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1
Klinka, Karel, Pavel Krestov, Jaume Fons, and Christine Chourmouzis. "Towards a taxonomic classification of humus forms : third approximation." Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/683.
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The importance of humus form or forest floor as a principal component of terrestrial forest ecosystems has led to the development
of a taxonomic classification of humus forms for BC (first approximation: Klinka et al. 1981; second approximation: Green et al.
1993). This classification, as all others, is based on the field-observable (morphological) features because we expect that they
reflect differences in the nature and development of humus forms. However, there is a continuing need to test (1) whether humus
forms that appear different are in fact different in their physical, chemical, and biotic properties, and (2) the portability of the
classification outside the area in which it was developed. As a result of recent studies of the biotic component of humus forms and
recent testing of the classification outside British Columbia (Scandinavia, southeastern Russia, and northeastern China), we have
recognized several new diagnostic horizons, and hence new taxa. In this pamphlet, we present synopsis of the third approximation
of the classification for review and testing. For more detailed information on the background, methodology, and classification of
humus forms, the readers should consult Green et al. (1993).
Each humus form is represented by the sequence of organic and mineral horizons that constitute the humus form profile. Identification
of a humus form, i.e., giving it a name, requires description of the humus form profile – the identification of master and subordinate
horizons. For this reason we have included a description of the horizon designations as well as a synopsis of the classification and
a key to the identification of humus forms.
2
Klinka, Karel, Jaume Fons, and Christine Chourmouzis. "Nutrient and biotic properties of mormoder and leptomoder humus forms in the coastal western hemlock zone." Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/718.
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In British Columbia, humus form identification is widely use to infer the level of plant-available soil nutrients. This identification is based on field-observable (morphological)
features. We recognize three major humu forms: Mors, Moders, and Mulls - which are differentiated according to the type of F horizon, and the presence/absence of organic
matter-enriched Ah horizons.
Mors represent humus forms where decomposition is dominated by fungi, with slow decomposition rates and accumulations of organic matter on the soil surface. Mors
are characterized by the presence of a Fm (m - mycogenous) horizon. In contrast, Mulls represent humus forms with high rates of decomposition and faunal activity resulting in
organic matter being intimately incorporated into the upper mineral soil layer instead of accumulating on its surface. Intermediate on the humus form gradient from Mors to Mull
are the Moders. Moders are similar to Mors in that they have accumulations of organic matter on the surface of the mineral soil but decomposition is not fungus dominated, so
they lack the diagnostic Fm horizon. The central concept of the Moder is represented by the Leptomoder, which is characterized by a Fz (z - zoogenous) horizon with an active
population of soil meso- and microfauna, fungal mycelia are not present or present in small amounts. When both fungal mycelia and faunal droppings can be found, but neither
clearly predominate over the other, an Fa (a - amphimorphic) horizon results. Fa horizons are characteristic of Mormoders, an integrade between Mors and Moders.
Considering the prevalence of Mormoders and Leptomoders in B.C. and the difficulties in identifying Fa horizons, the aim of this study was to determine whether the
morphological features used to differentiate these two Moder humus forms reflects differences in their physical, chemical and biotic properties.
3
Klinka, Karel, Gordon J. Kayahara, and Christine Chourmouzis. "Comparison of soil acidification and intensity of podzolization beneath decaying wood versus non-woody forest floors in coastal BC." Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/763.
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Forest managers concerned with maintaining soil productivity must consider the impacts of forestry practices upon the
features of a site. One critical feature is the amount and type of organic matter on a site, which may affect soil development.
This study addresses the question of whether CWD accumulations increase the intensity of podzolization, thus reducing
the long-term productivity of a site.
4
Klinka, Karel, Gordon J. Kayahara, Pavel Krestov, H. Qian, and Christine Chourmouzis. "Vegetation and soil nutrient properties of Black spruce and Trembling aspen ecosystems in the boreal black and white spruce zone." Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/717.
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Changes in forest ecosystem vegetation also bring about changes to the associated soil. In order to maintain forest productivity, it is important to know the effects of tree species upon the soil, especially the influence of deciduous versus coniferous tree species. Many deciduous species increase pH, nitrogen, base saturation and/or accumulation of organic
matter in the forest floor. The chemical properties of the forest floor may, in turn, influence the chemical properties of the underlying mineral soil. If a tree species significantly alters the soil, then silviculturists may consider crop rotation between
deciduous and coniferous trees or growing mixed-species stands to maintain greater nutrient availability and maintain site productivity.
Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and black spruce (Picea mariana) may occupy similar sites in the North American boreal forest. Shade-intolerant aspen is generally a seral species while shade-tolerant black spruce can be a seral species but also forms a major component in late successional stages. This study investigated differences in nitrogen-related soil properties between trembling aspen and black spruce stands on upland sites in the BWBS zone of northeastern BC. We asked two questions: (1) are the differences in soil nutrient properties manifested in both forest floor and mineral soil? (2)
To what extent are these differences reflected in the floristic composition of understory vegetation?
5
Klinka, Karel, R. E. (Reid E. ). Carter, Qingli Wang, and M. C. (Michael Charles) Feller. "Influence of salal on height growth of coastal douglas-fir." Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/677.
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The influence of salal on tree growth has attained considerable attention in coastal British Columbia. Field observations, surveys, and studies in the CWH zone have indicated poor growth performance of crop tree species in salal-dominated plantations and natural immature and old-growth stands. Where sites have been burned and planted, tree growth has improved; similar effects have been observed for naturally regenerated stands. Immature stands that developed after wind disturbance or harvesting feature rapid growth and nearly complete absence of salal. As studies have shown that ericaceous plants negatively impact tree growth, the salal on potential harvest sites has been considered undesirable.
This study examined (1) the possible influence of salal on the stand, soil nutrient status and site index, and (2) the relations between site index, salal, plant communities, and site in disturbed, immature, coastal Douglas-fir ecosystems. We compared vegetation and environmental characteristics of 101 ecosystems, and examined differences in foliar and
soil nutrient characteristics and site index between stands with high and low salal cover through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis.
6
Colombini, Gabin. "Étude multi-échelle des interactions saprophages-matières organiques et de leurs implications dans le fonctionnement des humipedons de Technosols : approche fondamentale vers l’ingénierie écologique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0277.
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Dans un contexte de dégradation des sols suite aux activités anthropiques et d’érosion de la biodiversité, la compréhension du rôle de la faune édaphique dans le fonctionnement des humipedons est d’intérêt croissant. Le développement de stratégies de réhabilitation des sols anthropisés basées sur les concepts de l’ingénierie écologique pourrait notamment s’appuyer sur les actions de transformation des matières organiques que réalisent les organismes saprophages. L’objectif de cette thèse était (i) de caractériser les fonctions écologiques réalisées par les organismes saprophages à travers la production de biostructures sur des sols fortement anthropisés et (ii) d’évaluer leur potentialité de réhabilitation des Technosols de friches industrielles. Pour cela, une démarche intégrative, basée sur le changement d’échelle spatiale, a été menée sur une friche industrielle d’intérêt. Dans un premier temps, il a été mis en évidence que les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des substrats de Technosols peuvent représenter un filtre abiotique pour la colonisation de la faune édaphique, qui se traduit notamment par l’absence de lombricidés anéciques et endogés dans les Technosols. Dans un deuxième temps, à l’échelle de l’humipedon, les résultats ont permis de montrer que la dynamique des matières organiques néoformées par la végétation dépend également de la nature du substrat utilisé lors de la réhabilitation de la friche. En effet, sous l’action des saprophages épigés, une série d’horizons ectorganiques, similaire à celle d’un Moder, s’est développée sur l’horizon technogénique des Technosols. Le terme de « Techno-moder » a ainsi été proposé pour décrire cette nouvelle forme d’humus. Les spécificités chimiques et ultrastructurales de l’horizon zOH du Techno-moder, constitué de biostructures produites par les saprophages, ont également confirmé cette proposition de classification. Pour finir, l’étude en conditions contrôlées des déjections produites par l’isopode saprophage Porcellio scaber a permis de mettre en évidence que les traits physico-chimiques des déjections dépendent du substrat composant le Technosol et de la matière organique apportée. En accord avec ce qui avait été conclu à l’échelle de l’humipedon, il semble donc que les traits des déjections produites par les saprophages épigés soient une caractéristique intrinsèque de l’écosystème, qui résulte des facteurs environnementaux caractérisant l’humipedon des Technosols. Le développement de stratégie de réhabilitation des Technosols par inoculation couplée de saprophages et de matières organiques pourrait ainsi améliorer certaines caractéristiques physico-chimiques des humipedons de Technosols tout en imposant la prise en compte des interactions spécifiques des organismes avec le substrat<br>In a context of soil degradation and erosion of biodiversity resulting from anthropogenic activities, understanding the role of edaphic fauna in the functioning of humipedons is of growing interest. The development of reclamation strategies on anthropized soils, based on the concepts of ecological engineering, could be based on the actions of transformation of organic matter carried out by saprophagous organisms. The objective of this thesis was (i) to characterize the ecological functions performed by saprophagous organisms through the production of biostructures on anthropized soils and (ii) to assess their potential for the reclamation of brownfields Technosols. To do so, an integrative approach, based on the changes of spatial scale, was carried out on an industrial brownfield of interest. First, it was demonstrated that Technosols physicochemical characteristics can represent an abiotic filter limiting the colonization of edaphic fauna, especially highlighted by the absence of anecic and endogeic earthworms in Technosols. Secondly, at the scale of the humipedon, the results showed that the dynamics of organic matter formed by vegetation also depends on the nature of the substrate used during the rehabilitation of the brownfield. Indeed, under the action of epigeic saprophagous arthropods, a series of ectorganic horizons, similar to the ones of a Moder, developed on the technogenic horizon of Technosols. The term "Techno-moder" has thus been proposed to describe this new humus form. The chemical and ultrastructural features of the Techno-moder zOH horizon, made up of biostructures produced by saprophagous, also confirmed this classification proposal. Finally, feces produced by the saprophagous isopod Porcellio scaber, studied under controlled conditions, allowed to demonstrate that their physicochemical characteristics depend on the Technosol substrate and on organic matter chemical features. In agreement with the conclusions at the humipedon scale, it seems that feces traits produced by the epigeic saprophagous arthropods are an intrinsic characteristic of the ecosystem, which results from the Technosols humipedons composition. The development of Technosols reclamation strategies using coupled inoculation of saprophagous and organic matter could thus improve Technosols humipedons physicochemical characteristics while requiring the specific interactions of organisms with the substrate to be taken into account
7
Klinka, Karel, H. Qian, Pavel Krestov, and Christine Chourmouzis. "Species diversity and floristic relationships of the understory vegetation in black spruce and trembling aspen stands in the boreal forest of British Columbia." Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/762.
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The boreal forest is confined to the Northern Hemisphere and is the most continuous and extensive forest in the world. In North America boreal forest extends from the Pacific to Atlantic coast spanning over 10° latitude. White spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), black spruce (P. mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) are among the dominant tree species. Black spruce and trembling aspen may form pure stands and occupy similar sites as their edaphic amplitudes overlap; however, spruce is rare on water-deficient sites and aspen does not tolerate excess water.
Despite many studies conducted in the North American boreal forest, little is known about relationships between the boreal understory vegetation and softwood or hardwood canopy species in different climate regions. Furthermore, the variation in species diversity and succession between the stands dominated by coniferous trees and those dominated by broadleaved trees within the same region is unknown. The objectives of this study are to determine (1) the difference in the species diversity and floristic composition of understory vegetation between black spruce and trembling aspen stands
within the same climatic region, and (2) how the species diversity and floristic composition of understory vegetation in each stand type vary with climate, and soil moisture and soil nutrient conditions.
8
Klinka, Karel, D. Bradley Collins, Louise E. M. de Montigny, M. C. (Michael Charles) Feller, and Christine Chourmouzis. "Forest floor nutrient properties in single- and mixed-species stands of Western hemlock and Western redcedar." Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/709.
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The influence of tree species on forest soils has been the subject of study for at least a century. Of particular interest have been western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) – two of the most common tree species in coastal and southern British Columbia, but each with a different nutrient amplitude. It has generally been found that acid, mycogeneous Mor humus forms develop in hemlock stands, while less acid and more zoogenous Mormoder, Moder, or even Mull humus forms develop in redcedar stands.
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of hemlock and redcedar, growing separately and together, on forest floor nutrient properties. The questions addressed were: (1) does each stand type have unique forest floor nutrient properties? and (2) can any forest floor nutrient property discriminate between stand types?
9
Hoffman, Darrell R. "Blending multimedia and campus-based learning to enhance learning about forest floor and humus forms." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55137.
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Given the functions of forest organic soil horizons in carbon sequestration, biodiversity and nutrient cycling, coupled with the fact that the forest floor is often not described in soil surveys, it is important that forestry professionals learn to classify organic horizons and humus forms. The current generation of undergraduate students appreciate having access to multimedia and online resources in their learning, and prefer active, collaborative experiences of the concepts they are learning in the classroom. With technological advances, modernizing curriculum by blending campus-based learning and multimedia is ever easier to accomplish. The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop blended-learning activities, combining campus based learning and multimedia web-based resources, to teach forest floor description and classification; and (2) conduct exploratory factor analysis of student survey responses to assess student opinions about the application of the blended-learning method. The Forest Floor web-based educational resource and campus-based activities were developed with the contributions of a team of experts in soil science, web and multimedia design, and science education. Ninety-four percent of students agreed or strongly agreed that the Forest Floor web-based resource was helpful for learning forest floor concepts, 79% that describing samples in class was essential for understanding the properties of organic horizons, and 81% that they were able to relate information in the Forest Floor web-based resource to their own samples used in an in-class activity indicating that students appreciated the blended learning methodology. Based on the survey responses five implicit factors were interpreted: (1) satisfaction with the web-based educational resources as learning enhancements; (2) success of presentation of concepts using a blended learning method; (3) student self-assessment of learning; (4) student learning preferences in accessing materials; and (5) website usability. Student feedback suggests that the blended learning activities were appreciated and met the learning objectives. This study also provides an example for conducting exploratory factor analysis of blended learning interventions and provides factors that may be verified through confirmatory factor analysis.<br>Land and Food Systems, Faculty of<br>Graduate
10
Göbel, Marc-Oliver. "Impact of solid surface wetting properties on soil physical processes relevant for organic matter decomposition." Tönning Lübeck Marburg Der Andere Verl, 2007. http://d-nb.info/984748709/04.
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Fowler, Lee Everett. "A Virtual pilot algorithm for synthetic HUMS data generation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54473.
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Regime recognition is an important tool used in creation of usage spectra and fatigue loads analysis. While a variety of regime recognition algorithms have been developed and deployed to date, verification and validation (V&V) of such algorithms is still a labor intensive process that is largely subjective. The current V&V process for regime recognition codes involves a comparison of scripted flight test data to regime recognition algorithm outputs. This is problematic because scripted flight test data is expensive to obtain, may not accurately match the maneuver script, and is often used to train the regime recognition algorithms and thus is not appropriate for V&V purposes. In this paper, a simulation-based virtual pilot algorithm is proposed as an alternative to physical testing for generating V&V flight test data. A “virtual pilot” is an algorithm that replicates a human’s piloting and guidance role in simulation by translating high level maneuver instructions into parameterized control laws. Each maneuver regime is associated with a feedback control law, and a control architecture is defined which provides for seamless transitions between maneuvers and allows for execution of an arbitrary maneuver script in simulation. The proposed algorithm does not require training data, iterative learning, or optimization, but rather utilizes a tuned model and feedback control laws defined for each maneuver. As a result, synthetic HUMS data may be generated and used in a highly automated regime recognition V&V process. In this thesis, the virtual pilot algorithm is formulated and the component feedback control laws and maneuver transition schemes are defined. Example synthetic HUMS data is generated using a simulation model of the SH-60B, and virtual pilot fidelity is demonstrated through both conformance to the ADS-33 standards for selected Mission Task Elements and comparison to actual HUMS data.
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Weber, Philip A. "Towards a Canadian standard for the geometric design of speed humps." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0002/MQ32410.pdf.
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Dincher, Marie. "Dynamique comparée des éléments majeurs dans les humus de forme mull dans une hêtraie du Nord-Est de la France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0170.
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L’humus est le siège de processus clés pour la nutrition des arbres. Cependant, il reste un compartiment de l’écosystème encore peu étudié pour l’ensemble des nutriments et éléments bénéfiques autre que C et N. Ainsi, dans un contexte où les pressions exercées sur les forêts augmentent depuis quelques années, il est important de comprendre la dynamique comparée des éléments de leur arrivée dans l’humus à leur sortie dans le sol. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont (1) d’identifier les mécanismes et les facteurs responsables de la dynamique des éléments majeurs (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, S, Si, Al et Fe), (2) de déterminer les relations entre ces éléments et (3) de préciser la place de l’humus dans la nutrition de l’arbre. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, un modèle conceptuel basé sur l’identification des flux entrant et sortant de l’humus et des possibles mécanismes présents dans le niveau de l’humus a été élaboré. Les résultats obtenus dans cette thèse suggèrent que la dynamique des éléments et leur disponibilité pour l’arbre à la sortie de l’humus dépendent d’un ensemble de processus et réactions accélérant ou retardant leur départ de l’humus. Les vitesses de libération des éléments dans le sol dépendent de leurs formes dans les entrées de l’humus (soluble, molécules organiques, biominéraux), de leur localisation dans les feuilles (limbe vs. nervure) et des tissus des végétaux plus ou moins facilement dégradables alimentant l’humus. La dynamique des éléments est également influencée par des réactions de recyclage à l’intérieur de l’humus, comme des précipitations biotiques ou abiotiques. Les éléments être utilisés par les amibes à thèques (Si, P, Ca et Mn), précipités autour des hyphes (Ca, Mn, P, et K) ou encore être précipité sous forme de plage amorphes (Si). Ces réactions contrôlent les temps moyens de résidence des éléments : les éléments les plus solubles, localisés dans des tissus plus dégradables et les moins recyclés seront lessivés plus rapidement et auront des temps de résidence plus bas. La période libération des éléments sous l’humus intervient sur leur disponibilité pour l’arbre de ces éléments. En période de végétation où les éléments sont directement disponibles pour les arbres, moins de 25% de K et P sont libérés. La capacité du sol à retenir les éléments produits en période de sénescence et de dormance sera fondamentale pour assurer la pérennité de l’écosystème. Lors de cette thèse, les particules en sortie de l’humus ont été quantifiées pour la première fois. Outre le rôle sur la pédogenèse en général et la dynamique du C, ce flux particulaire sous l'humus pourrait augmenter la capacité d’échanges cationique des sols et sa capacité à retenir ces éléments lessivés en période de dormance<br>Humus is the place of key tree nutrition processes. However, it remains a compartment of the ecosystem still under studied for all major nutrients and beneficial elements other than C and N. Thus, in a context of increasing pressure on forests, it matters to understand the dynamics of the elements from their input into the humus to their output towards the soil. The aims of this thesis are: (1) to identify the mechanisms and factors responsible of the major element dynamics (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, S, Si, Al and Fe), (2) to determine the relationships between these elements and (3) to specify the place of the humus in tree nutrition. To answer these objectives, a conceptual model based on the identification of humus inputs and outputs and the possible mechanisms present at the humus level was elaborated. The results of this thesis suggest that the element output fluxes depends on processes and reactions accelerating or delaying their release from the humus. The element release rates in the soil depend on their forms in the humus inputs (soluble, organic molecules, biominerals) and their location in the plant tissues (leaf blade vs. vein) supplying the humus. The element dynamics is also influenced by recycling reactions within the humus, such as biotic or abiotic precipitation through testate amoebae (Si, P, Ca and Mn), precipitates around hyphae (Ca, Mn, P, and K) or amorphous Si precipitates. These reactions control the mean residence times of the elements and their leaching gradient below the humus: the most soluble and least immobilized elements will be leached more rapidly and will have lower residence time. The release of these elements below the humus is another important factor that affects the availability of these elements to trees. During the growing season, when the trees upatke soil solution, less than 25% of K and P are released from humus. The ability of the soil to hold the elements produced during periods of senescence and dormancy is fundamental to ensure the sustainability of the ecosystem. In this thesis, the particles leaving the humus were quantified for the first time. In addition to their role on pedogenesis and the dynamics of C, this particle flux below the humus could increase the cation-exchange capacity of the soil and its ability to hold these leached elements during the dormant period
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Rocabado, Paco Lucio Guillermo. "Evaluation of the use of climatically controlled pankar-huyus modules for cultivating lettuce." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2004. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5429.
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Pankar-huyus are becoming an alternative solution to the Bolivian Altiplano's climate problems for agriculture and to help provide adequate nutrition for the inhabitants of this region. Pankar-huyus are small modules with mild ambient temperatures that cover roughly 4 m^2. They are built underground and are covered by agrofilm caps that, in this study, were partially opened by day and closed at night. This study evaluated the climactic parameters of minimum and maximum temperature, minimum and maximum relatively humidity inside the pankar-huyus, wind velocity outside and inside the pankar-huyus at 40 cm from the soil and at the level of the soil (thus obtaining net ratiation). The crop planted was Grand Rapids TBR--variety lettuce. The study tested two depths, 0.80 m and 1.20 m, of the pankar-huyus combined with two different degrees of cover opening, of 20 cm and 40 cm. The lettuce was planted twice (two cultivation cycles). The first was in September to October, the second from November to December. These two cycles in the present study are the two time periods mentioned. The first cycle's nursery was a walipini with disinfected soil, and the plants developed without problems. The second cycle's nursery was planted in another walipini with a non-disinfected surface, which resulted in a fungal infection that directly affected the second cycle's yield. The climate parameters were measured by instruments, which were: Thermohydrometers to measure temperature and humidity, anemometer to measure wind velocity, and a luxó to measure solar radiation. Of the combination of variables in this study, modules with a depth of 1.20 meters and a 40 cm opening gave the highest yield for this crop, despite the second crop being notably affected by a fungal infection. One of the advantages of this type of system is the favorable minimum temperatures for temperate crops. Among its disadvantages are the elevated maximum temperatures and the high minimum relative humidity of some of the modules, especially those with 0.80 m depths. Solar radiation was observed to diminish as it penetrated deeper depths inside the modules. Wind velocity did not have much influence on the magnitude inside the modules. However, greater velocity was measured on the soil, which is the center of the modules. The exterior climate factors that directly affected the interior of the modules were: maximum temperature, minimum relative humidity, and wind velocity because these occurred when the modules' covers remained open. Solar radiation is one of the principal parameters because it gives the energy necessary for all the crop's biochemical and metabolic processes.
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Lee, Guurtruida Elisabeth Maria van der. "Anoxic conditions in a Douglas fir litter layer implications for denitrification /." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2000. http://dare.uva.nl/document/55282.
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Havia, J. (Johanna). "Trace element analysis of humus-rich natural water samples:method development for UV-LED assisted photocatalytic sample preparation and hydride generation ICP-MS analysis." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526216812.
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Abstract Humus-rich natural water samples, containing high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), are challenging for certain analytical methods used in trace element analysis, including hydride generation methods and electrochemical methods. In order to obtain reliable results, the samples must to be pretreated to release analytes from humic acid complexes prior to the determination. In this study, methods for both pretreatment and analysis steps were developed. Arsenic is a toxic element and therefore its determination even at low concentration levels is important in environmental monitoring. Arsenic complexed with humic substances is not likely to form volatile hydrides quantitatively during borohydride reduction. In this study, natural water samples were digested with microwave-assisted digestion method prior to analysis by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HG-ICP-MS). In addition, a dual mode sample introduction system was used to study internal standardization in order to correct signal variations during the measurement of arsenic with HG-ICP-MS. A novel nano-TiO2 catalyzed ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) digestion device was developed to apply green chemistry principles in sample preparation. The method consumes less harmful reagents and less energy than traditional techniques. The DOC removal efficiency was studied as a function of pH, irradiation time and hydrogen peroxide concentration. Recoveries of spiked heavy metals and hydride forming elements were studied. UV-LED technology is growing rapidly, and new catalytic semiconductor materials for photocatalysis are being developed. In this study, the effects of synthesis method variables on the properties of ZnO nanopowders were investigated<br>Tiivistelmä Luonnonvesinäytteet voivat sisältää suuria määriä liuennutta hiiltä (DOC), jolloin pienten alkuainepitoisuuksien määrittäminen voi olla haasteellista esimerkiksi hydridinmuodostusmenetelmillä ja sähkökemiallisilla menetelmillä. Luotettavien tulosten saavuttamiseksi näytteet täytyy esikäsitellä analyyttien vapauttamiseksi humushappokomplekseista ennen määrityksiä. Tässä tutkimuksessa kehitettiin menetelmiä humuspitoisille luonnonvesinäytteille sekä esikäsittelyvaiheeseen että analyysivaiheeseen. Arseeni on myrkyllinen alkuaine, jonka määrittäminen pienissä pitoisuuksissa on ympäristön seurannan kannalta tärkeää. Humusyhdisteisiin kompleksoitunut arseeni ei muodosta kvantitatiivisesti hydridejä borohydridipelkistyksellä. Tässä tutkimuksessa luonnonvesinäytteet hajotettiin mikroaaltoavusteisella hajotusmenetelmällä ennen arseenin mittaamista hydridinmuodostus-induktiiviplasmamassaspektrometrialla (HG-ICP-MS). Tämän lisäksi tutkittiin mittaustarkkuuden parantamista sisäisellä standardoinnilla mitattaessa arseenia HG-ICP-MS-menetelmällä. Tutkimuksessa kehitettiin myös uudenlainen näytteenkäsittelylaitteisto, jossa käytettiin säteilylähteenä ultraviolettivaloa emittoivaa diodia (UV-LED) ja katalyyttinä nanotitaanidioksidia. Uusi ympäristöystävällinen menetelmä kuluttaa vähemmän haitallisia reagensseja ja vähemmän energiaa kuin perinteiset menetelmät. Kehitetyn menetelmän hajotustehokkuutta tutkittiin pH:n, säteilytysajan ja vetyperoksidikonsentraation funktiona. Lisäksi raskasmetallien ja hydridiä muodostavien alkuaineiden saantoja tutkittiin lisäyskokeilla. UV-LED-teknologia kehittyy nopeasti ja uusia valokatalyysimateriaaleja tutkitaan jatkuvasti. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin synteesimuuttujien vaikutusta sinkkioksidinanojauheiden ominaisuuksiin
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Nonalaya, Soto Carlos Enrique. "Reducción de plomo y cadmio en los humos de la fundición de plomo de la Oroya." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2002. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/2289.
Full textAbstract:
En el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados de una serie de pruebas pirometalúrgicas que se han realizado en un horno rotativo cilíndrico de sección corta, que es el más indicado para la fusión de polvos aglomerados, y apropiado por dar una buena distribución del calor durante la fusión.
Se debe recalcar en este trabajo que el Complejo Metalúrgico de La Oroya es un conjunto de plantas que están diseñadas para tratar concentrados de diferentes minerales con altos niveles de contaminantes, obteniendo así rentabilidad en los subproductos que recupera, tales como la plata, antimonio, cadmio, selenio, bismuto y otros. Es así que sus diferentes plantas de tratamiento son generadoras de material particulado contaminante, lo cual debe ser controlado por un proceso adecuado.
Aquí se describen también las unidades básicas de tratamiento pirometalúrgico de los concentrados minerales, para de este modo conocer el origen de los humos metalúrgicos y su modo de recuperación, que en la actualidad no es tan eficiente.
Según lo descrito, y conociendo el problema desde su origen se ha llevado a cabo una serie de pruebas metalúrgicas a escala de laboratorio con el objeto de optimizar este proceso, generando una mayor recuperación de plomo y cadmio del polvo que se produce en los diferentes procesos. La idea básica es entonces impedir el reingreso al proceso del mayor porcentaje posible de material particulado, dando para esto un tratamiento por separado del mismo.
De este modo se pretende dar una propuesta para mejorar la eficiencia del proceso tanto en lo económico como en lo ambiental.<br>Tesis
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López, Paucar Maricielo del Pilar, and Sandoval Angie Lisset Valdera. "Dar Hummus, hacia un packaging eficiente: Su proceso de adaptación a la identidad peruana y su sistema de conservación en los últimos cinco años." Bachelor's thesis, PE, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/16657.
Full textAbstract:
El objetivo de esta investigación se rige bajo la premisa del diseño funcional de envases ecológicos para mejorar la experiencia de compra en los usuarios de las
marcas que comercializan en el “Mercado Saludable de la Molina”, una ecoferia que
promueve el consumo de productos sanos y orgánicos para las personas que buscan
un estilo de vida más saludable. Una de las marcas mejor establecidas dentro de este
mercado es Dar Hummus, empresa peruana bioproductora que ha insertado el hummus al universo gastronómico nacional, pasando por un proceso de adaptación de esta pasta desde su origen en el Medio Oriental hacia el Perú. Sin embargo se ha observado un problema en el traslado del producto hacia el consumidor final además del fácil deterioro del hummus por ser un producto orgánico sin preservantes. Para esta investigación se aplicó la metodología de estudio de diseño del doble diamante, se utilizaron estrategias directas con los clientes y consumidores habituales tales como entrevistas, testeo y validación. Según las validaciones realizadas como resultado final se obtuvo una positiva invitación al consumidor a interactuar con el empaque, volviéndolo mucho más amigable y convirtiendo el proceso de descubrimiento de armado del packaging una experiencia nueva para el cliente. Al finalizar el proyecto se llegó a la conclusión que el empaque propuesto respondía a las necesidades del cliente como emprendedores y las necesidades de sus consumidores, potenciando además el valor de la marca creando una herramienta para compartir y siendo responsables con el medio ambiente<br>Trabajo de investigación
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Monyatsi, Lemohang. "An assessment of the effectiveness of speed humps as a traffic calming measure for accident reduction in Durban." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32879.
Full textAbstract:
EThekwini municipality has been allocating millions of rands each year for speed humps as a traffic calming measure, to curb rat-running and ensure pedestrian safety in the city. Since 2012, the city has spent R42.1 million of its capital budget on speed humps. Despite all traffic calming efforts, there hasn't been significant changes in the city's total accidents. Between 2000 and 2015, the city's total crashes has never been below 50 000 per annum. In terms of injuries, the same trend can be observed. Person injuries have been increasing year-on-year since 2012. To date, there hasn't been a study conducted by EThekwini Municipality to assess the effectiveness of these speed humps implemented across the city. At the moment, despite the city's annual commitment to implement traffic calming, particularly in the form of speed humps, the city does not have an idea as to whether traffic calming measures put in place are successful or not, or whether they are effecting any changes at all. This research, therefore, aims to use information available to assess changes in specific roads, i.e. roads that have been traffic calmed. The study will look at these numbers which are key performance indicators before and after the implementation of speed humps. This study will assess the impact of reactive (responsive to requests) traffic calming in the form of speed humps using accident data. The assessment will look at changes relating to the number of crashes before and after implementation of speed humps, it will also focus on changes in the severity of accidents involved. The research will study changes in relation to the types of accident involved particularly pedestrians. These key performance indicators (KPIs) will be used to assess changes and answer the question of effectiveness.
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Sumon, Sarwan Kumar. "Innovative and effective transport solutions for masonry arch bridges, safety barriers and road humps through testing and numerical simulation." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446253.
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Mwafulirwa, Lumbani. "The potential for root trait selection to enhance soil carbon storage and sustainable nutrient supply." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=231426.
Full textAbstract:
Plant roots are central to C- and N-cycling in soil. However, (i) plants differ strongly in tissue recalcitrance (e.g. lignin content) affecting their mineralization in soil, and (ii) rhizodeposits also vary strongly in terms of the metabolites that they contain. Therefore, (i) we used 13C labelled ryegrass root and shoot residues as substrates to investigate the impact of tissue recalcitrance on soil processes through controlled incubation of soil, (ii) we assessed variations in root C-deposition between barley genotypes and their respective impacts on soil processes using 13CO2 labelled plants, (iii) using 13C/15N enriched ryegrass root residues as tracer material, we investigated the impacts of barley genotypes on mineralization of recently incorporated plant residues in soil and plant uptake of the residue-derived N, and (iv) we applied a quantitative trait loci analysis approach to identify barley chromosome regions affecting soil microbial biomass and other soil and root related traits. In the first study, addition of root residues resulted in reduced C-mineralization rates, soil microbial activity and soil organic matter (SOM) priming relative to shoot residues. Planted experiments revealed (i) genotype effects on plant-, SOM- and residuederived surface soil CO2-C efflux and showed that incorporation of plant derived-C to the silt-and-clay soil fraction varied between genotypes, indicating relative stabilization of root derived-C as a result of barley genotype, (ii) that plant uptake of residue released N between genotypes was linked to genotype impacts on residue mineralization, and (iii) barley chromosome regions that influence plant-derived microbial biomass C. These results (i) suggest that greater plant tissue recalcitrance can lower soil C-emissions and increase C-storage in soil, and (ii) demonstrate the barley genetic influence on soil microbial communities and C- and N-cycling, which could be useful in crop breeding to improve soil microbial interactions, and thus promote sustainable crop production systems.
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Hansdotter, Sara. "An assessment of possibilities and limitations for an application ofSigill’s climate-certification on the organization “Fjällbete”." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-32901.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is focused on making an assessment of possibilities and limitations regarding an application of Svenskt Sigill’s climate- certification on the organization Fjällbete. Another aim with the thesis was to be able to provide recommendations for future development of climate certifications in order to provide information for decision makers. The production of the organization Fjällbete is mainly focused on lamb, and they are aiming to promote a long-term sustainable agriculture by promoting a regenerative agriculture and holistic management. The climatecertification provided by Svenskt Sigill was developed during a project in corporation with KRAV (the leading eco-label for food in Sweden), initiated in 2007. This certification mostly concern choice of feed, nitrogen fertilizer, animal welfare and energy efficiency. This was partly a case-study of the organization. To identify the opportunities and limitations, the effect of an introduction of Sigills’ climate certification, three criteria were being assessed. These were the impact on greenhouse-gas emissions, carbon sequestration and biodiversity. The criteria were further evaluated in a table to assess how compliance with the regulations would affect Fjällbetes’ impact on the three criteria. From the result, it was concluded that an application of Sigills’ climate-certification on the organization Fjällbete would likely effect the organization significantly in the right direction regarding their impact on greenhouse gases deriving from energy consumption. It was also concluded that a compliance with the regulations regarding the slaughter age for animals would potentially effect the organization in the wrong direction regarding its impact on greenhouse gases, carbon sequestration and biodiversity. The magnitude of the effect of the consequences regarding a compliance with this regulation cannot be detected from this study. It was interpreted that an application of the certification on the organization would not help them significantly to communicate their differentiation on the market. If more factors regarding regeneration of land, biodiversity and conservation values would be included in the certification, the motivation would potentially be higher. Another conclusion was that for a future development of a climate-certification, it is essential to include a wide spectrum of different types of farmers.<br>DennaC-uppsats visar upp en bedömning av möjligheter och begränsningar gällande entillämpningen av Svenskt Sigills klimatcertifiering på organisationen"Fjällbete". Ett delsyfte med studien var att kunna gerekommendationer för framtida utveckling av klimatcertifieringar.Organisationen "Fjällbete" är huvudsakligen inriktad pålammproduktion, och deras mål är att verka för ett långsiktigt hållbartjordbruk genom att främja ett ”holistic management” och regenerativt jordbruk.Klimatcertifieringen från Svenskt Sigill utvecklades under ett projekt isamarbete med KRAV (Sveriges ledande miljömärkning för mat), som inleddes 2007.Denna certifiering fokuserar främst på val av foder, kvävegödsel, djurskydd ochenergieffektivitet.Detta var delvis en fallstudie av organisationen. För attidentifiera möjligheterna och begränsningarna av effekten av en applicering avSigills klimatcertifiering, utvärderades tre kriterier. Dessa var inverkan påväxthusgasutsläpp, koldioxidutsläpp och biologisk mångfald. Kriteriernautvärderades ytterligare i en tabell för att kunna bedöma hur enöverensstämmelse med regelverket skulle påverka Fjällbetes påverkan på de trekriterierna.Av resultatet utlästes att en tillämpning av Svenskt Sigillsklimatcertifiering på organisationen Fjällbete eventuellt skulle kunna ledaorganisationen i rätt riktning avseende deras påverkan på växthusgaser somhärrör från energiförbrukningen. Det drogs också slutsatsen att enöverensstämmelse med regulationerna gällande slaktålder för djur potentielltskulle kunna påverka organisationen i fel riktning vad gäller dess påverkan påväxthusgaser, koldioxidutsläpp och biologisk mångfald.En slutsats var att entillämpning av certifieringen på organisationen inte skulle hjälpa dem avsevärtatt kommunicera sin differentiering på marknaden. Om fler faktorer avseenderegenerering av mark, biodiversitet och bevarandevärden skulle ingå icertifieringen skulle motivationen kunna vara högre.En annan slutsats var attvid en framtida utveckling av klimatcertifiering är det viktigt att inkluderaett brett spektrum av olika typer av jordbrukare.<br><p>2017-10-11</p>
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Ninnemann, Horst. "Strukturelle Merkmale N-modifizierter Braunkohlen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Huminstoffe." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1200330094858-14006.
Full textAbstract:
Motiviert durch die Zunahme der weltweiten Nachfrage nach hochwertigen Humusstoffen wurde am Institut für Holz- und Pflanzenchemie ein neuartiger Humusersatzstoff entwickelt. Dieses N-modifizierte Produkt wird auf Basis eines patentierten Normaldruckverfahrens der oxidativen Ammonolyse (OA) aus ligninhaltigen Ausgangssubstanzen, im vorliegenden Fall Lausitzer Braunkohle, hergestellt. Ziel war, die bisher vorliegenden Erkenntnisse der strukturellen Eigenschaften solcher Humusstoffe zu erweitern. Im Fokus standen die Gehalte und Charakteristik der Huminstofffraktionen (Humine, Humin- und Fulvosäuren). Der Stickstoff und die Art seines Einbaus in die organische Substanz spielt hierbei eine besondere Rolle. Für die Huminstoffisolierung kam die hinsichtlich der Ausbeuten und des Zeitaufwandes optimierte IHSS-Methode zum Einsatz. Wesentliche Merkmale N-modifizierter Substanzen sind erhöhte Huminsäurengehalte, zeitlich differenziert wirksame N-Bindungsformen und damit eine Diversifizierung der Funktionalität. Zusätzlich mit dem geringen Aschegehalt unterscheidet dies N-modifizierte Lausitzer Braunkohle von anderen auf Braunkohlebasis erzeugten Bodenverbesserungsmitteln des Marktes. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Huminsäuren hinsichtlich der Bereitstellung von Stickstoff und Funktionalität (z.B. Austauscherplätze) eine Schlüsselrolle einnehmen. Die Veränderungen durch die OA basieren stofflich auf der Bildung regenerierter Huminsäuren und chemisch u.a. auf der oxidativen Ringspaltung von Aromaten an nicht veretherten phenolischer OH-Gruppen von Methoxyphenolstrukturen. Dabei ist diese Reaktion entgegen früherer Annahmen nicht an eine Demethoxylierung gebunden und erfordert auch keine verschärften Reaktionsbedingungen (z.B. erhöhter Druck). Diese und weitere Reaktionsmechanismen führen zu ammoniumartig, amidartig und fest organisch gebundenen N-Bindungsformen. 15N-NMR-Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an einem 15N-angereicherten Produkt, Py-GC/MS-Untersuchungen und nasschemische Experimente zeigen, dass in der Vergangenheit die Bedeutung heterocyclischer, insbesondere heteroaromatischer N-Bindungsformen überschätzt wurde. Amidartiger Stickstoff präsentiert sich dabei als außerordentlich heterogen hinsichtlich seiner Hydrolysestabilität bzw. Pflanzenverfügbarkeit. Für die effektive Beurteilung möglicher Ausgangssubstanzen hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für die Herstellung von Humusdüngestoffen nach dem Prinzip der OA kann der Huminsäurengehalt herangezogen werden. Er wird mit Hilfe eines degradativen Verfahrens ermittelt. Die mit dem Huminsäurengehalt in Verbindung stehenden Stoffeigenschaften von Kohlen korrelieren gut mit dem N-Einbau. Aus Sicht der Verfahrensführung hängt die Intensität des N-Einbaus eng mit dem Oxidationsregime zusammen. Durch Anwendung von reinem Sauerstoff anstelle von Luft als sehr einfach und günstig zu realisierende Maßnahme kann die Reaktionszeit halbiert werden<br>The development of a novel artificial humus material at the Institute of Wood- and Plant Chemistry was accounted by the increasing demand for high grade humic matter. This N-modified product base on a patented ambient pressure technology of the oxidative ammonolysis. of lignin containing substances, in particular Lusitian lignite. Objective of the work was to broadening the current knowledge of structural properties with focus on the contents and characteristics of humic substances fractions (humins, humic acids, fulvic acids). Especially attention was given to nitrogen and its way of incorporation into organic matter. For isolating humic substances the IHSS method was used. The procedure was adapted in order to increase the yield of humic acids and decrease time needed. Main characteristics of N-modified substances are higher contents of humic acids and subtly differenciateted effective N-binding forms with leads to higher diversity of the chemical functionality. This and the low ash content makes the differences to other brown coal based soil improving agents available on the marked. It has been shown that humic acids give the main part providing nitrogen and functionality (e.g. cation exchange capacity). The oxidative ammonolysis leads to regenerated humic acids as well as e.g. the clevage of aromatic structures by reactions of free phenolic groups. In contrast to former assumptions the cleavage is not strongly related to demethoxylation or strong reaction conditions like high pressure. This and other reactions lead to short, middle, and long lasting N-binding forms. 15N-NMR-spectroscopic investigations on a 15N-enriched product, Py-GC/MS-investigations and conventional investigations show an overestimation of heterocyclic, in particular heteroaromatic N-binding forms up to now. Consequently amide like nitrogen reveals as extraordinary according to its persistent behaviour to hydrolysis and plant availability respectively. Corresponding the correlation of the N-incorporation and humic acid content of raw materials the latter can be used for evaluating possible raw material for its usage for N-modification. It can be easy obtained in a degratadive way. From the process engineering point of view the success of N-incorporating is strongly correlated to the oxidation conditions during processing. Using pure oxygen instead of air shorts the needed reaction at 50%
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Ninnemann, Horst. "Strukturelle Merkmale N-modifizierter Braunkohlen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Huminstoffe." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2007. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24082.
Full textAbstract:
Motiviert durch die Zunahme der weltweiten Nachfrage nach hochwertigen Humusstoffen wurde am Institut für Holz- und Pflanzenchemie ein neuartiger Humusersatzstoff entwickelt. Dieses N-modifizierte Produkt wird auf Basis eines patentierten Normaldruckverfahrens der oxidativen Ammonolyse (OA) aus ligninhaltigen Ausgangssubstanzen, im vorliegenden Fall Lausitzer Braunkohle, hergestellt. Ziel war, die bisher vorliegenden Erkenntnisse der strukturellen Eigenschaften solcher Humusstoffe zu erweitern. Im Fokus standen die Gehalte und Charakteristik der Huminstofffraktionen (Humine, Humin- und Fulvosäuren). Der Stickstoff und die Art seines Einbaus in die organische Substanz spielt hierbei eine besondere Rolle. Für die Huminstoffisolierung kam die hinsichtlich der Ausbeuten und des Zeitaufwandes optimierte IHSS-Methode zum Einsatz. Wesentliche Merkmale N-modifizierter Substanzen sind erhöhte Huminsäurengehalte, zeitlich differenziert wirksame N-Bindungsformen und damit eine Diversifizierung der Funktionalität. Zusätzlich mit dem geringen Aschegehalt unterscheidet dies N-modifizierte Lausitzer Braunkohle von anderen auf Braunkohlebasis erzeugten Bodenverbesserungsmitteln des Marktes. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Huminsäuren hinsichtlich der Bereitstellung von Stickstoff und Funktionalität (z.B. Austauscherplätze) eine Schlüsselrolle einnehmen. Die Veränderungen durch die OA basieren stofflich auf der Bildung regenerierter Huminsäuren und chemisch u.a. auf der oxidativen Ringspaltung von Aromaten an nicht veretherten phenolischer OH-Gruppen von Methoxyphenolstrukturen. Dabei ist diese Reaktion entgegen früherer Annahmen nicht an eine Demethoxylierung gebunden und erfordert auch keine verschärften Reaktionsbedingungen (z.B. erhöhter Druck). Diese und weitere Reaktionsmechanismen führen zu ammoniumartig, amidartig und fest organisch gebundenen N-Bindungsformen. 15N-NMR-Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an einem 15N-angereicherten Produkt, Py-GC/MS-Untersuchungen und nasschemische Experimente zeigen, dass in der Vergangenheit die Bedeutung heterocyclischer, insbesondere heteroaromatischer N-Bindungsformen überschätzt wurde. Amidartiger Stickstoff präsentiert sich dabei als außerordentlich heterogen hinsichtlich seiner Hydrolysestabilität bzw. Pflanzenverfügbarkeit. Für die effektive Beurteilung möglicher Ausgangssubstanzen hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für die Herstellung von Humusdüngestoffen nach dem Prinzip der OA kann der Huminsäurengehalt herangezogen werden. Er wird mit Hilfe eines degradativen Verfahrens ermittelt. Die mit dem Huminsäurengehalt in Verbindung stehenden Stoffeigenschaften von Kohlen korrelieren gut mit dem N-Einbau. Aus Sicht der Verfahrensführung hängt die Intensität des N-Einbaus eng mit dem Oxidationsregime zusammen. Durch Anwendung von reinem Sauerstoff anstelle von Luft als sehr einfach und günstig zu realisierende Maßnahme kann die Reaktionszeit halbiert werden.<br>The development of a novel artificial humus material at the Institute of Wood- and Plant Chemistry was accounted by the increasing demand for high grade humic matter. This N-modified product base on a patented ambient pressure technology of the oxidative ammonolysis. of lignin containing substances, in particular Lusitian lignite. Objective of the work was to broadening the current knowledge of structural properties with focus on the contents and characteristics of humic substances fractions (humins, humic acids, fulvic acids). Especially attention was given to nitrogen and its way of incorporation into organic matter. For isolating humic substances the IHSS method was used. The procedure was adapted in order to increase the yield of humic acids and decrease time needed. Main characteristics of N-modified substances are higher contents of humic acids and subtly differenciateted effective N-binding forms with leads to higher diversity of the chemical functionality. This and the low ash content makes the differences to other brown coal based soil improving agents available on the marked. It has been shown that humic acids give the main part providing nitrogen and functionality (e.g. cation exchange capacity). The oxidative ammonolysis leads to regenerated humic acids as well as e.g. the clevage of aromatic structures by reactions of free phenolic groups. In contrast to former assumptions the cleavage is not strongly related to demethoxylation or strong reaction conditions like high pressure. This and other reactions lead to short, middle, and long lasting N-binding forms. 15N-NMR-spectroscopic investigations on a 15N-enriched product, Py-GC/MS-investigations and conventional investigations show an overestimation of heterocyclic, in particular heteroaromatic N-binding forms up to now. Consequently amide like nitrogen reveals as extraordinary according to its persistent behaviour to hydrolysis and plant availability respectively. Corresponding the correlation of the N-incorporation and humic acid content of raw materials the latter can be used for evaluating possible raw material for its usage for N-modification. It can be easy obtained in a degratadive way. From the process engineering point of view the success of N-incorporating is strongly correlated to the oxidation conditions during processing. Using pure oxygen instead of air shorts the needed reaction at 50%.
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Klinka, Karel. "The association between western hemlock fine roots and woody versus non-woody forest floor substrates in coastal British Columbia." Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/664.
Full textAbstract:
In the wetter climates associated with the coastal forests of the Pacific Northwest, coarse woody debris (CWD) accumulations in the form of snags, downed boles, and large branches can be large in natural forest ecosystems. Although maintaining organic matter for sustainable site productivity is not in dispute, the importance of CWD as a source of soil organic matter is questionable. Forest managers attempting to optimize timber production need to know how CWD affects short-term forest tree growth and productivity. This study addresses the question of the immediate value of CWD for growth of mature (90 year old) western hemlock (Hw). Because of practical difficulty with mature trees growing in different substrates, we utilized fine root distribution or proliferation, as an indicator of important substrates.
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Larsen, Christopher G. "Structural FRF Measurements up to 50 kHz to Assist Frequency Band Selection for Machinery Health Monitoring." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337715377.
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Nwankwo, Cosmas Chidozie. "Smart offshore structure for reliability prediction process." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9335.
Full textAbstract:
A review of the developments within the field of structural reliability theory shows that
some gaps still exist in the reliability prediction process and hence there is an urgent
desire for improvements such that the estimated structural reliability will be capable of
expressing a physical property of the given structure. The current reliability prediction
process involves the continuous estimation and use of reliability index as a way of
estimating the safety of any given structure. The reliability index β depends on the
Probability Density Function (PDF) distribution for the wave force and the corresponding
PDF of resistance from respective structural members of the given structure. The PDF
for the applied wave force will depend on the PDF of water depth, wave angular velocity
and wave direction hence the reliability index as currently practiced is a statistical way
of managing uncertainties based on a general probabilistic model.
This research on Smart Offshore Structure for Reliability Prediction has proposed the
design of a measurement based reliability prediction process as a way of closing the
gap on structural reliability prediction process. Structural deflection and damping are
some of the measurable properties of an offshore structure and this study aims at
suggesting the use of these measurable properties for improvements in structural
reliability prediction process. A design case study has shown that a typical offshore
structure can deflect to a range of only a few fractions of a millimetre. This implies that if
we have a way of monitoring this level of deflection, we could use the results from such
measurement for the detection of a structural member failure. This advocated concept is
based on the hypothesis that if the original dynamic characteristics of a structure is
known, that measurement based modified dynamic properties can be used to determine
the onset of failure or failure propagation of the given structure.
This technology could reveal the location and magnitude of internal cracks or corrosion
effects on any given structure which currently is outside the current probability based
approach. A simple economic analysis shows that the recommended process shows a
positive net present value and that some $74mln is the Value of Information for any life
extension technology that could reveal the possibility of extending the life of a given
10,000bopd production platform from 2025 to 2028.
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Daly, Marwa El. "Challenges and potentials of channeling local philanthropy towards development and aocial justice and the role of waqf (Islamic and Arab-civic endowments) in building community foundations." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16511.
Full textAbstract:
Diese Arbeit bietet eine solide theoretische Grundlage zu Philanthropie und religiös motivierten Spendenaktivitäten und deren Einfluss auf Wohltätigkeitstrends, Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und einer auf dem Gedanken der sozialen Gerechtigkeit beruhenden Philanthropie. Untersucht werden dafür die Strukturen religiös motivierte Spenden, für die in der islamischen Tradition die Begriffe „zakat“, „Waqf“ oder im Plural auch „awqaf-“ oder „Sadaqa“ verwendet werden, der christliche Begriff dafür lautet „tithes“ oder „ushour“. Aufbauend auf diesem theoretischen Rahmenwerk analysiert die qualitative und quantitative Feldstudie auf nationaler Ebene, wie die ägyptische Öffentlichkeit Philanthropie, soziale Gerechtigkeit, Menschenrechte, Spenden, Freiwilligenarbeit und andere Konzepte des zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagements wahrnimmt. Um eine umfassende und repräsentative Datengrundlage zu erhalten, wurden 2000 Haushalte, 200 zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen erfasst, sowie Spender, Empfänger, religiöse Wohltäter und andere Akteure interviewt. Die so gewonnen Erkenntnisse lassen aussagekräftige Aufschlüsse über philanthropische Trends zu. Erstmals wird so auch eine finanzielle Einschätzung und Bewertung der Aktivitäten im lokalen Wohltätigkeitsbereich möglich, die sich auf mehr als eine Billion US-Dollar beziffern lassen. Die Erhebung weist nach, dass gemessen an den Pro-Kopf-Aufwendungen die privaten Spendenaktivitäten weitaus wichtiger sind als auswärtige wirtschaftliche Hilfe für Ägypten. Das wiederum lässt Rückschlüsse zu, welche Bedeutung lokale Wohltätigkeit erlangen kann, wenn sie richtig gesteuert wird und nicht wie bislang oft im Teufelskreis von ad-hoc-Spenden oder Hilfen von Privatperson an Privatperson gefangen ist. Die Studie stellt außerdem eine Verbindung her zwischen lokalen Wohltätigkeits-Mechanismen, die meist auf religiösen und kulturellen Werten beruhen, und modernen Strukturen, wie etwa Gemeinde-Stiftungen oder Gemeinde-„waqf“, innerhalb derer die Spenden eine nachhaltige Veränderung bewirken können. Daher bietet diese Arbeit also eine umfassende wissenschaftliche Grundlage, die nicht nur ein besseres Verständnis, sondern auch den nachhaltiger Aus- und Aufbau lokaler Wohltätigkeitsstrukturen in Ägypten ermöglicht. Zentral ist dabei vor allem die Rolle lokaler, individueller Spenden, die beispielsweise für Stiftungen auf der Gemeindeebene eingesetzt, wesentlich zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beitragen könnten – und das nicht nur in Ägypten, sondern in der gesamten arabischen Region. Als konkretes Ergebnis dieser Arbeit, wurde ein innovatives Modell entwickelt, dass neben den wissenschaftlichen Daten das Konzept der „waqf“ berücksichtigt. Der Wissenschaftlerin und einem engagierten Vorstand ist es auf dieser Grundlage gelungen, die Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) zu gründen, die nicht nur ein Modell für eine Bürgerstiftung ist, sondern auch das tradierte Konzept der „waqf“ als praktikable und verbürgte Wohlstätigkeitsstruktur sinnvoll weiterentwickelt.<br>This work provides a solid theoretical base on philanthropy, religious giving (Islamic zakat, ‘ushour, Waqf -plural: awqaf-, Sadaqa and Christian tithes or ‘ushour), and their implications on giving trends, development work, social justice philanthropy. The field study (quantitative and qualitative) that supports the theoretical framework reflects at a national level the Egyptian public’s perceptions on philanthropy, social justice, human rights, giving and volunteering and other concepts that determine the peoples’ civic engagement. The statistics cover 2000 households, 200 Civil Society Organizations distributed all over Egypt and interviews donors, recipients, religious people and other stakeholders. The numbers reflect philanthropic trends and for the first time provide a monetary estimate of local philanthropy of over USD 1 Billion annually. The survey proves that the per capita share of philanthropy outweighs the per capita share of foreign economic assistance to Egypt, which implies the significance of local giving if properly channeled, and not as it is actually consumed in the vicious circle of ad-hoc, person to person charity. In addition, the study relates local giving mechanisms derived from religion and culture to modern actual structures, like community foundations or community waqf that could bring about sustainable change in the communities. In sum, the work provides a comprehensive scientific base to help understand- and build on local philanthropy in Egypt. It explores the role that local individual giving could play in achieving sustainable development and building a new wave of community foundations not only in Egypt but in the Arab region at large. As a tangible result of this thesis, an innovative model that revives the concept of waqf and builds on the study’s results was created by the researcher and a dedicated board of trustees who succeeded in establishing Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) that not only introduces the community foundation model to Egypt, but revives and modernizes the waqf as a practical authentic philanthropic structure.
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Tsai, Shu-Jean. "Isolation and genomic analyses of Bifidobacterium from humas for use as probiotics." 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/42858349.html.
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Hellwig, Niels. "Spatial patterns of humus forms, soil organisms and soil biological activity at high mountain forest sites in the Italian Alps." Doctoral thesis, 2018. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-20181024676.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the thesis is the model-based analysis of spatial patterns of decomposition properties on the forested slopes of the montane level (ca. 1200-2200 m a.s.l.) in a study area in the Italian Alps (Val di Sole / Val di Rabbi, Autonomous Province of Trento). The analysis includes humus forms and enchytraeid assemblages as well as pH values, activities of extracellular enzymes and C/N ratios of the topsoil. The first aim is to develop, test and apply data-based techniques for spatial modelling of soil ecological parameters. This methodological approach is based on the concept of digital soil mapping. The second aim is to reveal the relationships between humus forms, soil organisms and soil microbiological parameters in the study area. The third aim is to analyze if the spatial patterns of indicators of decomposition differ between the landscape scale and the slope scale.
At the landscape scale, sample data from six sites are used, covering three elevation levels at both north- and south-facing slopes. A knowledge-based approach that combines a decision tree analysis with the construction of fuzzy membership functions is introduced for spatial modelling. According to the sampling design, elevation and slope exposure are the explanatory variables.
The investigations at the slope scale refer to one north-facing and one south-facing slope, with 30 sites occurring on each slope. These sites have been derived using conditioned Latin Hypercube Sampling, and thus reasonably represent the environmental conditions within the study area. Predictive maps have been produced in a purely data-based approach with random forests.
At both scales, the models indicate a high variability of spatial decomposition patterns depending on the elevation and the slope exposure. In general, sites at high elevation on north-facing slopes almost exclusively exhibit the humus forms Moder and Mor. Sites on south-facing slopes and at low elevation exhibit also Mull and Amphimull. The predictions of those enchytraeid species characterized as Mull and Moder indicators match the occurrence of the corresponding humus forms well. Furthermore, referencing the mineral topsoil, the predictive models show increasing pH values, an increasing leucine-aminopeptidase activity, an increasing ratio alkaline/acid phosphomonoesterase activity and a decreasing C/N ratio from north-facing to south-facing slopes and from high to low elevation.
The predicted spatial patterns of indicators of decomposition are basically similar at both scales. However, the patterns are predicted in more detail at the slope scale because of a larger data basis and a higher spatial precision of the environmental covariates. These factors enable the observation of additional correlations between the spatial patterns of indicators of decomposition and environmental influences, for example slope angle and curvature. Both the corresponding results and broad model evaluations have shown that the applied methods are generally suitable for modelling spatial patterns of indicators of decomposition in a heterogeneous high mountain environment. The overall results suggest that the humus form can be used as indicator of organic matter decomposition processes in the investigated high mountain area.
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Orton, Maureen L. "Comparison of Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography with Dry Electrolytic Conductivity Detection for the Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Humus-Rich Soil." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2734.
Full textAbstract:
Ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS) has been showen to provide fast on-site analysis of coarse sandy soil for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). However the presence of humus results in instrument foaling and extensive down time do to instrument clean-up. For this reason a method was investigated for the ultrasonic extraction of PCBs from humus-rich soil that could be used at remote locations. Analysis of the extracted PCBs was conducted using 1) IMS and 2) gas chromatogram equipped with a dry electolytic conductiviy detector (GC/DELCD).
The research conducted for this thesis outlines the method development and analysis of PCBS using these two instruments. The IMS analyiss was found to be complicated by co-extracted matrix compounds. Results and limitations of IMS analysisare present here. The method development and validation of a method for the ultrasonic extraction and analysis of PCBs using the GC/DELCD is provided.