiological evidence for this current pandemic indicates that the spillover to humans was associated with close contact between man and exotic animals, very probably in Chinese wet markets, thus there is a growing general consensus that the exotic animal markets, should be strictly regulated. The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures. Animal management and epidemiological surveillance must be also considered for COVID-19 control, and it can open up new questions regarding COVID-19 epidemiology and the role that animals play in it.
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Rollin, Bernard. "Animal Welfare Across the World." Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research 1, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 146–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25889567-12340008.
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Abstract It is important to stress at the beginning of our discussion the current nature of animal welfare in the US and Europe, because ideas that develop there tend to spread across the world, partly for cultural and partially for economic reasons. Historically, animal welfare was associated with good husbandry, treating the animals well in order to ensure their productivity. Almost until the 20th century, the only articulated social ethic pertaining to animals was a prohibition against deliberate sadistic cruelty. Good husbandry persisted, unfortunately, as an ideal only as long as it was essential for the assurance of productivity. With the rise of the Industrial Revolution, the “ancient contract” represented by husbandry was abandoned in the name of profit. Subsequently, by the 20th century, animal agriculture had become industrialized and dominated by high-technology, allowing the placing of round pegs in square holes, despite some 10,000 years of the ancient husbandry contract. In addition, animal welfare was compromised by the significant rise of animal research in a science that denied any truck with ethics. It must be recalled that despite widespread belief to the contrary among scientists and production agriculturalists, animal welfare is inescapably in part an ethical notion, not strictly a scientific one. In fact, how one views animal welfare ethically determines the shape of the science studying animal welfare, not vice versa. At least in Western societies, the consensus societal ethic will establish the dominant notion of animal welfare, achieved by extending our ethic for humans. While numerous other societies (for example Hindu or Buddhist societies) have excellent theoretical views of animal welfare, they often fail to be instantiated in practice. Latin America also lacks a robust animal ethic.
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Backa, Andreas. "“My Responsibility, My Food”." Ethnologia Fennica 47, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 54–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23991/ef.v47i2.88801.
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This article examines views on meat, slaughter and human-animal relations in the contemporary self-sufficiency trend. The point of departure of the analysis is ethnographic fieldwork and interviews with individuals striving towards becoming more self-sufficient in the region of Ostrobothnia, Finland. The focus is on the interviewees’ narration of their practices and experiences of animal husbandry, and more specifically on the role of affect and body in the killing of animals for human consumption. The material is analysed utilising cultural analysis inspired by phenomenology, and the findings are discussed from the perspective of post-domesticity. The analysis shows how the interviewees negotiate and justify their choices regarding meat, and why they prefer self-sufficiency farming and home slaughter to industrial agriculture and slaughter. This form of small-scale animal husbandry is characterised by affective relationships between bodies, which counteract the processes of post-domestic modernity that generate disconnectedness between animal and human, food and origin, producer and consumer.
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Amory, J. R., G. P. Pearce, A. M. Mackenzie, and M. A. Varley. "Effect of rearing environment on “human approach behaviour” in grower-finisher pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008735.
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The importance of the quality of the human-animal relationship on the productivity and welfare of commercial farm animals is now well established. Previous work in pigs has found negative correlations between productivity and avoidance behaviour of a human subject (Hemsworth et al., 1981). However, other reports have shown no relationship between avoidance behaviour and growth or physiological measures of chronic stress resulting from aversive handling suggesting that other factors may affect this behaviour (Pearce et al., 1989). The present study examined the influence of environmental and husbandry factors on the response to humans in commercially housed grower and finisher pigs.
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Prasad, Acharya Krishna. "Brucellosis in Nepal : A Potential Threat To Public Health Professionals." JMS SKIMS 18, no. 2 (December 20, 2015): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33883/jms.v18i2.263.
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Brucellosis is a prominent zoonotic disease affecting humans and animals which with the lack of proper diagnosis and treatment remains dangerous in third world countries like Nepal. Currently, Brucellosis poses a public health concern, whose incidences among entire herds of animals can present substantial economic and health burdens for herders and health professionals. Additionally, factors such as close contact with animals, poor animal husbandry, unhygienic feeding habits, and pre-existing health problems (e.g. diabetes, sickle-cell anemia) can exacerbate the spread of Brucella and related zoonotic agents. In Nepal, serious cases of bovine and even human brucellosis have been reported, although the topic is yet to be extensively reviewed. This paper evaluates the literatures on human and animal brucellosis in Nepal and other countries, with an emphasis on the impact of Brucella outbreaks on public health professionals. Herein, we summarize the current status of the disease, the mechanism of infection, pathogenesis, zoonotic potential, diagnostic advances, treatment regimens, and the preventive measures that can be adopted in managing human brucellosis in under-developed countries such as Nepal. JMS 2015; 18(2):138-149.
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Kaarlenkaski, Taija, and Annika Lonkila. "In Search of Invisible Cows." Ethnologia Fennica 47, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 27–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23991/ef.v47i2.88774.
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The notion of “invisible cows” has become popular in Finnish dairy production. This concept emerges in a very specific historical context: Increasing herd size, changing technological infrastructure in cowsheds, and the transformation of farmer identities all contribute to a need for more intensified forms of collaborative practices between humans and animals. An invisible cow is healthy, corporally compliant, obedient, easy and collaborative both in its body and behaviour. Invisible cows form a uniform herd in which individual animals require minimal care from farmers. In this paper, we explore how this new ideal is manifested on dairy farms, and how it changes the agencies of both farmers and animals and affects human-animal relationships. We examine the notions of collaboration, resistance and human-animal affection and aim to build links between these concepts. Our discussion of everyday work on dairy farms reveals the unattainability of invisibility. In various ways cattle resist their enactment as see-through members of the herd. Furthermore, invisibility can also be resisted by farmers who embrace their relations with specific animals who fail to stay invisible. Our paper contributes to a more complex understanding of the intertwinement of human and animal agencywithin dairy husbandry and argues that collaborative and resistant practices are always entangled.
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Cooper, Elizabeth E. "Antimicrobials: use in animal husbandry & resistance in humans." Australian Infection Control 5, no. 2 (June 2000): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hi00216.
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Modrzyński, Paweł Mateusz. "Animals in the legal culture of Prussian towns (the 13th–16th centuries): An overview." Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza, no. 23 (December 17, 2019): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/sds.2019.23.08.
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Animals were a permanent element in the landscape of medieval towns. Many residents of the then urban centres lived of animal husbandry. In addition to farm animals (e.g. pigs), they kept domestic animals (e.g. dogs and cats) as well as wild animals. The latter often sought food in garbage and suburbs. Such animals were also kept for entertainment. Authorities of Prussian towns regulated many issues related to the functioning of towns, including those concerning animal husbandry. Animals could pose a threat to the health and life of residents. They were also considered to be pests that destroy crops, orchards, and household appliances. The legislation of the period was focused on determining guilt for crimes and offenses committed by animals. Either an animal, treated as an entity responsible for the harmful act, or its owner was blamed for the misconducts. The presence of animals, especially livestock, was considered to be the cause of considerable sanitary problems in towns, mainly due to animal waste. Town authorities regulated issues concerning cattle herding and grazing. The care over the herd was entrusted to urban shepherds whose service was regulated by town legislation. The problem of the perception of animals by the society of that time was also significant. Although seemingly unwanted, they were the only source of income for many residents. For some, animals were pests, and for others, a guarantee of fragile existence. It was also a time when people began to wonder what exactly an animal is, what role it should play in human life, and how to treat it.
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Stancu, Alina, and Nicolae Suvorov. "Antibiotics: A food safety issue." Western Balkan Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development 2, no. 2 (2020): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/wbjae2002123s.
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Population growth and globalization are currently having many negative effects on the agri-food sector's ability to ensure safe and qualitative food. Use of medicines and chemicals in animal husbandry can considerably increases production and animals' resistance to disease and pests. Elevated levels of exposure to food contaminated with chemical residues from the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry and various growth hormones are very dangerous to human health. They contribute to genetic changes at the cellular level and decreased resistance of the body to viruses and bacteria. Frequent use of antibiotics may result in chemical residues in milk, meat, eggs and honey due to large-scale application of drugs in veterinary practice. In addition to its toxicity, antibiotic residues are carcinogenic and ingested in the long term lead to increased tolerance to medication against human diseases caused by deadly bacteria. Continuous monitoring of the production phase of the agri-food chain is absolutely necessary to identify the risks of contamination and reduce the use of illegal antibiotics in animal husbandry. This research aims to determine the main causes of food contamination with chemical residues and to create an overview of the negative effects that antibiotics have on human health.
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Daigle, Courtney L. "185 Impact of labor issues on animal welfare." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.027.
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Abstract Stockmanship is the physical manifestation of animal welfare, yet producers face challenges in recruiting and retaining stockpeople. The human population is increasingly urban, fewer people are working in agriculture, there is limited awareness in urban communities that stockmanship is a potential occupation, the current agricultural workforce is aging, and smear campaigns present a negative public perception of agricultural animal handling that neither provides an accurate representation of the occupation nor inspires those wanting to work with animals to enter into this profession. Compensation for stockpeople must increase, the workload needs to be critically evaluated, and the pay strategy should change. Stockpeople can become overwhelmed by the number of animals they are responsible for monitoring, they work long hours for little pay, and can suffer from exhaustion and compassion fatigue. These challenges contribute to high turnover rates (up to 35%) in animal operations. When there is a change in stockperson, the animals notice and the human-animal relationship is disrupted. Employee turnover is associated with the loss of institutional knowledge regarding the operation’s infrastructure, standard operating procedures, and the behavior and health history of individual animals. These factors can result in inconsistencies in animal care, and forces the operation to devote more resources to training new personnel. The training period is challenging for the trainer, the trainee, and the animals – particularly regarding euthanasia. A single stockperson can have operation-level consequences on producer profitability, both positively and negatively. We must challenge “folklore husbandry” and begin implementing scientifically supported, economically viable, and professionally executed husbandry practices. The next generation of stockpeople are most likely urban born and proficient in developing and applying new technologies. Rebranding the occupation and highlighting that stockpeople work with animals and technology may increase the attractiveness of this occupation to urbanites that are seeking a career working with animals.
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Creamer, Maggie, and Kristina Horback. "Researching Human-Cattle Interaction on Rangelands: Challenges and Potential Solutions." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 7, 2021): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030725.
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Human-animal interaction (HAI) research spans across many scientific fields and animal taxa. For livestock species, HAI research tends to focus on animals that are managed in close proximity with humans such as poultry, dairy cattle, and swine. Given the nature of rangeland cattle production, HAI research with beef cattle often occurs in and around the processing environment. This high arousal context may skew behavioral and physiological responses by the animals due to the potentially negative interaction. The aim of this review is to describe cattle production on rangelands, examine the considerations and limitations of current HAI research used to evaluate interaction quality or traits of rangeland cattle, identify contexts in which rangeland cattle interact with humans, and provide recommendations for improving future HAI research with rangeland cattle. Current research delineating individual differences in response to humans by beef cattle occur during routine husbandry and management on rangelands (pragmatic) and in a research context (experimental). Human-cattle interactions can be distinguished based on the quality and goal of the interaction into four broad categories: human presence, human approach, human contact, and restraint. Limitations of HAI research with rangeland cattle are identified and reconciled by recommendations for HAI research that can take place outside of the processing environment (i.e., while cattle are ruminating, resting or grazing on rangelands).
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Tang, Xiaoling, and Ting Peng. "Chemical Compound Chemical Treatment in Animal Husbandry." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (November 20, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4263124.
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The acidulant is widely used in the production of animal husbandry, and its use is affected by many factors, including environmental factors, dosage, diet composition, and animal’s own factors, so only the correct use of the acidulant can bring good results in animal production and financial income. This article takes acidifier as an example to study the application of compound chemical treatment in livestock farms. In this paper, the effect of using acidulant in the first 1 to 3 weeks after early weaning of piglets is obvious through this experimental study. The effect gradually decreases after 3 weeks and basically has no effect after 4 weeks. Experimental studies have found that the combination of organic acids, antibiotics, and high copper is the most effective. These three have different functions and have complementary or additive effects. Under harsh feeding conditions, especially when the environmental sanitation and environmental conditions are relatively poor, the effect of acidulants is better than good feeding conditions. Experimental data show that fulvic acid depletes milk’s somatic cells in a short period of time and then quickly activates immune function, which is indicated by the increase in lymphocytes in the blood. When a large number of somatic cells migrate to the breast, the somatic cells in milk will also increase, thereby improving the immunity mediated by human cells. The experimental results show that the BFA formula added 1% to the cattle feed. After the research control of this experiment, the milk output increased by 9–17%, and the quality milk output increased by 19.12%, so the use of acidulant increased feed compensation and reduces gastrointestinal diseases and the reproduction of microorganisms in the rumen of dairy cows.
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Andjelkovic, Jelena, and Vesela Radonjic. "Usage of Intramammary Antimicrobial Veterinary Medicinal Products in The Republic of Serbia from 2011 to 2014." Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjecr-2016-0064.
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Abstract Prudent use of antimicrobial medicine is an imperative in both human and veterinary medicine today. Antibiotic usage in humans and animals has increased over the years, consequently giving rise to antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic microorganisms. Mastitis is one of the most common conditions in bovine species, and intramammary antibacterial medicinal products are used in animal husbandry for mastitis treatment and prophylaxis.This paper presents the quantities of intramammary antibiotics sold in the Republic of Serbia from 2011 to 2014 based on data reported to the Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Serbia by Marketing Authorization Holders. Furthermore, we assessed the number of treated cows and compared those results with the reported total number of cows in the same time period, providing information on animal exposure to particular antibiotics.In 2011 and 2012, beta-lactams were the most commonly used antimicrobials, while beta-lactams in combination with other substances were the most commonly used antibiotics in 2014, with a total of 80,927 treated animals. From 2011 to 2014, 15-25% of cows were treated with intramammary antimicrobials.Bearing in mind the growing importance of antibiotic resistance in humans and animals, these results reveal the scope of the potential human exposure to antibiotics via consumption of the milk of treated cows.
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Chen, Jiashun, Fang Wang, Yexin Yin, and Xiaokang Ma. "The nutritional applications of garlic (Allium sativum) as natural feed additives in animals." PeerJ 9 (August 10, 2021): e11934. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11934.
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Garlic (Allium sativum) is an essential vegetable that has been widely utilized as seasoning, flavoring, culinary and in herbal remedies. Garlic contains several characteristic organosulfur compounds, such as diallyl sulfide, allicin (diallyl thiosulphate), γ-glutamylcysteine, and S-allyl cysteine (alliin) and ajoene, which garlic has beneficial effects on inflammation, oxidative stress markers, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and endothelial function in vitro or in animal model. These bioactive molecules are also playing pivotal role in livestock and fisheries production apart from its application in humans. Supplementation of animal feed with garlic and its related products is consistent with the modern agricultural concept of organic animal husbandry. This review compiles the information describing the effects of feeding garlic and its extracts on selected performance parameters in animals (chicken, rabbits, ruminants, pigs and fish). This review may provide reference for scientists and entrepreneurs to investigate the applications of feeds added with garlic and allicin by-products for the improvement of animal husbandry and aquatic production.
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Zivojinovic, Milena, Ivan Dobrosavljevic, Zoran Kulisic, Sonja Radojicic, Tamara Boskovic, and Budimir Plavsic. "Trichinellosis in Serbia and possibilities to improve control measures." Veterinarski glasnik 73, no. 2 (2019): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl190412018z.
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Background. Trichinellosis is zoonotic disease caused by parasites of the genus Trichinella, which have a cosmopolitan distribution. In the Balkan region, including Serbia, trichinellosis is endemic. Although trichinellosis shows a decreasing incidence in Serbia, this disease remains a serious problem for human health and animal husbandry. Scope and Approach. To prevent and control Trichinella spp. infections in domestic and sylvatic animals, risk analysis for these zoonotic parasites should be conducted. In Serbia, a limited number of Trichinella have been identified to the species level so far. An institutional, multi-sectoral surveillance system, supported by an adequate legal framework for the detection, surveillance, prevention, control and reporting of this infection in animals and humans, harmonised with the EU legislation, is a priority. Key Findings and Conclusions. One of the main goals of the Serbian veterinary and public health services should be progressive improvement of animal rearing practices, food safety, and hunters? and consumers? education through the ?One-health? approach.
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Arotolu, Temitope Emmanuel, Ayodele Olaolu Oladejo, and Ayodeji Moses Arojo. "Host-parasite translocation: A potential source of zoonoses emergence in Nigeria." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 7, no. 17 (2020): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs(2020)071704.
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Zoonoses are infectious diseases that are spread between animals and people. These diseases are transmitted to humans in many ways, such as direct contacts, indirect contacts, vector-borne, foodborne, and inhalation. Translocation and introduction of animals to new geographic regions correspond to increased human global travel and commerce as underlying factors for infectious disease emergence. In this review, we examined some potential notable driving mechanism of zoonosis in Nigeria. The population explodes, and demand for animal products has resulted in the expansion of animal trade, both local and international, animal and human movements, and intensification of livestock production systems. The above mentioned have an indirect role in zoonotic disease distribution. Animal husbandry, wildlife hunting, and hunting with dogs are potential routes of parasite translocation, most notably when infected animals are killed. Zoonotic diseases cause severe economic loss in the pathogenic spoilage of milk, contaminated animal products, carcass quality, weight loss, infertility, and loss of animal population. The cost of disease control decreases in household income due to a reduction in livestock/product sales. Also, consumption impacts due to reduced food availability, increased household vulnerability where livestock is used as a risk-coping mechanism, and effects on household finance, which influences household savings. Our suggestions for future effective zoonoses control include, an improved surveillance system, well-structured quarantine services, institutionalized one health approach, public enlightenment, interdisciplinary research, and ultimately a strict conservation rules and regulation may be turned into law to avoid transmission of Zoonosis through the consumption of wild animal which is most reservoir of causative pathogen.
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Pykälä, Juha. "Mitigating Human Effects on European Biodiversity through Traditional Animal Husbandry." Conservation Biology 14, no. 3 (June 2000): 705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99119.x.
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Knoblaugh, Sue E., Tobias M. Hohl, and Krista M. D. La Perle. "Pathology Principles and Practices for Analysis of Animal Models." ILAR Journal 59, no. 1 (2018): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilz001.
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Abstract Over 60% of NIH extramural funding involves animal models, and approximately 80% to 90% of these are mouse models of human disease. It is critical to translational research that animal models are accurately characterized and validated as models of human disease. Pathology analysis, including histopathology, is essential to animal model studies by providing morphologic context to in vivo, molecular, and biochemical data; however, there are many considerations when incorporating pathology endpoints into an animal study. Mice, and in particular genetically modified models, present unique considerations because these modifications are affected by background strain genetics, husbandry, and experimental conditions. Comparative pathologists recognize normal pathobiology and unique phenotypes that animals, including genetically modified models, may present. Beyond pathology, comparative pathologists with research experience offer expertise in animal model development, experimental design, optimal specimen collection and handling, data interpretation, and reporting. Critical pathology considerations in the design and use of translational studies involving animals are discussed, with an emphasis on mouse models.
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Tyrrell, Ciara, Catherine M. Burgess, Fiona P. Brennan, and Fiona Walsh. "Antibiotic resistance in grass and soil." Biochemical Society Transactions 47, no. 1 (February 19, 2019): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20180552.
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Abstract Antibiotic resistance is currently one of the greatest threats to human health. The global overuse of antibiotics in human medicine and in agriculture has resulted in the proliferation and dissemination of a multitude of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Despite a large proportion of antibiotics being used in agriculture, little is understood about how this may contribute to the overall antibiotic resistance crisis. The use of manure in agriculture is a traditional and widespread practice and is essential for returning nutrients to the soil; however, the impact of continuous manure application on the environmental microbiome and resistome is unknown. The use of antibiotics in animal husbandry in therapeutic and sub-therapeutic doses creates a selective pressure for ARGs in the gut microbiome of the animal, which is then excreted in the faeces. Therefore, the application of manure to agricultural land is a potential route for the transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from livestock to crops, animals and humans. It is of vital importance to understand the mechanisms behind ARG enrichment and its maintenance both on the plant and within the soil microbiome to mitigate the spread of this resistance to animals and humans. Understanding this link between human health, animal health, plant health and the environment is crucial to inform implementation of new regulations and practice regarding antibiotic use in agriculture and manure application, aimed at ensuring the antibiotic resistance crisis is not aggravated.
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Çelikyürek, Hasan, and Kadir Karakuş. "Ekolojik Hayvancılıkta Bilgisayar Teknolojisi Kullanımının Önemi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 13 (December 29, 2017): 1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i13.1750-1756.1602.
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Ecological livestock is a production method which allows all kinds of natural behaviors to be shown, fed with ecological feeds, in order to increase efficiency additives are not used, healthier products are offered to consumers, is sensitive to environmental awareness and animal rights. Especially in recent times, livestock sector has been in demand due to significantly increase of demand for ecological products. Main purpose of ecological agriculture is maintaining production optimization in the life chain between soil, plants, animals and humans healthfully. For this purpose, it is necessary that computer technology should be used at every stage of ecological animal husbandry. Although family-run businesses are in the forefront nowadays, computer technology is not utilized sufficiently. Consequently, information cannot be recorded regularly at every stage of breeding by them. Essential automation system is accompanied by record keeping system that is obligatory and necessary for ecological animal husbandry. Utilizing computer technologies will be crucial in terms of effective use of livestock organizations, creation of ecological animal production policies and strategies, and more active involvement in production planning.
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Ovchinnikov, R. S., А. V. Kapustin, A. I. Laishevtsev, and V. A. Savinov. "MYCOTOXINS AND MYCOTOXICOSES OF ANIMALS AS AN ACTUAL PROBLEM OF AGRICULTURE." Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology 1, no. 1 (2018): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.201801020.
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Mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses represent an actual problem for various fields of agriculture – cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, fish farming. Mycotoxins (MT) cause harm to the health of animals and enormous economic damage, products of animal husbandry contaminated with mycotoxins can pose a threat to human health. This problem is important from the point of view of providing food and fodder security of the country.
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Vucinic, Marijana, Jelena Nedeljkovic-Trailovic, Sasa Trailovic, Sasa Ivanovic, Mirjana Milovanovic, and Dejan Krnjaic. "Possibility for use essential oils in veterinary medicine and animal husbandry with special emphasis on oregano oil." Veterinarski glasnik 66, no. 5-6 (2012): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl1206407v.
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The paper reviews the latest studies on possible applications of oregano essential oil in veterinary medicine and animal livestock production. The first part of the paper deals with the definition of essential oils, possibilities for their extraction from plants, possibilities for their application in human and veterinary medicine, the interest of a science in essential oils, and, essential oils classification based on their use in human and veterinary medicine. The second part of the review deals with the properties of oregano essential oil, its main active principles, carvacrol and thymol and its application in veterinary medicine and animal livestock production. Oregano essential oil may be applied in animal feed, in the treatment of coccidiosis of domestic animals and candidiasis. It can be applied as a larvicide, repellent, insecticide and acaricide. It is used in aquaculture to treat fish diseases caused by bacteria and parasites or in the hatchery industry as a disinfectant for eggs or for disinfection of manure. The greatest potential of oregano essential oil is the possibility of its application in organic agriculture and organic animal husbandry.
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Meuser, Verena, Leonie Weinhold, Sonja Hillemacher, and Inga Tiemann. "Welfare-Related Behaviors in Chickens: Characterization of Fear and Exploration in Local and Commercial Chicken Strains." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030679.
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Fear and exploration are crucial traits determining how animals behave in novel situations, and thus, they influence animal welfare. The aim of this study was the characterization of these behavioral traits among different strains to identify interesting alternatives for future poultry production. Whereas the Novel Object Test (NOT) focuses on fear and exploration of novel objects, the Avoidance Distance Test (ADT) addresses this in the context of humans. Here, a commercial hybrid line, a dual-purpose hybrid and a local adapted strain were tested. For the differences between strains and development of fear, Lohmann Brown (n = 714), Lohmann Dual (n = 844) and Rhinelander (n = 458) were observed weekly until maturity. Results show that fear and exploration towards unknown objects and humans are breed-specific (all p < 0.01). Additionally, development of fear in NOT and ADT differed between all three strains (both p < 0.01). The expressions of fear of humans or objects should be regarded as characteristics adapted for different husbandry systems and breeding goals, e.g., high exploratory behavior in aviary or high avoidance of predators in free-ranging husbandry or at least a balanced ratio between fear and exploration. Characterization of behavioral traits among different strains, understanding diversity and integrating these behaviors into future breeding and husbandry systems might reflect the need to preserve local strains and the potential to improve animal welfare.
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Tschopp, Rea, Ashenafi Gebregiorgis, Yayehyirad Tassachew, Henok Andualem, Mahlet Osman, Mulugeta Waji Waqjira, Jan Hattendorf, et al. "Integrated human-animal sero-surveillance of Brucellosis in the pastoral Afar and Somali regions of Ethiopia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): e0009593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009593.
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Background Brucellosis is widespread in Ethiopia with variable reported prevalence depending on the geographical area, husbandry practices and animal species. However, there is limited information on the disease prevalence amongst pastoral communities, whose life is intricately linked with their livestock. Methodology We conducted an integrated human-animal brucellosis sero-surveillance study in two adjacent pastoral regions, Afar and Somali region (SRS). This cross-sectional study included 13 woredas (districts) and 650 households. Blood samples were collected from people and livestock species (cattle, camel, goats and sheep). Sera were analyzed with C-ELISA for camels and shoats (sheep and goats), with I-ELISA for cattle and IgG ELISA for humans. Descriptive and inferential statistics analyses were performed. Results A total of 5469 sera were tested by ELISA. Prevalence of livestock was 9.0% in Afar and 8.6% in SRS (ranging from 0.6 to 20.2% at woreda level). In humans, prevalence was 48.3% in Afar and 34.9% in SRS (ranging from 0.0 to 74.5% at woreda level). 68.4% of all households in Afar and 57.5% of households in SRS had at least one animal reactor. Overall, 4.1% of animals had a history of abortion. The proportion of animals with abortion history was higher in seropositive animals than in seronegative animals. Risk factor analysis showed that female animals were significantly at higher risk of being reactors (p = 0.013). Among the species, cattle had the least risk of being reactors (p = 0.014). In humans, there was a clear regional association of disease prevalence (p = 0.002). The older the people, the highest the odds of being seropositive. Conclusion Brucellosis is widespread in humans and animals in pastoral communities of Afar and SRS with the existence of geographical hotspots. No clear association was seen between human and particular livestock species prevalence, hence there was no indication as whether B. abortus or B. melitensis are circulating in these areas, which warrants further molecular research prior to embarking on a national control programs. Such programs will need to be tailored to the pastoral context.
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Hedman, Hayden D., Karla A. Vasco, and Lixin Zhang. "A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance in Poultry Farming within Low-Resource Settings." Animals 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081264.
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The emergence, spread, and persistence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remain a pressing global health issue. Animal husbandry, in particular poultry, makes up a substantial portion of the global antimicrobial use. Despite the growing body of research evaluating the AMR within industrial farming systems, there is a gap in understanding the emergence of bacterial resistance originating from poultry within resource-limited environments. As countries continue to transition from low- to middle income countries (LMICs), there will be an increased demand for quality sources of animal protein. Further promotion of intensive poultry farming could address issues of food security, but it may also increase risks of AMR exposure to poultry, other domestic animals, wildlife, and human populations. Given that intensively raised poultry can function as animal reservoirs for AMR, surveillance is needed to evaluate the impacts on humans, other animals, and the environment. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of poultry production within low-resource settings in order to inform future small-scale poultry farming development. Future research is needed in order to understand the full extent of the epidemiology and ecology of AMR in poultry within low-resource settings.
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Porcher, Jocelyne, Florence Cousson-Gélie, and Robert Dantzer. "Affective Components of the Human-Animal Relationship in Animal Husbandry: Development and Validation of a Questionnaire." Psychological Reports 95, no. 1 (August 2004): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.1.275-290.
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The aim of the present study was to identify the main dimensions of the human-animal relationship in animal husbandry and to test the hypothesis of a coherent system linking attitudes and feelings. A second objective was to assess interin-dividual differences which could be linked to socioenvironmental or personal factors. The 26-item questionnaire was administered to 197 animal farmers (143 men, 54 women, 3.8% under 25 years old, 45.2% under 40 years, 44.2% under 60 years and 7.1% over 60 years). To include even farmers not in the official agricultural registries, we used a random selection procedure. A principal component analysis of responses followed by varimax rotation yielded two factors accounting for 30.7% of the total variance, a Friendship factor and a Power relationship factor. Significant differences on the Friendship factor were observed between groups by sex of farmers, education, size of the production system, and region of production. There were also differences on the Power relationship factor between groups by age and education. These results validate a questionnaire with 21 items, allowing measurement of positive and negative affects of farmers towards their animals.
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Traoré, Souleymane, Richard B. Yapi, Kadiatou Coulibaly, Coletha Mathew, Gilbert Fokou, Rudovick R. Kazwala, Bassirou Bonfoh, and Rianatou Bada Alambedji. "Seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants and related risk behaviours among humans in different husbandry systems in Mali." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): e0245283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245283.
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Mali has a high pastoral potential with diverse coexisting production systems ranging from traditional (nomadic, transhumant, sedentary) to commercial (fattening and dairy production) production systems. Each of those systems is characterised by close interactions between animals and humans, increasing the potential risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases. The nature of contact network suggests that the risks may vary according to species, production systems and behaviors. However, the study of the link between small ruminants and zoonotic diseases has received limited attention in Mali. The objective of this study was to assess brucellosis seroprevalence and determine how the husbandry systems and human behaviour expose animal and human to infection risk. A cross-sectional study using cluster sampling was conducted in three regions in Mali. Blood was collected from 860 small ruminants. The sera obtained were analysed using both Rose Bengal and cELISA tests. In addition, 119 farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire in order to identify the characteristics of farms as well as the risk behaviors of respondents. Husbandry systems were dominated by agro-pastoral systems followed by pastoral systems. The commercial farms (peri-urban and urban) represent a small proportion. Small ruminant individual seroprevalence was 4.1% [2.8–5.6% (95% CI)]. Herd seroprevalence was estimated at 25.2% [17.7–33.9% (95% CI)]. Peri-urban farming system was more affected with seroprevalence of 38.1% [18.1–61.5 (95% CI)], followed by pastoral farming system (24.3% [11.7–41.2 (95% CI)]). Identified risk behaviors of brucellosis transmission to animals were: exchange of reproductive males (30.2%); improper disposal of placentas in the farms (31.1%); and keeping aborted females in the herd (69.7%). For humans, risk factors were: close and prolonged contact with animals (51.2%); consumption of unpasteurized dairy products (26.9%); and assisting female animals during delivery without any protection (40.3%). This study observed a high seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants and also identified risky practices that allow cross transmission between the two populations. This calls for control strategy using a multi-sectoral and multidimensional approach.
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Cornish, Amelia, Andrew Fisher, Teresa Collins, Chris Degeling, Rafael Freire, Susan Hazel, Jennifer Hood, et al. "Ranking of Production Animal Welfare and Ethics Issues in Australia and New Zealand by Veterinary Students." Veterinary Sciences 5, no. 3 (July 12, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci5030065.
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The importance of animal welfare and ethics (AWE) within the veterinary education should reflect community concerns and expectations about AWE, and the professional demands of veterinary accreditation on the first day of practice (or ‘Day One’ competences). Currently, much interest and debate surrounds the treatment of production animals, particularly around live export. To explore the attitudes to AWE of veterinary students in Australia and New Zealand, a survey was undertaken to (i) understand what students consider important AWE topics for initial production animal competence; and (ii) ascertain how these priorities correlated with gender, area of intended practice and stage-of-study. The results from 575 veterinary students showed that all students ranked strategies to address painful husbandry procedures as the most important issues on their first day in production animal practice. Additionally, it was found that the importance students assigned to an understanding of human–animal interactions declined as they progressed through the veterinary course. In contrast, the importance of an understanding of euthanasia issues for production animals increased for male students as they progressed through the course, and remained consistently high in females. Females also gave higher ranking to the importance of understanding production animal stress associated with transport, and ranked strategies to address painful husbandry procedures more important than did males. These findings should help the development of AWE teaching resources that address students’ attitudes and competence and that can be delivered when students are most receptive.
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Lai, Chung-Hsu, Lin-Li Chang, Jiun-Nong Lin, Ming-Huei Liao, Shyh-Shyan Liu, Hsu-Hsun Lee, Hsi-Hsun Lin, and Yen-Hsu Chen. "Association of Human Q Fever with Animal Husbandry, Taiwan, 2004–2012." Emerging Infectious Diseases 21, no. 12 (December 2015): 2217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2112.141997.
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Alayande, Kazeem Adekunle, Olayinka Ayobami Aiyegoro, and Collins Njie Ateba. "Probiotics in Animal Husbandry: Applicability and Associated Risk Factors." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031087.
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Probiotics have been emerging as a safe and viable alternative to antibiotics for increasing performance in livestock. Literature was collated via retrieved information from online databases, viz, PubMed, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Besides improved immunomodulation and nutrient digestibility, in-feed probiotics have shown drastic reductions in gastrointestinal tract-invading pathogens. However, every novel probiotic strain cannot be assumed to share historical safety with conventional strains. Any strain not belonging to the wild-type distributions of relevant antimicrobials, or found to be harbouring virulence determinants, should not be developed further. Modes of identification and the transmigration potential of the strains across the gastrointestinal barrier must be scrutinized. Other potential risk factors include the possibility of promoting deleterious metabolic effects, excessive immune stimulation and genetic stability of the strains over time. Adverse effects of probiotics could be strain specific, depending on the prevailing immunological and physiological condition of the host. The most crucial concern is the stability of the strain. Probiotics stand a good chance of replacing antibiotics in animal husbandry. The possibility of the probiotics used in animal feed cross-contaminating the human food chain cannot be downplayed. Thus, the established safety measures in probiotic development must be adhered to for a successful global campaign on food safety and security.
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Abe, Kaoru, Miyoko Waki, Kazuyoshi Suzuki, Masahiro Kasuya, Ryouji Suzuki, Sunao Itahashi, and Kenji Banzai. "Estimation of Zn and Cu unit output loads from animal husbandry facilities." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.224.
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Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are toxic to aquatic organisms at very low concentrations that do not affect humans. We measured the daily output of Zn and Cu in wastewater from livestock farms to aquatic environments because waste from animal husbandry operations contains high levels of Zn and Cu. At most pig farms in Japan, a mixture of urine, some faeces, and service water is treated in onsite wastewater treatment facilities and discharged into a water body. Some dairy farms also have wastewater treatment facilities. We surveyed 21 pig farms and six dairy farms. The unit (i.e., per head) output load from piggery wastewater treatment facilities ranged from 0.13 to 17.8 mg/head/d for Zn and from 0.15 to 9.4 mg/head/d for Cu. Over 70% of pig farms had unit output loads of Zn and Cu below 6 and 2 mg/head/d, respectively. For dairy farms, the unit output load from wastewater treatment facilities was estimated at 1.8–3.6 mg/head/d for Zn and 0.6 mg/head/d for Cu. The unit output load for Zn from piggery wastewater treatment facilities was similar to that from treatment facilities for human waste. However, pig farms generally raise several thousand to tens of thousands of pigs; pig farms are therefore presumed to be a significant point source of Zn in rural areas.
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Zakharova, Lyubov L., Georgiy A. Zhorov, Vasiliy I. Dorozhkin, Viktor N. Obryvin, and Natalya A. Brichko. "Detoxication agents and technologies for animal husbandry under conditions of anthropogenic pollution." BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700018.
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The impact of human economic activity on the environment is increasingly taking the form of combined pollution with various ecotoxicants including xenobiotics of radiation (caesium-137, strontium-90) and chemical (mercury, cadmium, lead and other toxic elements) nature. Today, this is one of the most urgent and insufficiently studied scientific problems. At current levels of systematic intake and accumulation of ecotoxicants in the body of productive animals, various anthropogenic and environmental organopathologies and diseases develop, and the risk of obtaining products that are dangerous to the consumer increases. In this regard, in the conditions of combined technogenic pollution of agroecosystems, it is necessary to solve the problem of ensuring the production of safe and biologically complete livestock products and maintaining the health and useful qualities of farm animals. The article presents the results of research on the development of compositions and technologies for the use of sorption-detoxifying complexes in the form of feed additives to reduce the accumulation and negative effects of ecotoxicants on the animal body and ensure the production of safe products.