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Journal articles on the topic 'Hurrian'

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1

Válek, František. "Foreigners and Religion at Ugarit." Studia Orientalia Electronica 9, no. 2 (2021): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.88230.

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During the Late Bronze Age, Syria was mostly dominated by the larger powers of the ancient Near East—Mitanni (the Hurrians), the Hittite Empire, and Egypt. The ancient city of Ugarit yielded numerous texts and artifacts that attest to the presence of foreigners and their influences on local religious traditions. Textually, the best-preserved influences are those of Hurrian origin, although these were probably promoted thanks to the Hittites, who incorporated many Hurrian deities and cults. Hurrian traditions thus influenced both Ugaritic cults and divine pantheons. Egyptian influences, in cont
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2

Planelles, Albert. "Previously Unidentified Hurrian Words in Nuzi Texts." Altorientalische Forschungen 51, no. 2 (2024): 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2024-0015.

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Abstract This article gathers a number of Hurrian words that can be found in Nuzi texts and that were not identified as such by previous research. Various attempts to understand these words within the framework of the Akkadian language have resulted in different, often diverging, suggestions for translation. Albeit still imperfect, the knowledge of the Hurrian language has increased significantly over the last few decades, thus allowing us to identify these words as belonging to Hurrian. Although in some cases their meanings remain unclear, the words gathered here slightly enhance the knowledg
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3

Fischer, Sebastian. "Zum hurritischen Wort immarde." Altorientalische Forschungen 47, no. 1 (2020): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2020-0003.

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AbstractThis article suggests that the hitherto uninterpreted Hurrian word immarde is a term connected with extispicy performed on sacrificed sheep. This interpretation is supported by textual evidence from both the Hurrian texts from Emar and Hattusa.
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4

Beckman, Gary. "The Ritual of Palliya of Kizzuwatna (CTH 475)." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 13, no. 2 (2013): 113–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692124-12341248.

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Abstract An edition of the earliest ritual from Kizzuwatna to be imported into Hittite Anatolia. As such, it is the forerunner of the wave of Hurrian influence that would reshape the Hittite state cult during the empire period (14th–13th c. B.C.E.). Although the southern ruler to whom it is attributed undoubtedly carried out his worship in Hurrian, the present version is written in Hittite, but the text includes numerous Hurrian technical terms. It remains unclear why a rite centering on the Storm-god Teššup of the Kizzuwatnaean capital was still relevant in Hattusa two centuries after its com
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5

James, Peter, and Marinus Anthony van der Sluijs. "‘Silver’: A Hurrian Phaethon." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 12, no. 2 (2012): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692124-12341239.

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Abstract It is proposed that the story of the Hurrian deity ‘Silver’, as portrayed in the Late Bronze Age Song of Silver, is a plausible precursor to the classical myth of Phaethon. Shared motifs include the teasing of the young hero, the revelation by his mother of his father’s divine identity, a temporary assumption of power in heaven, a clash with the god of thunder, a disastrous episode involving the Sun and the Moon, and an etymology meaning ‘radiance’. As the Phaethon myth also seems to contain Semitic elements, it is argued that the source of the classical story was the region of northe
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6

Miller, Robert D. "Tracking the Dragon across the Ancient Near East." Archiv orientální 82, no. 2 (2014): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.82.2.225-245.

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Calvert Watkins definitively illustrated the connections between the Vedics laying of the dragon Vr̥tra by the thunder-god Indra and the storm-god dragon slaying myths of the both ancient Iran (Aži Dahāka) and Indo-European Hittites (Illuyanka). But there are actually two Hittite dragon-slaying myths – the other, Hurrian in origin, concerning the storm god Teshub – and the relationship between the two remains unclear. The Hurrian-Hittite myth clearly underlies the Canaanite storm-god dragon slaying, but the connection of the latter to an independent Semitic dragon-slaying myth is also unclear.
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7

Miller, Robert D. "Tracking the Dragon across the Ancient Near East." Archiv orientální 82, no. 2 (2014): 437–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.82.2.437-458.

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Calvert Watkins definitively illustrated the connections between the Vedics laying of the dragon Vr̥tra by the thunder-god Indra and the storm-god dragon slaying myths of the both ancient Iran (Aži Dahāka) and Indo-European Hittites (Illuyanka). But there are actually two Hittite dragon-slaying myths – the other, Hurrian in origin, concerning the storm god Teshub – and the relationship between the two remains unclear. The Hurrian-Hittite myth clearly underlies the Canaanite storm-god dragon slaying, but the connection of the latter to an independent Semitic dragon-slaying myth is also unclear.
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8

Wilhelm, Gernot. "Johannes Friedrich und die Anfänge der Hurritologie." Altorientalische Forschungen 51, no. 2 (2024): 244–56. https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2024-0009.

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Abstract The philological and linguistic research into the Hurrian language began in 1889 after the discovery of the Amarna tablets, among which was a very large tablet, the so-called “Mittani tablet,” a letter of almost 500 lines in the Hurrian language, sent by king Tušratta of Mittani to pharao Amenophis III. In a short time, the meaning of some nouns and verbs could be revealed with the help of letters from the same rulers written in Akkadian. This first phase of decoding the Hurrian language ended with the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. The second phase began in 1932 with a publ
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9

Baranowski, Krzysztof J. "New Light on Peripheral Akkadian from Qaṭna: Texts between Language and Writing System". Altorientalische Forschungen 45, № 1 (2018): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2018-0002.

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AbstractThe linguistic status of Peripheral Akkadian is a complex question. The texts from Qaṭna help to elucidate it. The texts, which underlie these documents, were uttered in Hurrian, while Sumerian, Akkadian and Hurrian constituted complementary writing platforms to record it. Seen in this light, the question of defining the language of these texts is malapropos. Instead, it is necessary to differentiate the status of individual languages. Such an inquiry is historically feasible by adopting second language acquisition as a theoretical framework.
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10

Buccellati, Giorgio, and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati. "Urkesh: The First Hurrian Capital." Biblical Archaeologist 60, no. 2 (1997): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3210597.

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11

Petrosyan, Armen Ye. "Reflexes of a Hurrian Word in Armenian: A Theonym, a Dendronym, an Anthroponym." Вопросы Ономастики 18, no. 3 (2021): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2021.18.3.035.

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In Old Armenian, saws means ‘proud, luxurious, great,’ ‘some (bright) color,’ and saws and sawsi mean ‘oriental plane tree’. The word has no etymology. Hurrian has the word šauša [sausa] ‘big, great’ and the theonym Šauša / Šauška for the local version of the great goddess Ištar. The article undertakes to find a single etymon looking for the clue in comparative mythology. It is known that Anušavan, one of the ancient Armenian mythical patriarchs, was referred to as Sawsanuēr which can be interpreted as “The gift of plane trees” (with a reference to the cult of the plane trees of Armawir, the e
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12

Wilhelm, G. "A Hurrian Letter from Tell Brak." Iraq 53 (1991): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4200345.

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13

Fournet, Arnaud. "Abouteni, the Hurrian Word for ‘God’." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 71, no. 1 (2012): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/664455.

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14

Bachvarova, Mary R. "The Meter of Hurrian Narrative Song." Altorientalische Forschungen 38, no. 2 (2011): 285–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/aofo.2011.0019.

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15

Pylypchuk, Yaroslav V., and Nino Sulava. "Before the Great States. Caucasians from the Neolithic to the Early Iron Age." Near East and Georgia 15 (December 15, 2023): 234–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/neg/15/234-263.

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This article focuses on the history of the Caucasus and its people from the 5th to the 2nd millennium BC. One of the first significant developments in the history of the South Caucasus was the Kuro-Araxes culture, which united various Caucasian peoples living in the South Caucasus region, Anatolia, northwestern Iran, and northern Mesopotamia. This culture served as an ancestral foundation for the Proto-Kolkh, Trialet, Karmirberd, Kizylvank, and Uzerlin-Sevan cultures. In the North Caucasus, the Maikop and Dolmen cultures were prominent during the Bronze Age. These cultures provided a basis fro
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16

Lam, Joseph. "A Reassessment of the Alphabetic Hurrian Text RS 1.004 (KTU 1.42): A Ritual Anointing of Deities?" Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 11, no. 2 (2011): 148–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921211x603931.

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Abstract This study provides a reassessment of RS 1.004 (KTU 1.42), the longest known Hurrian text in the alphabetic cuneiform script, in light of its recurring formulae and overall structure. The key phrase in the text is ı̉d̠r ḫd̠r ḫd̠ld̠ DN, which stands at the beginning of each of its 17 sections; based on comparisons with the language of the bilingual Hittite-Hurrian itkalzi-ritual, it is likely that each of these instances refers to an act of anointing by oil of the DN in question. Other formulaic elements in the text, as well as the place of this ritual in the context of Ugarit and th
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17

Fischer, Sebastian. "Eine grammatikalische Beobachtung zum Hurritischen." Altorientalische Forschungen 51, no. 2 (2024): 270–77. https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2024-0012.

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18

Kanarkowski, Radoslaw Stanislavovich. "ON THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE AVAR WORD ʕEMER «A LOT»". Herald of the G. Tsadasa Institute of Language, Literature and Art, № 28 (24 листопада 2021): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31029/vestiyali28/4.

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19

Görke, Susanne, and Jürgen Lorenz. "ABoT 2.247, KBo. 57.180 und das Lied der Freilassung." Altorientalische Forschungen 51, no. 2 (2024): 290–96. https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2024-0014.

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Abstract This article discusses two fragments written down during Hittite Empire times that have been attributed to the Hurrian-Hittite bilingual Song of Release (CTH 789) found at the Hittite capital Ḫattuša. The authors argue that ABoT 2.247 is a cadaster text, and that the classification of KBo. 57.180 as part of the Song of Release remains doubtful. Therefore, the transmission of the Hurrian Song of Release is limited to the era preceding the Hittite Empire, with all of its manuscripts exhibiting the Middle Script. It thus presents a rare example of Hittite text ensembles without any New S
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20

Kosyan, Aram. "An Aryan in Išuwa." Iran and the Caucasus 10, no. 1 (2006): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338406777979403.

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AbstractThe paper deals with an Aryan onomastic evidence in a Hittite cuneiform text concerning Išuwa, hitherto unnoticed. The author assumes the possibility of a mixed Hurrian-Aryan coexistence in this area, like in Mitanni, Kizzuwatna, and Syria-Palestine.
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21

Richter, Thomas. "Ergänzungen zum hurritischen Wörterbuch III." Altorientalische Forschungen 51, no. 2 (2024): 305–10. https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2024-0016.

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Abstract This article endeavors to determine the lexical meaning of some roots and lexemes that appear in Hurrian divinatory texts from Boğazköy/Ḫattuša. The interpretations are made with recourse to Akkadian divinatory texts of older tradition from Mesopotamia.
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22

Giusfredi, Federico, Valerio Pisaniello, and Alfredo Rizza. "On the origin and meaning of the Assyrian toponym Tabal." ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 15, no. 1-2 (2022): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v15i1-2.1301.

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The toponym Tabal was used by the Iron Age Assyrians to refer to a group of Luwian kingdoms and principalities that occupied Cappadocia during the first centuries of the Iron Age. The name itself was not used by the Luwians and it is debated whether or not it was continued in later traditions, such as the Biblical one. It thus seems to be a specific exonym reflecting an Assyrian (and possibly Canaanite) point of view. Nevertheless, an Assyrian etymology has been recently criticized, and few alternative analyses, including a Luwian and a Hurrian one, have been suggested. Admittedly, however, al
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23

KOITABASHI, Matahisa. "A Hurrian Song with Musical Notation from Ugarit." Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 32, no. 1 (1989): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5356/jorient.32.93.

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24

Chelsea Sanker. "Hurrian Meter and Phonology in the Boğazköy Parables." Journal of the American Oriental Society 138, no. 2 (2018): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.2.0227.

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25

Oliva Mompeán, Juan Carlos. "Hurrian Personal Names in the Kingdom of Hatti." Vínculos de Historia. Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, no. 5 (May 24, 2016): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh.v0i5.217.

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26

Campbell, Dennis. "Making the Deaf Hear: Hurrian Nouns in=ikkonni." Altorientalische Forschungen 39, no. 2 (2012): 183–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/aofo.2012.0012.

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27

Michalowski, Piotr. "The Earliest Hurrian Toponymy: A New Sargonic Inscription." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 76, no. 2 (1986): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/za-1986-760203.

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28

Kiknadze, Zurab, Khvtiso Mamisimedishvili, and Nana Nozadze. "Folklore." Kadmos 15 (2015): 354–66. https://doi.org/10.32859/kadmos/7/354-366.

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A Vision in Saint George’s Sanctuary of Zodekhi The story relates about Saint George of Zodekhi’s miraculous healing of an ailing child. The saint is described to appear in the shape of a serpant above an oak tree standing by a sanctuary in the village of Zodekhi, the Tskhradzma (Nine Brothers) gorge, Akhalgori municipality. Recorded by Zurab Kiknadze and Khvtiso Mamisimedishvili A story narrated by a khutsesi (priest) from Khitale A Khevsurian priest (a sanctuary official), Giorgi Arabuli, relates about his village Khitale and its shrines, of which only ruins survive. The priest is visited by
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29

Michalowski, Piotr, M. L. Khačikjan, and M. L. Khacikjan. "Khurritskiǐ i urartskiǐ jazyki. (The Hurrian and Urartian Languages)." Journal of the American Oriental Society 107, no. 2 (1987): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/602846.

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30

Lakyziuk, Viktor. "Hurrian Substrate in the Modern Ukrainian Language: Linguistic Outlines." Ukrainian Studies, no. 4(73) (December 27, 2019): 268–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.4(73).2019.185299.

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31

WEST, M. L. "THE BABYLONIAN MUSICAL NOTATION AND THE HURRIAN MELODIC TEXTS." Music and Letters 75, no. 2 (1994): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ml/75.2.161.

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32

Campbell, Dennis R. M. "The introduction of Hurrian religion into the Hittite empire." Religion Compass 10, no. 12 (2016): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec3.12225.

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33

Campbell, Dennis R. M., and Sebastian Fischer. "A Hurrian Ritual Against Toothache: A Reanalysis of Mari 5." Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 112, no. 1 (2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/assy.112.0031.

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34

de Martino, Stefano. "The Hurrian Song of Release and the Fall of Ebla." Studia Eblaitica 5, no. 1 (2019): 123–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.13173/stebla/2019/1/123.

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35

Andrason, Alexander, and Juan-Pablo Vita. "Contact Languages of the Ancient Near East – Three more Case Studies (Ugaritic-Hurrian, Hurro-Akkadian and Canaano-Akkadian)." Journal of Language Contact 9, no. 2 (2016): 293–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00902004.

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This article describes and analyzes three situations of linguistic contact in the Ancient Near East, taking as its staring point three theoretical studies on contact languages which have been developed recently: the framework of mixed languages (Bakker and Matras, 2013; Meakins, 2013), the theory of written language contact (Johanson, 2013) and the approach to contact among genetically related languages (Epps, Huehnergard and Pat-El, 2013a). The authors argue that the contact systems selected for this article (Ugaritic-Hurrian, Hurro-Akkadian and Canaano-Akkadian), although distinct from the g
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36

López-Ruiz, Carolina. "Some Oriental Elements in Hesiod and the Orphic Cosmogonies." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 6, no. 1 (2006): 71–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921206780602681.

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AbstractThis paper examines the oriental background of the so-called Orphic cosmogonies of ancient Greece. The first section explores the relationship between the motif of Zeus' swallowing the phallus of Uranos and a corresponding feature in the Hurrian-Hittite Song of Kumarbi. The second section examines the complex figure of Kronos, arguing all aspects of his personality can be understood better if we take account of the figure of El in Ugaritic mythology; in particular, the relationship between Kronos and the virtually homophonous and often related-figure of Khronos ("Time") can be better u
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37

Fournet, Arnaud. "About the Vocalic System of Armenian Words of Substratic Origin." Archiv orientální 81, no. 2 (2013): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.81.2.207-222.

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The paper provides an up-to-date list and discussion of Armenian words with probable substratic or ancient adstratic origin. It is shown that at least three words can be suspected of being of Hurrian origin because of their prosodic features, instead of the more usual Urartian origin. Short and long a an i are normally reflected in Armenian by a and i. But it can be observed that the Armenian u normally reflects short ŭ while Armenian o normally reflects long ū, thus pointing at some kind of allophonic variants in Hurro-Urartian phonology between short and long u.
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38

Giorgieri, Mauro. "Zimrī-Lîm in dem hurritischsprachigen Text Mari 7+6." Altorientalische Forschungen 51, no. 2 (2024): 278–89. https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2024-0013.

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Abstract In this article, I address the issue of the presence of Zimrī-Lîmʼs name in the Hurrian text Mari 7+6, in order to establish his role within the text. This proves essential in trying to ascertain what type of text Mari 7+6 is, a topic that has been hitherto controversially debated due to the fragmentary nature of the text. After analyzing lines 13′-14′, where the name of Zimrī-Lîm appears, I argue that the king of Mari is addressed directly in this text, which should probably be a divine letter sent to him.
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39

ZORMAN, Marina. "The Spread of ‘Heavenly Writing’." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 4, no. 1 (2014): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.4.1.103-112.

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Cuneiform is the name of various writing systems in use throughout the Middle East from the end of the fourth millennium BCE until the late first century CE. The wedge-shaped writing was used to write ten to fifteen languages from various language families: Sumerian, Elamite, Eblaite, Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian and other Akkadian dialects, Proto-Hattic, Hittite, Luwian, Palaic, Hurrian, Urartian, Ugaritic, Old Persian etc. Over the centuries it evolved from a pictographic to a syllabographic writing system and eventually became an alphabetic script, but most languages used a 'mixed orthograp
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40

James Michael Burgin and University of Chicago. "A Proposed Indo-Aryan Etymology for Hurrian timer(i)/timar(i)." Journal of the American Oriental Society 137, no. 1 (2017): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.1.0117.

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41

Campbell, Dennis. "Hurrian šug=am (“to unite”) and Its Context in ChS I/1 41." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 75, no. 2 (2016): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/687352.

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42

Rafiddinov, Sayfiddin, and Sirdaryoxon Utanova. "ARTISTIC INTERPRETATION OF ISSUES HURRIAN AND ENLIGHTENMENT IN THE POEMS OF AVAZ UTAR." Theoretical & Applied Science 140, no. 12 (2024): 80–82. https://doi.org/10.15863/tas.2024.12.140.14.

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43

Bastici, Fabio. "Gedanken zur Suffixaufnahme im Mittani-Brief." Altorientalische Forschungen 51, no. 2 (2024): 265–69. https://doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2024-0011.

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Abstract In Hurrian, genitive modifiers are morpho-syntactically treated as simply other attributes and are therefore subjected to agreement by copying the case marker of their head nouns (Suffixaufnahme). It is generally observed that, in the language of the Mittani Letter, when two hierarchically different genitive attributes are related to the same head noun a restriction of the Suffixaufnahme occurs, whereby the higher-ranking genitive, i.e., the one immediately dependent on the head noun, fails to copy the case of the head noun, and the lower-ranking genitive then copies only the case mar
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44

ULANOWSKI, Krzysztof. "Transferring Divinatory Practices: An Anatolian Intermediary Between Assyria and Greece." STUDIA ANTIQUA ET ARCHAEOLOGICA 30, no. 2 (2024): 331–60. https://doi.org/10.47743/saa-2024-30-2-6.

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The art of Babylonian divination was adopted by the neighbouring cultures and absorbed. Definitive evidence for direct contact between Assyria and the Ionian is lacking in Homer. However, proceeding step by step, we have confirmed Assyrian-Hittite contacts and Hittite-Lydian contacts, and later Persian-Lydian and Lydian-Greek (Lydian-Ionian) relations. We could suppose that Mesopotamian influence reached the Greek world, and this flow continued for centuries but was subject to many regional modifications. The first independent diviners were probably the itinerant experts, many of whom were non
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45

AY, Eyyüp. "A HURRIAN-MITANNI TEMPLE UNEARTHED IN MÜSLÜMANTEPE IN UPPER TIGRIS AND 1 NEW FINDINGS." Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences 20, no. 2 (2021): 338–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21547/jss.800086.

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46

Albogachiev, Magomed Mikhailovich. "On the question of the origin of the Ingush endoethnonym – gIalgIai." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 6 (June 2024): 295–344. https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2024.6.71993.

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The article examines the question of the origin of the self–name of one of the modern Nakh peoples – Ingush – Gialgiai. According to a number of researchers, the term "gIalgIai" in the form of "kalkans, kalkans, kalki, kolki, etc., in Russian sources is first found in the article lists of the XVI–XVII centuries. However, according to the author, the term appeared much earlier than that time. The purpose of the article is to show the connection of this term with the name of the ancient people of the Eastern Black Sea region – the Kolkhovs, based on the etymological analysis of the ethnonym "gIa
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47

Mdalool, Suhaila. "Hurrian Architecture in the Light of Excavations Tell Basmusian Tell Al-Daim and Tell Asfour." Athar Alrafedain 7, no. 2 (2022): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/athar.2022.174219.

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48

Kitts, Margo. "The Near Eastern Chaoskampf in the River Battle of Iliad 21." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 13, no. 1 (2013): 86–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692124-12341246.

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Abstract This essay explores the river battle of Iliad 21 in terms of the Near Eastern mythological motif known as the Chaoskampf, wherein an order-promoting storm deity prevails over a water deity associated with chaos. The first section outlines four notable features of the protean Chaoskampf traditions in ancient Near Eastern literature, from Mesopotamia to the Levant to Anatolia. The second section traces these four features into the Iliad’s river battle and explains their presence by proposing cross-traditional mythopoesis, confluent with other cultural exchanges as established in recent
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YASENOVSKAYA, ANASTASIA, VLADIMIR SHELESTIN, and ALEXANDRE NEMIROVSKY. "The iconographical and mythological contexts of serpent(s)-fighting scene on the Old Assyrian seal impression from Kültepe (the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts I 2 b 1591)." STUDIA ANTIQUA ET ARCHAEOLOGICA 27, no. 2 (2021): 403–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saa-2021-27-2-10.

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An impression of an Old Assyrian seal from Kültepe from collection of Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow carries an image that was not recognized but by present authors and is of great interest as it depicts a scene of a hero’s battle with a serpent-like demonic character (most likely, this is a double or two-headed monster). Rarity of serpent-fighting scenes in the Ancient Near Eastern art makes it important to study the composition and plot of the impression in its traceable iconographical and mythological contexts, in order to establish its cultural connotations (Anatolian, Syrian,
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Franklin, John Curtis. "Lyre Gods of the Bronze Age Musical Koine." Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 6, no. 1 (2006): 39–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156921206780602636.

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AbstractThat the Late Bronze Age cultural koine included a musical dimension is suggested by the Mesopotamian and Hurrian/Ugaritic musical tablets. This paper presents a selective survey and analysis of evidence for a parallel phenomenon, the deification of lyres/harps, which seemingly originated in late third millennium Mesopotamia and spread abroad in the second. Deified lyres are considered as both a ritual reality and an inducement to poetic elaboration by the same poetpriests who used them; much of the textual evidence thus represents remnants of a professional repertoire. At the same tim
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