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1
Soldatov, Vasilij P., Aslan K. Shkhapatsev, Kamil Sh Kazeev, Tatiana D. Kharitonova, Damir K. Kazeev, and Sergey I. Kolesnikov. "Dynamics of Enzyme Activity Change in Soils of Adygea with Various Degrees of Disturbance after Forest Reduction." UNIVERSITY NEWS. NORTH-CAUCASIAN REGION. NATURAL SCIENCES SERIES, no. 4 (208) (December 23, 2020): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1026-2237-2020-4-105-111.
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Regularities of ten-year changes in the biological properties of soils at several clearings in the mid-mountainous part of the Western Caucasus after de-forestation have been revealed. The soil cover of the territory is represented by Rendzic Leptosols, which have a higher humus content and biological activity than zonal Dystric Cambisols. As a result of felling and related work, the area of felling is differentiated according to the degree of disturbance of the soil and vegetation cover. Over time, the soil cover differs from the forest soils more and more as a result of multidirectional processes. Areas with severe damage to the soil are destroyed as a result of erosion, especially in conditions of dissected relief. In the early years, the peripheral areas are actively overgrown with tall-grass meadow vegetation, which leads to the activation of sod and humus-accumulative processes. The activity of soil enzymes (catalase, urease, phosphatase, dehydrogenase) varies significantly in different areas of felling sites. Variation in the humus content and catalase activity increases significantly after 5 years of forest clearing. The hydro-lases activity and organic matter content in the disturbed soils of felling are-as decrease several times, while on the outskirts of clearings in slightly disturbed soils, humus accumulation and enzyme activity increases as a result of the edging effect.
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Baillie, I. C., P. S. Ashton, S. P. Chin, et al. "Spatial associations of humus, nutrients and soils in mixed dipterocarp forest at Lambir, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo." Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, no. 5 (2006): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740600352x.
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Discrete humus layers are common on podzols under temperate coniferous and tropical heath forests, and patchy layers also occur under some temperate broadleaved forests on non-podzolic soils. We used multiple data sets to test the reported association of humus with oligotrophic but non-podzolic soils under non-heath dipterocarp forest at Lambir, Sarawak. We examined the distribution, morphology and nutrient dynamics of necromass on soils derived from sandstone and shale. Concentrations of the main mineral nutrients were lower in fresh litter on the very oligotrophic sandstone soils than on shale. The rates of litterfall were similar, so that annual litterfall fluxes of all nutrients were lower on sandstone. The lower nutrient concentrations and fluxes in the litter on sandstone resulted in slower decomposition, longer residence times and larger standing crops of forest-floor necromass, with lower concentrations of nutrients. The necromass on sandstone sequestered significantly more N, K and Mg but less Ca and Mn than on shale, with no significant difference for P. The variations in necromass nutrient dynamics were associated with morphological differences. There were mats of densely rooted humus under the litter on sandstone, whereas litter lay directly over the mineral topsoil on shale. Spatial associations with soil nutrients were weak for necromass thickness, but clear for humus. The proportions of nutrients in the litterfall and necromass reflected the stoichiometric profiles of the soils. We attribute the differences in necromass nutrient dynamics and their association with soil reserve nutrients to lower rates of nutrient replenishment from the weathering of sandstone than from shale. Necromass characteristics are robust field indicators of multivariate edaphic differences in these and other tropical forests on Acrisols/Ultisols derived from Tertiary clastic sediments.
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Zverkovsky, V. M., and O. S. Zubkova. "Dynamics of mine rocks and artificial soils agrochemical characteristics under the impact of long-term reclamation." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 17, no. 1-2 (2016): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041608.
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The agrochemical characteristics of mine rocks and artificial soils of forest recultivation plot № 1 of «Pavlogradska» mine were studied. The quantitative indicators of humus, phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen content of the soil and mine rocks samples were described. Changes of agrochemical characteristics of mine rocks and artificial soils, that occur as a result of long-term reclamation and exert an impact on forests suitability and silvicultural effect, were ascertained. Variants of artificial soils, created on the experimental forest recultivation plot, have qualitative differences from natural etalon soils, disturbed soils and differences between themselves. During the creation of various soil constructions in the process of recultivation it is often not taken into account the possible distant consequences that arise in connection with the dynamic features of the climate, topography, lithology, hydrology and other indicators of technogenic landscapes. Due to the functioning of these soil constructions there are significant changes in physical properties and processes, occurring in the remediation root layer, therefore there are a number of issues related to the further evolution of these structures. In this connection a studying of properties and processes in the artificial soils and an analysis of its current state and evolution prognosis become relevant, with a glance of targeted orientation of recultivation layer constructs and characteristics of specific conditions. The aim of the research is an investigation of agrochemical characteristics of bulk soils and an assessment of its forests suitability on the forest recultivation plot of «Pavlogradska» main, with an area of 3.2 hectares, where different constructions of forest plantations are being tested since 1976 on the different versions of artificial soils. The novelty of the work lies in that the findings show the dynamics of artificial soils properties under the influence of long-term biological remediation measures. The humus state of a soil is a complex of morphological traits, common stocks, properties of organic matter and processes of its creation, transformation and migration in the soil profile. This is a fundamental property of soil because it determines the variety of fertility factors. The content of organic matter in mine rocks and artificial soils ranges from 0,15±0,02 (sand) to 6,25±0,08 % (mine rock). However despite the fact that the amount of organic matter in the mine rocks is high, it is a part of the denatured organic compounds, which are not available for free mineralization. Nitrogen is a necessary element for plant development and its soil content determines the level of soil fertility. The analysis showed that the amount of nitrogen ranges from very low in mine rocks to heightened in chernozem loams. The most important biogenic elements also include phosphorus and potassium, which are essential nutrients for plants. Phosphorus and potassium availability is ranging from low in mine rocks to very high in chernozem loams. Also a decrease of potassium and phosphorus content down the soil profile is observed in different artificial soil variants, which correlates with a decrease of plant roots quantity with depth. The most relevant area of recultivation for steppe zone is forestry, in which environmentally hazardous areas are planted with reclamation forest cultures. However, it should be taken into account that creation of artificial forests in steppe zone is a measure associated with certain difficulties, particularly on the zonal chernozem soils. Even greater difficulties encountered in anthropogenic degradation of a substrate with a deterioration of its physicochemical and agrochemical properties in industrial use of lands, which should be considered in the forest land reclamation.
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Zverkovsky, V. M., and O. S. Zubkova. "Dynamics of mine rocks and artificial soils physical and chemical characteristics under the impact of long-term reclamation." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 16, no. 3-4 (2015): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041519.
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The physicochemical characteristics of mine rocks and artificial soils of forest recultivation plot № 1 of «Pavlogradska» main were studied. The absorbed moisture, maximal absorbed moisture, volume weight, unit weight, porosity of soils, content of water-soluble elements, pH of soils’ solutions, salinity and wilting point of plants were described. The dynamics of mine rocks and artificial soils physicochemical characteristics, which have an influence on forests suitability and silvicultural effect, gradually changing due to long-term reclamation, were ascertained. Variants of artificial soils, created on the experimental forest recultivation plot, have qualitative differences from natural etalon soils, disturbed destructive soils and differences between themselves. During the creation of various soil constructioins at the technical stage of recultivation it is often not taken into account the possible distant consequences that arise in connection with the dynamic features of the climate, topography, lithology, hydrology and other indicators of technogenic landscapes. Due to the functioning of these soil constructions on the biological stage of recultivation there are significant changes in physical properties and processes, occurring in the remediation root layer, therefore the monitoring of pedogenesis and evolution of these structures becomes relevant. Tehnozems, formed during reclamation process, are significantly different from zonal soils in the level of fertility (trophicity), physical, water-physical, agrochemical and other important ecosystem indicators. Spatial variability of artificial soils properties leads to a diversity of ecological conditions of mikrobocenosis, phytocenosis and zoocenosis functioning on the recultivation plots. The most important properties for evaluation of the prospects of ways and methods of mine dumps forest reclamation are the following physico-chemical parameters of mine rock and artificial soils as the actual acidity, content of water-soluble salts and humus, fraction composition of the clay fraction, mechanical (granulometric) composition, water-physical properties within a recultivation layer. The aim of the research is investigation of the dynamics of physico-chemical properties and forests suitability of bulk substrates on the forest recultivation plot № 1 of «Pavlogradska» main, with area of 3.2 hectares, where different constructions of forest plantations are being tested since 1976 on the different versions of artificial soils. The novelty of the work is that the findings substantiate the environmental assessment of artificial soils properties dynamics under influence of the long-term biological remediation. Over a long period of reclamation an acidity of main rock remains exceeding because of high sulphates content (up to 3,1 %). Salinity of substrates, contacting with main rock, decreased by 14–22 % in comparison with an initial salinity due to water-soluble salts migration and reclamation influence of experimental forest cultures. Bulk soil constructions on mine dumps of the forest recultivation plot in the steppe conditions can be attributed to humus-accumulative tehnozems with gradually increasing silvicultural effect.
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Formánek, P., and V. Vranová. "A contribution to the effect of liming on forest soils: review of literature." Journal of Forest Science 49, No. 4 (2012): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4692-jfs.
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Extensive forest areas were ameliorated by large-scale liming in the last years in order to prevent proceeding acidification and degradation of forest soils. The hitherto knowledge of liming effects on the function of forest soils still appears insufficient for an unambiguous evaluation. Sorption properties of soils and acidity are favourably affected by liming and the favourable effect is usually manifested in the layer of forest floor humus and in mineral soil within ten years. Reduction of soil acidity stimulates development of a bacterial component of microflora, soil edaphon, and good prerequisites are formed for a release of nutrients from soil organic matter. Improvement of some physical parameters of soils and negative effect of liming on the depth of rooting in spruce, availability of nutrients at some sites and in connection with mechanical soil preparation were also described. A key point of liming effect on forest soils is nitrogen dynamics. Mineralization of nitrogen is stimulated at nitrogen-rich sites with C/N < 30. Nitrogen-limited sites show nitrogen mineralization inhibited by liming with signs of pronounced deficiency in spruce nutrition. A positive effect of liming on nutrition with bases is generally accompanied by an adverse influence on N dynamics in acidic soils under spruce monocultures. Therefore it is possible to state that liming induces relatively marked changes in the soil but the actual growth response of woody species cannot be derived only from these changes.
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Stepanova, L. P., E. V. Yakovleva, and A. V. Pisareva. "Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Soil Geochemical Anomalies in the Zone of Impact of Slag Residuals." Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, no. 3 (2019): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-3-44-48.
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The 13-year-old (from 2003 to 2016) dynamics of soil contamination for the content of heavy metals in the area of the village of Bolshoye Dumchino of the Mtsensk District in the territory adjacent to the slag dump of Mtsensk Foundry was studied. It is shown that on the territory of the placement of slag residuals a techno geochemical anomaly is formed, in which the contained heavy metals are of technogenic and genetic (natural geochemical) nature. To identify the effect of anthropogenic factor on soil pollution with heavy metals, was determined the refined enrichment factor of heavy metals (EFHM) in light gray forest soils at different distances from the slag dump, allowing to calculate the proportion of technogeneity of metals as a percentage of its total content. The technogenic origin of heavy metals as pollutants and the role of humus soil horizons in fixing these metals in the soil profile have been proven. Analysis of the results characterizing the degree of enrichment of the genetic horizons of light gray forest soils with heavy metals for the period 2003–2016 convincingly proves the effect of maximum accumulation of slag residuals in the dump on the accumulation intensity and fixation of the studied metals, both in the upper humus layer and their distribution in the profile soil. The established patterns in changing the degree of enrichment and technogenicity of heavy metals in the profile of light-gray forest soil are caused not only by the impact of the slag dump as a source of pollution, but also by the peculiarities of using the soils of the studied territories. It is shown that the toxic load for the analyzed period not only did not decrease, but even increased.
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Demyanyuk, Olena, Lyudmyla Symochko, and Dmitry Shatsman. "Structure and Dynamics of Soil Microbial Communities of Natural and Transformed Ecosystems." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 76, no. 4 (2020): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.76.4.23508.
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Soil microbial communities play an important role in ecosystems functioning and are on the field scale essential for plant nutrition and health. On a larger scale, they contribute to global element cycling. Furthermore, they are involved in the turnover processes of organic matter, the breakdown of xenobiotics and the formation of soil aggregates. An ecological state of soils depends on the structure and activity of soil microorganisms. The results of soil monitoring in various ecosystems in different climatic zones of Ukraine showed a clear trend for the correlation between the agroecological conditions and activity of microbiocenosis. The most significant influence of agricultural activity on the soil microbiota can be observed on the poorly soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils, where the crop cultivation without fertilization resulted in a decrease in the total count of microorganisms by 2.2-4.5 times. Application of agricultural measures aimed at achieving maximum productivity, specifically the combination of mineral, organic and biological fertilizers, contributes to an average 1.3-4.1 times increase in the total count of microorganisms in the soil, compared with non-fertilized variants. Soils with low content of organic matter and acidic medium, soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils were characterized by a high number of micromycetes, 136-185×103 CFU·g-1 soil, and a relatively low number of eutrophic and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. The soil of natural ecosystems is characterized by a high total count of the microorganisms with a balanced structure of various ecological-trophic groups and balanced processes of mineralization-immobilization, organic matter decomposition, and humus accumulation.
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Kupka, I., V. Podrázský, and J. Kubeček. "Soil-forming effect of Douglas fir at lower altitudes – a case study." Journal of Forest Science 59, No. 9 (2013): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/27/2013-jfs.
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Forest ecosystem and in particular forest soil biodiversity and stability could be jeopardised by the impropriate tree species composition. Douglas fir is a species which has a high potential in Europe both from economic and biodiversity aspects of forest management. A more detailed analysis of Douglas fir effects on the humus forms and forest soil under different conditions is needed to evaluate the future use of this species in central European forests. The study plots cover acid sites with natural hardwood, spruce monoculture and Douglas fir stands. The soil analysis proved favourable effects of this species on soil chemistry, organic matter as well as nutrient dynamics. When compared with domestic coniferous species, Douglas fir proved to have lower acidifying effects on upper soil layers and contributes to better humus forms, recycling nutrients more effectively and producing litter which could be easily decomposed.    
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Sodango, Terefe Hanchiso, Jinming Sha, Xiaomei Li, et al. "Modeling the Spatial Dynamics of Soil Organic Carbon Using Remotely-Sensed Predictors in Fuzhou City, China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (2021): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091682.
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Assessing the spatial dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) is essential for carbon monitoring. Since variability of SOC is mainly attributed to biophysical land surface variables, integrating a compressive set of such indices may support the pursuit of an optimum set of predictor variables. Therefore, this study was aimed at predicting the spatial distribution of SOC in relation to remotely sensed variables and other covariates. Hence, the land surface variables were combined from remote sensing, topographic, and soil spectral sources. Moreover, the most influential variables for prediction were selected using the random forest (RF) and classification and regression tree (CART). The results indicated that the RF model has good prediction performance with corresponding R2 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) values of 0.96 and 0.91 mg·g−1, respectively. The distribution of SOC content showed variability across landforms (CV = 78.67%), land use (CV = 93%), and lithology (CV = 64.67%). Forestland had the highest SOC (13.60 mg·g−1) followed by agriculture (10.43 mg·g−1), urban (9.74 mg·g−1), and water body (4.55 mg·g−1) land uses. Furthermore, soils developed in bauxite and laterite lithology had the highest SOC content (14.69 mg·g−1). The SOC content was remarkably lower in soils developed in sandstones; however, the values obtained in soils from the rest of the lithologies could not be significantly differentiated. The mean SOC concentration was 11.70 mg·g−1, where the majority of soils in the study area were classified as highly humus and extremely humus. The soils with the highest SOC content (extremely humus) were distributed in the mountainous regions of the study area. The biophysical land surface indices, brightness removed vegetation indices, topographic indices, and soil spectral bands were the most influential predictors of SOC in the study area. The spatial variability of SOC may be influenced by landform, land use, and lithology of the study area. Remotely sensed predictors including land moisture, land surface temperature, and built-up indices added valuable information for the prediction of SOC. Hence, the land surface indices may provide new insights into SOC modeling in complex landscapes of warm subtropical urban regions.
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Nevedrov, Nikolay, Maria Fomina, and Galina Smitskaya. "Soil successions of Carbic Podzols (Arenic) under Scots Pine plantations in Kursk region." E3S Web of Conferences 295 (2021): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129504001.
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Anthropogenic activities lead to significant transformations of natural landscapes. In this article, an attempt was made to describe the soil succession in the context of 100-year dynamics of Scots Pine forest stand in Kursk region. The morphological, physical, chemical and physical and chemical characteristics of sandy podzols in the chronological order of pine forests functioning 0 - 70 - 100 years were under analysis. It was revealed that monodominant forest stand of Scots Pine leads to the transformation of soils at the type level. It is noted that forest stand of Scots Pine on Umbric Podzols contribute to the development of the podzolic process at an average rate of formation of the podzolic horizon - 0.11 - 0.17 sm / year. During the time period of the soil succession (100 years), the thickness of the soil profile has increased and the humus reserves in the profile have increased by 47.1%, as well as a total decrease in the content of mineral nutrients is noted. The content of mobile forms of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn and Co) in the genetic horizons of Carbic Podzols (Arenic) in the time interval of the succession 70 - 100 years decreases by 21.4 - 71.4%.
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Janík, Rastislav, B. Schieber, and E. Bublinec. "Space-time patterns of soil pH in submountain beech ecosystems in the West Carpathians." Beskydy 7, no. 2 (2014): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/beskyd201407020081.
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The results of pH values monitoring performed for 26 years (1988–2013) in Štiavnické vrchy Mts (middle Slovakia) are summarised. The accumulative trend of acidifying components of forest soils downwards the soil depth has been confirmed. The pH values of soil, exposed to a severe airborne pollution load in the past, were in general lower: from 5.42 in the surface humus decreasing to 4.93 at a soil depth of 0.25 m. On the other hand, the pH values of throughfall and precipitation in open area were comparable. The lower pH values were found in lysimetric water within the forest stand plot at 0.10 m depth (4.50 in 2009). The absolute highest pH were found in the forest throughfall and reached the values of 6.40 in year 1999.The annual dynamics exhibited the highest pH values in the winter and spring. On the other hand, the lowest values were recorded in summer period.
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Belik, Anton, Yuliya Gorbunova, Tatyana Devyatova, and Liliya Alaeva. "SPATIAL VARIATION OF ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF SODDY-FORESTSOILS IN USMANSKY PINE FOREST." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 3 (2020): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.3/1.
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In modern conditions, an important component of environmental monitoring is record of the ecological state of soil cover, implying active use of geographic information systems. The existing spatial contrast of soil cover and varia-tion in the indicators of soil ecological state greatly complicates the interpretation and implementation of the results of soil-ecological monitoring into environmental practice. Traditional studies of spatial diversity considering soil properties and using geoinformation technology are of applied nature and primarily associated with the introduction of precision farming technologies into practice. GIS technologies are aimed at inventorying and assessing the state of natural resources of a particular territory, taking into account the peculiarities of their spatial dynamics. However, the use of geographic information systems to study the spatial variation of soil ecological indicators in forest ecosystems is also very relevant. These studies allow not only trace the actual changes in the ecological state of the forest soil cover, but also reveal their dependence on the level of anthropogenic load of ecosystems and carry out modeling and forecasting of the forest ecosystems' state. The article discusses the main regularities of the spatial variation of physicochemical and chemical properties of soils depending on the relief variegation . Different dispersion degrees of indicators of physical, chemical and chemical properties of soils, according to the calculated coefficient of variation have been revealed. The greatest range of variation is typical for litter and sod thickness, humus content and exchangeable potassium. (V > 33%).
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Schwenke, G. D., L. Ayre, D. R. Mulligan, and L. C. Bell. "Soil stripping and replacement for the rehabilitation of bauxite-mined land at Weipa. II. Soil organic matter dynamics in mine soil chronosequences." Soil Research 38, no. 2 (2000): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99044.
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Concern over the long-term sustainability of post-mining ecosystems at Weipa (North Queensland, Australia) led to investigations of soil organic matter dynamics, a key process linking soil and vegetation development in maintenance-free systems. Paper I of this series examined the short-term effects of rehabilitation operations on soil organic matter. Here, we assess the medium-term development of post-rehabilitation soil organic matter quantity and quality using mine soil chronosequences of up to 22 years post-rehabilitation at Weipa. Soils had been respread either immediately after stripping or after stripped soil had been stockpiled for several years. Sites surveyed were revegetated with native tree and shrub species, forestry (Khaya senegalensis), or pasture (Brachiaria decumbens/Stylosanthes spp.). Three areas of undisturbed native forest were included for comparison. Compared with the undisturbed forest, rehabilitated soils were shallower and more compacted, contained more gravel, and, as a result of topsoil–subsoil mixing, stored less organic matter in the surface soil. Rehabilitated sites respread with stockpiled soil were more compacted and lower in all quantitative and qualitative measures of organic matter than freshly replaced soils. With time, organic matter accumulated in the surface soil under all vegetation types at rates of up to 1.25 t C/ha.year, but new equilibrium levels were yet to be reached. Accumulated organic matter was mostly associated with clay and silt-sized particles, indicating effective cycling of litter to humus. Nitrogen mineralisation capacity increased with time under all vegetation types. The incidence of fire led to increased total and light-fraction organic C, but this was probably as charcoal C. Sites where volunteer grass biomass was reduced pre-planting by late-season stripping or disc-ploughing accumulated less organic C. To optimise post-mining soil organic matter development, we recommend that soil stockpiling be avoided, that more volunteer grasses be retained to ensure continuity of organic inputs, and that attention be focussed on minimising soil compaction and gravel incorporation—both permanent limitations to plant growth.
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Korneeva, Evgenia A. "Economic Evaluation of Ecological Restoration of Degraded Lands through Protective Afforestation in the South of the Russian Plain." Forests 12, no. 10 (2021): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12101317.
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The latest international climate documents emphasize the great importance of protective forest stands in ensuring the sustainable development of agriculture, and the main requirement is the use of the forest-forming factor by landowners in the interests of improving the environment. In Russia, until recently, the ecological significance of forest plantations was underestimated, which created the ground for discussions about their effectiveness. In this regard, a new approach is proposed that emphasizes the positive impact of forests, including sustainable development, environmental security of the agricultural sector and reducing the degradation of agricultural land. The purpose of the work was an economic assessment and regularities of the dynamics of humus-regulating and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK)-regulating efficiency of protective forest plantations on lands with deflation-hazardous soils. By means of a system analysis, the change in the soil cover of land use due to the influence of forest plantations on the balance of soil fertility elements in forested cells is comprehensively analyzed. The different spatial placement of trees from each other under different degrees of deflation in semiarid conditions is modeled. These models are used to determine the nature of the dynamics of soil nutrients in forested areas: in protection zones and outside protection. It is established that the anti-deflationary effect of agroforestry depends on the indicator of the protective forest cover of the land, the level of deflationary danger, and the operational life of the plantings. In semiarid conditions, it increases in proportion to the increase in the protection of land and amounts to EUR 376–EUR 4222 ha−1. With an increase in the intensity of deflation to the level of dust storms, the prevented damage from the loss of soil nutrients increases almost four times. In systems of plantings from early-maturing fast-growing rocks, the anti-deflationary effect is 6–7% higher on an average annual basis than in systems of plantings from long-lasting, slow-growing rocks. The greatest efficiency of forest reclamation in ensuring a positive balance of humus and NPK substances in the soil (EUR 1002–EUR 4222 ha−1) is achieved when placing plantings after 15 H. The study will confirm the need to subsidize the integration of trees into farm systems.
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Salmon, Sandrine. "Changes in humus forms, soil invertebrate communities and soil functioning with forest dynamics." Applied Soil Ecology 123 (February 2018): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.04.010.
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Bauhus, J., T. Vor, N. Bartsch, and A. Cowling. "The effects of gaps and liming on forest floor decomposition and soil C and N dynamics in a Fagus sylvatica forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 3 (2004): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-218.
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Despite the importance of gaps in the dynamics and management of many forest types, very little is known about the medium- to long-term soil C and N dynamics associated with this disturbance. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that gap creation and lime application, a routine measure in many European forests to ameliorate soil acidity, lead to accelerated litter decomposition and thus a reduction in the forest floor and soil C and N pools. Four gaps were created in 1989 in a mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest on acid soil with a moder humus, and lime (3 t dolomite·ha1) was applied to two of these and surrounding areas. Litter and fine-root decomposition was measured in 19921993 and 19961998 using litterbags. Forest floor (L, F, and H layers) and mineral soil (040 cm) C and N pools were determined in 1989 and 1997. Eight years following silvicultural treatments, there was no change in C and N over the entire forest soil profile including forest floor. Reductions in the F and H layers in limed gaps were compensated for by increases in soil C and N in the surface (010 cm) mineral soil. Decomposition of F litter was significantly accelerated in limed gaps, leading to the development of a mullmoder, whereas gap creation alone had no effect on mass loss of F material in litterbags. Gap size disturbances in this acid beech forest appear to have minimal influences on soil C and N stocks. However, when combined with liming, changes in the humus form and vertical distribution of soil C and N may occur.
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Pankova, Tatyana I. "Dynamics of the agroecological state of typical chernozem under forest belts depending on the location in the relief (Kursk region, Russia)." SOCIALNO-ECOLOGICHESKIE TECHNOLOGII 10, no. 1 (2020): 40–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2961-2020-10-1-40-62.
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Features of fertility dynamics indicators of typical chernozem determining agroecological state soil under these ecosystems are established under differentage forest shelter belts located on various slope exposures on the territory of the experimental field of All-Russia Research Institute of Arable Farming and Soil Erosion Control (Kursk Region, Medvensky District). The study period was 16 years, the age of the forest shelter belts is 20 and 36 years. It is found out that longterm growth of woody plants on typical chernozem results in an increase in its fertility. Moreover, there is the variation of soil properties differs in intensity in forest shelter belts that differ by location in the relief. In all forest shelter belts, regardless of the location in the relief, there is an improvement in the agrophysical state of the soil, an increase in the content of humus, mobile humus substances, mobile potassium, and phosphorus. However, the intensity of changes varies depending on the exposure of the forest shelter belt on the slope. So, on the southern slope there was a maximum increase in the content of humus, mobile phosphorus, exchange bases, and water-flow aggregates. In the soil of the watershed plateau, there was a significant increase in the content of humus, the degree of humification, mobile humus substances, but their qualitative composition and content of agronomically valuable aggregates have not changed. On the northern slope, there was the maximum increase in the criterion of water resistance of soil. With increasing age of forest belts, the aboveground herbaceous phytomass increases with an increase in its share of green biomass and the amount of accumulated litter decreases. The highest phytomass productivity was in the offshore forest belt of the southern slope. Studies have shown that long-term growth of forest shelter belts improves the agroecological state of the soil, regardless of their position in the terrain, which contributes to an increase in the ecological potential of the agricultural landscape. A correct understanding of the direction of changes in the agroecological state of the soil will optimize the structure and functioning of the agricultural landscape.
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Nevedrov, N. P. "Profile Distribution and Migration of Heavy Metals in the Soils of the Kursk Agglomeration (Model Experiments)." South of Russia: ecology, development 15, no. 1 (2020): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2020-1-60-68.
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Aim. Laboratory evaluation of the characteristics of spatial distribution and migration of heavy metals (HM) in model soil profiles of varied genesis through measurement of the electrokinetic potential of soil solutions. Material and Methods. Undisturbed soils of forest parks landscapes and continental floodplain meadows of the Kursk agglomeration were studied. Experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions. The short‐term temporal dynamics were studied of vertical distribution and migration of the introduced HMs in model soil columns which imitated soil profiles. Results. Analysis of the kinetics of soil solutions and of lysimeter waters of control and polluted samples showed that the model profile of typical dark‐gray soil has the least capacity to capture lead ions from polluted soil solutions. Minimum sorption capacity with respect to zinc was found to be characteristic of sod‐podzol illuvialferruginous soil profiles. Maximum ability to deposit the HMs under analysis (Zn and Pb) was shown in leached chernozem medium loamy soils. Conclusion. The dynamics and kinetics of lead and zinc in soils of the Kursk agglomeration differ significantly and depend on a number of soil factors. In the soils studied, the spatial distribution and the intensity of migration of lead and zinc were determined by the capacity and contrast indices of the internal soil geochemical barriers. Inhibition of the processes of vertical migration of Pb and Zn in the model soil profiles was observed in those rich in humusified humus‐accumulative genetic horizons as well as in mineral horizons with highly contrasting acid‐base and redox conditions. Adsorption zones of lead and zinc are formed with a significant increase in granulometric texture and a decrease in pHKCl.
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V Podrázský, V., and J. Remeš. "Effect of forest tree species on the humus form state at lower altitudes ." Journal of Forest Science 51, No. 2 (2012): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4544-jfs.
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  The paper documents the effects of forest stands of different species composition on the humus form state and soil profile chemistry. It compares the situation in mixed broadleaved (ash, oak, hornbeam), basswood and spruce stands. Spruce demonstrates the site degradation effects: raw humus accumulation, soil acidification, negative effects on nutrient dynamics. Both broadleaved stands were similar as for site effects, lower litter accumulation, more rapid organic matter mineralization and more rapid nutrient cycling and intense uptake were documented in the basswood stand.  
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Scharpenseel, Hans-Wilhelm, and Peter Becker-Heidmann. "Shifts in 14C Patterns of Soil Profiles Due to Bomb Carbon, Including Effects of Morphogenetic and Turbation Processes." Radiocarbon 31, no. 03 (1989): 627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012224.
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Principles contributing to changes and the final balance of rejuvenation in 14C dates of soil profiles are identified. The annual addition to the atmosphere of ca 5.5·1012kg of dead carbon from fossil carbon sources and 1.5·1012kg of older carbon from forest clearing make soil appear older. Bomb carbon and annual recycling of most of the 115·1012kg of terrestrial organic carbon, equivalent to the annual photosynthetic turnover of carbon, rejuvenates soil dates. This also applies to root growth, animal transport, and in acid or alkaline soils, to humus percolation. All available 14C dates of soil profiles were evaluated for the impact of bomb carbon. We also studied the effects of morphogenetic soil-forming processes, such as turbations, on soil rejuvenation. Bioturbation, as a general principle of soil dynamics, requires more differential treatment due to modern and bomb carbon that constitutes body carbon of earthworms as well as steadily increasing 14C age with depth in all Mollisols.
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Demydenko, O., P. Boyko, and V. Velychko. "Long-term dynamics of humus content under different technologies of soil tillage." Agricultural Science and Practice 5, no. 1 (2018): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp5.01.003.
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The continuous agronomic experiment revealed long-term dynamics of the total humus content and presented a forecast of the change in humus content in typical low humus chernozem under different technologies of till- age till 2050. Aim. To determine the rates of humus accumulation dynamics and mineralization of total humus and to develop the forecast of the change in its content within a continuous agronomic experiment under long- standing application of different technologies of soil tillage to typical low humus chernozem of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory-analytical, mathematical and statistical. Results. The application of different technologies of tillage to typical low humus chernozem for 42 years resulted only in the delay in dehumifi cation processes and some stabilization of humus mineralization, but it did not promote its preservation and extended restoration to the initial level as of the start of the experiment. The increase in the total humus content for simple and extended restoration of humus in the centennial cycle equaled 20–25 t and 30–33 t per 1 ha respectively. To ensure the increase in content and reserves of humus for 42 years, it is necessary to introduce 10–12 t of humus per 1 ha for simple restoration of total humus content and 14–15 t per 1 ha – for extended restoration annually. Conclusions. Simple restoration of humus in typical chernozem may be stated after achieving its actual (2017) content of at least 90 % from the content as of the beginning of the centennial cycle (92 years), which ensures maximal approximation to the non-decreasing cycle of humus dynamics trends in the centennial cycle. If the humus content is ensured in the actual measurement for the level, exceeding 90 % from the initial content, and dynamics trends are growing, one may state the success of achieving the state of extended restoration of humus. The obtained state of simple and extended accumulation of humus is ensured by the positivity of the trends of humus increase during the continuous experiment (42 years) with simultaneous decrease in dehumifi cation process in the centennial cycle (92 years) which is impos- sible to neutralize completely.
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Geraskina, A. P. "IMPACT OF EARTHWORMS OF DIFFERENT MORPHO-ECOLOGICAL GROUPS ON CARBON ACCUMULATION IN FOREST SOILS." FOREST SCIENCE ISSUES 1, no. 4 (2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-202141g15.
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To date, forest ecology has not made any clear conclusions regarding the impact of large saprophagous invertebrates such as earthworms on soil carbon dynamics. Some authors claim that earthworm activities result in decreased carbon accumulation. Other studies show that earthworms contribute to soil carbon accumulation. At the same time, many studies do not take into account the differences between trophic and digging activity of different morpho-ecological groups of earthworms in different soil horizons. The objective of this study was to carry out differentiated assessment of the impact of different morpho-ecological groups of earthworms on carbon accumulation and correspondent soil parameters (nitrogen content and С/N ratio) throughout the change in forest succession status. Field operations were performed in the spring and summer of 2016 and 2018 in three regions: Bryansk Oblast (Bryansk Forest reserve), Moscow Oblast (Moskva–Oka plain, Valuyevsky urban forest) and Northwest Caucasus (Krasnodar Krai, Apsheron forestry; Republic of Adygeya, Caucasian Biosphere Reserve). Three main stages of coniferous-broadleaf forest restoration after clear cuttings were identified in each region. Three test plots 50х50 m were allocated for each stage; geobotanical and soil descriptions as well as earthworm registration were carried out on each plot. It was found out that during the change in forest succession status the species composition and the set of morpho-ecological groups of earthworms became more complicated, but there was no successive replacement of any groups with others. Ambiguous effects of different morpho-ecological groups of earthworms on carbon accumulation in forest soils were revealed. Negative correlation was found between the total biomass of earthworms feeding on the soil surface (epigeic, epi-endogeic and anecic species) and litter store. In the humus horizon, the biomass of epi-endogeic species was positively correlated with the content of carbon. C/N ratio and nitrogen content are unidirectionally correlated with the biomass of earthworms in the horizons of their activity: with an increase in the biomass of earthworms of different morpho-ecological groups, the C/N ratio decreases, and the nitrogen content increases.
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Bayranvand, M., M. Akbarinia, G. Salehi Jouzani, J. Gharechahi, and G. Alberti. "Dynamics of humus forms and soil characteristics along a forest altitudinal gradient in Hyrcanian forest." iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 14, no. 1 (2021): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/ifor3444-013.
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Bayranvand, M., M. Akbarinia, G. Salehi Jouzani, J. Gharechahi, and G. Alberti. "Dynamics of humus forms and soil characteristics along a forest altitudinal gradient in Hyrcanian forest." iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 14, no. 1 (2021): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/ifor3444-013.
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V Podrázský, V., and J. Remeš. "Changes in humus forms in gaps of the canopy of semi-natural beech stand." Journal of Forest Science 52, No. 6 (2012): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4507-jfs.
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The article presents original results of research on the humus form dynamics in a semi-natural European beech stand in the National Natural Reserve Voděradské bučiny, in the area of Training Forest Enterprise at Kostelec nad Černými lesy (Czech University of Agriculture inPrague). The accumulation and soil chemical characteristics of particular humus forms were studied: dry matter amount, pH, soil adsorption and exchangeable acidity characteristics as well as plant available and total nutrient contents. The humus form samples were taken in four replications from the particular humus form layers (L, F, H, Ah), and the analyses were performed individually. Samplings were done in the parts of the stand with closed canopy, and they were compared with the state in gaps formed during natural and semi-natural forest regeneration (the stage of stand breaking up left to spontaneous development). The results confirmed marked changes in the quantity and quality of surface humus in the gaps. The amount of dry matter decreased by ca. 25% several years after canopy opening, especially in the H horizon, the pH, base content and base saturation increased, as well as the content of macronutrients (with the exception of total calcium). The results proved considerable changes in the humus forms during the natural and semi-natural forest cycles connected with the stand regeneration.
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Väisänen, Maria, Maria Tuomi, Hannah Bailey, and Jeffrey M. Welker. "Plant and soil nitrogen in oligotrophic boreal forest habitats with varying moss depths: does exclusion of large grazers matter?" Oecologia 196, no. 3 (2021): 839–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-04957-0.
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AbstractThe boreal forest consists of drier sunlit and moister-shaded habitats with varying moss abundance. Mosses control vascular plant–soil interactions, yet they all can also be altered by grazers. We determined how 2 decades of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) exclusion affect feather moss (Pleurozium schreberi) depth, and the accompanying soil N dynamics (total and dissolvable inorganic N, δ15N), plant foliar N, and stable isotopes (δ15N, δ13C) in two contrasting habitats of an oligotrophic Scots pine forest. The study species were pine seedling (Pinus sylvestris L.), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), lingonberry (V. vitis-idaea L.), and feather moss. Moss carpet was deeper in shaded than sunlit habitats and increased with grazer exclusion. Humus N content increased in the shade as did humus δ15N, which also increased due to exclusion in the sunlit habitats. Exclusion increased inorganic N concentration in the mineral soil. These soil responses were correlated with moss depth. Foliar chemistry varied due to habitat depending on species identity. Pine seedlings showed higher foliar N content and lower foliar δ15N in the shaded than in the sunlit habitats, while bilberry had both higher foliar N and δ15N in the shade. Thus, foliar δ15N values of co-existing species diverged in the shade indicating enhanced N partitioning. We conclude that despite strong grazing-induced shifts in mosses and subtler shifts in soil N, the N dynamics of vascular vegetation remain unchanged. These indicate that plant–soil interactions are resistant to shifts in grazing intensity, a pattern that appears to be common across boreal oligotrophic forests.
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Risberg, Lotta, and Anders Granström. "Seed dynamics of two fire-dependent Geranium species in the boreal forest of southeastern Sweden." Botany 90, no. 9 (2012): 794–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b2012-045.
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We analyzed critical life-history variables for two rare fire-dependent annual Geranium species in southern Sweden, which are today threatened because of effective fire suppression. At recently burned sites with abundant recruitment, seedlings occurred only where the humus layer had been completely removed by smoldering fire. Emergence depths ranged 1–6 cm in the mineral soil. Soil sampling at four sites revealed that in unburned soil Geranium seeds were located only in the mineral soil. Surprisingly, residual seeds were still present where fire had burned away the humus layer. An experiment showed that both species deposit seeds relatively evenly within a radius of 5–6 m, through ballistic dispersal. Repeated sampling in the field over a 2-year period after seed dispersal at one site indicated a low rate of seed depletion, corroborated by an indoor incubation of seeds. Our results show that successful management of these species depend on deep-burning prescribed fire, which can only result after severe drought. On the other hand, the seed bank is extremely long-lived, as viable seeds were present at a site last burned 200 years ago. This well-protected seed bank will likely buffer against both ill-timed fires and occasional failure in the recruiting seedling populations.
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Pernar, N., E. Klimo, S. Matić, D. Bakšić, and H. Lorencová. "Different technologies of floodplain forest regeneration from the aspect of soil changes." Journal of Forest Science 55, No. 8 (2009): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8/2009-jfs.
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Like in other types of forests the greatest changes in the soil of floodplain forest stands occur during their regeneration. These changes are manifested as changes in the content and dynamics of organic matter in the soil. Research was conducted in oak and ash floodplain forests in the eastern part of Croatia and in southern Moravia in the Czech Republic. The results showed that the type and extent of these changes depended, in addition to environmental factors, also on the technology of forest regeneration. The natural regeneration of oak in floodplain forests of Spačva (eastern Croatia) protects soil from dramatic changes in soil by successive regeneration felling and that it retains the plant cover permanently. The weight of organic matter on the soil surface is increased after regeneration till the period when the effect of thinning becomes evident (about 70 years). In the surface mineral layer of soil the pH value increases after shelterwood felling. Stand regeneration with clear-cutting results in a rapid change in the conditions of surface humus accumulation and decomposition. The process of organic residue accumulation is interrupted in the clearings. In the preparation of soil/site by ploughing, the concentrations of nitrogen and carbon slightly decrease. The management impact depends on the method of site preparation for the establishment of a new stand. The selection of a method of the floodplain forest regeneration (particularly of oak) is markedly dependent on actual ecological conditions and on ecological and historical experience of the given region.
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Kostic, Olga, Miroslava Mitrovic, and Pavle Pavlovic. "Douglas fir impact on the dynamics and composition of humus in the soil of indigenous beech forest in western Serbia." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 138 (2020): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn2038083k.
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This study investigates the impact of organic matter from Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) on the amount and composition of humus in acid brown soil in a climatoregional beech forest (Fagetum moesiacae montanum B. Jov. 1967 s.l.) on Mt. Maljen. To accomplish this objective, we performed a one-year litterbag decomposition experiment with litterfall from Fagus moesiaca and Pseudotsuga menziesii. The quantitative and qualitative content of humus and the intensity of the decomposition process of organic mat?ter from beech and Douglas fir were analysed. Less humus was found during the experiment under Douglas fir than under autochthonous beech at the control site, as well as a decreasing trend for humus levels and quality (unfavourable chemical composition). It was concluded that these changes, caused by the effects of the clearcutting of beech and, in the future, of Douglas fir, and the slower decomposition of organic matter from Douglas fir will contribute to further degradation of the beech habitat on Mt. Maljen in terms of productivity.
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Heinonsalo, Jussi, and Robin Sen. "Scots pine ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculum potential and dynamics in podzol-specific humus, eluvial and illuvial horizons one and four growth seasons after forest clear-cut logging." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 2 (2007): 404–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-212.
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The aims of this microcosm-based study were to characterize Scots pine ectomycorrhizal (EcM) inoculum potential in humus (O) and underlying eluvial (E) and illuvial (B) mineral podzol soil horizons and to compare the inoculum potential 1 and 4 years following clear-cut logging. The specific horizons were collected from a Scots pine control uncut stand, the adjacent interface zone (3–10 m from the forest edge), and the adjoining clear-cut area. The highest Simpson's reciprocal diversity indices (SRDI) of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes and polymerase chain reaction – internal transcribed spacer – restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-(ITS)-RFLP) taxa were detected in the humus and E horizon. The B horizon supported the lowest SRDI, but the community consisted of mycorrhizas representing active rhizomorph-forming species. Identified RFLP taxa, confirmed via ITS sequence analysis, highlighted horizon specificity for some genera and species. With respect to clear-cutting impacts, the most dominant ectomycorrhizal morphotypes detected and diversity indices were the same irrespective of the sampling time, which strongly indicates that inoculum potential is maintained up to four growth seasons after the clearcut. No forest treatment dependent differences in Scots pine seedling biomass were detected, but, compared with humus, significantly reduced biomass was recorded in deeper mineral soil horizons. The data are discussed in relation with recent vertical profile studies and forest silvicultural practices.
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Salmon, Sandrine, Nadia Artuso, Lorenzo Frizzera, and Roberto Zampedri. "Relationships between soil fauna communities and humus forms: Response to forest dynamics and solar radiation." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40, no. 7 (2008): 1707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.02.007.
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Kukla, Ján, Eduard Bublinec, Branislav Schieber, Daniela Kellerová, Svetlana Bičárová, and Rastislav Janík. "Immission-load-related dynamics of S-SO42− in precipitation and in lysimetric solutions penetrating through beech ecosystems." Folia Oecologica 44, no. 2 (2017): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/foecol-2017-0012.
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AbstractThe paper presents the results of a 23-year study of sulphate sulphur dynamics in beech ecosystems exposed to different immission loads. The amounts of S-SO42−in precipitation water entering the ecosystems were: the Kremnické vrchy Mts, a clear-cut area 519 kg ha−1(24.7 kg ha−1per year), a beech forest 476 kg ha−1(22.7 kg ha−1per year); the Štiavnické vrchy Mts an open place 401 kg ha−1(24.6 kg ha−1per year), a beech forest 324 kg ha−1(19.1 kg ha−1per year). The average SO42−concentrations in lysimetric solutions penetrating through surface humus to a depth of Cambisol 10 and 25 cm were increased as follows: in the Kremnické vrchy Mts from 12.71 to 16.17 mg l−1and in the Štiavnické vrchy Mts from 18.73 to 28.80 mg l−1. The S-SO4−2amounts penetrating the individual soil layers in the Kremnické vrchy Mts were as follows: in case of surface humus on clear-cut area 459 kg ha−1(20.9 kg ha−1per year), in beech forest 433 kg ha−1(19.7 kg ha−1per year); below 10 cm organo-mineral layer of the mentioned plots penetrated 169–171 kg ha−1(7.7–7.8 kg ha−1per year), and below 25 cm mineral layer 155–255 kg ha−1(7.1−11.6 kg ha−1per year) – a higher amount was found on clear-cut area with an episodic lateral flow of soil solutions. In beech forest of the Štiavnické vrchy Mts penetrated below surface humus 424 kg ha−1S-SO42−(18.9 kg ha−1per year), below 10 cm mineral layer 458 kg ha−1S-SO42−(19.9 kg ha−1per year), and below 25 cm mineral layer as much as 599 kg ha−1S-SO42−(26.0 kg ha−1per year). This fact was caused by frequent lateral flow of soil solutions. The results indicate that the assumption about lower immission load of the beech ecosystem in the Kremnické vrchy Mts is wrong, at least in the case of S-SO42−. The testing has revealed that the studied beech ecosystems differ very significantly in sulphur amounts penetrating under 0.10 m and 0.25 m. The inter-annual differences were insignificant.
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Stokland, Jogeir N., Christopher W. Woodall, Jonas Fridman, and Göran Ståhl. "Burial of downed deadwood is strongly affected by log attributes, forest ground vegetation, edaphic conditions, and climate zones." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 12 (2016): 1451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0461.
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Deadwood can represent a substantial portion of forest ecosystem carbon stocks and is often reported following good practice guidance associated with national greenhouse gas inventories. In high-latitude forest ecosystems, a substantial proportion of downed deadwood is overgrown by ground vegetation and buried in the humus layer. Such burial obfuscates the important process of deadwood carbon transfer to other pools (e.g., litter and soil) and emission to the atmosphere (i.e., rates of decay). Using data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory, we found that the proportion of downed logs that is buried increased from temperate to boreal forests. Several factors affect the probability of burial, including log attributes (e.g., decay class), ground vegetation (e.g., moss dominance, type of moss cover), and edaphic conditions (e.g., soil type, depth of organic layer). Combined assessments suggest that about 24% of the carbon in the aboveground downed deadwood pool was found to be buried in boreal forests. Deadwood burial has important implications for forest carbon dynamics and associated monitoring (e.g., United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change reporting) as such a pool typically decomposes much slower compared with aboveground deadwood.
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Belkacem, S., and C. Nys. "Consequences of liming and gypsum top-dressing on nitrogen and carbon dynamics in acid forest soils with different humus forms." Plant and Soil 173, no. 1 (1995): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00155520.
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Janík, Rastislav, E. Bublinec, and M. Dubová. "Time trends of SO42- concentration and deposition of S-SO42- in precipitation, throughfall and soil solutions in a beech forest stand in the Štiavnické vrchy Mts." Beskydy 5, no. 1 (2012): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/beskyd201205010079.
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The work summarises the data assembled and compared during a 22-year research on deposition and concentrations of sulphate sulphur in soil solutions in a submountain beech forest in the Štiavnické vrchy Mts. We also investigated the sulphur amounts in throughfall and in precipitation water in open area. The average sulphur concentration in atmospheric precipitation on the open plot was 14.92 mg.l-1, in the forest stand 17.13 mg.l-1. The sulphur deposition in soil increased with increasing depth: from the average of 18.9 kg.ha-1.y-1 in the surface humus to 26.7 kg.ha-1.y-1 in a depth of 0.25 m. The average concentration in the surface humus was 19.06 mg.l-1 , at a depth of 0.25 m it was 29.32 mg.l-1. The total amount deposed in the soil over the whole study period was 587.1 kg.ha-1S-SO42-. The annual dynamics exhibited the highest SO42- concentration values in the winter and spring, the lowest values were recorded in the summer and autumn. Regression analysis revealed that the sulphur content in soil solutions was very significantly influenced by sulphur content in atmospheric deposition. There has also been confirmed a major impact of rainfall total on sulphur content in precipitation water as well as in soil solutions. In general, it has been confirmed a decreasing trend for sulphur in atmospheric deposition
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Stryzhak, O. V. "Characteristic of the micromorphological state of the soils of the flood-lands of the Samara river." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 17, no. 3-4 (2016): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041615.
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The main micromorphological properties of the soils of the riverine valleys, the central and the terrain part of the Samara river have been revealed. The main factors that influence the creation of such a micromorphological organization of these soils are revealed. The basic micromorphological features of the soils of the pririal shaft are: plasma-sand microstructure, humus-argillaceous plasma, which is located in the form of films along grains of minerals; poorly developed porous network, represented mainly by pores-packings; weak aggregation of horizons. The fraction of grains of large size dominates in the skeleton. They are characterized by good roundness. The main reason for such a micromorphological organization of these soils is the immediate proximity to the Samara river. Due to the high water, some horizons can be washed off, or on the contrary, they can be washed by new ones due to the deposition of illuvial material. With the distance from the river and, accordingly, with the decrease in the influence of flood, the biological influence (forest vegetation and the activity of soil organisms) on the micromorphological properties of the soils of the central floodplain increases. This manifests itself in good structuring, developed pore network of upper horizons, presence of organic residues at different stages of decomposition. In the profile, microstructure is inhomogeneous, in the upper horizons it is dusty-plasma, with depth changing to sand-plasma and in the lower horizons – plasma-sandy. Skeletal grains are characterized by traces of transport on their surface (scratches) and good roundness. The plasma is humus-clay, with a share of clay plasma decreases. The clay part of the plasma is characterized by birefringence, orientation and the ability to rebuild. The pore space is most developed in the upper horizons due to burrowing activity of earthworms. With depth, the pore area decreases, often their walls are covered with clay kutans due to illuvial processes. The formation of the profile and the characteristic micromorphological organization of the soils of the central floodplain passed in several stages. The heavier fractions of the illuvial material were deposited on the underlying rocks with the weakening influence of floodplain processes. This can explain the great difference in the content and size of grains of minerals in the upper and lower horizons. Over time, the influence of forest vegetation and the burrowing activity of soil animals create entire coprolite horizons, which leads to an improvement in air and water conditions. The soils of the flood-lands of the Samara River are characterized by the presence of a large amount of plant residues in the upper horizons and a low content of grains of the skeleton. With the depth the plant residues gets less, and the grains of minerals gets more. The profile is characterized by the presence of a large variety of kutans. Specificity of micromorphological organization of soils of the terrain part of the flood-lands of the Samara River is due to the influence of forest vegetation, the close occurrence of groundwater and dynamic oxidation-reduction processes.
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Erisman, J. W., and W. de Vries. "Nitrogen deposition and effects on European forests." Environmental Reviews 8, no. 2 (2000): 65–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a00-006.
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Hypotheses about the impacts of elevated atmospheric deposition of nitrogen on the forest ecosystem include an increased sensitivity to natural stress, impacts on roots, reduced species diversity of the ground vegetation, reduced growth, and unbalanced nutritional status due to eutrophication and acidification. The impact of N deposition has gained in ecological importance during recent decades, in part due to the steady decline in S emissions. Results of throughfall and deposition measurements at 163 plots in Europe show that total deposition of S and N compounds ranged from 100 to 3000 mol ha1 yr1 in approximately 90% of the plots, but values up to 40008000 mol ha1 yr1 were also observed. Approximately 50% of the plots received N inputs, dominated by NH4, above 1000 mol ha1 yr1, which is a deposition level at which species diversity of the ground vegetation may be at risk. Results of inputoutput budgets for plots concentrated in Northern and Western Europe indicate that nitrate leaching starts to occur at throughfall inputs above 10 kg ha1 yr1, specifically in soils with C/N ratios in the humus layer below 25. Examples are given of field evidence for impacts of elevated N deposition, including elevated N contents in foliage and soil, Al release in soil response to increased nitrate concentrations, reduced shoot/root ratios, and a reduction in species diversity. Although knowledge about the response of forest ecosystems to N inputs has increased over the last decade, there is still a lack of information on the dynamics of N accumulation and related critical N loads in a range of environmental conditions. Furthermore, a European-wide perspective of N saturation in forest ecosystems is still lacking.Key words: nitrogen, deposition, inputoutput budgets, nitrogen status, forests, effects.
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Havryshko, Oleg, Yuriy Olifir, and Tetiana Partyka. "Redox potential change of light grey forest surface-gleyed soils depending on the long-term anthropogenic impact." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 51 (December 27, 2017): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2017.51.8739.
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Influence of prolonged application of various fertilizer systems and periodic liming on the dynamics of redox potential (ROP) of light grey forest surface-gleyed soils under different crop rotations is presented in the research results. The obtained ROP indexes showed significant variability in variants of experiment depending on the fertilizer, lime and terms of determination in both fields of winter wheat and spring barley. The highest ROP values in variants with organo-mineral and mineral fertilizer systems with background of liming were observed in spring. They decreased during the period of maximum growth and development of winter wheat and spring barley together with the growth of microbiological activity and the intensity of CO2 release, and slightly increased before harvesting. It was established that the application of organo-mineral and mineral fertilizer systems with the background of liming with CaCO3 dose, calculated according to hydrolytic acidity, to the greatest extent increase ROP, especially during the period of intensive growth and development of plants. Compared to similar fertilizer system with the background of liming with a CaCO3 dose, calculated according to the pH- buffer capacity, it contributes to one-sided growth of oxidation processes and additional mineralization of humus. Thus, the organo-mineral fertilizer system with the application of 10 tons of manure per hectare of crop rotation and one norm of mineral fertilizers (N65P68K68) with the background of liming with CaCO3 dose, calculated according to the pH-buffer capacity (2.5 t/ha), contributes to rational use, preservation and fertility protection of light grey forest surface-gleyed soils, optimizing the redox potential during whole growing season of crops, and provides high yields. Studies have shown that during whole growing season of winter wheat and spring barley the lowest values of oxidation were obtained with the long-term use (for 50 years) of mineral fertilizer system with the introduction of one norm of mineral fertilizers only. It led to a decrease in the actual soil acidity to 4,03 pHKCl units and the increase of hydrolytic acidity to 5.11 mg-eq/100 g of soil. This once again emphasizes the importance of periodic liming of acid light grey forest surface-gleyed soils as a factor weakening the negative influence of mineral fertilizers. Key words: light grey forest surface-gleyed soils, redox potential, mineral fertilizers, manure, lime.
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Koba, V. P., R. A. Nikiforov, V. V. Papelbu, and M. L. Novitsky. "FOREST GROWING CONDITIONS OF PINUS PALLASIANA D. DON IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE SOUTHERN SLOPE OF THE MAIN RIDGE OF THE CRIMEAN MOUNTAINS." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry 7 (73), no. 1 (2021): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1725-2021-7-1-64-74.
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The objective of the research was to study the forest conditions and forest inventory characteristics of P. pallasiana in the eastern part of the southern slope of the Main ridge of the Crimean Mountains, the evaluation of its growth in connection with high-rise zoning and dynamics of soil properties. The studies were carried out using the methods of laying hypsometric profiles. Soil characteristics were studied in soil sections in five layers with an interval of 10 cm. The ecotopic grid of the Mountainous Crimea was used for the typological classification of phytocenoses. The features of the territorial distribution of artificial coniferous stands in the study area were analyzed using the data of space sensing of Landsat 8 satellite system. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that the forest crops of P. pallasiana in the eastern part of the southern macroslope of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains in the lower belt are characterized by low taxation indicators. With an increase in the height of the growing area, their state and growth intensity improve. Dynamics of forests conditions in the study area is associated with increasing dryness of the climate, a decrease in precipitation, the number of which decreases in the direction from the central to the eastern part of the southern slopes of the Main ridge of the Crimean Mountains. The high-altitude zoning of soil fertility is revealed. In the ecotopes of the middle belt, there is a decrease in the content of humus in the upper layer of the soil, which is associated with increased erosion processes in the territory of anthropogenic degradation of forest vegetation. High seasonal variability and instability of precipitation over the years, especially in the summer growing season, the weather conditions of which largely determine the implementation of growth and development processes, reduce the stability of the structure and composition of plant communities, form a negative ecological background, which determines the deterioration of the life state of P. pallasiana forest cultures. In the research area edaphic characteristics of forest crop ecotopes of P. pallasiana in the lower and middle belt correspond to forest-growing conditions such as dry sudubrava, and in the upper belt – fresh sudubrava.
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Podrázský, Vilém. "Effect of differentiated liming on the development of acidity of surface forest soil." Beskydy 7, no. 2 (2014): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/beskyd201407020099.
Full textAbstract:
Results obtained during 16 years of the experiment are presented. Extreme site conditions are determined by: 8thvegetation altitudinal zone, podzolic soil and harsh climate – average annual temperature 4 °C, average annual precipitation around 1200 mm. Effects of surface experimental liming were studied on immission clear-cuts in long time period, study area is located on the Velká Deštná locality on the main Orlické hory Mts. range. Research plots were established in spring of 1988, studies of liming effects were performed in the period 1987–2004. On particular plots, 0, 1308, 2826, 3924 and 8478 kg/ha of fine limestone (grain size under 1 mm) was distributed by hands on the soil surface. Results are available for the forestry practice, research has to continue in the future – potential of negative liming impacts is topical here, consisting in humus mineralization and nutrients losses. Maximum effects on the soil reaction were observed in 8–10 years after limestone application at the soil surface (F – horizon) and in the period 10–15 years lower (H, A – horizons). Base saturation dynamics shows the time delay 2–4 years following pH values changes.
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Schönborn, Wilfried. "Population Dynamics and Production Biology of Testate Amoebae (Rhizopoda, Testacea) in Raw Humus of Two Coniferous Forest Soils." Archiv für Protistenkunde 132, no. 4 (1986): 325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9365(86)80027-6.
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Le Stum-Boivin, Éloïse, Gabriel Magnan, Michelle Garneau, Nicole J. Fenton, Pierre Grondin, and Yves Bergeron. "Spatiotemporal evolution of paludification associated with autogenic and allogenic factors in the black spruce–moss boreal forest of Québec, Canada." Quaternary Research 91, no. 2 (2019): 650–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.101.
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AbstractPaludification is the most common process of peatland formation in boreal regions. In this study, we investigated the autogenic (e.g., topography) and allogenic (fire and climate) factors triggering paludification in different geomorphological contexts (glaciolacustrine silty-clayey and fluvioglacial deposits) within the Québec black spruce (Picea mariana)–moss boreal forest. Paleoecological analyses were conducted along three toposequences varying from a forest on mineral soil to forested and semi-open peatlands. Plant macrofossil and charcoal analyses were performed on basal peat sections (≤50 cm) and thick forest humus (<40 cm) to reconstruct local vegetation dynamics and fire history involved in the paludification process. Results show that primary paludification started in small topographic depressions after land emergence ca. 8000 cal yr BP within rich fens. Lateral peatland expansion and secondary paludification into adjacent forests occurred between ca. 5100 and 2300 cal yr BP and resulted from low-severity fires during a climatic deterioration. Fires that reduced or eliminated entirely the organic layer promoted the establishment ofSphagnumin microdepressions. Paludification resulted in the decline of some coniferous species such asAbies balsameaandPinus banksiana. The paleoecological approach along toposequences allowed us to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of paludification and its impacts on the vegetation dynamics over the Holocene.
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Økland, R. H. "Boreal coniferous forest vegetation in the Solhomfjell area, S Norway: structure, dynamics and change, with particular reference to effects of long distance airborne pollution." Sommerfeltia 6, s6 (1995): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/som-1995-0001.
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Abstract Seventeen original papers that are parts of, or spin-offs from, the TVLF project “Effects of long distance airborne pollution”, are summarized. All papers include data from the Solhomfjell reference area, a S Norwegian old-growth boreal coniferous forest with high deposition of long distance airborne pollution relative to other parts of Norway. Vegetation and environmental structure, population and vegetation dynamics, and vegetation change, was integrated by extensive use of the same sample sets. The nested sampling included 100 extended macro sample plots (64 m2) for tree species and 200 meso sample plots for the understory (1 m2; with 33 environmental variables measured and presence/absence of all species recorded in 16 subplots ). Species abundances were recorded in 50 meso plots all years 1988-93, while all 200 plots were analyzed in 1988 and 1993. Other sampling designs were used for three special studies in the Solhomfjell area. Population biology of Hylocomium splendens was studied in six of NIJOS’ ten areas for vegetational and environmental monitoring of Norwegian boreal spruce forests, as well as in the Solhomfjell area. Gradient relationships of vegetation at the I m2 scale in the Solhomfjell area are summarized by DCA ordination. Three coenoclines are identified: (I) a broad-scale gradient from xeric, lichen-dominated pine forest via subxeric pine forest dominated by ericaceous species and poor, Vaccinium myrtillus-dominated spruce forest to richer, herb-rich spruce forest, (2) a fine-scale gradient in degree of paludification ( e.g., dominance by Sphagnum spp.), most strongly visible in the bottom layer, and (3) a micro-scale gradient from dominance by small hepatics and mosses to dominance by larger mosses of the forest floor. Associated complex-gradients were identified or hypothesized by use of measured environmental variables: (1) danger of soil moisture deficiency and soil nutrient content, (2) median soil moisture, and (3) several aspects of microtopography. Several kinds of independent evidence indicates that physiological tolerance is more important than interspecific competition in the understory. Temporal variation in soil moisture and soil pH is studied, with reference to the main gradients. Persistence of cryptogams as well as vascular plant species was species-specific and size-dependent, with little variation between years. The rate of vegetation dynamics varied predictably along the main coenocline, in relation to site productivity and environmental harshness. The magnitudes of one-year change in species abundances and vegetation were used to evaluate the significance of change in the five-year period. Significant humus acidification occurred in the five-year period, most strongly in richer spruce forest where several vascular plant species declined and vegetation changed in direction of poor spruce forest. N fertilization may explain the increase of Deschampsia flexuosa in spruce forest. Significant enrichment of pine forest humus is demonstrated. Norway spruce and Scots pine showed inconsistent patterns of variation in relative crown density. Stem number and stand volume in permanent plots increased for all tree species. Modular growth, branching patterns, and hence demography of the clonal moss Hylocomium splendens, was strongly size-dependent. Branching increased and risk of termination decreased with increasing segment size. Strong apical dominance was found. A combination of positive density-dependence of mean segment size, and regulation of segment numbers at very high densities was demonstrated. Mean segment size was strongly related to length of the photosynthetically active period. Increase of most bryophytes in the Solhomfjell area 1988-93 was primarily due to several mild, rainy winters during the period. Advantages of an integrated approach to monitoring of boreal forests (including trees, understory and environment; the population, species and vegetation levels of organization; several spatial and temporal scales; and univariate as well as multivariate statistical methods) are emphasized. Data from other regions and longer time periods are needed to assess the extent of vegetation response to environmental change.
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Simard, Isabelle, Hubert Morin, and Bruno Potelle. "A new paleoecological approach to reconstruct long-term history of spruce budworm outbreaks." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 3 (2002): 428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-215.
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A new paleoecological indicator was used for retracing the long-term history of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) outbreaks from forest humus. Macrofossil analyses were performed on 28 forest soil profiles (1020 cm) collected in four balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) stands located north of Lake Saint-Jean, Quebec. Direct evidence of the presence of spruce budworm was found. Few pupa fragments were present in the profiles, but the most abundant and well-preserved macrofossils collected were spruce budworm feces. The feces found were associated in part with the three outbreaks that occurred during the last century around 1914, 1952, and 1979. Good correspondence was obtained between the macrofossil results and the known dynamics of two stands, Lib20 and Lib23. However, the method failed to detect specific outbreaks in the other two stands, Lib21 and Lib24. A complementary macrofossil study was conducted on deeper humus profiles (4770 cm) collected on two islands of Mingan Archipelago. The outbreak history of the last century was retraced, and it was established that spruce budworm was present in the Mingan Archipelago since at least 1520 years BP. The greatest numbers of spruce budworm feces were found in the first 20 cm of the humus profiles corresponding approximately to the 20th century period. Afterward, an important reduction in numbers of feces was observed. This may be attributable to lower levels of spruce budworm populations before the 20th century or the intensification of decomposition with increasing humus depth.
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Bryanin, Semyon, Anjelica Kondratova, and Evgeniya Abramova. "Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Dynamics in Fire-Affected Larch Forests in the Russian Far East." Forests 11, no. 8 (2020): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11080882.
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Russian boreal forests hold a considerable carbon (C) stock and are subjected to frequent surface fires that unbalance C storage and ecosystem function. Although postfire ecological changes aboveground are well understood, biological C flows (e.g., decomposition in the postfire period) remain unclear. We present the results of a long-term field litterbag experiment on needle litter decomposition in typical Larix gmelinii boreal forests in the Russian Far East. For 3 years, we measured mass loss, C and nitrogen (N) concentrations, lignin and manganese dynamics, respiration intensity and enzyme activity in decaying needles, and environmental conditions (temperature and litter moisture). The decomposition rate at 850 days was 0.435 and 0.213 yr−1 in a control forest and in a forest 15 years after a surface fire, respectively. Early stages of needle decay did not differ among sites, whereas decomposition slowed in later stages in burned forest relative to the control (p < 0.01). This was supported by hampered respiration, slow lignin accumulation in decaying needles, and low peroxidase activity in burned forest. We found no direct N release, and decaying litter immobilization was more pronounced in the control forest. In the later stages, we revealed restrained mass loss and associated C release from larch litter in burned forest. Slow and delayed N release may alter organic matter accumulation, the N cycle, and regeneration of the fire-disturbed larch ecosystem. Our investigations highlight hampered C flow from aboveground litter to soil humus even decades after surface fire in a larch ecosystem. Given the climate-induced increase of fire activity, C retained in the litter layer represents a pool that is more vulnerable to the next fire event.
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Allen, D. E., M. J. Pringle, D. W. Butler, et al. "Effects of land-use change and management on soil carbon and nitrogen in the Brigalow Belt, Australia: I. Overview and inventory." Rangeland Journal 38, no. 5 (2016): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj16009.
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Soil and land-management interactions in Australian native-forest regrowth remain a major source of uncertainty in the context of the global carbon economy. We sampled soil total organic C (TOC) and soil total N (TN) stocks at 45 sites within the Brigalow ecological community of the Brigalow Belt bioregion, Queensland, Australia. The sites were matched as triplets representing three land uses, specifically: uncleared native brigalow forest (‘Remnant’); grassland pasture (‘Pasture’), derived by clearing native vegetation and maintained as pasture for a minimum of 10 years, and; regrowing native brigalow forest (‘Regrowth’, stand ages ranging from 10 to 58 years) that had developed spontaneously after past vegetation clearing for pasture establishment. Soil TOC fractions and natural abundance of soil C and N isotopes were examined to obtain insight into C and N dynamics. An updated above- and belowground carbon budget for the bioregions was generated. Average soil TOC stocks at 0–0.3-m depth ranged from 19 to 79 Mg ha–1 and soil TN stocks from 1.8 to 7.1 Mg ha–1 (2.5th and 97.5th percentiles, respectively). A trend in stocks was apparent with land use: Remnant > Regrowth ≅ Pasture sites. Soil δ13C ranged from –14 to –27‰, and soil δ15N ranged from 4‰ to 17‰, in general reflecting the difference between Pasture (C4-dominated) land use and N2-fixing (C3-dominated) Remnant and Regrowth. Mid-infrared spectroscopy predicted C fractions as a percentage of soil TOC stock, which ranged from 5% to 60% (particulate), 20–80% (humus) and 9–30% (resistant/inert). The geo-referenced soil and management information we collected is important for the calibration of C models, for the estimation of national C accounts, and to inform policy developments in relation to land-resource management undertaken within the Brigalow Belt bioregions of Australia.
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Proezdov, Pyotr Nikolaevich, Dmitry Vladimirovich Eskov, Dmitry Anatolyevich Mashtakov, Andrey Vladimirovich Panfilov, and Vladimir Viktorovich Dubrovin. "Regularities of water consumption of grasses in forest pastures by types of agricultural landscape in the Volga steppe zone." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i5pp38-43.
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Water consumption and productivity of grasslands are closely related to the type and degree of protection from erosion of the agricultural landscape. One of the main indicators of the type of agricultural landscape is the slope of the slope, which determines the level of soil fertility and productivity of agricultural land. With an increase in the slope, especially on erosive types of agricultural landscape (>30), the thickness of the a+B horizons decreases by more than 3 times from 64 cm on the plakor (<10) to 20 cm on steep slopes (10-200). The humus content in the soil horizon a decreases from 4.69 to 1.97%, or 2.72% in absolute value. Over 35 years, the complex of anti-erosion techniques has increased the power of soil horizons A+B, depending on the type of agricultural landscape, by 1-6 cm, the content of humus-by 0.16 - 0.36%, NPK – by 9.1-30.0%: a larger increase corresponds to the erosive types of agricultural landscape (>30). Productivity and water consumption of pasture lands depend on the level of soil fertility, snowiness of winters, the degree of moisture in the growing season, and the growth dynamics of pasture grasses. In the average humidification years (2015,2016) on open types of agricultural landscape, the productivity of grasses was 1.23-3.14 t / ha, the coefficient of water consumption -675-1538 m3 / t, and under the influence of anti-erosion techniques, respectively-1.73-4.05 t/ha and 627-1242 m3/t. The difference in water consumption coefficients reaches 23.8% on steep slopes (10-200). In dry years with the previous snowy winter on open types of agricultural landscape, the coefficient of water consumption is 930-1500m3/t, under the influence of anti-erosion techniques-703-1169 m3/t, or less by 32.7-28.3%. In wet years, the water consumption coefficient takes the lowest values due to the high productivity of grasses (5.61-8.89 t/ha). The complex of anti-erosion agrotechnical and forest-reclamation techniques is created in accordance with the type of agricultural landscape: on slopes with a steepness of 0-50-forest strips and mulched crevices; 5-80-forest strips and shrubby scenes; >80 - protective forest stands on terraces.
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Bujanov, P. M. "Ecological problems of sandy area afforestation in the south of Ukraine." Ecology and Noospherology 25, no. 1-2 (2014): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/031409.
Full textAbstract:
The town of Oleshky, renamed as Tsiurupinsk in 1928, is located in the Kherson region of Ukraine, near the railway station Tsiurupinsk. The Nizhnyodniprovsky Research Station "Afforestation of sands and viticulture" is located here. The total area of forest fund in Kherson region is 221.7 thousand hectares. The percentage of forest land is 3.3 %. 45 thousand hectares of this area belong to Tiurupinsk forest. The tree composition involves 74 % of coniferous and 26 % of deciduous breeds. 62 % of Cherson forests were created by man. The pine forests on the Oleshkovsky (Nizhnyodniprovsky) sands were created in the middle of the XIX сentury. This was dictated by the urgent task of fixing the sands by the black storms, using the fertility of sands in forest managment and agriculture. Completely joining the authors of papers devoted Oleshkovsky sands, their afforestation, recreation, conservation and management of the southern pine forest complexes, we consider important to mention: in harsh growing conditions of pine trees it is extremely necessary to strive for a complex biogeocenological research, to a comprehensive in-depth knowledge of pine ecosystems, at which typological approach is obligatory not from the standpoint of common assessments of forest growth conditions, but using typological principles of Professor A. L. Belgard established for the conditions of geographical and often environmental inadequacy of forest to habitat conditions; the typology provides diversity of soil types of Oleshkovsky forest growth conditions where there are two variants of soils – with and without salinity, with different gradations of humidification – from very dry to wet soils; it is necessary to take into account the extent of the influence of planted forests on the environment, which depends primarily on the ecological forest structure, which refers to the light structure of the stands and the duration of their habitat transforming influence. Light structure, in its turn depends on the architectonics of the tree crowns forming part of the forest (Belgard, 1971); using the special equipment it is necessary to create or improve the network of hydrological monitoring wells covering all environmental profiles, catens and plots, to conduct large-scale monitoring studies of the cyclic and successional forms of dynamics of forest hydrology: groundwater level, the chemistry, radioecology, organic matter, biota and also flow direction of groundwater movement (hydraulically interconnected), their degree of contamination, sanitary toxicological and other features; to explore sandy soils for content and quality of humus to evaluate soil fertility (Orlov, 1981); to explore microclimatic regimes to identify critical data to the vitality of pine plantations; with all indicators of systematic characteristics of a pine (Pinus silvestris L.), it has about 100 species. In the culture of Ukraine there are about 35 species. But, as foresters observe, not every pine (Pinus silvestris L.). gives a good effect of growth and development in every kind of environmental ecotope. It is necessary to consider the differences between hereditary traits of burned 350 years old samples of the eternal pinewood in Samarsky forest and artificial pine plantations grown from seed material taken from a completely different habitat conditions. Oak acorns, collected in the floodplain of River Dniester and planted in the watershed of Gyrnetsovy forest in Moldavia, dieback at the age of 30 years, but oak acorns, collected in plakor conditions and landed next to the first, have high vitality, intensive growth and development. It is well known that the Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) and Cretaceous pine (Pinus cretacea) do not differ in systematics. But Scots pine planted on chalk mountains near Scots pine are different. The first pine does not give seed regeneration, and the second one has acquired the ability to reproduce itself easily on Cretaceous and to hоld on barren rock outcrops (Milkov, 1959); in the study of sandy habitats it is necessary to establish consort links in biogeocenoses, their horizontal and vertical structures, ecomorphic features of the forest, its age population type, and as a result - to establish the viability and sustainability of pine plantations to the conditions; finally, it should be emphasized that only a comprehensive and integrated approach to the study of forest ecosystems in the steppe (horizontal and vertical structure) can give a reliable information about the successfully constructed plantation, its stability and durability.
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Podrázský, V. V. "Effect of controlled liming on the soil chemistry on the immission clear-cut." Journal of Forest Science 52, Special Issue (2006): S28—S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10157-jfs.
Full textAbstract:
Results obtained during 14 years of the experiment are presented. Extreme site conditions are determined by: 8<sup>th</sup> vegetation altitudinal zone, podzolic soil and hard climate – average annual temperature 4°C, average annual precipitation around 1,200 mm. Effects of surface experimental liming were studied on immission clear-cuts in long time period, study area is located on the Velká Deštná locality on the main Orlické hory Mts. range. Research plots were established and the basic survey was done in spring of 1988, studies of liming effects were performed in the period 1987–2002. On particular plots, 0, 1,308, 2,826, 3,924 and 8,478 kg/ha of fine limestone (grain size under 1 mm) was distributed by hands on the soil surface, as an application of 3 and 9 t/ha of “fine” and “coarse” material (together 5 variants including the control one). Results are available for the forestry practice, research has to continue in the future – potential of negative liming impacts is topical here, consisting in humus mineralization and nutrients losses. Maximum effects on the soil reaction were observed in 8–10 years after limestone application at the soil surface (F – horizon) and in the period 10–15 years lower (H, A – horizons). Base saturation dynamics shows the time delay 2–4 years following pH values. For the site protection, efficient forest stands are vitally important of pioneer as well as climax species.
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Владимиров, Владимир, Vladimir Vladimirov, Леонид Егоров, Leonid Egorov, Сергей Артамонов, and Sergey Artamonov. "PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF MEDIUM-RIPED POTATO TUBERS DEPENDING ON THE DOSES OF PHOSPHOROUS FERTILIZERS ON THE GRAY FOREST SOIL OF FOREST-STEPPE OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 14, no. 1 (2019): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5cbf066ea037d0.58302480.
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The aim of the research was to determine the optimal dose of phosphate fertilizers on the background of the use of nitrogen-potassium fertilizers in the potato cultivation of the middle-early group of Nevskiy variety. Experiments were carried out on gray forest soil of medium loamy granulometric composition with humus content in the arable layer according to Tyurin - 3.22-3.31%, easily hydrolyzed nitrogen - 140-155 mg/kg of soil, mobile phosphorus - 142-147 mg/kg, exchangeable potassium - 138-151 kg/kg of soil. Nitrogen-potassium background and sulfur in a dose of N90K120S30 were used in the experiments. Phosphate fertilizers were applied, depending on the variant, in increasing doses - P30, P60, P90, P120 kg of active substance. The results of studies on the effect of increasing doses of phosphate fertilizers on the productivity and quality of potato tubers of Nevskiy middle-aged group of ripeness are presented. Analysis of the content’s dynamics of the mobile phosphorus in the irrigated experimental plot of gray forest soil showed that it has a good provision with a mobile form of P2O5. During the growing season on fertilized variants, its content increased with increasing dose of phosphorus and varied in the soil phase of plant development. In the process of research, it was found that fertilizers in a dose of N90K120S30 (background) increased the crop of potato tubers by an average of 4 years by 9.54 tons per hectare. Phosphate fertilizers applied in addition to the background (N90K120S30) as their dose increases from 30 to 120 kg of active substance provided an increase in yield by 1.27-6.34 tons per hectare. The main elements of the mineral nutrition of plants in different ways influenced the quality of potato tubers. The introduction of phosphate fertilizers contributed to an increase in the content of dry matter, starch and improvement in taste in tubers, while the amount of nitrates decreased. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that in order to improve the quality indicators of tubers, a dose of fertilizers should be applied - N90P120 K120S30.