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1
Wachendorf, Christine, Tina Frank, Gabriele Broll, Anneke Beylich, and Gerhard Milbert. "A Concept for a Consolidated Humus Form Description—An Updated Version of German Humus Form Systematics." International Journal of Plant Biology 14, no. 3 (2023): 658–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14030050.
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In Germany, the systematics of humus forms has been developed, which is mainly based on morphological characteristics and has been proven via detailed long-term observation. The humus form systematics presented here is an update based on a new approach, clarifying the hierarchical structure into divisions, classes, types, and subtypes. New diagnostic horizons and transition horizons are introduced, uniquely characterising types and subtypes. This paper holds that the humus form is not only a product of decomposition, humification, and bioturbation but also serves as habitat for soil organisms. The processes and the habitat are shaped by soil-forming factors with the main factor being soil water conditions. Thus, on the first level of systematics, aeromorphic and aero-hydromorphic as well as hydromorphic humus forms are differentiated. Many different features of the organic layers and the mineral topsoil can be observed in forests, open grasslands, the mountain zone above the tree line, and natural fens and bogs, as well as degraded peatlands. Features shaping the humus form, such as the proportion of organic fine material and packing of the organic matter as well as the structure of the mineral soil, have now been unambiguously described. However, site-specific soil-forming factors result in typical organic matter characteristics of individual horizons and typical combinations of different horizons. This relationship is illustrated using descriptions of distinct humus forms.
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Kõlli, Raimo, and Tiina Köster. "Interrelationships of humus cover (pro humus form) with soil cover and plant cover: Humus form as transitional space between soil and plant." Applied Soil Ecology 123 (February 2018): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.07.029.
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Kõlli, Raimo. "Influence of land use change on fabric of humus cover (pro Humus form)." Applied Soil Ecology 123 (February 2018): 737–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.06.022.
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Sohrabi, Hadi, Meghdad Jourgholami, Rachele Venanzi, and Rodolfo Picchio. "Assessment of Variability among Humus Forms and Soil Properties in Relation to Tree Species and Forest Operations in the Kheyrud Forest, Nowshahr." Forests 13, no. 12 (2022): 2156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13122156.
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Tree species and litter play a key role in the functioning of forest ecosystems as influential factors affecting soil ecological processes and the distribution of humus forms. This study investigates the morphology of humus under the litter of different trees on compacted skid trails at different time intervals after skidding operations (6, 10, and 20 years) in the Kheyrud forest, Nowshahr. Each skid trail was identified with three replications in pure beech, beech-hornbeam and mixed beech stands and a total of 81 profiles with dimensions of 30 × 30 cm, drilled and classified using the European Humus Group Proposal (EHGP). According to the results, the mull of the most dominant humus was under the mixed beech litter, while in the pure beech litter the amphi humus was the most abundant form of humus. Three types of humus mull, moder, and amphi were observed in the skid trail under the beech-hornbeam litter. Oligomull was the most abundant form of humus mull in the skid trail under mixed beech litter, while in the trails under pure beech Eumacroamphi, Eumesoamphi, and Hemimoder were the most common forms of humus amphi and moder. Also, the thickness of the organic layer (Organic litter, Organic fragmentation, and Organic humus) was higher in all skid trails under the pure beech litter as compared to other treatments, while from younger trails (6 years) to older trails (20 years), the thickness of the organic-mineral horizon (Ah) increased under the beech mixed litter. We can conclude that different litter types were the main factor to control the presence of different forms of humus after forest operations.
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Kindel, Andreia, and Irene Garay. "Humus form in ecosystems of the Atlantic Forest, Brazil." Geoderma 108, no. 1-2 (2002): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7061(02)00126-x.
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Hellwig, Niels, Dylan Tatti, Giacomo Sartori, et al. "Modeling Spatial Patterns of Humus Forms in Montane and Subalpine Forests: Implications of Local Variability for Upscaling." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010048.
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Humus forms are a distinctive morphological indicator of soil organic matter decomposition. The spatial distribution of humus forms depends on environmental factors such as topography, climate and vegetation. In montane and subalpine forests, environmental influences show a high spatial heterogeneity, which is reflected by a high spatial variability of humus forms. This study aims at examining spatial patterns of humus forms and their dependence on the spatial scale in a high mountain forest environment (Val di Sole/Val di Rabbi, Trentino, Italian Alps). On the basis of the distributions of environmental covariates across the study area, we described humus forms at the local scale (six sampling sites), slope scale (60 sampling sites) and landscape scale (30 additional sampling sites). The local variability of humus forms was analyzed with regard to the ground cover type. At the slope and landscape scale, spatial patterns of humus forms were modeled applying random forests and ordinary kriging of the model residuals. The results indicate that the occurrence of the humus form classes Mull, Mullmoder, Moder, Amphi and Eroded Moder generally depends on the topographical position. Local-scale patterns are mostly related to micro-topography (local accumulation and erosion sites) and ground cover, whereas slope-scale patterns are mainly connected with slope exposure and elevation. Patterns at the landscape scale show a rather irregular distribution, as spatial models at this scale do not account for local to slope-scale variations of humus forms. Moreover, models at the slope scale perform distinctly better than at the landscape scale. In conclusion, the results of this study highlight that landscape-scale predictions of humus forms should be accompanied by local- and slope-scale studies in order to enhance the general understanding of humus form patterns.
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V Podrázský, V., and J. Remeš. "Changes in humus forms in gaps of the canopy of semi-natural beech stand." Journal of Forest Science 52, No. 6 (2012): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4507-jfs.
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The article presents original results of research on the humus form dynamics in a semi-natural European beech stand in the National Natural Reserve Voděradské bučiny, in the area of Training Forest Enterprise at Kostelec nad Černými lesy (Czech University of Agriculture inPrague). The accumulation and soil chemical characteristics of particular humus forms were studied: dry matter amount, pH, soil adsorption and exchangeable acidity characteristics as well as plant available and total nutrient contents. The humus form samples were taken in four replications from the particular humus form layers (L, F, H, Ah), and the analyses were performed individually. Samplings were done in the parts of the stand with closed canopy, and they were compared with the state in gaps formed during natural and semi-natural forest regeneration (the stage of stand breaking up left to spontaneous development). The results confirmed marked changes in the quantity and quality of surface humus in the gaps. The amount of dry matter decreased by ca. 25% several years after canopy opening, especially in the H horizon, the pH, base content and base saturation increased, as well as the content of macronutrients (with the exception of total calcium). The results proved considerable changes in the humus forms during the natural and semi-natural forest cycles connected with the stand regeneration.
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Paré, D., and B. Bernier. "Changes in phosphorus nutrition of sugar maple along a topographic gradient in the Quebec Appalachians." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 1 (1989): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-018.
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In a typical sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) stand in the Quebec Appalachians, foliar phosphorus concentrations increased from the bottom to the top of the hill, while the humus form varied from a mull to a mor along the same slope sequence. Although limited, these observations within one stand presumably subjected to the same anthropogenic stresses, including acid loading, are consistent with those obtained on a regional scale by comparing the phosphorus nutrition of sugar maple stands growing on soils with contrasting humus forms. They support the observation that under the conditions prevailing in the Quebec Appalachians, phosphorus nutrition is affected mainly in stands growing on soils with a moderately acid mull humus. As foliar phosphorus may vary with variations in the humus form over short distances, corrective measures require planning for limited, well-defined areas.
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V Podrázský, V., and J. Remeš. "Effect of forest tree species on the humus form state at lower altitudes ." Journal of Forest Science 51, No. 2 (2012): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4544-jfs.
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  The paper documents the effects of forest stands of different species composition on the humus form state and soil profile chemistry. It compares the situation in mixed broadleaved (ash, oak, hornbeam), basswood and spruce stands. Spruce demonstrates the site degradation effects: raw humus accumulation, soil acidification, negative effects on nutrient dynamics. Both broadleaved stands were similar as for site effects, lower litter accumulation, more rapid organic matter mineralization and more rapid nutrient cycling and intense uptake were documented in the basswood stand.  
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Homolák, Marián, Viliam Pichler, Erika Gömöryová, and Juraj Bebej. "Effect of surface humus on water infiltration and redistribution in beech forest stands with different density." Central European Forestry Journal 63, no. 2-3 (2017): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2017-0021.
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AbstractThe aim of the paper is to demonstrate how the beech surface humus form and forest density affect the infiltration and redistribution of rainwater into the soil matrix. Beech as the most-abundant tree species in Slovakia has a tendency to form a compact humus layer with specific structure, leading to a reduction in the soil surface infiltration area and a significant influence on the preferential flow generation. The research was carried out in beech forests with different forest stand density in the Vtáčnik Mountain (Central Slovakia). The maximal infiltration surface area 35.11 ± 6.58% of sand surface infiltration area was reached at the plot A (0.8). The minimal infiltration surface area was reached at the plot B (0.8) and was 19.45 ± 2.52%. Statistical tests confirmed a significant effect of the forest stand density on the surface infiltration area (p = 0.05) and number of infiltration inputs (p = 0.05). The results show a statistically significant influence of surface humus form and stand density on infiltration and redistribution of rainwater into the soil matrix. The influence results in water flow changes from matrix flow to preferential flow and fingering. As a consequence deeper infiltration of water and solutions, e. g. dissolved organic carbon, to deeper soil layers is observed.
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Nazariuk, V. M., and F. R. Kalimullina. "Productivity of Biocenosis Plants and Humus Accumulation Processes in Eroded Meadow-Chernozem Soils." Agrohimiâ, no. 9 (November 20, 2024): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0002188124090015.
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In long-term experiments, the content of humus in natural and agroecosystems on meadow-chernozem soils depended on the species diversity of plants, the state of the vegetation cover, the cultivation of the arable horizon and its erosion. During the 10-year observation period, the humus content in arable soil decreased by 4.5% relative to the initial state, while under meadow grasses, on the contrary, it increased by 22%. Then, during the 20-year accounting period, the processes of humus accumulation in the cultivated soil changed little. Among natural ecosystems, humus accumulation processes were most active in the humus-accumulative (A) and transitional horizons (AB) under the aspen forest. The reserves of humus and nutrients in eroded soils decreased dramatically, causing a decrease in the productivity of meadow grasses. It has been established that for a significant accumulation of humus (up to 8%) in the non-eroded soil of the 100-year period of ecosystem functioning, it is necessary to combine incoming carbon in the form of forest litter and roots with the biomass of perennial meadow grasses.
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Waez-Mousavi, Seyyed Mohammad, Hashem Habashi, and Toktam Sajedi. "The effect of forest treefall gap on humus forms in a mixed Fagus orientalis Lipsky (Oriental Beech) forest." Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A - Forestry 54(1) (March 11, 2012): 63–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.30882.
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Gap formation affects environmental conditions in forest ecosystems. In this study, the effect of forest gap on humus form in a mixed Fagus orientalis Lipsky (Oriental Beech) forest was investigated by comparing the humus forms found in gaps with those in parts of the stand with closed canopies in a temperate mixed forest in northern Iran. In total, 32 gaps were selected from which 160 humus profiles were considered within gaps, and a further 160 within adjacent closed canopies. In each profile, humus forms were determined based on their morphological characteristics. Results indicated that gap significantly affected humus forms. The humus forms in gaps differed significantly from those in adjacent areas of closed stand. Mull order type humus was the most commonly found in the study site (70% of all profiles). The results also showed that forest floor thickness was lower in gaps than in adjacent closed areas. The suborder eumull was the most common in gaps, whereas dysmull was found to be the most common within closed areas.
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EISENBACH, Lydia Dorothea, Antigolena FOLINA, Charikleia ZISI, et al. "Effect of Biocyclic Humus Soil on Yield and Quality Parameters of Processing Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 76, no. 1 (2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2019.0001.
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A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of biocyclic humus soil, a newly found apparently carbon stabilized form of organic matter with significantly different characteristics from common composts or other forms of organic matter (humus), on yield and quality of processing tomato. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications and three fertilization treatments (untreated, inorganic fertilizer and biocyclic humus soil). The highest fruit yield (116.8 t/ha) was obtained by using biocyclic humus soil. There were no treatment effects on fruit firmness (4.34-4.60 kg/cm2), total soluble solids (4.29-4.76 °Brix) and total acidity (0.25-0.31 g citric acid/100 g fruit) content of fruits. In conclusion, the tomato plants grown in biocyclic humus soil had 45% more yield than in conventional plots, and this big difference is probably related to the fact that the humus soil as a substrate provides an optimum environment for plant growth.
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Ponge, Jean-François, Ipsa Bandyopadhyaya, and Valérie Marchetti. "Interaction between humus form and herbicide toxicity to Collembola (Hexapoda)." Applied Soil Ecology 20, no. 3 (2002): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1393(02)00026-4.
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Podrázský, V. "Comparison of humus form state in the beech and spruce parts of the Žákova hora National Nature Reserve." Journal of Forest Science 51, Special Issue (2019): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11846-jfs.
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The paper summarises main ideas concerning the structure of natural forest ecosystems at middle altitudes and documents the changes of humus forms and their chemistry in the natural forest of Žákova hora National Nature Reserve, in typical selected parts with different tree species composition: European beech – Norway spruce. The species composition, age and spatial structure are discussed and analysis of the uppermost soil layer is done in particular parts of the natural forest regeneration cycle, of different stages respectively. We compared the amount and layer composition of surface humus and basic pedochemical characteristics of holorganic and upper mineral horizons. The results document changes in the character of humus forms as a consequence of the tree species change. On the contrary, a high portion of uncertainty as for the species, age and spatial structure follows from discussion about the structure of natural forests at middle altitudes.
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Ubugunov, V. L., L. L. Ubugunov, and V. I. Ubugunova. "Soils of mountain floodplains in the zone of tectonic joints of Mongol-Okhotsk Orogenic Belt (Mongolia)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 908, no. 1 (2021): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/908/1/012035.
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Abstract New data on the soils of mountain floodplains in the tectonic joints zone of the Mongol-Okhotsk Orogenic Belt on the example of the Upper Kerulen Basin are presented. Soil diversity is mostly determined by sedimentation conditions and drainage of the parent rocks. There are alluvial–humus (Fluvisol (Humic)), mucky–humus (Folic Fluvisol), dark–humus (Fluvisol (Mollic)), dark–humus gley (Gleyic Fluvisol) and dark–humus saline soils (Sodic Gleyic Fluvisol (Mollic)) were diagnosed. Tectonic movements of the earth’s crust lead to the appearance of shaftlike linear dams, blocking river flow through the valley. So, the Kerulen river changed the direction of the channel and go beyond the depression, embedding into its mountain frame. Current seismicity impact on soils appears locally at tectonically active positions of epigenetic areas, close to outputs of saline underground deep waters, in the form of surface soil salinity and hydrometamorphism.
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Datta, S. C., P. N. Takkar, and U. K. Verma. "Effect of partial removal of adsorbed humus on kinetics of potassium and silica release by tartaric acid from clay - humus complex from two dissimilar soil profiles." Soil Research 47, no. 7 (2009): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09002.
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The aim of this investigation is to study how adsorbed humus on clay minerals affects kinetics of dissolution of clay mineral by an organic acid in terms of K and Si release. Clay–humus complexes were isolated from soil samples collected from different depths of 2 soil profiles from an Inceptisol of North India under long-term rice–wheat and maize–wheat cropping systems. Clay–humus complexes were subjected to repeat extraction with 100 mg/L of tartaric acid solutions before and after removal of humus with 30% hydrogen peroxide and the resultant release of potassium and silica was measured. Before removal of humus, K release followed Elovich kinetics for the maize–wheat cropping system.For the rice–wheat cropping system, except surface soil, which followed Elovich kinetics, other subsurface soils followed the power form of kinetic equations. But when humus was partially removed, K release increased exponentially, therelease rate increasing with time. This indicated that for humus-depleted clay, initial release triggered further release of K. Silica was released at a constant rate. The dissolution reaction was incongruent, i.e. the amount of constituents released in solution was not proportional to their mole fraction present in the mineral. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that micaceous mineral was partially dissolved and vermiculite was completely dissolved when humus was partially removed from clay before extraction. This observation indicates that humus adsorbed on clay plays an important role in preventing clay dissolution by organic acids.
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Lalanne, Arnault, Jacques Bardat, Fouzia Lalanne‐Amara, Thierry Gautrot, and Jean‐François Ponge. "Opposite responses of vascular plant and moss communities to changes in humus form, as expressed by the Humus Index." Journal of Vegetation Science 19, no. 5 (2008): 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3170/2007-8-18431.
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Semeraro, Sarah, Maud Fazzari, Pascal Kipf, Sergio Rasmann, and Renée-Claire Le Bayon. "Humus Forms and Organic Matter Decomposition in the Swiss Alps." International Journal of Plant Biology 14, no. 3 (2023): 729–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14030054.
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Humus forms and organic matter decomposition are influenced by climate, plants and soil decomposers. Yet, whether different humus forms could be experimentally linked to litter decomposition has still to be fully assessed. To assess the link between humus systems and organic matter decomposition, we worked in two regions of the Swiss Alps (Valais and Ticino) along elevational gradients by following a north/south exposure design. We quantified humus forms macrorests proportion types by the Ponge small-volume method and measured the decomposition of green tea and rooibos tea within the Parasystems and Terrosystems. We found that Parasystems and Terrosystems differed in tea decomposition rates, with a slower decomposition in Parasystems than in Terrosystems. We also observed that elevation, and hence, vegetation type (i.e., forest in the subalpine versus grassland in the alpine), drove humus form distribution, with Parasystems found in the alpine and subalpine in Ticino, while in Valais Parasystems were only found in the alpine and Terrosystems in the subalpine levels. Further analyses are however needed to identify other variables that best correlate with variation in decomposition processes within humus systems, such as soil decomposer community composition.
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Bernier, Nicolas. "Hotspots of biodiversity in the underground: A matter of humus form?" Applied Soil Ecology 123 (February 2018): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.09.002.
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Andreetta, Anna, Guia Cecchini, Eleonora Bonifacio, Roberto Comolli, Simona Vingiani, and Stefano Carnicelli. "Tree or soil? Factors influencing humus form differentiation in Italian forests." Geoderma 264 (February 2016): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.11.002.
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Fajrina, Cut, Teti Arabia, Teti Arabia, and Sufardi Sufardi. "Distribusi Fe- dan Al-humus serta C organik Tanah pada Entisol dan Inceptisol di Lahan Kering Jantho, Kabupaten Aceh Besar." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 4, no. 1 (2020): 664–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v4i1.10203.
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Abstrak. Humus merupakan senyawa organik yang sangat penting di dalam tanah karena dapat membentuk kompleks dengan kation logam, sehingga mengurangi toksisitas pada tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan dan distribusi Fe- dan Al-humus serta C organik tanah pada Entisol dan Inceptisol di lahan kering Jantho, Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Sampel tanah diambil pada setiap lapisan horison dari profil tanah ordo Entisol (Typic Udorthents) dari Desa Jalin, Inceptisol (Lithic Dystrudepts) Buket Meusara, dan Inceptisol (Oxic Dystrudepts) dari Desa Cucum, kemudian dibawa ke Laboratorium untuk dianalisis Fe- dan Al- humus serta C organik tanah. Fe- dan Al-humus diekstrak dengan larutan 0,1 N Na-pirofosfat (metode van Reeuwijk, 1992) sedangkan Fe dan Al dalam ekstrak Na-pirofosfat diukur dengan AAS. Kandungan C organik ditetapkan dengan metode Wakley dan Black yaitu destruksi dengan asam sulfat dan kalium bikromat dan pengukuran C dilakukan dengan titrasi FeSO4. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan Fe-humus tanah pada ketiga ordo tanah tergolong sangat rendah (0,05 - 0,09%) sedangkan Al-humus tanah bervariasi dari rendah sampai sedang (2,54 - 6,89%). Pada Entisol Jalin, distribusi Fe-humus dan Al-humus semakin meningkat dengan kedalaman, sedangkan pada Inceptisol Buket Meusara dan Inceptisol Cucum, Fe-humus cenderung semakin menurun dengan kedalaman, sementara Al-humus sangat bervariasi. Kandungan C organik tanah di lahan kering Jantho, Aceh Besar pada Entisol dan 0,14 - 0,72% pada Inceptisol Buket Meusara, dan 0,15 - 1,25% pada Inceptisol Cucum. Kandungan Fe- dan Al-humus tanah tidak berkorelasi langsung dengan kandungan C organik.Distribution of Fe- and Al-humus and organic C on Entisol and Inceptisol in Drylands of Jantho, Aceh Besar DistrictAbstract. Humus is a very important organic compound in the soil because it can form complexes with metal cations, so as reducing toxicity to plants. This study aimed to determine the content and distribution of Fe- and Al-humus and soil organic C in Entisol and Inceptisol in dry land of Jantho, Aceh Besar District. Soil samples were taken at each layer of the horison from the soil profile of Entisol (Typic Udorthents) order from Jalin Village, Inceptisol (Lithic Dystrudepts) Buket Meusara, and Inceptisol (Oxic Dystrudepts) from Cucum Village, then taken to the Laboratory for Fe- and Al-humus analysis and soil organic C. Fe- and Al-humus were extracted with 0.1 N Na-pyrophosphate solution (van Reeuwijk method, 1992) while Fe and Al in Na-pyrophosphate extract were measured by AAS. Organic C content is determined by Wakley and Black method, which is destruction with sulfuric acid and potassium bicarbonate and measurement C is carried out by titrating FeSO4. The results showed that the soil Fe-humus content in the three soil orders was classified as very low (0.05 - 0.09%) while Al-humus soil varied from low to moderate (2.54 - 6.89%). In Entisol Interlace, the distribution of Fe-humus and Al-humus increases with depth, whereas in Inceptisol Buket Meusara and Cucum Inceptisol, Fe-humus tends to decrease with depth, while Al-humus varies greatly. Soil organic C content in Jantho dry land, Aceh Besar in Entisol and 0.14 - 0.72% in Meusara Bouquet Inceptisol, and 0.15 - 1.25% in Cucum Inceptisol. The content of Fe- and Al-humus soil does not correlate directly with organic C content.
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Li, Jin-Jin, Hong-Bing Ji, Wei-Jie Wang, et al. "Study on the Profile Distribution and Morphology of Soil Humic Substances in Karst Area of Zunyi City, China." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (2022): 6145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106145.
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Soil degradation in low soil humus content karst areas is a serious problem. Humus is composed of a series of polymer organic compounds, with no fixed form, therefore it is difficult to study, especially humin. In this study, 13C CP/MAS NMR was used to study the humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA), and humin (HM) components in the soil profiles of carbonate rocks and argillaceous rocks in the Northern Guizhou region. Through the vertical distribution of humus in soil, the transformation mechanism among functional groups of humus was studied. The content of HA and FA in the soil of Zunyi New Area was low, and the humification degree was low. FA was the main HA with simple molecules, which were directly related to the surface vegetation in the area. There may have been some genetic relationship between Aliphatic C and Aromatic C, Aliphatic C and Carboxyl C in the same group of humus. In the phylogenetic relationship of HA, FA, and HM, more transformations existed between HA and FA, and between HA and HM, while the transformations between FA and HM were very rare. This study provides an important scientific basis for the theory of the formation and transformation of soil humus in karst area.
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Varadachari, Chandrika, Tarit Chattopadhyay, and Kunal Ghosh. "The crystallo-chemistry of oxide-humus complexes." Soil Research 38, no. 4 (2000): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99053.
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Complexation of humic substances with goethite, hematite, gibbsite, and boehmite has been explained from a viewpoint of crystal structure of the minerals. Theoretical analysis of crystal surface structures revealed the following. (i) Residual charge carried by O or OH on surfaces of gibbsite is –1/2; on boehmite it is –3/2 or –1/2; on goethite it is –4/3, –2/3, or –1/3; and on hematite it is –3/2, –1, or –1/2. Cations adsorbed to neutralise these charges can form bridging links with humic acid; higher charges form stronger links. (ii) Surfaces of goethite, hematite, and gibbsite also contain octahedral sites in which one O/OH position is vacant. These may provide centres for the formation of strong coordination bonds. (iii) Such vacant octahedral positions are absent in boehmite. It follows that in gibbsite, cation bridging links would be weak and vacant octahedral sites would be the dominant bonding sites; in goethite and hematite, both cation bridging and surface coordination sites would be present; in boehmite, cation bridging would be the only strong bonding mode. Derivations from crystallochemical analysis are supported by experimental observations. Infrared studies also show strong OH involvement in boehmite complexation in contrast to the weakness of OH involvement in gibbsite complexes.
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Green, R. N., R. L. Trowbridge, and K. Klinka. "Towards a Taxonomic Classification of Humus Forms." Forest Science 39, suppl_1 (1993): a0001—z0002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/39.s1.a0001.
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Abstract A two-category taxonomic classification and a methodology for field description are proposed to aid in consistent identification and interpretation of humus forms for ecosystem research, surveys, and management. The classification uses the nomenclature principles of the U.S. soil taxonomy and the master organic horizon designations of the Canadian system of soil classification. It includes humus form taxa that have been recognized in Europe and North America. Recognized taxa are defined on the basis of observable and easily measurable morphological properties. Three taxa, Mor, Moder, and Mull, are recognized at the order level and are differentiated according to the type of F horizon and the relative prominence of organic-enriched A horizons. These reflect principal differences in the nature and rate of decomposition processes. Names of the 16 taxa at the lower, group level are created by adding formative elements to the name of the order. For example, groups of the Mor order are differentiated according to the relative thickness of F and H horizons (Hemimors and Humimors); degree of humification in the H horizon (Resimors); content of decaying wood (Lignomors); and moisture regime (Hydromors, Fibrimors, and Mesimors). Phases can be formed for any taxon to recognize important morphological properties that deviate from the taxonomic differentiae. Keys to the recognized taxa and descriptions of representative humus form profiles for each group are provided to assist in identification. Methods for describing, sampling, and surveying humus forms are presented to facilitate field examinations and subsequent studies.
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Schaal, René. "Balsam für Boden und Umwelt." agrarzeitung 76, no. 39 (2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/1869-9707-2021-39-006.
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Schaal, René. "Balsam für Boden und Umwelt." agrarzeitung 76, no. 39 (2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/1869-9707-2021-39-006.
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Krasnoperov, Andrey, Vladimir Zarudny, and Maxim Pyatakov. "Balance of organic matter of sod-podzolic soil in crop rotations with medium-forming and sideral crops." АгроЭкоИнфо 2, no. 56 (2023): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/202132248.
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In the conditions of the Kaliningrad region, long-term research substantiates the possibility of using four- and five-field field crop rotations with a positive balance of organic matter for long-term binding of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the form of stable humus in the soil. The introduction of medium-forming and sideral crops into field short-rotation crop rotations makes it possible to improve the agrophysical condition of the soil, due to the sideration of annual crops and plant residues of perennial legumes, which contributed to an increase in yield. Thus, when growing winter wheat after clover harvest, grain harvests averaged 44.4 c/ha over three years, which is 23.7% higher than for other predecessors. Four– and five-field crop rotations with the inclusion of perennial legumes and grasses have a significant potential for the accumulation of organic matter for its subsequent conservation in the form of humus. The greatest positive balance of humus (+2.5 t/ha) was observed in the crop rotation with the inclusion of fodder beans, spring barley under the cover of perennial grasses and winter triticale. The use of annual mixed legumes and cereals during sowing in summer as precursor siderates for winter rapeseed, barley, wheat, and ginger contributes to the increased accumulation of organic matter in crop rotation. Keywords: BALANCE OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER, HUMUS, SHORT-ROTATION CROP ROTATION, ENVIRONMENT-FORMING AND SIDERAL CROPS
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Podrázský, V., J. Remeš, V. Hart, and W. Keith Moser. "Production and humus form development in forest stands established on agricultural lands – Kostelec nad Černými lesy region." Journal of Forest Science 55, No. 7 (2009): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11/2009-jfs.
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The afforestation of agricultural lands was carried out under different site and ecological conditions, including lower and medium elevated localities. The present study documents the rapidity of accumulation of surface layers and their characteristics in stands of Scots pine (<I>Pinus sylvestris</I>), Norway spruce (<I>Picea abies</I>), birch (<I>Betula verrucosa</I>) and Douglas fir (<I>Pseudotsuga menziesii</I>) in the territory of the Training Forest Enterprise in Kostelec nad Černými lesy, at the altitude 430 m a.s.l., on the site of nutrient-poor gleyed soils. The plots were compared with the neighbouring continuously forested site covered with old pine-spruce stand and with near-situated arable field. During the first roughly 40 years, considerable changes were documented on the afforested plots. Forest-floor humus layers in the coniferous stands have already been formed, the humus forms being more favourable compared with the old forest site. Acidification and loss of nutrients run in the upper mineral horizons. These processes were also responsible for the less favourable character of the forest soil in the old stand. Birch showed minor shifts of soil properties in the mineral horizon compared to the conifers; the surface humus accumulation was not observed there yet. The lowest degradation among conifers was shown in Douglas fir, intensively taking up deficient nutrients on the other hand.
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Bernier, N., and J. F. Ponge. "Humus form dynamics during the sylvogenetic cycle in a mountain spruce forest." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26, no. 2 (1994): 183–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)90161-9.
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ZF, Fawzy. "Compost Production for Soil Nutrition." Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics 5, no. 2 (2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000173.
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One of the biggest problems fans face is maintaining soil fertility. The constant use of chemical fertilizers is also harmful. Therefore, a supplemental dose of compost is necessary to improve soil fertility. Organic fertilizers like compost make better use of all farm and animal waste and convert nutrients into an easily available form, increasing soil fertility. Compost is the product of an aerobic process during which microorganisms break down organic matter into a stable amendment to improve soil quality and fertility. During the composting process, microorganisms use organic matter as a food source, and produce heat, carbon dioxide, water vapor and humus as a result of their vigorous growth and activity. When applied to and mixed in soil, humus can promote good soil structure, improve water and nutrient holding capacity, and help control erosion. Humus makes up approximately 60 per cent of the final compost.
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Huslystyi, A. O. "Influence of woody vegetation on the content of humus in chernozem soils." Ecology and Noospherology 30, no. 1 (2019): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/031909.
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The literature sources on the influence of woody vegetation on the content of humus in chernozem soils were analyzed. In scientific literature, there are many articles from scholars from around the world on the study of the content of organic matter in the soil under various types of plantings. Proceeding from this, there is a need for comprehensive research on humus of reference black soil common. Separately there is the question of the influence of artificial forest plantations of different wood structure and light structure on the complex characteristics of ascending ordinary black soil. The importance of these studies is due to the complex ecological role played by humus in soils. As a result of the analysis of literary data, it was discovered that woody vegetation increases the content of organic matter and positively affects the black soils. Regularities of change in the humus state are connected, first of all, with the type of land use. Under each tree species there is a characteristic and peculiar humus distribution in the soil profile, which differs significantly from the quantitative or qualitative distribution of humus in the soil horizons. In general, under the forest vegetation, the content of humus increases, as well as the structure of the soil improves, the permeability and porosity of the upper layer of soil increases. In the course of the literary analysis it became clear that the older the tree plantations, the greater the thickness of the humus horizon below them. In the monitoring sites under the Tilia cordata, there is a tendency to increase the content of humus, hygroscopic moisture, absorption capacity and granulometric composition, indicating improvement of soil conditions. Plantation of Acer platanoides leads to a decrease in the content of total humus in a 0-30-centimeter layer of soil, but with depth this index is gradually increasing. Under the Quercus robus plantations in the surface layer of soil, scientists observed a decrease in humus content, and in the middle layers of soil, on the contrary, an increase in this indicator. With a depth observed leaching of humus. The indicator of humus under Quercus robus is characterized by a significantly higher level of humus, than in black soil. So, the results are typical for humus in zonal chornozems. The data of some authors show that it is in natural forests that the best conditions for the humus accumulation in black soils are formed in comparison with the soils of artificial forests and soils under zonal vegetation (motley grass, Bromus spp., Stipa spp.). Under forest vegetation, leafy deposits form a litter. The Robinia pseudoacacia litter results in improved physical and chemical properties of soils, increases the content of organic matter, exchangeable potassium, absorption capacity, increases aggregate stability and moisture content, decreases pH and density. Scientific literature notes that the creation of Robinia plantations in soils that have previously lost its forest cover provides an increase in the content and storage of soil organic carbon compared to the Caragana korshinskii plantations. According to our literature data, the most rational measure to increase the soil fertility is the creation of an effective system of protective forest plantations, which are characterized by a favorable integrated influence on the steppe soils.
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Н.И., Воробьев, та Ладан С.С. "КЛАСТЕРНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИХ ПРОФИЛЕЙ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОГО РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ГУМУСА". Плодородие, № 5(122) (7 грудня 2021): 33–36. https://doi.org/10.25680/s19948603.2021.122.09.
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Показатели пространственного распределения содержания гумуса в почвах федеральных округов РФ образуют индивидуальные статистические профили регионов. Для изучения причин, деформирующих эти профили, был проведен кластерный анализ содержания гумуса в пашнях и залежах регионов РФ. Значения медианы и доверительного интервала профилей гумуса использовались для определения статистической дистанции полей регионов РФ и построения кластерных дендрограмм. Кластерный анализ показал, что регионы с близкими климатическими условиями, имеющие закономерно сходное распределение гумуса в почвах залежей, вследствие антропогенного давления характеризуются различными гумусовыми профилями пашен. Величина и направленность деформаций статистического профиля могут служить основанием для оценки рациональности влияния сельскохозяйственной деятельности на почвообразовательные процессы. The indicators of the spatial distribution of the humus content in the soils of the federal districts of the Russian Federation form the individual statistical profiles of the regions. To study the reasons deforming these profiles, a cluster analysis of the humus content in arable and fallow soils in the RF regions was carried out. The values of the median and the confidence interval of the humus profiles were used to determine the statistical distance of the RF region soils and to construct cluster dendrograms. The cluster analysis showed that regions with similar climatic conditions have a similar distribution of humus in fallow soils. Cluster analysis showed that human agricultural activities change the humus profile of arable soil in the RF regions in different ways.
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Chersich, S., P. Galvan, L. Frizzera, and L. Scattolin. "Humus form variability at two experimental sites in the mountain Norway spruce forest, Trentino, Italy." Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 4, no. 2 (2007): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor0451-0040220.
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Šamonil, P., K. Král, J. Douda, and B. Šebková. "Variability in forest floor at different spatial scales in a natural forest in the Carpathians: effect of windthrows and mesorelief." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 10 (2008): 2596–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-100.
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Spatial variability of humus properties in a natural fir–beech forest was studied along with the influence of windthrows and mesorelief on this variability. In 1720 windthrows the thickness and form of the organic horizons were studied in three positions — mound, pit, and undisturbed control. On undisturbed sites, substantial variability of thickness and forms of the organic horizons was found on a fine scale (0–10 m). Close spatial dependence of some humus characteristics was found on a coarser scale (20–120 m). The mesorelief was found to be one of the key autocorrelation factors. The level of spatial dependence was not uniform; it differed between the fermented and humification horizons and among their forms. The presence of windthrows increased the variability of humus thickness on both fine (0–10 m) and coarse (level of entire locality, i.e., 11 ha) scales. However, windthrows did not increase the variability of organic horizon forms (OHFs) on a fine scale. High variability of OHFs is probably a property of fully developed mature humus in a natural fir–beech forest. On a coarse scale, the presence of pits increased the frequency of fermented zoogenous and humification residual horizons on the study area.
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Ferreira da Silva, Guilherme, Cristiano Geremias Hellwig, Caroline Farias Barreto, Carlos Roberto Martins, and Paulo Mello-Farias. "Growth of pecan rootstocks with the use of liquid humus in an organic production system." Comunicata Scientiae 14 (August 7, 2023): e3957. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v14.3957.
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Pecan farming is a long-term investment which needs quality seedlings to establish an orchard. Pecan rootstocksmust have a vigorous radicular system to form quality seedlings. Liquid humus, which acts as an agent thatpromotes their growth and development, is a bioinput that is specially used in organic production systems.This study aimed at evaluating effects of different frequencies of liquid humus application on pecan rootstockgrowth and development in an organic system. Liquid humus at 30% was applied every 7, 14, 21 and 28 days.The control treatment consisted of water application. The experiment was carried out with ‘Barton’ rootstocksin a greenhouse at the Embrapa Clima Temperado located in Pelotas, RS, Brazil. The following variables wereevaluated 280 and 480 days after transplantation: plant height; stem diameter; leaf area; fresh and dry massesof the aerial part; main and secondary root lengths; fresh and dry masses of roots; fresh and dry masses of themain root; fresh and dry masses of secondary roots; and the Dickson Quality Index. Liquid humus increasedsecondary root length of pecan rootstocks, mainly when it was applied every seven days. Thus, the bioinputmay be used for this purpose.
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Lopushniak, V. "Fertilization System as a Factor of Transforming the Humus State of the Soil." Agricultural Science and Practice 2, no. 2 (2015): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp2.02.039.
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Aim. To establish the effect of different fertilization systems in short fi eld crop rotation on the change in the state of humus in the dark gray podzolic soils in Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field studies were carried out in a stationary experiment of the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the L’viv National Agrarian University; determination of humus content – according to DSTU 4289:2004, and that of its labile forms – in accordance with DSTU 4732:2007, fraction-group composition – by Ponomare- va-Plotnikova’s method, according to the measurement procedure 31-497058-008-2002. Results. The use of organo-mineral fertilizer system in short fi eld crop rotation with the saturation of organic fertilizers of 15 t/ha of crop rotation contributes to the humus content increase by 0.7 % after the third rotation in 0–40 cm layer of dark gray podzolic soil, the increase in the share of stable forms of humic compounds up to 57–59 % and the increase in the ratio of R HA :R FA to 1.3–1.4. The study demonstrated very high dependence of amount of gross energy reserves in the humus on the R HA :R FA ratio. Conclusions. The combined application of organic fertili- zers in the form of manure, non-market of the crop (straw) and siderate, along with mineral fertilizers is re- commended in short fi eld crop rotations of Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine toensure expanded reproduction of fertility of dark gray podzolic soil, improvement of its humus status, increase in gross energy reserves and the share of the stable forms and humic acids in the humus.
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Kristiansen, Søren M., and Mogens H. Greve. "Soil and humus form distribution in the ancient woodland of Haid Ege, Denmark." Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography 103, no. 2 (2003): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00167223.2003.10649489.
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Roj-Rojewski, Sławomir, and Marek Walasek. "Katena gleb mułowo-madowych w okolicy Suraża w Dolinie Górnej Narwi / Muddy-alluvial soils catena near Suraż in the Upper Narew Valley." Soil Science Annual 64, no. 2 (2013): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ssa-2013-0007.
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Abstract The aim of the study was the recognition of profile structure and main physical properties of humus-rich endogley soils, which form muddy-alluvial habitats, and soils appearing together with them in a catena developed in the Upper Narew Valley near Sura¿. Plant communities growing on these soils were also recognized. Typological development of the analysed soils is clearly connected with microrelief of flood terrace, water conditions and vegetation cover. The most moisture positions taken by humus-rich endogley soils are overgrown by Glycerietum maximae community. Typic czernozemic alluvial and mucky-like soils with Phalaridetum arundinaceae community are found slightly higher. In the highest and the most dried parts of the analysed terrain mucky soils overgrown by plant community with domination of Alopecurus pratensis appears. Due to lower ash content physical properties of humus-rich endogley soils and peaty-like deposits considerably distinguish from properties of the other soils and deposits founded on the study area.
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Aparin, Boris, Alexander Grabovsky, Elena Sukhacheva, et al. "Organic matter of sediments of South Chukotka." E3S Web of Conferences 157 (2020): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015702016.
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The article discusses data on paleosol, mineralogy, and paleobotany obtained as a result of studying material collected from the Maastricht-Early Paleocene sediments of the Tanyurer Formation of South Chukotka. The burial of organic matter in the sedimentary rock of the Tanyurer Formation is associated with deflationary processes during the period of activation of volcanic activity. On the drained volcanic plateau of soil formation, a sod humus-accumulative process prevailed under the steppe vegetation. Humic substance dispersed in sedimentary rock was represented by a group of humins resistant to microbial decomposition. As a result of exposure to high pressures and temperatures, the colloidal form of humus was transformed into kerogen. Organic compounds (cellulose, lignin) in the plant tissue of buried tree trunks were replaced by silicon compounds. Weathering processes have affected the thin surface layer of dense sedimentary rock. Under the influence of the temperature and humidity gradient, loosening of loose rock and disintegration of clots of colloidal forms of humus occurred.
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Marakaeva, Tatyana, Vyacheslav Viktorovich Khristich, and Sergey Aleksandrovich Zaycev. "Comparative assessment of the feed productivity of the sowing rank in various ecological and geographical conditions." Agrarian Bulletin of the 24, no. 09 (2024): 1203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2024-24-09-1203-1213.
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Abstract. The article presents the results of studying the yield and quality of green mass of four varieties of domestic sowing varieties: Racheyka, Zhemchuzhina, Mramornaya and Elena. The purpose of the study is to assess the phenotypic variability of chinese varieties in terms of the duration of the growing season, yield and quality of green mass, to select genotypes that are resistant to limiting environmental factors and capable of forming consistently high feed productivity in different agroclimatic conditions. Methods. Laboratory and field research was carried out in 2022–2023 on the educational and experimental field of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Omsk State Agrarian University” (Omsk) and on the basis of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Russian Research and Design Technological Institute of Sorghum and Corn (Saratov). The conditions of the growing season are close to arid ones, HTC = 0.64…1.02. In the Omsk experimental plot, the soil is meadow-chernozem medium-thick (45 cm), low-humus (3.95 % humus), semi-loam (35 % physical clay), in Saratov – southern chernozem low-humus (3.80 % humus), medium-thick (42 cm), clayed loam (43 % physical clay). The predecessor is grain crops. When conducting research, we followed the same methodology – sowing in the first ten days of May, seeding rate – 700 thousand pieces grains per hectare, plot area – 5 m2, seed placement depth – 5 cm. Results. Growing conditions have a significant impact on the variability of the duration of the growing season – 65.8 % and the level of green mass yield – 54.2 %. The variation in the parameters of the biochemical composition is largely due to the genotype of the variety – 62.1 %. Evaluation of varieties according to adaptability indicators made it possible to distribute them into groups: 1 – extensive form with very low phenotypic stability (Mramornaya); 2 – form with high phenotypic stability (Zhemchuzhina); 3 – intensive form with reduced phenotypic stability (Elena); 4 – intensive phenotypically highly stable form (Racheyka). Scientific novelty. Varieties with high phenotypic stability of feed productivity, weakly responsive to fluctuations in climatic conditions and showing low rates of yield decline under unfavorable weather factors in various regions of the country were selected.
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Ubugunova, V. I., L. L. Ubugunov, A. D. Zhambalova, T. A. Ayushina, and V. L. Ubugunov. "Soils of Lakeside Depressions of Pulsing Chloride Lakes of Internal Runoff in Central Asia: Morphology, Physical-Chemical and Geochemical Features." Почвоведение, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 1580–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0032180x23600737.
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Data on saline soils of drainless lakeside depressions, which are formed in areas of extra continental climate with a cyclic 25–30-year change in the level of lakes within the arid and humid climatic phases, were obtained first. Different types of soils are shown to be formed on the landscapes adjacent to highly mineralized chloride lakes of southeastern Trans-Baikal Region: on superaqueous–subaqueous positions– gleyic solonchaks (Gleyic Solonchak (Loamic, Chloridic)); on superaqueous – humus–gley saline soils (Calcaric Mollic Gleysol (Arenic, Endosalic, Sodic)); on eluvial-superaqueous – light-humus saline soils (Fluvic Kastanozem (Epiarenic, Amphiloamic, Sodic)). Salinity degree of the soils under the study is different. Salinity chemistry is sodium taking into account cations. Anion content in solonchaks and upper horizon of humus-gley soil is mostly chloride. Soda-chloride and chloride-soda anion composition prevail in other soils. Gleyic solonchaks have strongly alkaline pH values, high content of carbonates, and a sharp dominance of Na+ among exchangeable cations. Many chemical elements are concentrated in the solonchakous horizon (Sr, S, Li, Mg, Ca); a high content of As is a regional feature. The humus-gley saline soil has the same properties as the light-humus saline soil in terms of physico-chemical parameters, and in terms of elemental composition and texture as solonchaks. This is due to it functions periodically in a semihydromorphic or hydromorphic regimes when changing the arid and humid phases. The high level of groundwater contributes to the enrichment of soils with the elements typomorphic for lake waters. The paleohydromorphic stage of development has been established to be recorded in lower layers of light-humus saline soil in the form of a high content of easily soluble salts and carbonates. The geochemical specialization of soil-forming rocks is associated with the significant accumulation of As, as well as concentration of Li, Ba, and Pb. It was also revealed that low Ca/Sr ratio is their geochemical feature. The use of cluster analysis of indicators of soils under the study revealed that both dynamic and stable soil parameters are reflected in humus-gley soil and it is recommended for monitoring of the dynamics of endorheic lakeside ecosystems in Central Asia with cyclic climatic phases.
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Christian Pierre Ratsimbazafy, Ignace Rakotoarivonizaka, and Rijalalaina Rakotosaona. "Humic balance of a rice plot located on the South Iazafo Plain, Vavatenina district, Analanjirofo region - Madagascar: Study of possible humic recovery through the contribution of leaf compost from the distillation activity of essential oils from the leav." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 6, no. 1 (2021): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2021.6.1.0008.
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Knowing the initial state of the soil, especially the amount of organic matter contained in the soil, is the basis of effective fertilization. A soil with too little organic matter will be difficult to cultivate, mainly because of problems of soil structure loss. Humus plays a central role in the quality of soils and the maintenance of their key functions. If the level of organic matter decreases further, soil fertility may be called into question. Therefore, this study consists of evaluating the stock of humus in a private paddy field located in the South Iazafo plain and considering the possible recovery in the event of a proven deficiency. The soil examination carried out on this private plot indeed shows the lack of organic matter (barely 2%). Consequently, a humus recovery in order to reach an optimal threshold of 3% ideal for rice cultivation will therefore be deemed necessary. This need for humus is amply compensated by the organic supply in the form of leaf molds from the residues of the essential oil distillation activity of clove leaves, around 20 to 40 years old. Note that this type of organic amendment is very abundant in the neighboring areas of the said Iazafo plain. Their agronomic enhancement is essential in order to promote agricultural yield, in particular paddy yield in this rice-growing area which is unfortunately constantly shrinking
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Kuvaeva, Yu V. "THE GROUP COMPOSITION OF HUMUS AND FRACTIONS OF FINE-DISPERSED PHASE IN THE SODDY-PODZOLIC MEDIUM-LOAMY SOIL IN A LONG-TERM EXPERIMENT." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 70 (December 30, 2012): 18–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2012-70-18-42.
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The group composition of humus in microaggregates (colloidal, pre-colloidal, fine, medium and coarse silt) of the soddy-podzolic medium-loamy soil has been first studied in three five-course grain-tilled crop rotations in the long-term experiment of V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute. It is shown that in the trial with a higher dose of fertilizers (N150P150K180 kg/ha/year + 120 t/ha of manure) the humus content increases in soil after the first rotation as compared to that with average fertilizer doses (N60P60K60). This is explained by the content of carbon bond to microaggregates of medium and coarse silt. At the same time both experimental variants reveal deterioration of the microstructure including the decrease in the content of medium silt, accumulation of pre-colloidal and fine-dispersed fractions. It becomes evident that the best microstructure is observed in the variant enriched with fertilizer: it contains a great amount of silty fractions and humus components in the form of humates and nonhydrolyzed residues. Moreover, both experimental variants show a tendency towards decreasing the content of humates bond to silty fractions. The intensive system of fertilization in three rotations allowed maintaining the stable content of humus in the fraction of medium silt, the latter being disturbed to a lesser extent than that in the variant without manure application.
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Christian, Pierre Ratsimbazafy, Rakotoarivonizaka Ignace, and Rakotosaona Rijalalaina. "Humic balance of a rice plot located on the South Iazafo Plain, Vavatenina district, Analanjirofo region - Madagascar: Study of possible humic recovery through the contribution of leaf compost from the distillation activity of essential oils from the leav." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 6, no. 1 (2021): 108–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4612648.
Full textAbstract:
Knowing the initial state of the soil, especially the amount of organic matter contained in the soil, is the basis of effective fertilization. A soil with too little organic matter will be difficult to cultivate, mainly because of problems of soil structure loss. Humus plays a central role in the quality of soils and the maintenance of their key functions. If the level of organic matter decreases further, soil fertility may be called into question. Therefore, this study consists of evaluating the stock of humus in a private paddy field located in the South Iazafo plain and considering the possible recovery in the event of a proven deficiency. The soil examination carried out on this private plot indeed shows the lack of organic matter (barely 2%). Consequently, a humus recovery in order to reach an optimal threshold of 3% ideal for rice cultivation will therefore be deemed necessary. This need for humus is amply compensated by the organic supply in the form of leaf molds from the residues of the essential oil distillation activity of clove leaves, around 20 to 40 years old. Note that this type of organic amendment is very abundant in the neighboring areas of the said Iazafo plain. Their agronomic enhancement is essential in order to promote agricultural yield, in particular paddy yield in this rice-growing area which is unfortunately constantly shrinking
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Klinka, K., Q. Wang, and R. E. Carter. "Relationships Among Humus Forms, Forest Floor Nutrient Properties, and Understory Vegetation." Forest Science 36, no. 3 (1990): 564–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/36.3.564.
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Abstract Morphologically characterized humus forms and their associated understory vegetation have been used to infer different modes of decomposition of forest floor materials, but few studies have analyzed relationships among humus forms, forest floor nutrient properties, and understory vegetation. Examination of these relationships was accomplished in this study by a numerical analysis of forest floor and vegetation data that were obtained from 151 cool mesothermal forest ecosystems of southern British Columbia and stratified into seven humus form groups. Four forest floor nutrient properties (pH, C/N ratio, total N, and sum of exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K) and nine diagnostic combinations of species differentiated the groups. pH and mineralizable-N consistently increased, and C/N ratio consistently decreased from Lignomors to Hemimors, Humimors, Mormoders, Leptomoders, and to Vermimulls, indicating the presence of a regional decomposition gradient. Multivariate summaries of the nutrient properties and diagnostic species were highly correlated. A consistent correlation was also found between the nutrient properties and indicator plants of nitrogen-rich soils. For. Sci. 36(3):564-581.
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Descheemaeker, Katrien, Bart Muys, Jan Nyssen, et al. "Humus Form Development during Forest Restoration in Exclosures of the Tigray Highlands, Northern Ethiopia." Restoration Ecology 17, no. 2 (2009): 280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2007.00346.x.
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Bernier, N. "Altitudinal changes in humus form dynamics in a spruce forest at the montane level." Plant and Soil 178, no. 1 (1996): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00011159.
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Masyuk, A. N., and V. A. Gorban. "Specific features of accumulation of humus in technozems under poplar plantations in the conditions of the Western Donbass." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 18, no. 3-4 (2017): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041716.
Full textAbstract:
One of the consequences of the mining industry’s activity is the removal of various granulometric composition on the daily surface of rocks, differing in water, physical and chemical properties. Subsequently, these rocks become the object of biological reclamation of land. The study of the role of humus in soil-forming processes occurring in reclaimed lands is important for establishing the features of their genesis. The suitability of soils for biological reclamation, taken out during development in dumps, is divided into three groups: suitable (fertile soil, which, as a rule, is separately removed, and potentially fertile rocks), are of little use (they have limited opportunities for growing plants) and are unsuitable phytotoxicity, rocky and others, in which edapho-ecological restrictions approach a minimum and a maximum). Proceeding from this, it is of interest to study: 1) the humus profile in technozems that are formed only from rocks, since from the moment of their emergence on the day surface the counting of the soil-forming process begins; 2) consideration of the behavior of humus in the fertile layer of technozems, consisting only of the mixed horizons H and Hp of zonal soils, because in the process of the technical stage of reclamation, the connections and properties characteristic of their natural historical compilation are lost. Field studies were concentrated on the experimental and experimental site of forest recultivation number 2 of Dniprovsky National University named after Oles Honchar in the Western Donbass, representing various variants of artificially created edaphotopes. Formation of the site lasted for two years and in its final form was a dump made up by a mine rock (carefully planned), on the surface of which there were artificially designed single-, two- and three-tier structures of reclaimed lands. The heap with a total area of 11.4 hectares was located between the mines «Blagodatnaya» and «Pavlogradskaya» (Dnepropetrovsk region, Pavlograd district). Stationary observations were carried out in poplar plantations. Edaphotop constructions were created as a result of the technical stage of reclamation, when the ground mass of ordinary chernozem and overburden rocks in different sequence and thickness fell to the phytotoxic mine rock (the product of the coal mining industry), which was placed on the day surface in the dumps. In the trial plots, soil sections were laid. Sampling was carried out every 10 cm along all the soil profile in 3-fold repetition, including mine rock. For a more complete (objective) characteristic, in some cases, the selection was carried out from the top 0–2 cm layer, as well as at the boundaries of the different-quality reclamation layers. The total content of humus was determined by Tyurin. As control (zero-moment), rocks were used from the sides of the quarry, from which the edaphotops artificially created for reclamation were formed and located in the immediate vicinity of the experimental site. To determine the stage of soil formation in comparison technologies, zonal soils were used (chernozems of ordinary heavy loam on loess) located in the Mavrinsky nursery (Dnipropetrovsk region, Pavlograd district), in which there were plantations of black poplar, the age of which corresponds to the age of plantations in the areas of forest reclamation in the Western Donbass and located 20 km from the experimental site outside the zone of influence of coal industry objects. As a result of the studies carried out, it has been established that the processes of humus accumulation in techno-scales are most active in surface layers (0–2 cm), which are characterized by the maximum content of humus primarily due to the fall of poplar plantations. In the studied techno-scales with depth, a gradual attenuation of the processes of humus accumulation is observed. The main source of organic matter, which eventually turns into soil humus, is the roots and decay of poplar, which under these conditions is the main edificator. The flow of organic matter in the form of leaf litter stimulates the processes of humus accumulation in the surface layers of technozems, and in the form of roots in all layers of the technozems where they are located. The humus content in the fertile soil layer increases, and the profile changes depend on the content of organic matter in the «parent» (zonal) horizons H and Hp involved in the reclamation and their relationships (or their share in the formation of the upper part of the technozem). In the horizons of rocks lying below the fertile soil layer, the humus content was within the limits corresponding to the zero-moment of soil formation. In the composition of ancient alluvial deposits, inclusions of various clays (loess-like, kaolinic, reddish-brown and others) are often found, ground mass of chernozems, sometimes of mine rock, which gives it a new qualitative state and promotes the formation of fertility close to loam. In places of significant impurities of clay (more than 30 %), the fertility of various mixtures can be higher than that of each breed separately – sands, sandy loams, loams, clays. Significant carbon stocks in the mine rock are not a source of organic matter used to feed plants due to the lack of mobile and water-soluble forms of humus nature.
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Dong, Youming, Minling Gao, Weiwen Qiu, and Zhengguo Song. "Adsorption of arsenite to polystyrene microplastics in the presence of humus." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 22, no. 12 (2020): 2388–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0em00324g.
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