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Journal articles on the topic 'Huperzine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Xu, Maonian, Starri Heidmarsson, Margret Thorsteinsdottir, Pawel Wasowicz, Hang Sun, Tao Deng, Sesselja Omarsdottir, and Elin Olafsdottir. "Infraspecific Variation of Huperzine A and B in Icelandic Huperzia selago Complex." Planta Medica 85, no. 02 (October 5, 2018): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0752-0295.

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AbstractThe alkaloids huperzine A and huperzine B were originally isolated from the Chinese club moss Huperzia serrata. They are known inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, and especially huperzine A shows pharmaceutical potential for the treatment of Alzheimerʼs disease. Its supply heavily relies on natural plant sources belonging to the genus Huperzia, which shows considerable interspecific huperzine A variations. Furthermore, taxonomic controversy remains in this genus, particularly in the Huperzia selago group. With focus on Icelandic H. selago taxa, we aimed to explore the relatedness of Huperzia species using multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, and to investigate correlations between huperzine A contents, morphotypes, and genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with five chloroplastic loci (the intergenic spacer between the photosystem II protein D1 gene and the tRNA-His gene, maturase K, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit, tRNA-Leu, and the intergenic spacer region between tRNA-Leu and tRNA-Phe). Huperzine A and huperzine B contents were determined using an HPLC-UV method. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that previously proposed Huperzia appressa and Huperzia arctica should not be considered species, but rather subspecies of H. selago. Three genotypes of Icelandic H. selago were identified and presented in a haplotype networking diagram. A significantly (p < 0.05) higher amount of huperzine A was found in H. selago genotype 3 (264 – 679 µg/g) than genotype 1 (20 – 180 µg/g), where the former shows a typical green and reflexed “selago” morphotype. The huperzine A content in genotype 3 is comparable to Chinese H. serrata and a good alternative huperzine A source. Genotype 2 contains multiple morphotypes with a broad huperzine A content (113 – 599 µg/g). The content of huperzine B in Icelandic taxa (6 – 13 µg/g) is much lower than that in Chinese H. serrata (79 – 207 µg/g).

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2

Ngọc, Vũ Thị, Phạm Thị Hạnh, Lê Thị Lan Anh, Nguyễn Tiến Đạt, and Lê Thị Bích Thủy. "Qualification and quantification of huperzine a from Huperia serrata in Da Lat, Lam Dong province." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/14/3/9861.

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Huperzine A, an alkaloid, was originally isolated from Huperzia serrata. This compound potentially enhances the memory in animal, hence, it has been approved as a drug for the clinical treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, a major disease affecting the elderly population throughout the world. Because Huperzine A is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, the presentation of Huperzine A in brain inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity, thus, leading to the increase in concentration of acetylcoline. In Vietnam, H. serrata distributed in Sapa (Lao Cai) and Da Lat (Lam Dong), this species provide valuable pharmaceutical materials to the treatment for Alzheimer’s diseases. In this research, we evaluated the availability of Huperzine A in Huperzia serrata, which was collected from Da Lat (Lam Dong) in two seasons: Spring and Autunm. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) method was used to preliminary qualitative analysis. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method were used for determining Huperzine A content in samples. In the result, Huperzine A is almost existed in leaves of Da Lat Huperzia serrata and equivalent levels of Chinese Huperzia serrata. The Content of Huperzine A was different between two collection samples in Spring and Autumn, by analyze HPLC data, the samples was harvested in Autumn contents 92.5 µg.g-1dry sample and the spring is 75.4 µg.g-1 dry sample. Therefore, the content of Huperzine A in Huperzia serrata’s leaves sample is harvested in the fall compared with samples collected in the spring is higher 17.1 µg.g-1dry samples.

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3

Patočka, Jiří. "Huperzine A - An Interesting Anticholinesterase Compound from the Chinese Herbal Medicine." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 41, no. 4 (1998): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2019.181.

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Huperzine A, alkaloid from the Chinese herbal medicine Qian Ceng Ta, which is prepared from the moss Huperzia serrata, has been used in China for centuries to treat fever and inflammation. Huperzine A is a strong inhibitor of cholinesterases with high selectivity to acetylcholinesterase and in China is developed as therapeutic against Alzheimer's disease. May be that huperzine A will be better than other centrally active anticholinesterases in treating this neurodegenerative disorder. Huperzine A appears to have additional pharmacological properties that make it an attractive candidate therapy for clinical trials.

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4

Ho, Raimana, Niloufar Marsousi, Philippe Eugster, Jean-Pierre Bianchini, and Phila Raharivelomanana. "Detection by UPLC/ESI-TOF-MS of Alkaloids in Three Lycopodiaceae Species from French Polynesia and Their Anticholinesterase Activity." Natural Product Communications 4, no. 10 (October 2009): 1934578X0900401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900401007.

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Three Lycopodiaceae species from French Polynesia, Lycopodium venustulum C. Gaudichaud, Lycopodiella cernua (C. Linnaeus) R. E. Pichi Sermolli and Lycopodium henryanum E. D. Brown were investigated for their alkaloidal composition by UHPLC/ESI-TOF-MS. Ten alkaloids were identified, with lycopodine and lycodoline being the main constituents in the three species. The acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory activities of the three species are probably due to the occurrence of huperzine A, huperzine B, huperzine E, huperzinine and lycopodine.

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5

Nguyen, Ngoc Chuong, Dinh Vinh, Duc Tuan Nguyen, Huynh Van Thi Nguyen, Cong Luan Tran, and Manh Hung Tran. "Development of a Capillary Electrophoretic Method for the Determination of Huperzine A Concentration in Vietnamese Huperzia serrata." Natural Product Communications 16, no. 9 (September 2021): 1934578X2110332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x211033225.

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Huperzine A, isolated from Huperzia serrata, is a potent, specific, and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase with high efficiency and low toxicity. To evaluate the presence of huperzine A in Vietnamese H serrata, a reliable capillary zone electrophoresis method was developed. The analytical conditions were established using 80 mM ammonium acetate buffer, pH 6.0, hydrodynamic injection at 50 mbar for 5 s, applied voltage of 20 kV, temperature at 25 °C, uncoated fused-silica capillary, 56 cm (50 cm effective length) × 70 µm inner diameter, and ultraviolet detection at 310 nm. The recovery rates ranged from 98.05% to 100.64%, with a relative standard deviation <2%. Good linear regression was observed in the concentration range of 1 to 500 µg/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9994. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.33 and 1.0 µg/mL, respectively. These results demonstrate that this method is simple, selective, and suitable for performing quality control for huperzine A derived from Vietnamese H serrata.

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6

Ma, Xiaoqiang, Changheng Tan, Dayuan Zhu, David R. Gang, and Peigen Xiao. "Huperzine A from Huperzia species—An ethnopharmacolgical review." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 113, no. 1 (August 2007): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.030.

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7

Zhang, Yanqing, Junbo Xie, Wen-Qian Chen, Tian-Yan Zhou, and Wei Lu. "Development of a Sensitive High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method with Simple Extraction for Simultaneous Determination of Huperzine A and Huperzine B in the Species Containing Lycopodium Alkaloids." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 92, no. 4 (July 1, 2009): 1060–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/92.4.1060.

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Abstract A sensitive HPLC method with simple extraction was developed for simultaneous determination of huperzine A (HupA) and huperzine B (HupB) in Huperzia serrata, H. crispata, H. miyoshiana, and Lycopodiastrum casuarinoides. In order to avoid conventional multiple-step and time-consuming sample preparation methods, direct reflux extraction with alkaline chloroform was adopted. The quantitative determination was conducted by reversed-phase HPLC with a photodiode array detector set at 308 nm. Separation was performed on a Luna C18 column (250 4.6 mm id, 5 m) with methanol0.2 aqueous acetic acid (18 + 82, v/v) mobile phase. The method was validated for accuracy, reproducibility, precision, and limits of detection and quantification. Quantification of the two active compounds in the samples was performed by this newly developed method, and the content of HupA and HupB varied substantially among four different species. The satisfactory results indicated that the developed method can readily be utilized for quality control of the species of Huperziaceae and Lycopodiaceae containing the two compounds.

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8

Szypuła, Wojciech J., Beata Wileńska, Aleksandra Misicka, and Agnieszka Pietrosiuk. "Huperzine A and Huperzine B Production by Prothallus Cultures of Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank et Mart." Molecules 25, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 3262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143262.

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This is the first report of an efficient and effective procedure to optimize the biosynthesis of huperzine A (HupA) and huperzine B (HupB) in vitro from Huperzia selago gametophytes. Axenic tissue cultures were established using spores collected from the sporophytes growing in the wild. The prothalia were obtained after 7–18 months. Approximately 90 up to 100% of the gametophytes were viable and grew rapidly after each transfer on to a fresh medium every 3 months. The best biomass growth index for prothallus calculated on a fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) basis, at 24 weeks of culture, was 2500% (FW) and 2200% (DW), respectively. The huperzine A content in the gametophytes was very high and ranged from 0.74 mg/g to 4.73 mg/g DW. The highest yield HupA biosynthesis at >4 mg/g DW was observed on W/S medium without growth regulators at 8 to 24 weeks of culture. The highest HupB content ranged from 0.10 mg/g to 0.52 mg/g DW and was obtained on the same medium. The results demonstrate the superiority of H. selago gametophyte cultures, with the level of HupA biosynthesis approximately 42% higher compared to sporophyte cultures and 35-fold higher than when the alkaloid was isolated from H. serrata, its current source for the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, the biosynthesis of HupB was several-fold more efficient than in H. selago sporophytes growing in the wild. HPLC-HR-MS analyses of the extracts identified eight new alkaloids previously unreported in H. selago: deacetylfawcettine, fawcettimine, 16-hydroxyhuperzine B, deacetyllycoclavine, annopodine, lycopecurine, des-N-methylfastigiatine and flabelline.

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9

Tan, Chang-Heng, Shan-Hao Jiang, and Da-Yuan Zhu. "Huperzine P, a novel Lycopodium alkaloid from Huperzia serrata." Tetrahedron Letters 41, no. 30 (July 2000): 5733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)00893-5.

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10

&NA;. "Huperzine A." Drugs in R & D 5, no. 1 (2004): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00126839-200405010-00009.

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11

Pepping, Joseph. "Huperzine A." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 57, no. 6 (March 15, 2000): 530–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/57.6.530.

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12

Ji, R. "Huperzine A." Drugs of the Future 12, no. 6 (1987): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dof.1987.012.06.55104.

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13

Ding, Rui, Jian-Guo Fu, Guang-Qiang Xu, Bing-Feng Sun, and Guo-Qiang Lin. "Divergent Total Synthesis of the Lycopodium Alkaloids Huperzine A, Huperzine B, and Huperzine U." Journal of Organic Chemistry 79, no. 1 (December 10, 2013): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo402419h.

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14

Goodger, Jason Q. D., Anne L. Whincup, Ashley R. Field, Joseph A. M. Holtum, and Ian E. Woodrow. "Variation in huperzine A and B in Australasian Huperzia species." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 36, no. 8 (August 2008): 612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2008.05.006.

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15

Ayer, William A., Lois M. Browne, Helena Orszanska, Zdenek Valenta, and Jia-Sen Liu. "Alkaloids of Lycopodiumselago. On the identity of selagine with huperzine A and the structure of a related alkaloid." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 10 (October 1, 1989): 1538–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-234.

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Selagine, an alkaloid of Lycopodiumselago, is shown to be identical with huperzine A (2). A minor alkaloid, C15H18N2O2, isolated from L. selago is found to be 6β-hydroxyhuperzine A (4). Keywords: huperzine A, selagine, Lycopodium alkaloids, Alzheimer's disease, acetylcholine esterase inhibitor.

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16

Tan, Chang-Heng, Shan-Hao Jiang, and Da-Yuan Zhu. "ChemInform Abstract: Huperzine P, a Novel Lycopodium Alkaloid from Huperzia serrata." ChemInform 31, no. 44 (October 31, 2000): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200044218.

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17

Zhang, Zhi Bin, Qing Gui Zeng, Ri Ming Yan, Ya Wang, Zheng Rong Zou, and Du Zhu. "Endophytic fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides LF70 from Huperzia serrata produces Huperzine A." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 27, no. 3 (June 15, 2010): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-010-0476-6.

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18

Dong, Li-Hui, San-Wei Fan, Qing-Zhi Ling, Bei-Bei Huang, and Zhao-Jun Wei. "Indentification of huperzine A-producing endophytic fungi isolated from Huperzia serrata." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 30, no. 3 (October 16, 2013): 1011–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-013-1519-6.

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19

Zhang, Hongchao, Hao Liang, Pengqun Kuang, Qipeng Yuan, and Yan Wang. "Simultaneously preparative purification of Huperzine A and Huperzine B from Huperzia serrata by macroporous resin and preparative high performance liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography B 904 (September 2012): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.07.019.

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20

Sun, Rui, Si Hao Chen, and Chen Chen Xing. "Fixed Speed Release System: Huperzine a Loaded Microspheres in Thermosensitive Methylcellulose Based Hydrogel." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 2491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.2491.

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Huperzine A loaded microspheres are prepared using a W/O solvent evaporation method. The fixed speed release system is that microspheres composed with thermosensitive methylcellulose based hydrogel. SEM is used to analysis the surface morphology of Huperzine A loaded microspheres, which is shown that the difference of the size of microspheres. The size less than 200µm can be used as injection. Gelation experiment shows that the methylcellulose based solution can be transformed into in-situ hydrogel in 15 minutes at body temperature. The result of in vitro release shows that Huperzine A released in a nearly fixed speed. All the meterials of experiment can be biodegrated completely without operating to remove the gel. This is a promising long-term injection system, which is security and controlable for clinic.

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21

Fulmer, Tim. "Huperzine A in SCI." Science-Business eXchange 6, no. 7 (February 2013): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scibx.2013.156.

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22

Wang, Ya, Qing Gui Zeng, Zhi Bin Zhang, Ri Ming Yan, Ling Yun Wang, and Du Zhu. "Isolation and characterization of endophytic huperzine A-producing fungi from Huperzia serrata." Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 38, no. 9 (November 24, 2010): 1267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10295-010-0905-4.

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23

Hu, Xiao-na, Jiao-feng Wang, Yi-qin Huang, Zheng Wang, Fang-yuan Dong, Hai-fen Ma, and Zhi-jun Bao. "Huperzine A attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating hepatocyte senescence and apoptosis: an in vitro study." PeerJ 6 (June 26, 2018): e5145. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5145.

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Objective This study was undertaken to detect if free fatty acids (FFA) induce hepatocyte senescence in L-02 cells and if huperzine A has an anti-aging effect in fatty liver cells. Methods L-02 cells were treated with a FFA mixture (oleate/palmitate, at 3:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 0:3 ratios) at different concentrations. Cell viability and fat accumulation rate were assessed by a Cell Counting Kit 8 and Nile Red staining, respectively. The mixture with the highest cell viability and fat accumulation rate was selected to continue with the following experiment. The L-02 cells were divided into five groups, including the control group, FFA group, FFA + 0.1 μmol/L huperzine A (LH) group, FFA + 1.0 μmol/L huperzine A (MH) group and FFA + 10 μmol/L huperzine A (HH) group, and were cultured for 24 h. The expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) was detected by an SA-β-gal staining kit. The expression levels of aging genes were measured by qRT-PCR. The expression levels of apoptosis proteins were detected by a Western blot. ELISA kits were used to detect inflammatory factors and oxidative stress products. The expression of nuclear factor (NF-κB) and IκBα were detected by immunofluorescence. Results The FFA mixture (oleate/palmitate, at a 2:1 ratio) of 0.5 mmol/L had the highest cell viability and fat accumulation rate, which was preferable for establishing an in vitro fatty liver model. The expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6) and oxidants Malonaldehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) also increased in the L-02 fatty liver cells. The expression levels of aging markers and aging genes, such as SA-β-gal, p16, p21, p53 and pRb, increased more in the L-02 fatty liver cells than in the L-02 cells. The total levels of the apoptosis-associated proteins Bcl2, Bax, Bax/Bcl-2, CyCt and cleaved caspase 9 were also upregulated in the L-02 fatty liver cells. All of the above genes and proteins were downregulated in the huperzine A and FFA co-treatment group. In the L-02 fatty liver cells, the expression of IκBα decreased, while the expression of NF-κB increased. After the huperzine A and FFA co-treatment, the expression of IκBα increased, while the expression of NF-κB decreased. Conclusion Fatty liver cells showed an obvious senescence and apoptosis phenomenon. Huperzine A suppressed hepatocyte senescence, and it might exert its anti-aging effect via the NF-κB pathway.

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24

Ying, You-Min, Yi-Lian Xu, Hang-Fei Yu, Cai-Xue Zhang, Wei Mao, Cui-Ping Tong, Zhi-Dong Zhang, et al. "Biotransformation of Huperzine A by Irpex lacteus-A fungal endophyte of Huperzia serrata." Fitoterapia 138 (October 2019): 104341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104341.

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25

Shu, Shaohua, Xinmei Zhao, Wenjuan Wang, Guowei Zhang, Andreea Cosoveanu, Youngjoon Ahn, and Mo Wang. "Identification of a novel endophytic fungus from Huperzia serrata which produces huperzine A." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 30, no. 12 (September 12, 2014): 3101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-014-1737-6.

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26

Tanimura, Shun, Satoshi Yokoshima, and Tohru Fukuyama. "Total Synthesis of Huperzine Q." Organic Letters 19, no. 13 (June 22, 2017): 3684–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01633.

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27

Walsh, Nancy. "Huperzine A for Alzheimer's Disease." Family Practice News 36, no. 18 (September 2006): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(06)73896-8.

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28

Högenauer, Klemens, Karl Baumann, and Johann Mulzer. "Synthesis of (±)-desamino huperzine A." Tetrahedron Letters 41, no. 48 (November 2000): 9229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01670-1.

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Nomura, Toshimune, Satoshi Yokoshima, and Tohru Fukuyama. "Total Synthesis of Huperzine R." Organic Letters 20, no. 1 (December 8, 2017): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03555.

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30

Zhang, Xinyuan, Jian-hua Zou, and Jungui Dai. "Microbial transformation of (−)-Huperzine A." Tetrahedron Letters 51, no. 29 (July 2010): 3840–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.05.073.

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31

Walsh, Nancy. "Huperzine A for Alzheimer's Disease." Internal Medicine News 39, no. 17 (September 2006): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(06)74115-4.

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32

Koshiba, Takahiro, Satoshi Yokoshima, and Tohru Fukuyama. "Total Synthesis of (−)-Huperzine A." Organic Letters 11, no. 22 (November 19, 2009): 5354–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol9022408.

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33

Wang, Rui, and Xi Can Tang. "Neuroprotective Effects of Huperzine A." Neurosignals 14, no. 1-2 (2005): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000085387.

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34

Rajendran, V., Suo-Bao Rong, Ashima Saxena, Bhupendra P. Doctor, and Alan P. Kozikowski. "Synthesis of a hybrid analog of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors huperzine A and huperzine B." Tetrahedron Letters 42, no. 32 (August 2001): 5359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01008-5.

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35

Lin, Chi-Feng, Chih-Wei Chien, and Iwao Ojima. "Enantioselective Pd-catalyzed tandem allylic alkylation reaction using monodentate phosphoramidite ligands for the formal total synthesis of huperzine A." Org. Chem. Front. 1, no. 9 (2014): 1062–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4qo00180j.

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36

Zhu, D., J. Wang, Q. Zeng, Z. Zhang, and R. Yan. "A novel endophytic Huperzine A-producing fungus, Shiraia sp. Slf14, isolated from Huperzia serrata." Journal of Applied Microbiology 109, no. 4 (July 2, 2010): 1469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04777.x.

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37

Ferreira, Ana, Márcio Rodrigues, Ana Fortuna, Amílcar Falcão, and Gilberto Alves. "Huperzine A from Huperzia serrata: a review of its sources, chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology." Phytochemistry Reviews 15, no. 1 (November 1, 2014): 51–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-014-9384-y.

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38

Le, Thanh Thi Minh, Anh Thi Hong Hoang, Nhue Phuong Nguyen, Thuy Thi Bich Le, Ha Thi Thu Trinh, Thuy Thi Bich Vo, and Dong Van Quyen. "A novel huperzine A-producing endophytic fungus Fusarium sp. Rsp5.2 isolated from Huperzia serrate." Biotechnology Letters 42, no. 6 (February 12, 2020): 987–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-020-02836-x.

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39

Yang, Yan, Liangfang Dai, Decai Wu, Limin Dong, Yisheng Tu, Jiankun Xie, and Xiangdong Luo. "In Vitro Propagation, Huperzine A Content and Antioxidant Activity of Three Genotypic Huperzia serrata." Plants 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061112.

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Huperzia serrata is a traditional herb and endangered Chinese medicinal material, which has attracted much attention due to its production of Huperzine A (HupA). In vitro propagation of H. serrata is considered a new way to relieve the resource pressure of H. serrata. In this study, three different genotypic wild H. serrata were used for in vitro propagation. Then, the antioxidant activity and the content of HupA in the regenerated H. serrata were investigated. The results showed the survival rate of the explant was increased to 25.37% when using multiple sterilization processes. The best induction medium for H. serrata was the Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg·L−1 Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 0.1 mg·L−1 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), where the regeneration rate of the explant was to 57.04%. The best proliferation medium was the SH medium with NAA (1.0 mg·L−1), as the biomass of in vitro tissue increased 164.17 ± 0.41 times. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that the in vitro culture of three genotypes could produce HupA and the content of HupA was 53.90–87.17 µg·g−1. The antioxidant experiment showed that the methanol extract of in vitro H. serrata had higher antioxidant activity than that of wild H. serrata. This study provides a reliable in vitro H. serrata culture protocol and laid an important foundation for the antioxidant capacity of the thallus and the content of HupA.

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40

Haudrechy, Arnaud, Christophe Chassaing, Claude Riche, and Yves Langlois. "A Formal Synthesis of (+)-Huperzine A." Tetrahedron 56, no. 20 (May 2000): 3181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00227-1.

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41

Qian, Ligang, and Ruyun Ji. "A total synthesis of (±)-huperzine A." Tetrahedron Letters 30, no. 16 (January 1989): 2089–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(01)93719-0.

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42

Tang, X. C., X. C. He, and D. L. Bai. "Huperzine A: A novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor." Drugs of the Future 24, no. 6 (1999): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dof.1999.024.06.545143.

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43

Liu, Jia-Sen, Yuan-Long Zhu, Chao-Mei Yu, You-Zuo Zhou, Yan-Yi Han, Feng-Wu Wu, and Bao-Feng Qi. "The structures of huperzine A and B, two new alkaloids exhibiting marked anticholinesterase activity." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 837–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-137.

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ZHANG, Jingcai, Jie WEI, Hongmin ZHONG, Zhimou GUO, and Hua ZHANG. "Determination of Huperzine A in the extract of Huperzia serrata by high performance liquid chromatography." Chinese Journal of Chromatography 31, no. 1 (2013): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.08038.

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45

Ying, You-Min, Wei-Guang Shan, and Zha-Jun Zhan. "Biotransformation of Huperzine A by a Fungal Endophyte of Huperzia serrata Furnished Sesquiterpenoid–Alkaloid Hybrids." Journal of Natural Products 77, no. 9 (September 15, 2014): 2054–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np500412f.

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46

Rajendran, V., Suo-Bao Rong, Ashima Saxena, Bhupendra P. Doctor, and Alan P. Kozikowski. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Hybrid Analogue (I) of the Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Huperzine A and Huperzine B." ChemInform 32, no. 44 (May 24, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200144219.

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47

Sigalapalli, Dilep Kumar, Raghu Rangaswamy, and Neelima D. Tangellamudi. "Novel huperzine A based NMDA antagonists: insights from molecular docking, ADME/T and molecular dynamics simulation studies." RSC Advances 10, no. 43 (2020): 25446–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra00722f.

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Abstract:

The in silico study explores the structural behavior and binding affinities of 40 novel analogues of huperzine A. Novel NMDA receptor antagonists have been virtually identified by molecular docking, ADME/T and molecular dynamics simulation studies.

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48

Tan, Chang-Heng, Xiao-Qiang Ma, Guo-Fu Chen, and Da-Yuan Zhu. "Huperzines S, T, and U: New Lycopodium alkaloids from Huperzia serrata." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-067.

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Three new Lycopodium alkaloids, huperzines S (1), T (2), and U (3), along with eight known compounds, were isolated from the total alkaloids of the whole plant of Huperzia serrata (Thunb) Trev. (Huperziaceae). Those novel alkaloids were identified as 2β,13β-epoxyalopecuridine (1), 5α-hydroxy-6-oxodihydrophlegmariurine A (2), and 2,3-dihydro-12-hydroxyhuperzine B (3), respectively, by means of spectral techniques including NMR studies.Key words: Huperzia serrata, Lycopodium alkaloids, huperzines S, T, U.

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Lim, Wei-Han, Jason Q. D. Goodger, Ashley R. Field, Joseph A. M. Holtum, and Ian E. Woodrow. "Huperzine alkaloids from Australasian and southeast AsianHuperzia." Pharmaceutical Biology 48, no. 9 (August 23, 2010): 1073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2010.485619.

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Sohel, Shariar Md Abu, and Till Opatz. "Synthetic approaches towards huperzine A and B." Arkivoc 2014, no. 1 (October 29, 2013): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/ark.5550190.p008.313.

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