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1
Drandova, Gergana I. "Temperature, humidity, and bias acceleration model for a GaAs pHEMT process." Microelectronics Reliability 55, no. 12 (December 2015): 2511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2015.09.027.
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Siswoyo, Siswoyo, Trio F. Nugroho, Zulfikar Zulfikar, and Agus Subekti. "ELECTROPOLYMERISATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF DOPED-POLYPYRROLE AS HUMIDITY SENSOR." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 2 (June 14, 2010): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21759.
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A new type of sensing materials for humidity measurement has been developed based on conducting polymer polypyrrole synthesised from pyrrole by adding some dopant compounds, bromide and chloride, it is prepared by potentiodynamic-electropolymerisation technique. Variation of dopant types and concentration has been carried out in order to investigate the effect of this variation to the change of polymeric conductivity when interacting with water vapour. Polypyrrole-Cl (Ppy-Cl) and polypyrrole-Br (Ppy-Br) exhibit a good principal characteristic as sensor candidate namely responding proportionally to humidly variation ranging 30% - 90% relative humidity. Characterisation test for the sensor candidates has been carried out for evaluating their linearity respond toward humidity, their stability in certain period and their reproducibility in some tests. The results show that Ppy-Cl and Ppy-Br showing good linearity respond with R value in a range of 0.95 - 0.99. Their reproducibility and sensitivity were relatively good, however their respond stability were only last in few days. The stability probably is related to the stability of resulted polymeric structure that very affected by synthesis process and dopant used. It is necessary to extend the use of other dopant materials and changing the synthesis process in order to improve sensor stability. In other hand it is also necessary to characterise other performance characteristic of the sensor namely response time, and interference effect of some volatile chemicals and other gases. Keywords: polypyrrole, potentiodynamic, electropolymerisation, humidity sensor and conducting polymer
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Yan, Xueru, Alexandre Favard, Stéphane Anguille, Marc Bendahan, and Philippe Moulin. "Effects of Operating Parameters on Ionic Liquid Membrane to Remove Humidity in a Green Continuous Process." Membranes 9, no. 5 (May 24, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9050065.
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Membrane processes are promising methods to separate gases from feed streams without phase changing. A hybrid process, the combination of ionic liquids with a ceramic membrane (ILM), has been developed for humidity removal in a green continuous process. This new concept provides a more efficient and available ionic liquid (IL)-based membrane regeneration process, which just switches the moist feed stream to dry air. Furthermore, the ILM presents high stability and mechanical resistance during long-time operation. In addition, the influences of several operating parameters, including flow rate, temperature, absolute pressure, and feed concentration on process efficiency were investigated. The lower inlet flow rate was found to be favorable for drying humid air. Moreover, when the pressure increased, the mass of absorbed water was increased, while the feed concentration had no significant effects on the membrane separation performance. However, the operating temperature had a great effect on humidity removal. It is necessary to note that the processes at room temperature can limit the energy consumption. The absorbing process of ILM remained efficient after several absorption desorption cycles. Therefore, the new ILM hybrid process that has been developed has great potential for consecutive humidity removal processes.
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Janicka, Ewa, Michal Mielniczek, Lukasz Gawel, and Kazimierz Darowicki. "Optimization of the Relative Humidity of Reactant Gases in Hydrogen Fuel Cells Using Dynamic Impedance Measurements." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 3038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113038.
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Water management is a key factor affecting the efficiency of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The currently used monitoring methods of PEMFCs provide limited information about which processes or components that humidity has a significant impact upon. Herein, we propose the use of a novel approach of impedance measurements using a multi-sinusoidal perturbation signal, which enables impedance measurements under dynamic operating conditions. The manuscript presents the effect of the relative humidity (RH) of the reactants on the instantaneous impedance of the middle cell in the PEMFC stack as a function of the current load. Analysis of changes in the values of equivalent circuit elements was carried out to determine which process determines the stack’s performance depending on the load range of the fuel cell during operation. Comprehensive impedance analysis showed that to ensure optimal cell operation, the humidity of the reactants should be adjusted depending on the load level. The results showed that at low-current loads, the humidity of gases should be at least 50%, while at high-current loads, the cell should operate optimally at a gas humidity of 30% or lower. The presented methodology provides an important tool for optimizing and monitoring the operation of fuel cells.
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Miri Adigozalova, Dursun, and Turay Fakhraddin Isgandarov. "Optimum silkworm feeding rates." NATURE AND SCIENCE 02, no. 03 (May 8, 2020): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/03/30-34.
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The article notes that non-regulation of temperature and relative humidity in silkworm feeds can lead to malnutrition, digestive disorders, edema and inhibition of growth, as well as to a number of diseases. To avoid this, the heat in the greenhouse should be adjusted according to optimal temperature norms. In the first years I-II-III the average temperature in the greenhouse is 25.5° C, in IV-23.5 ° C, in V-24 ° C. Normal relative humidity should be adjusted during feeding in the greenhouse to avoid the above. In the first I-II-III years it is normal when the relative humidity in the greenhouse is 70%, in the IV age 70% and in the V age 65%. If the temperature and humidity are not in the normal range during the cocoon transition process, the turnover breaks, resulting in loss of product. The normal temperature during the cocoon transition process should be 23.50 C and the relative humidity should be 65%. One of the main factors affecting the yield of silkworms is the correct regulation of field norms at different ages. If an age-appropriate area is not created, the silkworm becomes ill, leading to malnutrition. Normal field units (per 1 box of silkworms) were assigned at different ages: I year-2.5 m2, II year 6-7 m2, III year 15-17 m2, IV year 30-35 m2, V year 55-60 m2. The amount of greenhouse gases, the flow rate and the volume of air should be normal during feeding in the greenhouse. Therefore, the greenhouse air must be changed frequently during feeding. The presence of toxic gases, such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, is unacceptable. The speed or lack of airflow is harmful to the silkworm. During feeding, the airflow rate is 0.1 m/s. When feeding of silkworms is applying in accordance with established norms, biological and technological indicators of silkworms are high. Key words: Bombyxi mori, silk, temperature, relative humidity
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Fitriyah, Qoriatul, Muhammad Prihadi Eko Wahyudi, and Markus Grömping. "Calibration of Relative Humidity with Artificial Mass Method in Biogas Plant." JURNAL INTEGRASI 13, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/ji.v13i1.2025.
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Biogas plant needs to be given specific amount of relative humidity setting in order to make it work optimally. It is one major factors of gas waste adsorption through final process of activated carbon in biogas plant, especially for hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is a side gas appeared in biogas plant which has to be removed by various processes, including the presence of activated carbon filter that usually appeared on last stage of biomass filtration process which is poisonous and corrosive to the metal parts. Today, air humidity gauges have been found quite a lot on the market. However, how accurate the device is, needs to be further proven in the laboratory, especially when the gauges have to face corrosive gases such as this H2S. Therefore, calibration for cheap and efficient relative humidity measurement is very necessary. The method will use comparison between RH reading and RH calculation based on parameters of plant settings in the form of gas composition mixture, flow duration, pressure, volumetric flow rate, and temperature. This paper will discuss how to calculate and measure calibration for relative humidity that is practical, simple and does not cost much so that it is expected to be used for low-funding research in biogas plant.
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Sychevskii, V. A. "Modeling of the technological process of convective drying of lumber." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Physical-Technical Series 63, no. 4 (January 12, 2019): 424–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2018-63-4-424-434.
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A calculation of the technological process of lumber drying in convection drying chamber of periodic action is presented. For this purpose, a three-dimensional geometric model of a drying chamber with a lumber pile is developed. A physico-mathematical model describing the processes of heat and mass transfer both in the drying agent and in the stack is presented. The three-dimensional geometry of the problem was taken into account by using the Ansys Fluent package. The process of mass transfer in wood was described on the basis of User-Defined Function and User-Defined Scalar. The result of calculation of a specific technological regime of drying of stack from pine sawn timber is given, which allowed finding detailed spatial distributions and temporary changes of the temperature and humidity fields for the drying agent and wood. On their basis, graphs of the time variation of the mean values are plotted. The nonlinearity and interrelationship of the processes of heat and mass transfer in a convective drying chamber leads to unsteadiness of the drying process. So, during the warm-up stage, it is not possible to avoid moisture removal from the lumber. At the drying stages, the unsteadiness leads to an oscillatory character of changes of the temperature, the mass fraction of vapour and the relative humidity of air in the gaps between the wood boards at the intensive heat input. Therefore, it is necessary to take additional procedures to keep the drying agent parameters constant at the drying stages. The obtained results can be used for the design of drying chambers and the development of drying regimes of lumber based on the mathematical modeling and computational experiment.
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Darie, Marius, Dănuţ-Nicolae Grecea, and Cosmin-Ioan Colda. "Threshold alarm tests of electrical devices for the detection of combustible gases in domestic premises." MATEC Web of Conferences 305 (2020): 00085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030500085.
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The paper describes a measuring system for testing of the combustible gases detectors used in domestic premises. The general requirements are presented for the electrical equipment used in gas detection. A theoretic analytical model is proposed for measuring the test gas concentration and assessing the influence of air humidity. The requirements considered for designing the measuring system are presented for the experimental setup. The presented assembly structure was tested and the results were presented. Consequently, the measurement uncertainty was determined. It was found that the use of a high precision oxygen analyzer is reliable in the process of calibration testing. It was also found that the variation of relative humidity during the measurement influences the gas concentration measured.
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Shikina, N. V., S. R. Khairulin, N. A. Rudina, T. N. Teryaeva, E. S. Mikhaylova, and Z. R. Ismagilov. "Investigation of the Sorption Properties of Ore Materials for the Removal of Sulfur Dioxide from Exhaust Flue Gases of Power Plants." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 17, no. 2 (October 22, 2015): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj204.
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The prospects of using a natural material – ferromanganese nodules (FMN) from<br />the Gulf of Finland – as the SO2 adsorbent are discussed. The starting material was<br />studied as pellets and powder using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, XRD, BET,<br />and mechanical strength analysis; dependences of physicochemical parameters of<br />the material on heat treatment at 100-1000 ºC were found. FMN samples were tested in the process of SO2 sorption. The sorptive capacity of FMN samples for SO2 was found to increase with humidity of adsorbents; FMN samples with a humidity above 40% were shown to be promising for the removal of sulfur dioxide from gases.
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Huber, Christof, Maria Pilar Pina, Juan José Morales, and Alexandre Mehdaoui. "A Multiparameter Gas-Monitoring System Combining Functionalized and Non-Functionalized Microcantilevers." Micromachines 11, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11030283.
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The aim of the study is to develop a compact, robust and maintenance free gas concentration and humidity monitoring system for industrial use in the field of inert process gases. Our multiparameter gas-monitoring system prototype allows the simultaneous measurement of the fluid physical properties (density, viscosity) and water vapor content (at ppm level) under varying process conditions. This approach is enabled by the combination of functionalized and non-functionalized resonating microcantilevers in a single sensing platform. Density and viscosity measuring performance is evaluated over a wide range of gases, temperatures and pressures with non-functionalized microcantilevers. For the humidity measurement, microporous Y-type zeolite and mesoporous silica MCM48 are evaluated as sensing materials. An easily scalable functionalization method to high-throughput production is herein adopted. Experimental results with functionalized microcantilevers exposed to water vapor (at ppm level) indicate that frequency changes cannot be attributed to a mass effect alone, but also stiffness effects dependent on adsorption of water and working temperature must be considered. To support this hypothesis, the mechanical response of such microcantilevers has been modelled considering both effects and the simulated results validated by comparison against experimental data.
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Faia, Pedro M., Mario J. Santos, and C. S. Furtado. "Humidity ITO Thick Film Sensing Behaviour Investigated by Impedance Spectroscopy." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.315.
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With the study of composite materials based on the In2O3-SnO2 pair, we look for better sensitivity and selectivity to the gases, than those of the sensors made out of only one of those metal oxides. This would be due to the fact that some of the interstitial positions that were initially occupied by the atoms of one of the metals are now occupied by atoms of the other metal: if the single covalent/ionic adsorption is decisive in the observed changes in the materials conductivity, then the electronegativity of the occupying metal atoms may be used to regulate the sensitivity and selectivity. We will present the results obtained for a film obtained by sol-gel method and deposited using a slow spin coating process, of the In2O3-SnO2 pair, with a 2:3 mol ratio of Indium and Tin, respectively. The rather involved behaviour of our sample is understood by measuring their complex impedance subjected to an external sinusoidal varying electric field, which is being applied in the presence of different relative humidities, at various working temperatures. The main goal of this work here described is the study of the relative humidity influence on the sensing properties of the composite thick film.
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Abrokwah, Jon, John Stanback, Jerry Wang, Molly Johnson, and Chi L. Jiaa. "Moisture Reliability Improvement of a High Performance Depletion Mode 0.15 um Gate PHEMT Process." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2013, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 000050–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2013-ta24.
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Moisture reliability of a 0.15-um gate PHEMT technology for mm-wave applications was investigated. The PHEMT technology is fabricated with a deep UV optical lithography, and typically exhibits transconductance of ~550 mS/mm and fT of ~90 GHz. Moisture reliability, THBL or BHAST performed at 85% relative humidity, and 95 °C, or 130 °C and 85% RH, respectively, initially showed failures up to 70%, under various process splits. Extensive failure analysis pointed to a number of mechanisms contributing to failure, the key culprit being moisture ingress, enabled by poor quality of SiN, stresses, seams, and voids in the passivation dielectric around the gate topology. Moisture penetrated the SiN to GaAs surface through seams in the dielectric around the gate or regions of high local stress such as gate feeds and ends. A corrosion process ensued with the applied voltage bias on the device drain and gate during the THBL or BHAST environmental stress, leading to GaAs oxidation, metal migration and shorts. By designing the gate topology appropriately, failures were reduced to the range of 0–3.4 %. Further, using a BCB overcoat, failures were completely eliminated.
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Holtzer, M., A. Kmita, S. Żymankowska-Kumon, A. Bobrowski, and R. Dańko. "Influence of the Hardener on the Emission of Harmful Substances from Moulding Sands with Furan Resin in the Pyrolysis Process." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0012.
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Abstract The furan resin offers advantages such as high intensity, low viscosity, good humidity resistance and is suitable for cast different casting alloys: steel, cast iron and non-ferrous metal casting. For hardening furan resins are used different hardeners (acid catalysts). The acid catalysts have significant effects on the properties of the cured binder (e,g. binding strength and thermal stability) [1 - 3]. Investigations of the gases emission in the test foundry plant were performed according to the original method developed in the Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH UST. The analysis is carried out by the gas chromatography method with the application of the flame-ionising detector (FID) (TRACE GC Ultra THERMO SCIENTIFIC).
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Lupu, Diana-Andreea, and Dan-Paul Stefanescu. "Natural gas hydrates vs. induced dysfunctions in the hydrocarbon extraction process." MATEC Web of Conferences 343 (2021): 09004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134309004.
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Cantoned fluids in porous-permeable or fractured media of reservoirs have acquired during the geological time special properties. The fluids from the reservoir could be or not a mixture of reservoir water, liquid hydrocarbons and gaseous hydrocarbons. Considering if inside of a reservoir there are two types of substances like natural gas and reservoir water which may be in the form of vaporous than the condition of saturation of gases with water vaporous is fulfilled. This process is taking place due to thermodynamic equilibrium resulting the so-called gas humidity. This state corroborated with a certain chemical composition plus favourable values of pressure and temperature may be decisive in the appearance of hydrates. In this scientific paper they will be presented from a theoretical and practical point of view the favourable conditions of gas hydrates appearance and the specific ways of inhibiting the formation of this compounds. A case study in which through modelling and numerical simulation of the behaviour of a productive natural gas well will provide a series of data related to this phenomenon. The specific modelling and numerical simulation was adapted to the conditions of formation and subsequently the elimination of the appearance of hydrates.
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Sikun, M. "IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE FEATURES OF PREPARATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF FEED IN GROUPS ON THE MAIN INDICATORS OF MICROCLIMATE IN GROUPS OF FARROWING OLD PIGLETS FROM ONE TO THREE MONTHS." Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine, no. 123 (2020): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32900/2312-8402-2020-123-156-166.
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It is known that pig farming is a traditional agricultural industry in Ukraine, which has a great potential. The main technological process at pig farms is the process of preparing and distributing animal feed. The success of the entire production depends on the perfection of these processes. Zoo-hygienic parameters of livestock buildings (speed, temperature and relative humidity, the level of harmful gases – ammonia and carbon dioxide, illumination) are important for ensuring the health and development of pig productivity. The influence of technological and design features of the preparation and distribution of feed in groups on the basic parameters of the microclimate in group stalls for pigs that will improve animal welfare. As these features, a technological line was developed, which made it possible to supply feed simultaneously to all three machines of the experimental group, in one working stroke. Wet feed into the buckets of the feed line was loaded based on its delivery in one pass of the distributor. Studies showed that 30 days after the start of the production test, the average air temperature in the pigsty was +24,13 °C and was the same for piglets of all experimental groups. The relative humidity in the machine where the control group № 1 was located was 1,3 % higher for the humidity in the machine tool of animals in the control group № 2 and 4,0 % higher than in the experimental group (these groups consumed wet food). 60 days after the start of the test, the air temperature was +22,07 °C for all experimental groups of animals. The relative humidity in the machine where the control group № 1 was (consumed dry food) was 4,0 % and 1,5 % higher than the same indicators in the animals of the experimental and control group № 2 (fed with wet food). The concentration of ammonia, carbon dioxide and air velocity in the machines for all experimental groups of animals was approximately the same and did not go beyond the permissible zoohygienic standards. The use of technology to ensure piglets receiving food and water from the developed facilities for the preparation and distribution of wet feed different consistency, compared with the control group № 1 and № 2, led to a decrease in the relative humidity in group stalls experimental group 4,0 % and 2,5 %, respectively.
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Soroka, B. S., and V. V. Horupa. "ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS OF WATER VAPOR CONDENSATION WITHIN GAS ATMOSPHERES AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.1.2017.01.
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Water vapor is the most important working medium by the processes of energy generation and conversion. The H2O content in gases and gas mixtures serves as a standard of their desiccation by technological processes. The presence of vapor in the air-oxidizer provides a reduction of harmful substances formation by combustion. The values characterizing the saturation state: the dew point tdew and the wet bulb thermometer twb temperature are used to evaluate an approximation degree of the wet gas system (any air, gas mixtures or combustion products) to the condensation state. The values of these parameters have been determined for moist air in dependence on the basic temperature and the relative humidity of an air. The lower are the temperature values tdew, twb, the wider is the region of H2O existence in the vapor phase. The EUROSTAT’s gas fuels list includes the natural gas (NG), blast furnace gas (BFG), coke oven gas (COG). Calculations of dew point values of the combustion products for the gas fuels: NG, COG, BFG has been carried out in dependence on the characteristics of the combustion air: the oxidizer excess factor l, the temperature ta and the relative humidity ja. The dew point tdew values have been found under standard conditions for the combustion products of the listed gas fuels, presented by stoichiometric (l = 1.0) mixtures with dry air: pure methane, NG, COG, BFG. The tdew values make — respectively 59.3; 58.5; 11.1; 61.5. In the case of saturated air as an oxidizer at temperature of 25 °C, the dew point for the combustion products of the listed fuels makes the folloving values: 62.0; 61.5; 25.6; 64.0 °C respectively. The fractions of H2O in the vapor and liquid phases of natural gas combustion products are determined as a function of temperature by condition that the 100 % content of H2O in from of vapor state (without water) corresponds to the saturation temperature (or dew point).This temperature has value of about 60°C for combustion products under stoichiometric air/gas ratio. Bibl. 31, Fig. 10, Tab. 3.
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Ferreira de Campos, Roger Francisco, Leandro Dalla Rosa, and Tiago Borga. "Análise do processo de co-combustão da biomassa, através da influência da umidade do cavaco na emissão de contaminantes atmosféricos, eficiência energética e geração de cinzas (Analysis of the biomass co-combustion process, through the influence of ...)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 10, no. 5 (August 24, 2017): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v10.5.p1471-1480.
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A poluição ambiental e atmosférica decorre de uma junção de fatores, como o crescimento e as concentrações populacionais e industriais. As caldeiras são equipamentos destinados à produção de vapor sob pressão superior à atmosférica, que utiliza a biomassa como fonte geradora de energia, emitindo uma quantidade significativa de contaminantes atmosféricos. Sabendo que o maior impacto ambiental produzido pelas caldeiras é a emissão de gases, materiais particulados e a geração de hidrocarbonetos, objetivou-se quantificar a variação de emissão de gases poluentes (CO2, CO, O2), eficiência de queima e geração de cinzas em função da umidade do combustível na empresa Adami S/A. O estudo foi realizado in loco em uma caldeira aquatubular, onde se analisou a emissão dos gases durante a queima da biomassa (Cavaco de Pinus sp.) com 52%, 40%, 30% e 25% de umidade. A partir das análises identificou-se que alta emissão de gás contaminante se dá devido principalmente pela umidade do combustível entre outros fatores. Apesar de as emissões que foram medidas na caldeira da empresa Adami S/A estarem todas dentro dos parâmetros legais, deve-se tentar reduzir a quantidade de monóxido de carbono emitido, devido ao seu impacto no meio ambiente. Assim, esse trabalho visa apresentar a interação da umidade da biomassa de Pinus sp. com a emissão de gases poluentes, pois são poucos os estudos relacionando a queima de biomassa com a emissão de gases. A B S T R A C TEnvironmental and atmospheric pollution stems from a combination of factors such as population and industrial growth and concentrations. Boilers are equipment for the production of steam under pressure above atmospheric, which uses biomass as a steam source, emitting a significant amount of atmospheric contaminants. Knowing that the greatest environmental impact produced by the boilers is the emission of gases, particulates and the generation of hydrocarbons, the objective was to quantify the emission of pollutant gases (CO2, CO, O2), burning efficiency and ash generation in Function of the fuel in the company Adami S/A. The study was carried out in loco in an aquatubular boiler, where the emission of the gases during the burning of the biomass (Cavaco de Pinus sp.) with 52%, 40%, 30% and 25% of humidity was analyzed. From the analyzes it was identified that high emission of contaminating gas is mainly due to the humidity of the fuel among other factors. Although the emissions that were measured in the boiler of the Adami S/A company are all within the legal parameters, one should try to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide emitted due to its impact on the environment. Thus, this work aims to present the interaction of the biomass moisture of Pinus sp. with the emission of pollutant gases, since few studies relate the burning of biomass with the emission of gases. Keywords: boiler. biomass. air pollution. gaseous pollutants. air quality.
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Mačiulaitis, Romualdas, and Jurgita Malaiškienė. "THE REGULATION OF STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF CERAMICS DEPENDING ON THE DRYING REGIME." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2009): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1392-3730.2009.15.197-204.
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Always in the shaped semimanufactures of ceramics is some humidity, which we must eliminate before burning. Drying process is to safeguard the satisfactory strength of semimanufactures. Additionally, changes of ceramic samples capacity is to end the drying process, associated with elimination of humidity that would not compose defects ‐ gaps, fractures, fragmentation etc. In this work it was shown, how the selected stages of drying regime influence the structural parameters of ceramics (reserve of porous volume, heterogeneity degree of structure, maximum rate of capillary rise according to watering front, capillary rate of mass flow, water absorption) and vice verse, how the selection of the dimensions of the stages for drying regime depends on the desired values of the of ceramics. Santrauka Džiovinimas gaminant keraminius dirbinius yra labai svarbus technologinis procesas, nes džiovinant turi baigtis keraminių bandinių tūrio pokyčiai, susiję su drėgmės pasišalinimu, kad neatsirastų defektų – plyšių, įtrūkių, nuskilimų ir t. t. Darbe buvo išnagrinėta, kaip džiovinimo režimo parinkimas gali lemti defektų atsiradimą ir tokias struktūrines keraminių bandinių charakteristikas, kaip poringosios erdvės rezervas, struktūros nevienalytiškumo laipsnis, maksimalus kapiliarinio pakilimo pagal drėkinimo frontą greitis, kapiliarinis masės srauto greitis ir vandens įmirkis. Tikslui pasiekti keraminiai bandiniai buvo paruošti parinkus 8 džiovinimo režimus, o kitus technologinius veiksnius (formavimo mišinio sudėtis, degimo temperarūra, temperatūros kėlimo greitis degant ir kt.) palikus nekintamus. Nustačius keraminės šukės struktūrines charakteristikas ir atlikus gautų duomenų statistinę analizę, buvo sudarytos empirinės lygtys. Pagal jas buvo pagrįsta, kaip kiekvienas parinktas džiovinimo režimo etapo dydis lemia struktūrinių rodiklių verčių kitimą ir kaip galima reguliuoti džiovinimo režimą, norint gauti tam tikras struktūrinių charakteristikų vertes.
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Hauer, Michél, Melanie Meyer, Dominique Billieres, Cédric Bricquet, Franz Gerstgrasser, Jarkko Kiilakoski, Julien Lejay, and Knuth-Michael Henkel. "Use of Different Process Gases for Manufacturing Isolating Alumina Coatings by Flame Spraying with Cords." Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 30, no. 1-2 (January 2021): 222–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11666-021-01160-8.
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AbstractBesides conventional industrial demands, thermally sprayed coatings are increasingly used for innovative products. Such an application is the additive manufacturing of electrical components in automotive engineering. In particular, heating units are currently manufactured by a combination of various spray technologies. At present, simpler spraying processes like flame spraying are investigated with regard to their suitability as a future cost-effective alternative for fabricating isolating alumina coatings. In the present study, alumina cords were flame-sprayed using compressed air and argon as atomizing gases. The results demonstrate finely dispersed microstructures and a more regular and partially even higher surface and volume resistivity compared to past investigations in the literature as well as conventionally plasma-sprayed coatings despite a significantly reduced coating thickness. The content of alpha phase is clearly higher than for plasma-sprayed coatings, regardless of the atomizing gas used. Moreover, flame-sprayed coatings using argon reveal a higher resistivity in comparison to coatings sprayed with air. While the atomizing gas is found to mainly influence the ideal stand-off distance, the phase composition is not changed severely. In addition to the phase composition and kinematics, it can finally be concluded that humidity plays a major role in the coating properties.
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Ahmad, Waseem, Sumathi Sethupathi, Yamuna Munusamy, and Ramesh Kanthasamy. "Valorization of Raw and Calcined Chicken Eggshell for Sulfur Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Removal at Low Temperature." Catalysts 11, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11020295.
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Chicken eggshell (ES) is a waste from the food industry with a high calcium content produced in substantial quantity with very limited recycling. In this study, eco-friendly sorbents from raw ES and calcined ES were tested for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) removal. The raw ES was tested for SO2 and H2S adsorption at different particle size, with and without the ES membrane layer. Raw ES was then subjected to calcination at different temperatures (800 °C to 1100 °C) to produce calcium oxide. The effect of relative humidity and reaction temperature of the gases was also tested for raw and calcined ES. Characterization of the raw, calcinated and spent sorbents confirmed that calcined eggshell CES (900 °C) showed the best adsorption capacity for both SO2 (3.53 mg/g) and H2S (2.62 mg/g) gas. Moreover, in the presence of 40% of relative humidity in the inlet gas, the adsorption capacity of SO2 and H2S gases improved greatly to about 11.68 mg/g and 7.96 mg/g respectively. Characterization of the raw and spent sorbents confirmed that chemisorption plays an important role in the adsorption process for both pollutants. The results indicated that CES can be used as an alternative sorbent for SO2 and H2S removal.
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Bedane, Alemayehu H., Qinglin Huang, Huining Xiao, and Mladen. "Mass transfer of water vapor, carbon dioxide and oxygen on modified cellulose fiber-based materials." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2012-27-02-p409-417.
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Abstract Mass transfer properties of fibre network and coated paper are essential for understanding the barrier properties of the products and further advance in their application. In this study, different unmodified and coated papers, e.g., (Poly lactic acid (PLA), zein grafted paper) were prepared and characterized with regard to mass transfer properties. Water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) transmission rates through the cellulose paper films were measured and the results discussed. The effects of sample film thickness and samples were found to be strongly dependent on the temperature and the relative humidity difference (mass transfer driving force). On the other hand water vapor permeabilities relative humidity. Water vapor diffusivities of the samples were also measured from the uptake rate measurements using Fickian diffusion slab model for a wide range of relative modified samples were found to be generally low compared to unmodified (reference) paper sample. Among the investigated samples, PLA/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane POSS-bentonite modified paper sample showed higher mass transfer resistance to water vapour and the gases investigated in this study (CO2and O2). It showed lower water transmission rate (104 g/m2.day) compared to PLA-coated paper (130 g/m2.day), zein coated paper (179 g/m2.day) and control sample (359 g/m2.day) at the relative humidity gradient RH=74% and temperature of 25 oC. The oxygen transmission rate for PLA/(POSS-Bentonite) coated paper was found to be lower than for the other modified papers. Zein grafted paper showed better barrier property for water vapor than oxygen. Water vapor permeation through paper films shows an Arrhenius type of dependency with temperature, indicating activated process. The activation energies reveal diffusion dominated process for all paper samples investigated in this study, according to the solution-diffusion mechanism used to describe the permeation processes.
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Manczarski, Piotr, Krystyna Lelicińska-Serafin, and Anna Rolewicz-Kalińska. "Assessment of the Efficiency of Biological Treatment of Gases from Municipal Waste Processing." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 687–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2019-0049.
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Abstract The objective of the study is research on a biofilter existing at a mechanical-biological waste treatment plant in Radom. The paper presents results of research on the filling of the analysed biofilter (moisture, organic matter content, nutrient content, pH, grain size composition, and equivalent diameter), process gases (temperature, humidity and pH, concentrations of the main pollutants - ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, volatile organic compounds, acetic acid, ethanol) and operational parameters (flow rate, height of the biofilter layer, surface load, gas residence time in the filter bed). Irregularities were observed related to biofiltration efficiency, particularly resulting from improperly selected filling material and improper biofilter operation. The technological research permitted the identification of problems and determination of the requirement of performing necessary operational changes. Further works will involve the design, manufacture, and installation of an integrated biofilter with two-stage gas purification process (a classic biofilter and a semi-permeable membrane).
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Chądzyński, Andrzej, and Marek Piróg. "The technology of the process of storing fruits, vegetables and potatoes and functional-spatial arrangements of objects." Budownictwo i Architektura 12, no. 4 (December 11, 2013): 021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1955.
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Proper storage, allowing to keep nutritive values, quality of taste and the aesthetic appearance of products, is possible only in specially for this purpose prepared and equipped objects. A microclimate generated and kept in storage spaces is particularly important (appropriate temperature, relative humidity and air circulation), also an appropriate gases composition of the atmosphere. Conducted analysis of technological thrust in the storage process explains how and using what technical means a production carried out in a storage building should be executed. In the process of preparing the project documentation of the storage object, the technology is a much more important issue than other given matters. It is so, because conclusions and requirements which should be fulfilled so that the building is technically and functionally adapted to storing fruits, vegetables or potatoes. A scope of preliminary and final food processing influences definitive design of the technological sequence of the storage. It appears distinctive in storage buildings that architectural form, structural, material and installation solutions are secondary to the technological processes carried out in the object.
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Castro, Zamir Sánchez, Hugo Reinel García Bernal, and Oscar Andrés Mendieta Menjura. "Efecto del precalentamiento del aire primario y la humedad del bagazo de caña de azúcar durante la combustión en lecho fijo." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 14, no. 1 (May 24, 2013): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol14_num1_art:263.
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<p>Los hornos utilizados para la elaboración de panela presentan pérdidas energéticas debido a una combustión incompleta del bagazo de caña de azúcar y al calor sensible en los gases de chimenea. Durante el proceso de producción de panela, el bagazo de caña de azúcar se utiliza como combustible, con fracciones másicas de humedad entre 30% y 50%, las cuales afectan el rendimiento de la combustión de una biomasa en lecho fijo. Gracias a que el precalentamiento del aire disminuye el tiempo de secado, su implementación en muchos sistemas de combustión de biomasa ha incrementado la eficiencia del proceso. Por tanto, en la presente investigación se estudió la influencia del contenido de humedad y el precalentamiento del aire primario sobre la temperatura, la composición del gas y la tasa de combustión, mediante un diseño experimental factorial mixto 3x2. Los resultados demostraron que el aumento en la humedad del bagazo de caña reduce la tasa de combustión y la conversión de carbono a CO2, y por tanto, el rendimiento del proceso. Cuando se precalentó el aire primario hasta una temperatura de 120 ºC, la tasa de combustión aumentó, sin embargo sólo significó un incremento en el rendimiento de la combustión para una fracción másica de humedad de 30%.</p><p><strong>Effect of primary air preheating and moisture sugarcane bagasse during fixed bed combustion</strong></p><p>Furnaces used to making jaggery have energy losses due to incomplete combustion of sugarcane bagasse and sensible heat in the flue gases. During jaggery production process, sugarcane bagasse is used as fuel, with mass fractions of humidity between 30% and 50%, which affect the combustion efficiency of a biomass in a fixed bed. Because the air preheating decreases the drying time, its implementation in many biomass combustion systems increases process efficiency. Therefore, in this investigation we studied the influence of the moisture content and the preheating of the primary air on the combustion of bagasse in a fixed bed furnace, by analyzing the profiles of temperature and concentration of the combustion gas. Results showed that increasing in bagasse moisture reduces the rate of combustion and conversion of carbon to CO2, diminishing the yield of process. When the primary air is preheated to a temperature of 120 ºC, the combustion rate increased, however, only meant an increase in combustion efficiency to a mass fraction of 30% humidity.</p>
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Lee, Chi-Yuan, Chia-Hung Chen, Guo-Bin Jung, Yu-Xiang Zheng, and Yi-Cheng Liu. "Persistent Effect Test and Internal Microscopic Monitoring for PEM Water Electrolyzer." Micromachines 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12050494.
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As the environmental considerations rise all over the world and under the drive of renewable energy policy, the society of hydrogen energy will come out gradually in the future. The proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) is a very good hydrogen generator, characterized by low cost, high efficiency and zero emission of greenhouse gases. In this study, the micro temperature, humidity, flow, pressure, voltage, and current sensors were successfully integrated on a 50 μm thick Polyimide (PI) substrate by using micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. After the optimal design and process optimization of the flexible 6-in-1 microsensor, it was embedded in the PEMWE for a 500-h persistent effect test and internal real-time microscopic monitoring.
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Maneerat, Kriangkrai, and Kamol Kaemarungsi. "RoC: Robust and Low-Complexity Wireless Indoor Positioning Systems for Multifloor Buildings Using Location Fingerprinting Techniques." Mobile Information Systems 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5089626.
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Most existing wireless indoor positioning systems have only success performance requirements in normal operating situations whereby all wireless equipment works properly. There remains a lack of system reliability that can support emergency situations when there are some reference node failures, such as in earthquake and fire scenarios. Additionally, most systems do not incorporate environmental information such as temperature and relative humidity level into the process of determining the location of objects inside the building. To address these gaps, we propose a novel integrated framework for wireless indoor positioning systems based on a location fingerprinting technique which is called the Robust and low Complexity indoor positioning systems framework (RoC framework). Our proposed integrated framework consists of two essential indoor positioning processes: the system design process and the localization process. The RoC framework aims to achieve robustness in the system design structure and reliability of the target location during the online estimation phase either under a normal situation or when some reference nodes (RNs) have failed. The availability of low-cost temperature and relative humidity sensors can provide additional information for the location fingerprinting technique and thereby reduce location estimation complexity by including this additional information. Experimental results and comparative performance evaluation revealed that the RoC framework can achieve robustness in terms of the system design structure, whereby it was able to provide the highest positioning performance in either fault-free or RN-failure scenarios. Moreover, in the online estimation phase, the proposed framework can provide the highest reliability of the target location under the RN-failure scenarios and also yields the lowest computational complexity in online searching compared to other techniques. Specifically, when compared to the traditional weighted k-nearest neighbor techniques (WKNN) under the 30% RN-failure scenario at Building B, the proposed RoC framework shows 74.1% better accuracy performance and yields 55.1% lower computational time than the WKNN.
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Lelicińska-Serafin, Krystyna, Anna Rolewicz-Kalińska, and Piotr Manczarski. "VOC Removal Performance of a Joint Process Coupling Biofiltration and Membrane-Filtration Treating Food Industry Waste Gas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17 (August 21, 2019): 3009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173009.
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This study aimed to assess the efficiency of removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from process gases from a food industry plant in East Poland, producing high-quality animal (goose, duck, and pig) and vegetable fats, using a two-stage method which is a combination of biological purification and membrane-separation. The research, conducted on the semi-technical scale, compared the effects of traditional and two-stage biofiltration carried out under the same process conditions. The concentrations of VOCs in process gases were measured by means of a multi-gas detector. Additionally the temperature and humidity of gases were determined by a thermoanemometer under filter bed, following the EU and Polish National Standard Methods Two different types of filling materials (the mix of stumpwood chips and bark, and the mix of stumpwood chips, bark, and compost) and two types of membranes (three-layer semi-permeable membrane fabrics were used, with differences in air permeability and water tightness) were analyzed. During all processes basic operational parameters, the biofilters were controlled, including surface load, volumetric load, duration of gas contact with the filling layer, flow rate, and pressure drops (in the biofilter and on the membrane). The analyzed gases were characterized by very high variability of VOC concentrations (ranging from 350 ppb to 11,170 ppb). The effectiveness of VOC removal (REvoc) was calculated by comparing the analytical results of raw and purified gases. The effectiveness of VOC removal with the application of traditional biofiltration during the experiment varied between 82% to 97% and was related to different parameters of the filling materials (mainly specific surface and moisture), reaching lower value for the mix of stumpwood chips and bark filling. The obtained results showed that the application of membrane improved the efficiency of biofiltration in all the analysed cases from 7% to 9%. The highest effectiveness was obtained using the filter bed in the form of stumpwood chips, bark, and compost in connection with the more permeable membrane. It was maintained between 96% to 99%, reaching an average value of 98%. The selection of the membrane should be determined by its permeability and the values of flow resistance.
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Sinitsyn, N. N., and N. V. Telin. "Mathematical Modeling of the Bark Drying Process." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 6 (December 10, 2020): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2020-6-159-171.
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Currently, a large amount of wood bark waste is generated at the timber processing enterprises of the Russian Federation, which is not widely used in industry and has a negative impact on the environment. One of the feasible directions for the processing of such waste is its burning in layered furnaces. However, tree bark, due to its high moisture content and extremely heterogeneous fractional composition, belongs to a low-energy, difficult-to-burn fuel. High humidity reduces the energy density of the bark. The extremely heterogeneous fractional composition of tree bark (linear dimensions of random bark chips can vary from millimeters to tens of centimeters) complicates the organization of the burning process. Effective utilization of tree bark is ensured when it is pre-dried to a moisture content of 55–60 % and the size of bark chips not exceeding 100 mm. The purpose of the presented work is to study the temperature field in a dense blown layer of high-moisture bark when drying it with high-temperature flue gases from boiler units. A mathematical model for heating the dense layer of high moisture tree bark has been developed based on the physics analysis. It was done taking into account the assessment of the bark dense layer thickness, which uses the method of calculating the aerodynamic resistance of a transversely blown layer to a gas flow. Numerical experiments were carried out in order to calculate the temperature fields during the heating of a single chip of high moisture tree bark located in the front part of the dense blown layer. The calculation data were compared with the results obtained using the developed model. A procedure that allows calculating the total duration of heating the wet material until the layer is completely dry, the time spent on heating the blown dense layer until the complete release of volatile substances, and the temperature fields in the bark layer and gas flow has been developed on the basis of mathematical modeling of the process of the dense layer heating and thermal preparation of high moisture tree bark for burning. A scheme for preparing high moisture tree bark for burning and a method for determining the characteristic parameters of a two-stage scheme of energy use of high moisture tree bark in layered furnaces of boilers and heat generators are proposed.
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Timerbaev, N. F., R. G. Safin, D. F. Ziatdinova, and T. O. Stepanova. "Convectiv drying of disperesd materials before the thermochemical processing." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 21, no. 5 (December 17, 2019): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2019-21-5-29-37.
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Drying of wood materials is one of the most important processes not only of wood processing, but also of many other industries. Drying processes involve the removal of moisture as a result of a phase transition from a liquid or solid to a gaseous state. This is due to the high energy intensity and duration of the process, especially for colloidal materials. The latter is due to the fact that with intensive drying the quality of the finished product often decreases, for example, when drying lumber cracks and warps occur, which is unacceptable in the manufacture of thermally modified products. In cases of thermochemical processing of dispersed materials, the quality of raw materials is determined only by the final moisture content of dispersed materials.Questions of heat and mass transfer during the drying of materials were carried out by Girsh M., Lykov A.V., Lurye M.V., Sazhin B.S., Dolinsky A.A., Golubev L.G., Rudobashta S.P., Shubin G.S., Romankov PG, Ginzburg A.S., Mikhailov N.V., Mushtayev VI. and etc. The paper deals with convective technology of dispersive materials. The zone of convective drying of dispersed materials is presented. Experimental and mathematical modeling of the drying process of wet dispersed materials before thermochemical processing was carried out. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of changes in temperature and humidity in the drying bin are presented. The nature of changes in temperature and humidity of dispersed particles in a drying bin was determined. The effective height of the layer in the counter-current dryer is determined by calculation, depending on the moisture content of the fuel and the temperature of the exhaust flue gases.
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Castillo-Ojeda, Roberto, Joel Diaz-Reyes, Miguel Galván-Arellano, and Ramon Peña-Sierra. "Physical Properties of Thin Films of GaAs and AlxGa1-xAs Grown by Solid-Arsenic-Based MOCVD." Advanced Materials Research 976 (June 2014): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.976.25.
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We have studied the optical properties of GaAs and AlxGa1-xAs thin films using low-temperature photoluminescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The GaAs and its alloys were grown by MOCVD using solid arsenic instead of arsine, as the arsenic precursor. The gallium and aluminium precursors were trimethylgallium (TMGa) and trimethylaluminium (TMAl), respectively. Some difficulties for growing AlxGa1-xAs by solid-arsenic-based MOCVD system are the composition homogeneity of the layers and the oxygen and carbon incorporation during the growth process. The composition homogeneity of the films was evaluated by low-temperature photoluminescence. Infrared measurements on the samples allowed the identification of the residual impurities, which are carbon-substitutional, Ga2O3, molecular oxygen, humidity and two unidentified impurities. Samples grown at temperatures lower than 750°C were highly resistive, independently of the ratio V/III used; the samples grown at higher temperatures were n-type, as it was proved by Hall effect measurements.
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Rastogi, Rohit, Mamta Saxena, Sheelu Sagar, Neeti Tandon, T. Rajeshwari, Bhavna Singh, Priyanshi Garg, et al. "Computational Analysis of Air Quality and the Potential of Rich Indian Tradition for Healthcare 4.0." International Journal of Reliable and Quality E-Healthcare 10, no. 3 (July 2021): 32–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrqeh.2021070103.
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Earth's atmosphere is mainly made up of two gases, nitrogen and oxygen, which together comprise 99% of gases therein. The other gases include the remaining 1% of the atmosphere. Amongst these are the five major air pollutants (e.g., ground-level ozone, airborne particles or aerosols, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide). Excess of these pollutants in the atmosphere is risky to human health. They are the main ingredients of smog. Air quality is measured with the air quality index. An AQI under 50 is considered as good air quality; however, as the AQI number increases, it becomes a concern for human health. To find a non-conventional solution to air pollution problem, it has been proposed to do Yagya, a fire process with three different samidhas, namely mango wood, bargad wood, and dry cow dung sticks and study their relative emissions and ability to reduce the aerosols PM 2.5 and PM 10. In this paper, the researcher has measured the PM levels (PM 2.5 and PM 10) and carbon dioxide CO2 along with AQI, temperature, and humidity.
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Zink, K., A. Pauling, M. W. Rotach, H. Vogel, P. Kaufmann, and B. Clot. "EMPOL 1.0: a new parameterization of pollen emission in numerical weather prediction models." Geoscientific Model Development 6, no. 6 (November 8, 2013): 1961–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1961-2013.
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Abstract. Simulating pollen concentrations with numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems requires a parameterization for pollen emission. We have developed a parameterization that is adaptable for different plant species. Both biological and physical processes of pollen emission are taken into account by parameterizing emission as a two-step process: (1) the release of the pollen from the flowers, and (2) their entrainment into the atmosphere. Key factors influencing emission are temperature, relative humidity, the turbulent kinetic energy and precipitation. We have simulated the birch pollen season of 2012 using the NWP system COSMO-ART (Consortium for Small-scale Modelling – Aerosols and Reactive Trace Gases), both with a parameterization already present in the model and with our new parameterization EMPOL. The statistical results show that the performance of the model can be enhanced by using EMPOL.
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Sedlar, Joseph, and Michael Tjernström. "A Process-Based Climatological Evaluation of AIRS Level 3 Tropospheric Thermodynamics over the High-Latitude Arctic." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 58, no. 8 (August 2019): 1867–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-18-0306.1.
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AbstractMeasurements from spaceborne sensors have the unique capacity to fill spatial and temporal gaps in ground-based atmospheric observing systems, especially over the Arctic, where long-term observing stations are limited to pan-Arctic landmasses and infrequent field campaigns. The AIRS level 3 (L3) daily averaged thermodynamic profile product is widely used for process understanding across the sparsely observed Arctic atmosphere. However, detailed investigations into the accuracy of the AIRS L3 thermodynamic profiles product using in situ observations over the high-latitude Arctic are lacking. To address this void, we compiled a wealth of radiosounding profiles from long-term Arctic land stations and included soundings from intensive icebreaker-based field campaigns. These are used to evaluate daily mean thermodynamic profiles from the AIRS L3 product so that the community can understand to what extent such data records can be applied in scientific studies. Results indicate that, while the mid- to upper-troposphere temperature and specific humidity are captured relatively well by AIRS, the lower troposphere is susceptible to specific seasonal, and even monthly, biases. These differences have a critical influence on the lower-tropospheric stability structure. The relatively coarse vertical resolution of the AIRS L3 product, together with infrared radiation through persistent low Arctic cloud layers, leads to artificial thermodynamic structures that fail to accurately represent the lower Arctic atmosphere. These thermodynamic errors are likely to introduce artificial errors in the boundary layer structure and analysis of associated physical processes.
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Lee, Eunji, Doohee Lee, Jaesik Yoon, Yilin Yin, You Lee, Sunil Uprety, Young Yoon, and Dong-Joo Kim. "Enhanced Gas-Sensing Performance of GO/TiO2 Composite by Photocatalysis." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 5, 2018): 3334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103334.
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Few studies have investigated the gas-sensing properties of graphene oxide/titanium dioxide (GO/TiO2) composite combined with photocatalytic effect. Room temperature gas-sensing properties of the GO/TiO2 composite were investigated towards various reducing gases. The composite sensor showed an enhanced gas response and a faster recovery time than a pure GO sensor due to the synergistic effect of the hybridization, such as creation of a hetero-junction at the interface and modulation of charge carrier density. However, the issue of long-term stability at room temperature still remains unsolved even after construction of a composite structure. To address this issue, the surface and hetero-junction of the GO/TiO2 composite were engineered via a UV process. A photocatalytic effect of TiO2 induced the reduction of the GO phase in the composite solution. The comparison of gas-sensing properties before and after the UV process clearly showed the transition from n-type to p-type gas-sensing behavior toward reducing gases. This transition revealed that the dominant sensing material is GO, and TiO2 enhanced the gas reaction by providing more reactive sites. With a UV-treated composite sensor, the function of identifying target gas was maintained over a one-month period, showing strong resistance to humidity.
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Prysyazhniy, V. G., and I. K. Kasprovich. "Laboratory field studies of the process of dividing the rhizomes of miscanthus into parts." https://journal.imesg.gov.ua, no. 11(110) (2020): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37204/0131-2189-2020-11-11.
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Annotation Purpose. The results of field research of the process of digging miscanthus rhizomes with their division into parts and rhizomes are given. Methods. Research methods are experimental with subsequent processing of results on a PC by statistical methods. Results. The results of studies of the mechanized digging of rhizomes of Miscanthus by technical means with their separation into parts and rhizomes are presented. The degree of division of miscanthus rhizomes into parts and the degree of separation of soil from planting material at different structural variants of the location of the fingers of the drum is established. The degree of separation of rhizomes of Miscanthus into parts and rhizomes was determined, and the percentage of damage to planting material was determined. Conclusions 1. A technical means for mechanized digging of miscanthus rhizomes with their division into parts and rhizomes has been made. The division of the rhizomes of miscanthus into parts and rhizomes provides an adapter, which provides adjustment the distance between the fingers in the first and second rows of the drum and the gaps between the drum and the fingers of the first and second rows of the drum. 2. Technical means for mechanized harvesting of miscanthus rhizomes on industrial plantations provides division of miscanthus rhizomes into parts and rhizomes. The percentage of undivided rhizomes is 18.5%, the degree of soil separation – 82.7% at an absolute humidity of 22.6%. The ratio of divided rhizomes of miscanthus into parts and rhizomes is 39:61. The amount of damage to miscanthus planting material is 2.5%. Keywords: laboratory field research, mechanized digging, technical means, miscanthus, division of rhizomes, parts, rhizomes.
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Cuo, Zhaxi, Dongdong Wang, Yan Gong, Feng Zhao, Haidi Liu, and Yunfa Chen. "A Novel Porous Ceramic Membrane Supported Monolithic Cu-Doped Mn–Ce Catalysts for Benzene Combustion." Catalysts 9, no. 8 (July 30, 2019): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9080652.
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Porous ceramic membranes (PCMs) are considered as an efficient hot gas filtration material in industrial systems. Functionalization of the PCMs with high-efficiency catalysts for the abatement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during dust elimination is a promising way to purify the industrial exhaust gases. In this work, we prepared PCMs (porosity: 70%) in a facile sintering process and integrated Cu-doped Mn–Ce oxides into the PCMs as monolithic catalysts by the sol–gel method for benzene oxidation. Through this method, the catalysts are dispersed evenly throughout the PCMs with excellent adhesion, and the catalytic PCMs provided more active sites for the reactant gases during the catalytic reaction process compared to the powder catalysts. The physicochemical properties of PCMs and catalytic PCMs were characterized systematically, and the catalytic activities were measured in total oxidation of benzene. As a result, all the prepared catalytic PCMs exhibited high catalytic activity for benzene oxidation. Significantly, the monolithic catalyst of Cu0.2Mn0.6Ce0.2/PCMs obtained the lowest temperature for benzene conversion efficiency of 90% (T90) at 212 °C with a high gaseous hourly space velocity of 5000 h−1 and showed strong resistance to high humidity (90 vol.%, 20 °C) with long-term stability in continuous benzene stream, which is caused by abundant active adsorbed oxygen, more surficial oxygen vacancy, and lower-temperature reducibility.
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Maslennikov, Aleksandr, Ilya Zubkov, and V. Pautov. "Optical chemical sensor for solving leak detection problems." MATEC Web of Conferences 212 (2018): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821201030.
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The main features of the construction of gas analytical leak detection systems are noted, from the point of view of the sensitive element and the test substance (gas) used in the leak tightness control. It is shown that when checking the tightness of functioning systems, the standard leak detection equipment is of little use because it is impossible, in most cases, to use the specific test gases necessary for its operation. The use of solid-state gas analytical sensors for the construction of leak detection systems for operating process equipment is proposed. It is shown that one of the most suitable is the optical chemical sensor because of its low sensitivity to the humidity of the carrier gas, which, in such a process of leak detection, is atmospheric air. The properties of the proposed sensor are investigated, which are most important when used in leak detection systems. These parameters are the dynamic characteristics of the sensor, which are determined depending on the operating temperature and pressure of the sensor. The obtained data showed the prospects of using the investigated sensor and also allowed to outline ways of improving and optimizing its design.
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De La Cruz Balón, Ayda, José Calderón, Ana María Aveiga Ortiz, Hugo Cobeña, and Mailie Mendoza. "Bioestabilización de excretas avícolas mediante microorganismos eficientes para el control de la contaminación ambiental." Revista de Investigaciones en Energía, Medio Ambiente y Tecnología: RIEMAT ISSN: 2588-0721 4, no. 1 (July 19, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/riemat.v4i1.1943.
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In the city of Calceta (Manabí, Ecuador) three poultry farms have been identified for the production of eggs, which do not perform any treatment of the excreta of the laying birds, which leads to the generation of gases and bad odors that affect the population. The present work analyzes the efficiency in the reduction of air pollution when treating poultry excreta with different doses of efficient microorganisms (EMs). The experiment was designed in a unifactorial way with four treatments, based on 5 Kg of poultry excreta. Volumetric doses were added in the following order: 0,5; 1,0; and 1,5 liters of EMs; while, 1 liter of water was added as control. The monitoring parameters were pH, humidity, ammonium and the number of colonies of Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp. and yeasts. The biostabilization process was evaluated with two measurements, the first at 10 days and the second at 20 days of application of the EMs. The results show that at 20 days the pH values reached ranges between 8,3 and 7,6; a decrease in ammonium concentrations from 3,14 mg/L to 0,60 mg/L was achieved; in the case of humidity, there was a decrease of approximately 50%, which affected the decrease of the microbial population of yeasts, Bacillus spp., and Lactobacillus spp. in more than 90%. In conclusion, the efficient microorganisms allow the reduction of more than 70% of bad odors represented by ammonia, generated by the accumulation of poultry excreta.
Index Terms— Efficient microorganisms, poultry, wastes, air contamination, aerobiology, pathogens
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Liang, Ya Hong, and Gao Ju Cheng. "Experimental Study of Gas Humidity on the Dielectric Barrier Discharge Influence." Advanced Materials Research 705 (June 2013): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.705.157.
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Objective: to exam the impact of the gass relative humidity on the dielectric barrier discharge. Method: high voltage AC power supply and wire-cylinder reactors are used to observe the discharge characteristics of empty reactors and reactors with the ceramic filler respectively under different relative humidity circumstances. Results: in the empty reactors,the discharge current decreases with the increase of the gas relative humidity; in the reactors with ceramic filler,with the increase of the gas relative humidity, the discharge current first decreases slowly and then increases immensely. Conclusion: Relative humidity has a significant impact on gas discharge. By comparing the experimental results of the two groups, the conclusion is: when RH< 47%, the discharge current of the empty reactors is greater than that of the reactors with ceramic filler,and when RH > 47%,the result is just the opposite.
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Arouca, A. M. M., G. C. Gerkman, F. O. Arouca, L. G. M. Vieira, and J. J. R. Damasceno. "Evaluation of Self Cleaning System in Aerosol Filtration Using Synthetic Filter." Materials Science Forum 802 (December 2014): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.802.220.
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In industries that work with particulate material is observed from among other concerns, not to discard solid material in the air. Aiming to develop gas-solid filtration equipment more efficient, the study of a self-cleaning system utilizing filter fabric made from synthetic material, was conducted using the phosphate rock as particulate material. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of a vibratory system filtration of gases. The system is made up a box filter coupled to an eccentric motor which causes a continuous vibration during the filtration cycle, not being necessary to interrupt the process to the procedure of fabric filter cleaning. We used polyester synthetic filter for the tests. With known relative humidity and temperature at which the tests were performed, it was possible to estimate the performance of the equipment in continuous vibration filtration of pulverulent material dispersed in gas currents, under the influence of different vibration frequencies.
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Madhaiyan, Govindsamy, An-Ting Sun, Hsiao-Wen Zan, Hsin-Fei Meng, Sheng-Fu Horng, Li-Yin Chen, and Hsiao-Wen Hung. "Solution-Processed Chloroaluminum Phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) Ammonia Gas Sensor with Vertical Organic Porous Diodes." Sensors 21, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 5783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175783.
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In this research work, the gas sensing properties of halogenated chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) thin films were studied at room temperature. We fabricated an air-stable ClAlPc gas sensor based on a vertical organic diode (VOD) with a porous top electrode by the solution process method. The surface morphology of the solution-processed ClAlPc thin film was examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The proposed ClAlPc-based VOD sensor can detect ammonia (NH3) gas at the ppb level (100~1000 ppb) at room temperature. Additionally, the ClAlPc sensor was highly selective towards NH3 gas compared to other interfering gases (NO2, ACE, NO, H2S, and CO). In addition, the device lifetime was tested by storing the device at ambient conditions. The effect of relative humidity (RH) on the ClAlPc NH3 gas sensor was also explored. The aim of this study is to extend these findings on halogenated phthalocyanine-based materials to practical electronic nose applications in the future.
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Tomić, Josif, Miloš B. Živanov, Miodrag Kušljević, Đorđe Obradović, and József Szatmari. "Realization of Measurement Station for Remote Environmental Monitoring." Key Engineering Materials 543 (March 2013): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.543.105.
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The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process that heats the Earth's surface and atmosphere. It is a result of the fact that certain atmospheric gases, such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane, are able to change the energy balance of the planet by absorbing long wave radiation emitted from the Earth's surface. Number of gases are involved in the human caused enhancement of the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide is the most important gas of these gases, which contributes about 55% of the change in the intensity of the Earth's greenhouse effect. The global monitoring of the greenhouse gases is necessary for handling the global warming issue. This paper presents a practical implementation of a measurement station for environmental monitoring using Internet technology and large sensor networks. The application of the sensor networks in the environmental monitoring requires the development specific solutions. This paper presents a solution that relies on existing technology, but offers hardware and software upgrade due to the advantages of using the concept of virtual instrumentation. The application uses temperature sensors, air relative humidity sensors, gas sensors and others. The measurement station collects the data from the sensors and sends them to the users using the UDP protocol via the Internet and GPRS modem. The measurement station was implemented in LabVIEW programming package.
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Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt, Kinga. "The effect of the shape of gaps on microenvironmental conditions and seedling recruitment in Molinietum caeruleae meadows." Acta Agrobotanica 32, no. 2 (2015): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2015.021.
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Cessation of the management of semi-natural habitats such as grasslands and meadows contributes to secondary succession and encroachment of native and alien tall-growing perennials, large tussock grasses, shrubs, and trees. Thus, the formation of gaps in the plant canopy and litter, enabling seedling recruitment, appears to be a very effective method for the restoration of several plant communities. The main objective of the research was to assess the effect of the shape of openings on microenvironmental conditions and seedling recruitment in <em>Molinietum caeruleae</em> patches in various habitat conditions. In all study patches, circular and linear openings, comparable in area, were randomly created through the removal of plant canopy and litter layer. The circular gaps presented greater light availability and lower soil humidity than linear openings, while soil temperature within differently shaped openings was similar. Regardless of differences in microenvironmental conditions, the total number of seedlings in differently shaped gaps did not vary considerably. Three plant categories were found: (i) those recruited mostly in circular openings, (ii) those recruited mostly in linear gaps, (iii) those colonizing circular and linear gaps similarly. The colonizers of circular gaps represented various synecological groups (ruderal, grasslands and meadows, young tree communities) and diverse life forms (therophytes, hemicryptophytes, chamaephytes, phanerophytes), while the colonizers of linear gaps were meadow and grassland hemicryptophytes. The formation of linear openings contributes to increases in the abundance of meadow taxa, while the creation of circular openings may have a negative effect, contributing to the promotion of the secondary succession process.
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Guo, Zhang Xia, Yu Tian Pan, Yong Cun Wang, and Hai Yan Zhang. "Numerical Simulation of Muzzle Flow Field of Gun Based on CFD." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 1981–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1981.
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Gunpowder was released in an instant when the pill fly out of the shell during the firing, and then formed a complicated flow fields about the muzzle when the gas expanded sharply. Using the 2 d axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equation combined with single equation turbulent model to conduct the numerical simulation of the process of gunpowder gass evacuating out of the shell without muzzle regardless of the pill’s movement. The numerical simulation result was identical with the experimental. Then simulated the evacuating process of gunpowder gass of an artillery with muzzle brake. The result showed complicated wave structure of the flow fields with the muzzle brake and analysed the influence of muzzle brake to the gass flow field distribution.
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Talib, Aya Mazin, and Mahdi Nsaif Jasim. "Geolocation based air pollution mobile monitoring system." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i1.pp162-170.
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Air pollution is conducted to harmful substances like solid particles, gases or liquid droplets. More pollutants CO, SO2, NOx, CO2.This research is proposed the design and implementation of mobile, low cost and accurate air pollution monitoring system using Arduino microcontroller and gas sensor like MQ2, MQ131, MQ135, MQ136, DHT22, measuring materials mentioned above, smoke, Acetone, Alcohol, LPG, Toluene, temperature, humidity and GPS sensor”NEO-6M” that track the location of air pollution data, and display the analysis result on ESRI maps. The system also save the results on SQL server DB. The data is classified using data mining algorithms, presenting the result on a map helps governmental organizations, nature guards, and ecologists to analyze data in real time to simplify the decision making process. The proposed system uses J48 pruning tree classifier generated using cross validation of fold (10) with highest accuracy 100%, while IBK ≈99.67, Naïve bays ≈90.89, and SVM ≈81.4. It’s found that the common air quality for Baghdad (study area) is between (“Good”, “Satisfactory”, and “Moderately”) for 1835 records of air samples during (January and February 2021) time period.
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Chou, Mei-Yin. "Chemical fingerprinting of stellar populations in the Milky Way halo." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, H16 (August 2012): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314011247.
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AbstractThe idea of “chemically fingerprinting“ stars to their birth systems has been discussed over the last decade. Here we present an investigation of the chemical abundance patterns of halo substructures using high-resolution spectra. In particular, we study the abundances of the α-like element titanium (Ti) and the s-process elements yttrium (Y) and lanthanum (La) for M giant candidates of the Galactic Anticenter Stellar Structure (GASS, also known as the Monoceros Ring) and the Triangulum-Andromeda (TriAnd) Star Cloud. We apply “chemical fingerprinting“ to the GASS/Monoceros Ring and TriAnd Star Cloud, to explore the origins of the two systems and the hypothesized connections between them. GASS has been debated either to originate from a part (e.g., warp) of the Galactic disk or tidal debris of a disrupted Milky Way (MW) satellite galaxy. Our exploration shows that GASS is indeed made of stars from a dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy, although we still can not rule out the possibility that GASS was dynamically created out of a previously formed outer MW disk. And whereas the TriAnd Star Cloud has been assumed to come from the tidal disruption of the same accreted MW satellite as the GASS/Monoceros Ring, our comparison of the abundance patterns in GASS and TriAnd M giants suggests that the TriAnd Star Cloud is likely an independent halo substructure unrelated to the GASS/Monoceros Ring. Furthermore, our findings also suggest that the MW may have accreted other satellites in addition to the on-going, well-known Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf galaxy.
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Battaglia, Alessandro, and Pavlos Kollias. "Evaluation of differential absorption radars in the 183 GHz band for profiling water vapour in ice clouds." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 6 (June 24, 2019): 3335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3335-2019.
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Abstract. Relative humidity (RH) measurements in ice clouds are essential for determining ice crystal growth processes and rates. A differential absorption radar (DAR) system with several frequency channels within the 183.3 GHz water vapour absorption band is proposed for measuring RH within ice clouds. Here, the performance of a DAR system is evaluated by applying a DAR simulator to A-Train observations in combination with co-located European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis. Observations from the CloudSat W-band radar and from the CALIPSO lidar are converted first into ice microphysical properties and then coupled with ECMWF temperature and relative humidity profiles in order to compute scattering properties at any frequency within the 183.3 GHz band. A self-similar Rayleigh–Gans approximation is used to model the ice crystal scattering properties. The radar reflectivities are computed both for a space-borne and airborne and a ground-based DAR system by using appropriate radar receiver characteristics. Sets of multi-frequency synthetic observation of attenuated reflectivities are then exploited to retrieve profiles of water vapour density by fitting the line shape at different levels. A total of 10 d of A-Train observations are used to test the measurement technique performance for different combinations of tones when sampling ice clouds globally. Results show that water vapour densities can be derived at the level that can enable ice process studies (i.e. better than 3 %), both from a ground-based system (at the minute temporal scale and with circa 100 m vertical resolution) and from a space-borne system (at 500 m vertical resolution and with circa 5 km integration lengths) with four tones in the upper wing of the absorption line. Deploying ground-based DAR system at high latitudes and high altitudes is highly recommended to test the findings of this work in the field.
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Guimarães, Bianca, Jéssica Terra Teodoro Silva, Kássia Graciele Santos, and José Luiz Vieira Neto. "Sequencing of unit operations for integral and sustainable peanut processing." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 6 (April 12, 2020): e67963449. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i6.3449.
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The most used biomass are wood, sugar cane, paper, rice husk, and peanut. Based on the concept of sustainability and waste reduction, the full utilization of biomass is an alternative capable of providing people with a better nutritional intake, improving the economy related to biomass and the ecological relationship between man and the environment. So, the aim of this work was the sustainable use the biomass, the peanut, through multiple unit operations. Thus, the material went through several processes as the grinding process, where it was possible to obtain immediate analysis data (moisture content, ash content, volatile content and fixed carbon) and particle size. Then, drying was performed employing solar energy and the drying efficiency was obtained. Infrared and greenhouse tests were performed in the laboratory to determine the drying and humidity curves. After drying, it was also carried out the oil extraction using ethanol as solvent heated by solar energy. After that, the residual cake was used as the adsorbent material in the dye removal by adsorption in a fixed bed. So, the dye-impregnated adsorbent has undergone a process of pyrolysis in order to form fine coal, bio-oil, and gases. With products and by-products of each process, it was possible to generate the infrared spectrum of each. Therefore, it is shown how the integral use of peanut as biomass is possible, using chemical engineering sustainable processes, and how it may contribute to the reduction of the pollution and to the reduction of waste production.
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Listiyono, Listiyono Yono, Bambang Irawan, and Agus Hardjito. "OPTIMALISASI COMPOSIT ABSORBER PADA MUFFLER UNTUK MENURUNKAN KADAR EMISI GAS BUANG MOTOR BENSIN." Jurnal Energi dan Teknologi Manufaktur (JETM) 2, no. 01 (June 30, 2019): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jetm.v2i01.33.
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The problem of air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and the process of combustion is increase. Many efforts. has done to reduce the air pollution problem. Starting from the combustion process to give equipment as reduce gass emissions and raise the quality of burning, but the ari pollution is still high, especially the burning gasoline of motor fuel Air pollution a motor vehicle exhaust gases come from the rest of the results of the combustion of fuel that do not be unraveled or burning with perfect. Bad gass emissions caused by incomplete combustion of fuel in the fuel chamber. Element contained in the exhaust gasses are CO, NO2, HC, C, H2, CO2, H2O dan N2, The CO and CO2 gasses is the most radical among the others. The CO gass is poisonous, if a men inhale this gas can caused death. While the CO2 gass is a radical gass who can cause the greenhouse effect. The aims of this research are : 1 to understand the effect of carbon composite material, lime and glue towards reductions in emission of motor vehicle . 2. to find out the optimal composition of composite material to reducing the emission level of motor vehicle.The study and research in order to reduce gas emissions until now have done using installation catalyst on muffler. In this research, the mixed of absorption exhaust gas is observed. Especially the poisonous gas. The mixture material is made from carbon, lime and glue. And then installed on muffler filter. A mixture is made by comparation varied. Using minitab software for analyse and the conclusions are: 1. The addition of absorben composition between carbon (C) with lime (CaO) on exhaust can reduce the level of gass emission. 2. The most optimal composition absorben C and CaO in absorption and produce the lowest C and CO2 gass is C and CaO with comparison ratio is 30 %: 70 %
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Sattar, Hina, Imran Sarwar Bajwa, Riaz Ul-Amin, Aqsa Mahmood, Waheed Anwar, Bakhtiar Kasi, Rafaqut Kazmi, and Umar Farooq. "An Intelligent and Smart Environment Monitoring System for Healthcare." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (October 5, 2019): 4172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9194172.
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Skin wound healing is influenced by two kinds of environment i.e., exterior environment that is nearby to wound surface and interior environment that is the environment of the adjacent part under wound surface. Both types of environment play a vital role in wound healing, which may contribute to continuous or impaired wound healing. Although, different previous studies provided wound care solutions, but they focused on single environmental factors either wound moisture level, pH value or healing enzymes. Practically, it is insignificant to consider environmental effect by determination of single factors or two, as both types of environment contain a lot of other factors which must be part of investigation e.g., smoke, air pollution, air humidity, temperature, hydrogen gases etc. Also, previous studies didn’t classify overall healing either as continuous or impaired based on exterior environment effect. In current research work, we proposed an effective wound care solution based on exterior environment monitoring system integrated with Neural Network Model to consider exterior environment effect on wound healing process, either as continuous or impaired. Current research facilitates patients by providing them intelligent wound care solution to monitor and control wound healing at their home.