Relevant bibliographies by topics / Humidity passivation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Humidity passivation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 13 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Humidity passivation"

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Guo, Liangui, Yulin Li, Wulin Song, Bianyang He, Mengli Yang, and Lei Zhu. "Effect of Humidity on the Thermal Properties of Aluminum Nanopowders with Different Surface Coatings." Coatings 12, no. 8 (2022): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081147.

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To investigate the effect of surface coating materials on the humidity stability of aluminum (Al) nanopowders, three kinds of core–shell structure Al nanopowders with an Al2O3 passivation coating, carbon coating, and plasticizer dioctyl sebacate (DOS) coating were prepared through laser-induction complex heating method. After one year’s storage at 95% relative humidity, their thermal properties were tested through differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermal gravimeter (TG) analysis. The results show that the thermal properties of Al2O3-passivated Al nanopowders are entirely lost under high humidity because the Al2O3 passivation coating is very sensitive to moisture. The thermal properties of carbon-coated Al nanopowders are not well-protected under a high humidity due to the uneven thickness and structural defects of carbon coatings. However, the thermal enthalpy of DOS-coated Al nanopowders remains at 3.56 KJ/g under high humidity, which indicates that an organic DOS coating with a hydrophobic nature has an excellent protective effect on the thermal properties of the Al nanopowders. Given the good forming performance of organic DOS coatings and other components of propellants, DOS-coated Al nanopowders are a kind of energetic material with potential application value.
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Kim, Wook, Sumaira Yasmeen, Chi Thang Nguyen, Han-Bo-Ram Lee, and Dukhyun Choi. "Toward Enhanced Humidity Stability of Triboelectric Mechanical Sensors via Atomic Layer Deposition." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (2021): 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071795.

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Humid conditions can disrupt the triboelectric signal generation and reduce the accuracy of triboelectric mechanical sensors. This study demonstrates a novel design approach using atomic layer deposition (ALD) to enhance the humidity resistance of triboelectric mechanical sensors. Titanium oxide (TiOx) was deposited on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film as a moisture passivation layer. To determine the effective ALD process cycle, the TiOx layer was deposited with 100 to 2000 process cycles. The triboelectric behavior and surface chemical bonding states were analyzed before and after moisture exposure. The ALD-TiOx-deposited PTFE showed three times greater humidity stability than pristine PTFE film. Based on the characterization of TiOx on PTFE film, the passivation mechanism was proposed, and it was related to the role of the oxygen-deficient sites in the TiOx layer. This study could provide a novel way to design stable triboelectric mechanical sensors in highly humid environments.
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Lee, Tzu-Yi, Tsau-Hua Hsieh, Wen-Chien Miao, et al. "High-Reliability Perovskite Quantum Dots Using Atomic Layer Deposition Passivation for Novel Photonic Applications." Nanomaterials 12, no. 23 (2022): 4140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12234140.

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In this study, we propose highly stable perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) coated with Al2O3 using atomic layer deposition (ALD) passivation technology. This passivation layer effectively protects the QDs from moisture infiltration and oxidation as well as from high temperatures and any changes in the material characteristics. They exhibit excellent wavelength stability and reliability in terms of current variation tests, long-term light aging tests, and temperature/humidity tests (60°/90%). A white-light system has been fabricated by integrating a micro-LED and red phosphor exhibiting a high data transmission rate of 1 Gbit/s. These results suggest that PeQDs treated with ALD passivation protection offer promising prospects in full-color micro-displays and high-speed visible-light communication (VLC) applications.
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Guo, Pengfei, Qian Ye, Xiaokun Yang, et al. "Surface & grain boundary co-passivation by fluorocarbon based bifunctional molecules for perovskite solar cells with efficiency over 21%." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 6 (2019): 2497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta11524a.

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An effective strategy of surface & grain boundary co-passivation is demonstrated to access perovskite solar cells with 21.31% champion efficiency as well as a highly improved stability of less than 3% efficiency loss after 2500 hours at a humidity of 70%.
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Shane, Garvey, D. Holmes Justin, and Long Brenda. "Towards Ge-based electronic devices: increased longevity of alkanethiol-passivated Ge(100) in low humidity environments." Thin Solid Films 759 (November 14, 2022): 139466(1–13). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7319250.

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Germanium is a critically important material for future complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor devices, however, to maximise its potential it is necessary to develop a robust passivation process that prevents Ge re- oxidation for a queue time of 24 h. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols on Ge have previously been shown to inhibit oxidation; however, re-oxidation eventually occurs when exposed to ambient conditions. Herein, it is shown that humidity plays a key role in the degradation of the SAM, ultimately resulting in re- oxidation. To demonstrate this, thiol-passivated Ge(100) surfaces are exposed to controlled humidity environ- ments with different levels of relative humidity (RH). The rate of re-oxidation of the Ge surfaces are tracked using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle analysis to discern what role RH plays in the re- oxidation of the Ge and the degradation of the SAM passivation. Atomic force microscopy data is presented to show that humidity-mediated re-oxidation of the Ge has little or no impact on the route mean square roughness of those surfaces. Finally, atomistic modelling of thiol-SAM passivated Ge in the presence of water molecules has been studied using first principles density functional theory in order to simulate experimental conditions and to understand the atomic level processes that determine stability in hydrophilic and hydrophobic configurations.
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Qin, Wenbo, Wen Yue, and Chengbiao Wang. "Understanding integrated effects of humidity and interfacial transfer film formation on tribological behaviors of sintered polycrystalline diamond." RSC Advances 5, no. 66 (2015): 53484–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra09327a.

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Tachibana, Shogo, Yi-Fei Wang, Tomohito Sekine, et al. "Flexible printed temperature sensor with high humidity stability using bilayer passivation." Flexible and Printed Electronics 6, no. 3 (2021): 034002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ac0fce.

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He, Dingchao, Xiaoxiao Xu, Zheng Liang, et al. "Defect passivation and humidity protection for perovskite solar cells enabled by 1-dodecanethiol." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 30 (2021): 9584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc01720a.

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The introduction of 1-dodecanethiol surface modifier results in defects repair and enhanced perovskite film stability against high humidity, which positively affect charge transport mechanisms and boost the performance of perovskite solar cells.
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Hossein-Babaei, Faramarz, Tahereh Akbari, and Benyamin Harkinezhad. "Dopant passivation by adsorbed water monomers causes high humidity sensitivity in PEDOT: PSS thin films at ppm-level humidity." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 293 (August 2019): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.05.018.

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Lee, Ju-Hyeon, Tae-Yang Choi, Ho-Sung Cheon, et al. "Conformal and Transparent Al2O3 Passivation Coating via Atomic Layer Deposition for High Aspect Ratio Ag Network Electrodes." Metals 13, no. 3 (2023): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13030528.

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We demonstrated conformal Al2O3 passivation via atomic layer deposition (ALD) of a flexible Ag network electrode possessing a high aspect ratio. The Ag network electrode passivated by the ALD-grown Al2O3 film demonstrated constant optical transmittance and mechanical flexibility relative to the bare Ag network electrode. Owing to the conformal deposition of the Al2O3 layer on the high aspect ratio Ag network electrode, the electrode exhibited more favorable stability than its bare Ag-network counterpart. To demonstrate the feasibility of Al2O3 passivation via ALD on a flexible Ag network, the performances of flexible and transparent thin-film heaters (TFHs) with both a bare Ag network and that passivated by ALD-grown Al2O3 were compared. The performance of Al2O3/Ag network-based TFHs was minimally altered even after harsh environmental tests at 85% relative humidity and a temperature of 85 °C, while the performance of bare electrode-based TFHs significantly deteriorated. The improved stability and reliability of the Al2O3/Ag network-based TFHs indicate that the ALD-grown Al2O3 film effectively prevents the introduction of moisture and impurities into the Ag network with a high aspect ratio. The improvement in the stability of the Ag network through Al2O3 passivation implies that the ALD-grown Al2O3 film represents a promising transparent and flexible thin film passivation material for high quality Ag network electrodes with high aspect ratios.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Humidity passivation"

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CIMMINO, DAVIDE. "Enhanced Electrical and Reliability Testing of Power Semiconductor Devices." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2897000.

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Doucet, Laurence. "Caractérisation mécanique et physico-chimique des matériaux métalliques et diélectriques dans des structures d'interconnexions destinées à la micro-électronique." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0113.

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Les films minces dielectriques (oxydes de silicium) et metalliques (alliages a base d'aluminium et tungstene) utilises en micro-electronique peuvent etre le siege de contraintes residuelles elevees qui sont susceptibles de provoquer des endommagements irreversibles. Les contraintes residuelles presentes au sein des systemes films-substrat de silicium ont ete determinees par la mesure du rayon de courbure. La diffraction des rayons x a permis d'analyser l'etat de contraintes dans les motifs d'interconnexion (lignes ou vias), passives ou non. La determination des constantes elastiques a ete faite par spectroscopie brillouin. Dans le cas des dielectriques, l'influence des differentes conditions de depots sur la nature des contraintes residuelles et les caracteristiques chimiques a ete etudiee ; cela se traduit par une sensibilite de certains dielectriques a l'humidite, la desorption des especes hydrogenees a partir de 400c et la presence de contraintes intrinseques. Deux alliages a base d'aluminium ont ete etudies en fonction de la temperature de depot et de la presence eventuelle des barrieres d'adhesion: le comportement plastique de ces materiaux a ete mis en evidence a travers la relaxation de la contrainte a la fois a temperature ambiante et au cours de recuits a 400c. Les films minces de tungstene ont un comportement elastique ; le niveau de contraintes residuelles y est plus eleve et provient de la presence de fortes contraintes intrinseques dependant des conditions de depots. Pour les deux types de metallisations, les lignes gravees non passivees presentent un etat de contraintes biaxial alors que les lignes passivees ont un etat de contraintes triaxial ; l'etat de contraintes dans les vias en tungstene, noyes dans un film de silice, est triaxial. Tous ces resultats experimentaux ont ete correles a des simulations numeriques par elements finis
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Babincová, Kristina. "Pasivace aktivní vrstvy perovskitových solárních článků s invertovanou strukturou." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444540.

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The topic of this work is the passivation of the active layer of perovskite solar cells with an inverted structure. The work is divided into theoretical and experimental part. The theoretical part describes in particular the passivation and modification of the perovskite layer as well as the characteristic properties of perovskite, including structure and stability. The experimental part deals with the preparation of photovoltaic cells with an inverted structure. For the characterization of photovoltaic cells, reference samples were prepared and their active layer was modified by plasma. The most used deposition technique for the preparation of layers was the spin coating method. From the performed experiments it can be concluded that the preparation of samples and their subsequent modification under laboratory conditions does not lead to the improvement of the final parameters of photovoltaic conversion. By transferring the sample preparation and passivation of the active layer to an inert atmosphere, it was possible to produce cells with higher efficiencies (compared to the reference sample), around 10 %. Another advantage of this plasma treatment of the active layer is that it also improves the stability of the prepared structures, which even after a few days in air show almost 80 % of the original efficiency.
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Book chapters on the topic "Humidity passivation"

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Rudrappa Deepu, Bagur, Belthangady Pavithra, Mangalore Manjunatha Nayak, and Kunchinadka Narayana Bhat. "Advancement in Micromachining Techniques of MEMS Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors to Minimize Offset Drift Due to Humidity and Temperature." In Micromachining - New Trends and Applications. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113339.

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The present chapter focuses on the micromachining technology advancement to enhance the silicon micromachined piezoresistive pressure sensor’s output characteristics. The differential pressure sensors with a glass bond or a passivation layer of Cr/Au metals at the device’s rear side are fabricated using MEMS techniques. The sensors with modifications can minimize and almost eliminate the absorption/adsorption of moisture content on the sensor surface for a long time, indicating improved device performance. The effect of atmospheric temperature and humidity on the four piezo resistors and the sensor’s drift is investigated in this chapter, highlighting the challenges involved in glass micromachining techniques, including wet etching, sandblasting, and electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM). Ultimately, the fabricated sensor’s pressure calibration and offset drift values are studied due to atmospheric effects being reported.
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Conference papers on the topic "Humidity passivation"

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Ladwein, Thomas L., Matthias Sorg, Sebastian Schilling, and Sybille Schilling. "Influencing the Functional Properties of Stainless Steels by Different Surface Treatments." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11176.

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Abstract The corrosion behaviour of stainless steels is dependent on the passive layer. They are formed depending on the alloying composition of the steel, the surface preparation, air humidity, temperature and there is a clearly pronounced time dependence. In this work the passivation behaviour of different kinds of stainless steel was investigated as a function of surface finishing treatments usually performed during production and manufacturing: grinding with several grits of emery paper, pickling with mixtures of nitric and hydrofluoric acids, passivating with nitric acid and chemical cleaning with citric acid. Linear polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and contact angle measurements were used to investigate the properties obtained thereby. The topography was also analyzed using a white light profilometer. The polarization resistance increases with time of holding in air, but this increase stops after a few days. This was observed even after a chemical passivation treatment. The same influence was observed for the pitting potential: In contrast the influence of surface preparation on surface energy is rather small. The experimental data from impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization measurements, topography and surface energy were used to calculate a surface index which reflects the total contribution of all factors on the functional surface properties.
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Oliveira, Alessandro D., Gabriel F. Bettencourt, João L. C. Santos, Daniela F. G. Jesus, and Tatiana C. Almeida. "Corrosion Resistance of Unlacquered Chromium-plated Steel Sheets: Study on the Influence of Pickling and Chemical Treatment Steps of the Production Process." In LatinCORR 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/lac23-21267.

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Abstract The corrosion resistance of industrially produced chromium-plated steel sheets was investigated. Two process parameters were considered: pickling and chemical treatment. The specimens were produced with two different pickling conditions (non-electrolytic and electrolytic pickling) and two different chemical treatments (non-electrolytic and electrolytic passivation). Accelerated corrosion tests in a humidity chamber, microscopy analyses, analyses of the content of metallic chromium in the coating and the content of trivalent chromium in the passivation film were performed. The results showed a low corrosion resistance of the materials produced with the non-electrolytic passivation, regardless of the pickling condition. The highest level of protection of the base steel was achieved for the specimen produced by using the electrolytic route for both pickling and chemical treatment steps. This condition produced a mass of trivalent chromium in the passivation film greater than 8.0 mg.m-2, which provided an effective performance of the chromium-plated steel sheet.
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Opila, R. L., and R. B. Comizzoli. "Corrosion of Aluminum Passivated with Polyimide." In CORROSION 1990. NACE International, 1990. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1990-90462.

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Abstract Polyimides are among the most promising insulating materials for electronic applications, especially as innerlayer dielectrics or over-metal passivation. Polyimide coatings must protect the integrated circuit metallization from corrosion as well as inorganic materials do. The corrosion of polyimide coated Al test patterns has been studied under accelerated conditions of temperature, humidity, and electrical bias. In some experiments, electrical opens were found even before humidity exposure. A suspension of negatively charged carbon black has been developed to decorate the polymer over metal lines at positive potential, thereby unambiguously determining the location of these electrical opens. These initial failures were shown to be caused by an additive included in the polyimide formulation. Other samples exposed to accelerated conditions exhibited severe corrosion of the Al metallization and delamination of the polyimide adjacent to the corroded Al. The corrosion products were analyzed using energy dispersive x-ray analysis and were found to contain only Al and O. Exposure of polyimide coated si wafers with no metallization to elevated humidity showed that humidity degrades the polyimide-Si interface, even if a coupling agent is used. Auger electron spectroscopy was used to show that the adhesive failure occurs at the polyimide-coupling agent interface. The diffusion of water through the polyimide degrades the interface and leads to corrosion. The stresses caused by the increase in volume of the corrosion products leads to further delamination of the polyimide, followed by accumulation of water at the interface and corrosion of the newly exposed Al. Eventually catastrophic failure of the test structure results.
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Schaller, Rebecca F., Jason M. Taylor, and Eric J. Schindelholz. "The Influence of Salt Loading Density on the Atmospheric Corrosion of Aluminum." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-08938.

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Abstract Corrosion of aluminum and aluminum alloys under atmospheric exposure has been well documented for outdoor conditions. While these studies expose the effects of environmental severity they do not explicitly establish the dependence of corrosion rate on salt loading. Accelerated laboratory studies have shown that initial corrosion rates are generally higher with higher salt loadings, but, over time corrosion appears to effectively stifle for low loadings of NaCl (<100 μg/cm2) under fixed humidity conditions. This has previously been attributed to the stability or passivation of the surface that is pH and, in turn, CO2 dependent. Another possible explanation could be the gettering of NaCl by corrosion product leading to surface drying and depletion of the corrosion aggressor. This paper explores the effects of selected NaCl loading densities vs. exposure time of UNS A91100 at both the macro and micro scale to illuminate the possible mechanisms leading to corrosion stifling. Through this work, an understanding of the relationship between corrosion in atmospheric systems versus the variation of a specific environmental severity factor, NaCl loading density, will be further developed.
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Taveira, L. V., A. A. Sagüés, J. Lopez-Sabando, and B. Joseph. "Detection of Corrosion of Post-Tensioned Strands in Grouted Assemblies." In CORROSION 2008. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08398.

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Abstract The feasibility and sensitivity of electrochemical noise (EN), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and linear polarization resistance (LPR) for detection of corrosion in post-tensioning (PT) components was investigated. The use of the electrical resistance (ER) technique, as well EIS and LPR, to detect air space corrosion at the grout voids was also explored. The results showed that high sensitivity noise measurements (in the μV range) are feasible for the strand-anchorage systems. The potential and galvanic current trends for the assemblies suggest the presence of activation-passivation cycles linked to each water ingress event. The EN method was adequate to identify only one modality of corrosion, and failed to detect other potentially important forms of corrosion despite the presence of significant macrocell current. In contrast, the EIS and LPR methods more reliably detected ongoing corrosion. The ER method could sensitively detect the deterioration of grouted and bare steel strands exposed to a high humidity environment as in the air space of a grout void. The air space corrosion experiments showed that an aggressive environment may evolve in the grout void, resulting in appreciable corrosion rates.
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Skilbred, Anders W. B., Andreas Løken, and Jeferson De Oliveira. "The Influence of Corrosion Preventing Inhibitors on the Performance of Corrosion Protective Coatings." In CORROSION 2021. AMPP, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2021-16572.

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Abstract Water jetting is frequently used as a surface preparation method during maintenance of offshore assets. However, water jetted surfaces are exposed to formation of flash rust in the time interval between surface preparation and application of coating. The formation of flash rust increases with temperature, relative humidity and soluble salt contamination on the surface. In order to prevent flash rust to form and develop, corrosion preventing inhibitors have been utilized. Three commercially available alkaline aqueous corrosion preventing inhibitors together with three different coating systems were selected for this study. A wide range of standardized exposure tests were performed to investigate the performance of the different coating systems on various substrates under atmospheric and submerged conditions. Based on the overall evaluation of the laboratory exposure test results it can be concluded that the corrosion preventing inhibitors tested has no significant effect on the performance of the coating systems during exposure testing when comparing to grit blasted substrates. However, samples with water jetted surfaces with light flash rust (WJ-2L) show in general an improved performance compared to grit blasted and substrates treated with inhibitors. This is likely due to a slight passivation of the steel surface by the formation of light flash rust. Subsequently, this study shows that use of inhibitors may be deemed un-necessary as long as the development of flash rust is limited. Moreover, if necessary to prevent the development of extensive flash rust, the use of corrosion preventing inhibitors is expected not to have any significant negative effect on the performance of corrosion protective coating systems.
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Skilbred, Anders W. B., Jeferson De Oliveira, and Andreas Løken. "The Influence of Flash Rust-preventing Inhibitors on the Performance of Corrosion Protective Coatings." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-19327.

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Abstract Water-jetting is frequently used as a surface preparation method during the maintenance of offshore assets. However, water-jetted surfaces are also subject to flash rust formation in the time interval between surface preparation and coating application. The formation of flash rust increases with temperature, relative humidity, and soluble salt contamination on the surface. To prevent flash rust to form and develop, flash rust-preventing inhibitors (FRP) can be utilized. Three commercially available alkaline aqueous FRPs together with three different corrosion protective coating systems were selected for this study. A wide range of standardized exposure tests was performed to investigate the performance of the different coating systems on various substrates under atmospheric and submerged conditions. Based on the overall evaluation of the laboratory exposure test results it can be concluded that the three FRPs tested have no significant effect on the performance of the coating systems during exposure testing when compared to grit-blasted substrates. However, samples with water-jetted surfaces with light flash rust (WJ-2L) show in general an improved performance compared to grit blasted and substrates treated with inhibitors. This may be attributed to a slight passivation of the steel surface stemming from the presence of the flash rust. Subsequently, this study shows that the use of inhibitors may be deemed unnecessary if the development of flash rust is limited. Moreover, if necessary to prevent the development of extensive flash rust, the use of FRPs is expected not to have any significant negative effect on the performance of corrosion-protective coating systems.
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Srinivasan, Raghu, Matt Cullin, and Toomas Kollo. "Predicting Atmospheric Galvanic Corrosion of Aluminum Using Accelerated Laboratory Electrochemical Experiments." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-18163.

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Abstract Aluminum (Al) alloys are the most commonly used non-ferrous metals (approximately 25 million tons per year) for various technical applications and the second most commonly used metal alloy after steel. Al alloys are also combined with other metals/materials to get specific desirable properties for particular applications. However, a system of dissimilar materials can lead to potential corrosion problems such as galvanic and/or crevice corrosion. In this work, atmospheric galvanic corrosion of aluminum (Al) alloy was predicted by combining electrochemical techniques and accelerated laboratory corrosion tests. Three different galvanic couples were analyzed where 6061-T6 Al alloy (UNS A96061) was coupled with a passivating metal (304 stainless steel or UNS S30400), noble metal (copper or UNS C11000) and a conductive polymer matrix composite (PMC) reinforced with carbon fiber. The galvanic current flowing between the anode and cathode was measured using the zero-resistance ammeter (ZRA) technique in the humidity-chamber setup. Electrolytes with varying amounts of chloride contents were used to imitate different atmospheric conditions. An equation based on Faraday’s law was developed to calculate the corrosion rate in grams per meter square per day (gmd) by relating the time of wetness (TOW) from the field exposure to the galvanic current measured from the accelerated laboratory experiments. The total exposure time was divided into wet periods (Twet) and dry periods (Tdry). Cyclic corrosion test chamber following a modified GM9540P cycle and outdoor exposure experiments are planned for the future.
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Smith, Anderson D., Karim Elgammal, Xuge Fan, et al. "Toward effective passivation of graphene to humidity sensing effects." In ESSDERC 2016 - 46th European Solid-State Device Research Conference. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/essderc.2016.7599645.

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Bothra, S., H. Sur, H. Brugge, and D. Pramanik. "Use of Failure Analysis Techniques to Optimize the Passivation Process for a TLM 0.35 µm Process." In ISTFA 1997. ASM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1997p0293.

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Abstract Optimization of the passivation scheme for a 0.35 μm TLM process is presented. The passivation layer is required to provide mechanical and chemical protection during the assembly and packaging process and long term environmental protection. The passivation scheme was optimized by testing a product-like test vehicle at accelerated environmental stress conditions of high humidity and high temperature. The initial passivation scheme showed a unique electrical test signature - a voltage dependent failure with open circuit at low voltage/pass at high voltage. Advanced wafer-level failure analysis techniques and equipment were used to isolate and identify the failure site. Further cross-section analysis revealed that the failure site was a fracture across a via and adjoining IMO. This cracking was attributed to stress corrosion fracture of the IMO based on root cause analysis. This hypothesis required a path for moisture to the stressed IMO-2 location to cause the fracture. The moisture path was identified by further analysis and process changes to eliminate this were implemented. All subsequent parts passed the accelerated environmental tests confirming the stress corrosion fracture hypothesis.
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