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Pollak, Cheryl L. ""Hurricane" Sandy." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 5, no. 2 (2018): 157–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v5.i2.3.
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On the evening of October 29, 2012, “Hurricane” Sandy made land- fall on the New York coastline, battering the land with strong winds, torrential rain, and record-breaking storm surges. Homes and commercial structures were destroyed; roads and tunnels were flooded; and more than 23,000 people sought refuge in temporary shelters, with many others facing weeks without power and electricity. At the time, Sandy was heralded as one of the costliest hurricanes in the his- tory of the United States; the second costliest hurricane only to Katrina, which hit New Orleans in 2005. Unfortunately, recent experience with Hurricanes Florence, Maria, Harvey, and Irma suggest that this pattern of devastating superstorms may become the new norm as climate change produces more extreme and unpredictable weather events. In Sandy’s aftermath, as individuals returned to their homes, or what remained of them, and communities began to rebuild, the true cost of the storm became apparent. A year after the storm, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (“FEMA”) estimated that over $1.4 billion in assistance was provided to 182,000 survivors of the dis- aster; another $3.2 billion was provided to state and local governments for debris removal, infrastructure repair, and emergency protective measures. More than $2.4 billion was provided to individuals and businesses in the form of low-interest loans through the Small Business Administration (“SBA”), and millions more were spent on grants de- signed to implement mitigation measures in the future and to provide unemployment assistance to survivors. Before the storm, homeowners paid premiums for flood insurance provided through the National Flood Insurance Program (“NFIP”), and for homeowner’s insurance provided by dozens of private insurers. In the months following the storm, they began to file claims for assistance in rebuilding their homes. While many such claims were re- solved successfully, many homeowners were unhappy with the settlement amounts offered by their insurance carriers and felt compelled to file lawsuits in the surrounding state and federal courts. Many of those lawsuits were filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (“EDNY”). This case study describes the EDNY’s specifically crafted, unique approach to handling the mass litigation that ensued from Sandy’s devastation, documents some of the problems that the Court faced during that mass litigation, and describes some of the lessons learned from the Court’s experience.
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Lindsey, Heather. "Hurricane Sandy." Nephrology Times 5, no. 12 (2012): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nep.0000426009.16085.b8.
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Trento, Laura, and Sarah Allen. "Hurricane Sandy." Nutrition in Clinical Practice 29, no. 5 (2014): 576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0884533614536927.
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Innis, Jack. "Hurricane Sandy." CoatingsPro 13, no. 1 (2013): 12. https://doi.org/10.5006/cp2013_13_1-12.
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Martínez, Pablo, Isidro A. Pérez, María Luisa Sánchez, María de los Ángeles García, and Nuria Pardo. "Wind Speed Analysis of Hurricane Sandy." Atmosphere 12, no. 11 (2021): 1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111480.
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The database of the HWind project sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for hurricanes between 1994 and 2013 is analysed. This is the first objective of the current research. Among these hurricanes, Hurricane Sandy was selected for a detailed study due to the number of files available and its social relevance, with this being the second objective of this study. Robust wind speed statistics showed a sharp increase in wind speed, around 6 m s−1 at the initial stage as Category 1, and a linear progression of its interquartile range, which increased at a rate of 0.54 m s−1 per day. Wind speed distributions were initially right-skewed. However, they evolved to nearly symmetrical or even left-skewed distributions. Robust kurtosis was similar to that of the Gaussian distribution. Due to the noticeable fraction of wind speed intermediate values, the Laplace distribution was used, its scale parameter increasing slightly during the hurricane’s lifecycle. The key features of the current study were the surface and recirculation factor calculation. The surface area with a category equal to, or higher than, a tropical storm was calculated and assumed to be circular. Its radius increased linearly up to 600 km. Finally, parcel trajectories were spirals in the lower atmosphere but loops in the mid-troposphere due to wind translation and rotation. The recirculation factor varied, reaching values close to 0.9 and revealing atmospheric stratification.
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Ersel, Murat. "Aftermath Hurricane Sandy." Journal of Academic Emergency Medicine 12, no. 2 (2013): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/jaem.2013.032.
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Hutner, H. "Hurricane Sandy Diary." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 21, no. 1 (2014): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/isu019.
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Yip, Caryn S., Peter J. Kaboli, Michael P. Jones, Margaret Carrel, and Peter S. Thorne. "Neighborhood Disadvantage and the Association of Hurricanes Sandy and Harvey With Veterans’ Mental Health." JAMA Network Open 8, no. 1 (2025): e2455013. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.55013.
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ImportanceHurricanes are associated with a wide range of adverse health effects in the general population and are increasing in frequency and severity due to global climate change. Due to prior military exposures and distinct sociodemographic characteristics, US veterans may be more vulnerable than the general population to negative health effects of hurricanes.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether acute care mental health visits among US veterans were associated with exposure to hurricanes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study consisted of US veterans enrolled in Veteran Health Administration (VHA) primary care and whose home addresses were in regions that were affected by Hurricanes Sandy or Harvey. The Hurricane Sandy cohort included data from 960 394 veterans between October 29, 2011, and October 28, 2016, and the Hurricane Harvey cohort included data from 795 746 veterans between August 25, 2016, and August 24, 2021. Affected regions were determined from Federal Emergency Management Agency designations; patient-level clinical data were obtained through VHA electronic health records. Statistical analysis was conducted from October 2022 to November 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe outcome of interest was acute care mental health visits, which included urgent care or emergency department visits or having an inpatient admission. The association between the outcome and exposure to hurricanes was estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models with adjustments for multiple demographic and neighborhood characteristics, including neighborhood disadvantage, assessed using the Area Deprivation Index, and prior health status, assessed using the Care Assessments Need (CAN) score.ResultsOf the 960 394 veterans in the Hurricane Sandy cohort, the mean (SD) age was 63 (16) years, and 895 726 (93.3%) were men; of the 795 746 veterans in the Hurricane Harvey cohort, the mean (SD) age was 59 (16) years, and 715 460 (89.9%) were men. For both hurricane cohorts, increasing neighborhood disadvantage was associated with an increased hazard of having a subsequent acute care mental health visit; this association was more pronounced among healthier veterans (Sandy cohort: 1-year hazard ratio [HR], 1.62 [95% CI, 1.53-1.71]; Harvey cohort: 1-year HR, 1.64 [95% CI, 1.54-1.74]) compared with veterans who had severe illness (Sandy cohort: HR, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.17-1.26]; Harvey cohort: HR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.13-1.30]). After adjusting for baseline data, the association between hurricane exposure and our outcomes of interest was largely null. For the Hurricane Sandy cohort, those who were flooded and received individual assistance demonstrated a 1-year HR of 1.31 (95% CI, 0.81-2.12) if their CAN score was 80 or above and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.60-1.22) for a CAN score below 80. Similarly, those affected by Hurricane Harvey who were flooded and received individual assistance had a 1-year HR of 1.06 (95% CI, 0.99-1.14) for a CAN score of 80 or above and a 1-year HR of 0.98 (95% CI, 0.91-1.05) for a CAN score less than 80.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study used a novel and highly granular approach to examine the associations of hurricanes with mental health outcomes. These findings are the first to show that hurricane exposure was not associated with adverse mental health outcomes among US veterans and illustrate the importance of considering preexisting regional differences when assessing the associations of hurricanes with mental health outcomes. The results suggest that neighborhood characteristics, rather than exposure to a hurricane, are the dominant determinants of mental health outcomes.
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Valenti, JL, TM Grothues, and KW Able. "Juvenile fish assemblage recruitment dynamics in a mid-Atlantic estuary: before and after Hurricane Sandy." Marine Ecology Progress Series 641 (May 7, 2020): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13309.
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Hurricanes can have long-term effects on estuarine fauna. Understanding these effects is important as climate change may influence the severity and frequency of these storms. On 29 October 2012, Hurricane Sandy, a large storm spanning roughly 1850 km in diameter, made landfall in Brigantine, New Jersey (USA), approximately 20 km south of Barnegat Bay, during an ongoing study of the bay’s ichthyofauna, providing an opportunity to observe fish recruitment dynamics coincident with hurricane passage. The objective of this study was to measure variance in the Barnegat Bay pre-Sandy fish assemblage relative to that of 1 and 2 yr after the storm. Barnegat Bay fishes were surveyed with an extensive otter trawl study in April, June, August, and October of 2012 (pre-Sandy), 2013 (1 yr post-Sandy), and 2014 (2 yr post-Sandy). Species composition of the fish assemblage was similar across years. Analyzed structural characteristics (abundance, diversity, richness) of the fish assemblage were occasionally more likely to occur or were larger pre-Sandy and 2 yr post-Sandy relative to 1 yr post-Sandy, but this trend was inconsistent across seasons and between structural characteristics. Furthermore, odds of occurrence and length frequency distributions for many resident species and sentinel fall/winter spawners did not indicate that variance could be definitively explained as a hurricane effect. The capability of fish to relocate from areas of temporarily unsuitable habitat and annual new recruitment of larvae and juveniles to the bay likely contributed to the observed stability in the fish assemblage.
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Brown, Shakara, Lisa M. Gargano, Hilary Parton, et al. "Hurricane Sandy Evacuation Among World Trade Center Health Registry Enrollees in New York City." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 3 (2016): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.57.
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AbstractObjectiveTimely evacuation is vital for reducing adverse outcomes during disasters. This study examined factors associated with evacuation and evacuation timing during Hurricane Sandy among World Trade Center Health Registry (Registry) enrollees.MethodsThe study sample included 1162 adults who resided in New York City’s evacuation zone A during Hurricane Sandy who completed the Registry’s Hurricane Sandy substudy in 2013. Factors assessed included zone awareness, prior evacuation experience, community cohesion, emergency preparedness, and poor physical health. Prevalence estimates and multiple logistic regression models of evacuation at any time and evacuation before Hurricane Sandy were created.ResultsAmong respondents who evacuated for Hurricane Sandy (51%), 24% had evacuated before the storm. In adjusted analyses, those more likely to evacuate knew they resided in an evacuation zone, had evacuated during Hurricane Irene, or reported pre-Sandy community cohesion. Evacuation was less likely among those who reported being prepared for an emergency. For evacuation timing, evacuation before Hurricane Sandy was less likely among those with pets and those who reported 14 or more poor physical health days.ConclusionsHigher evacuation rates were observed for respondents seemingly more informed and who lived in neighborhoods with greater social capital. Improved disaster messaging that amplifies these factors may increase adherence with evacuation warnings. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:411–419)
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Parkins, Ilya. "Hurricane Sandy in Vogue." Australian Feminist Studies 30, no. 85 (2015): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2015.1107941.
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LONDON, ROBERT T. "Hurricane Sandy and PTSD." Clinical Psychiatry News 40, no. 12 (2012): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0270-6644(12)70339-9.
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LONDON, ROBERT T. "Hurricane Sandy and PTSD." Family Practice News 42, no. 20 (2012): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(12)70852-6.
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Tian, Xiaoxu, and Kayo Ide. "Hurricane Predictability Analysis with Singular Vectors in the Multiresolution Global Shallow Water Model." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 78, no. 4 (2021): 1259–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-20-0238.1.
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AbstractIn this study, the tangent linear and adjoint (TL/AD) models for the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) Shallow Water (SW) component are tested and demonstrated. Necessary verification check procedures of TL/AD are included to ensure that the models generate correct results. The TL/AD models are applied to calculate the singular vectors (SVs) with a 48-h optimization time interval (OTI) under both the quasi-uniform-resolution (UR) and smoothly variable-resolution (VR) meshes in the cases of Hurricanes Sandy (2012) and Joaquin (2015). For the global domain, the VR mesh with 30 210 grid cells uses slightly fewer computational resources than the UR mesh with 40 962 cells. It is found that at the points before Hurricanes Sandy and Joaquin made sharp turns, the leading SV from the VR experiment show sensitivities in both areas surrounding the hurricane and those relatively far away, indicating the significant impacts from the environmental flows. The leading SVs from the UR experiments are sensitive to only areas near the storm. Forecasts by the nonlinear SW model demonstrate that in the VR experiment, Hurricane Sandy has a northwest turn similar to the case in the real world while the storm gradually disappeared in the UR experiment. In the case of Hurricane Joaquin, the nonlinear forecast with the VR mesh can generate a track similar to the best track, while the storm became falsely dissipated in the forecast with the UR mesh. These experiments demonstrate, in the context of SW dynamics with a single layer and no physics, the track forecasts in the cases of Hurricanes Sandy and Joaquin with the VR mesh are more realistic than the UR mesh. The SV analyses shed light on the key features that can have significant impacts on the forecast performances.
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Walsh, Tara C., David W. Wanik, Emmanouil N. Anagnostou, and Jonathan E. Mellor. "Estimated Time to Restoration of Hurricane Sandy in a Future Climate." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (2020): 6502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166502.
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Power outage restoration following extreme storms is a complicated process that couples engineering processes and human decisions. Emergency managers typically rely on past experiences and have limited access to computer simulations to aid in decision-making. Climate scientists predict that although hurricane frequency may decrease, the intensity of storms may increase. Increased damage from hurricanes will result in new restoration challenges that emergency managers may not have experience solving. Our study uses agent-based modeling (ABM) to determine how restoration might have been impacted for 30 different scenarios of Hurricane Sandy for a climate in 2112 (Sandy2112). These Sandy2112 scenarios were obtained from a previous study that modeled how outages from Hurricane Sandy in 2012 might have been affected in the future as climate change intensified both wind and precipitation hazards. As the number of outages increases, so does the expected estimated time to restoration for each storm. The impact of increasing crews is also studied to determine the relationship between the number of crews and outage durations (or restoration curves). Both the number of outages and the number of crews impact the variability in time to restoration. Our results can help emergency managers and policy makers plan for future hurricanes that are likely to become stronger and more impactful to critical infrastructure.
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Klotzbach, Philip J., Michael M. Bell, Steven G. Bowen, Ethan J. Gibney, Kenneth R. Knapp, and Carl J. Schreck. "Surface Pressure a More Skillful Predictor of Normalized Hurricane Damage than Maximum Sustained Wind." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 6 (2020): E830—E846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0062.1.
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Abstract Atlantic hurricane seasons have a long history of causing significant financial impacts, with Harvey, Irma, Maria, Florence, and Michael combining to incur more than 345 billion USD in direct economic damage during 2017–2018. While Michael’s damage was primarily wind and storm surge-driven, Florence’s and Harvey’s damage was predominantly rainfall and inland flood-driven. Several revised scales have been proposed to replace the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS), which currently only categorizes the hurricane wind threat, while not explicitly handling the totality of storm impacts including storm surge and rainfall. However, most of these newly-proposed scales are not easily calculated in real-time, nor can they be reliably calculated historically. In particular, they depend on storm wind radii, which remain very uncertain. Herein, we analyze the relationship between normalized historical damage caused by continental United States (CONUS) landfalling hurricanes from 1900–2018 with both maximum sustained wind speed (Vmax) and minimum sea level pressure (MSLP). We show that MSLP is a more skillful predictor of normalized damage than Vmax, with a significantly higher rank correlation between normalized damage and MSLP (rrank = 0.77) than between normalized damage and Vmax (rrank = 0.66) for all CONUS landfalling hurricanes. MSLP has served as a much better predictor of hurricane damage in recent years than Vmax, with large hurricanes such as Ike (2008) and Sandy (2012) causing much more damage than anticipated from their SSHWS ranking. MSLP is also a more accurately-measured quantity than is Vmax, making it an ideal quantity for evaluating a hurricane’s potential damage.
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Shipp Hilts, Asante, Stephanie Mack, Yunshu Li, Millicent Eidson, Trang Nguyen, and Guthrie S. Birkhead. "New York State Public Health System Response to Hurricane Sandy: An Analysis of Survey Feedback." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 3 (2016): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.70.
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AbstractObjectiveThe objective was to provide a broad spectrum of New York State and local public health staff the opportunity to contribute anonymous feedback on their own and their agencies’ preparedness and response to Hurricane Sandy, perceived challenges, and recommendations for preparedness improvement.MethodsIn 2015, 2 years after Hurricane Sandy, public health staff who worked on Hurricane Sandy response were identified and were provided a link to the anonymous survey. Quantitative analyses were used for survey ratings and qualitative content analyses were used for open-ended questions.ResultsSurveys were completed by 129 local health department (LHD) staff in 3 counties heavily impacted by Sandy (Nassau, Suffolk, and Westchester) and 69 staff in the New York State Department of Health who supported the LHDs. Staff agreed that their Hurricane Sandy responsibilities were clearly defined and that they had access to adequate information to perform their jobs. Challenges were reported in the operational, communication, service interruptions, and staff categories, with LHD staff also reporting challenges with shelters.ConclusionsNew York local and state public health staff indicated that they were prepared for Hurricane Sandy. However, their feedback identified specific challenges and recommendations that can be addressed to implement improved preparedness and response strategies. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:454–462)
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Culver, Stephen J., David J. Mallinson, Cody Allen, Colby Brown, Nina Maria-Elena Shmorhun, and Martin A. Buzas. "THE EFFECTS OF TWO RECENT HURRICANES ON FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGES AND SEDIMENTS OF A WAVE-DOMINATED, MICROTIDAL BARRIER-ISLAND SYSTEM, NORTH CAROLINA, USA." Palaios 40, no. 2 (2025): 35–61. https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2024.004.
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Abstract We investigate whether sediment grain-size and foraminiferal data may be used to recognize hurricane activity in sandy barrier island sediments, specifically on Bear Island, North Carolina, USA. Eighteen locations were sampled in 2016 following a five-year quiescent interval. The same sites were resampled in 2018 following Hurricane Florence, and again in 2019 following Hurricane Dorian. Samples were used to test the hypothesis that different sediment sources and transport directions were activated by each storm, thus leading to varying foraminiferal assemblages, and changed sediment characteristics in barrier island environments. The effects of hurricanes Florence and Dorian on sediments and foraminifera of barrier island environments proved to be different and complex. Hurricane Florence reduced environmental distinction and Hurricane Dorian had a lesser effect likely due to its lower energy and different track. Thus, the contrasting energy of these hurricanes, their tracks, and wind directions, were important determinants of changes to the barrier islands that took place in 2018 and 2019. Each hurricane has its own characteristics and subsequent effects on barrier island sedimentological and micropaleontological characteristics. Recognition of discrete episodes of hurricane-driven onshore transport in the sand-rich part of the stratigraphic record of a barrier island system adjacent to a sediment-starved shelf is unlikely.
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Kunz, M., B. Mühr, T. Kunz-Plapp, et al. "Investigation of superstorm Sandy 2012 in a multi-disciplinary approach." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 10 (2013): 2579–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2579-2013.
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Abstract. At the end of October 2012, Hurricane Sandy moved from the Caribbean Sea into the Atlantic Ocean and entered the United States not far from New York. Along its track, Sandy caused more than 200 fatalities and severe losses in Jamaica, The Bahamas, Haiti, Cuba, and the US. This paper demonstrates the capability and potential for near-real-time analysis of catastrophes. It is shown that the impact of Sandy was driven by the superposition of different extremes (high wind speeds, storm surge, heavy precipitation) and by cascading effects. In particular the interaction between Sandy and an extra-tropical weather system created a huge storm that affected large areas in the US. It is examined how Sandy compares to historic hurricane events, both from a hydro-meteorological and impact perspective. The distribution of losses to different sectors of the economy is calculated with simple input-output models as well as government estimates. Direct economic losses are estimated about USD 4.2 billion in the Caribbean and between USD 78 and 97 billion in the US. Indirect economic losses from power outages is estimated in the order of USD 16.3 billion. Modelling sector-specific dependencies quantifies total business interruption losses between USD 10.8 and 15.5 billion. Thus, seven years after the record impact of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Hurricane Sandy is the second costliest hurricane in the history of the United States.
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Kunz, M., B. Mühr, T. Kunz-Plapp, et al. "Investigation of superstorm Sandy 2012 in a multi-disciplinary approach." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 1, no. 2 (2013): 625–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-625-2013.
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Abstract. At the end of October 2012, Hurricane Sandy moved from the Caribbean Sea into the Atlantic Ocean and entered the United States not far from New York. Along its track, Sandy caused more than 200 fatalities and severe losses in Jamaica, Bahamas, Haiti, Cuba, and the US. This paper demonstrates the capability and potential for near-real time analysis of catastrophes. It is shown that the impact of Sandy was driven by the superposition of different extremes (high wind speeds, storm surge, heavy precipitation) and by cascading effects. In particular the interaction between Sandy and an extra-tropical weather system created a huge storm that affected large areas in the US. It is examined how Sandy compares to historic hurricane events, both from a hydro-meteorological and impact perspective. The distribution of losses to different sectors of the economy is calculated with simple input-output models as well as government estimates. Direct economic losses are estimated about 4.2 billion US$ in the Caribbean and between 78 and 97 billion US$ for the US. Indirect economic losses from power outages is estimated in the order of 16.3 billion US$. Modelling sector-specific dependencies, quantifies total business interruption losses between 10.8 and 15.5 billion US$. Thus, seven years after the record impact of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Hurricane Sandy is the second costliest hurricane in the history of the United States.
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Chen, Xiaohan, Dongdong Tian, and Lianxing Wen. "Microseismic sources during Hurricane Sandy." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 120, no. 9 (2015): 6386–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jb012282.
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Abramson, David M., and Irwin Redlener. "Hurricane Sandy: Lessons Learned, Again." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 6, no. 4 (2012): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2012.76.
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Jerry, Robert. "Managing Hurricane (And Other Natural Disaster) Risk." Texas A&M Law Review 6, no. 2 (2019): 391–452. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v6.i2.3.
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With the data showing that hurricanes are the most likely and serious of all of these disasters, we return to Hurricane Harvey. No one living in Texas—especially in the cities of Houston, Port Arthur, Bridge City, Rockport, Wharton, Conroe, Port Aransas, and Victoria, or more generally in the counties of Harris, Aransas, Nueces, Jefferson, Orange, Victoria, Calhoun, Matagorda, Brazoria, Galveston, Fort Bend, Montgomery, and Wharton—needs to be told that the U.S. needs a better approach to managing hurricane and other natural disaster risk, both in terms of pre-disaster planning and post-disaster recovery. Texans are not alone, as survivors of Hurricanes Katrina, Sandy, Irma, Maria, Florence, Michael, and others will be quick to agree. This Article primarily examines hurricane risk through the optic of insurance, but, as the discussion will show, a much larger lens is needed if we are to have a chance of improving our management of this enormous, and growing, problem.
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Sands, Laura, Pang Du, Quyen Do, Yunnan Xu, and Rachel Pruchno. "Impact of Hurricane Sandy on Hospital Admissions 2 Years Later." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (2021): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.906.
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Abstract Disaster exposure is often followed by acute illness and injuries requiring hospital admission in the weeks after the disaster. It is not known whether disaster exposure is associated with hospitalization in the years after the disaster. We examined the extent to which disaster exposure is associated with hospitalization two years after Hurricane Sandy. The analyses fill a gap in our understanding of long-term physical health consequences of disaster exposure by identifying older adults at greatest risk for hospitalization two years after disaster exposure. Older adults (n=909) who participated in a longitudinal panel study provided data before and after Hurricane Sandy. These data were linked with Medicare inpatient files to assess the impact of Hurricane Sandy on hospital admissions after the post-hurricane interview. Those who reported experiencing a lot of fear and distress in the midst of Hurricane Sandy were at an increased risk of being hospitalized in the second or third years after the hurricane [Hazard Ratio=1.81 (1.15 – 2.85)]. Findings held after controlling for pre-hurricane demographics, social risks, chronic conditions, and decline in physical functioning after the hurricane. These findings are the first to show that disaster exposure increases risk for hospital admissions two years after a disaster, and that older adults’ appraisal of their emotional distress during the disaster has prognostic significance that is not explained by known risks for hospital admissions. The findings suggest that interventions during the storm and after the storm, may reduce long-term health consequences of disaster exposure among older adults.
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Gargano, Lisa M., Sean Locke, Hannah T. Jordan, and Robert M. Brackbill. "Lower Respiratory Symptoms Associated With Environmental and Reconstruction Exposures After Hurricane Sandy." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 12, no. 6 (2018): 697–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2017.140.
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AbstractObjectiveIn a population with prior exposure to the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster, this study sought to determine the relationship between Hurricane Sandy-related inhalation exposures and post-Sandy lower respiratory symptoms (LRS).MethodsParticipants included 3835 WTC Health Registry enrollees who completed Wave 3 (2011-2012) and Hurricane Sandy (2013) surveys. The Sandy-related inhalational exposures examined were: (1) reconstruction exposure; (2) mold or damp environment exposure; and (3) other respiratory irritants exposure. LRS were defined as wheezing, persistent cough, or shortness of breath reported on ≥1 of the 30 days preceding survey completion. Associations between LRS and Sandy exposures, controlling for socio-demographic factors, post-traumatic stress disorder, and previously reported LRS and asthma were examined using multiple logistic regression.ResultsOver one-third of participants (34.4%) reported post-Sandy LRS. Each of the individual exposures was also independently associated with post-Sandy LRS, each having approximately twice the odds of having post-Sandy LRS. We found a dose-response relationship between the number of types of Sandy-related exposures reported and post-Sandy LRS.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that post-hurricane clean-up and reconstruction exposures can increase the risk for LRS. Public health interventions should emphasize the importance of safe remediation practices and recommend use of personal protective equipment. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:697-702)
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Bell, Sue Anne, Katarzyna Klasa, Theodore J. Iwashyna, Edward C. Norton, and Matthew A. Davis. "Long-term healthcare provider availability following large-scale hurricanes: A difference-in-differences study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0242823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242823.
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Background Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy were two of the most significant disasters of the 21st century that critically impacted communities and the health of their residents. Despite the assumption that disasters affect access to healthcare, to our knowledge prior studies have not rigorously examined availability of healthcare providers following disasters. Objective The objective of this study was to examine availability of healthcare providers following large-scale hurricanes. Methods Using historical data on healthcare providers from the National Plan and Provider Enumeration System and county-level population characteristics, we conducted a quasi-experimental study to examine the effect of large-scale hurricanes on healthcare provider availability in the short-term and long-term. We separately examined availability of primary care physicians, medical specialists, surgeons, and nurse practitioners. A difference-in-differences analysis was used to control for time variant factors comparing county-level health care provider availability in affected and unaffected counties the year before Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy, to five years after each storm. Results Counties affected by Hurricane Katrina compared to unaffected locales experienced a decrease of 3.59 primary care physicians per 10,000 population (95% CI: -6.5, -0.7), medical specialists (decrease of 5.9 providers per 10,000 (95% CI: -11.3, -0.5)), and surgeons (decrease of 2.1 (95% CI: -3.8, -0.37)). However, availability of nurse practitioners did not change appreciably. Counties affected by Hurricane Sandy exhibited less pronounced changes. Changes in availability of primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, medical specialists, and surgeons were not statistically significant. Conclusion Large-scale hurricanes appear to affect availability of healthcare providers for up to several years following impact of the storm. Effects vary depending on the characteristics of the community. Primary care physicians and medical specialists availability was the most impacted, potentially having long-term implications for population health in the context of disaster recovery.
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Locke, Sean H., Lisa M. Gargano, Howard E. Alper, and Jennifer Brite. "Long-Term Lower Respiratory Symptoms among World Trade Center Health Registry Enrollees Following Hurricane Sandy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (2022): 13738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113738.
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Several studies showed an association between lower respiratory tract symptoms (LRS) and exposure to the 9/11 terrorist attack. However, few studies have examined the long-term impact of natural disasters on those with prior respiratory distress. The present study aims to assess the impact of Hurricane Sandy on persistent LRS among people exposed to the World Trade Center (WTC) terrorist attack. The analytic sample consisted of WTC Health Registry enrollees who completed survey waves 1, 3, and 4 and the Hurricane Sandy Survey and did not report LRS before the WTC terrorist attack. The log binomial was used to assess the association between the impact of Hurricane Sandy and persistent LRS. Of 3277 enrollees, 1111 (33.9%) reported persistent LRS post-Sandy. Participants of older age, males, lower household income, current smokers, and those with previous asthma were more likely to report persistent LRS. In separate adjusted models, multiple Sandy-related inhalation exposures (relative risk (RR): 1.2, 95% CI: 1.06–1.37), Sandy-related PTSD (RR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.15–1.4), and Sandy LRS (RR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.48–1.81) were associated with persistent LRS post-Sandy. Our findings suggest that respiratory protection is important for everyone performing reconstruction and clean-up work after a natural disaster, particularly among those with previous respiratory exposures.
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Lee, David C., Silas W. Smith, Brendan G. Carr, et al. "Geographic Distribution of Disaster-Specific Emergency Department Use After Hurricane Sandy in New York City." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 3 (2016): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.190.
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AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to characterize the geographic distribution of post-Hurricane Sandy emergency department use in administrative flood evacuation zones of New York City.MethodsUsing emergency claims data, we identified significant deviations in emergency department use after Hurricane Sandy. Using time-series analysis, we analyzed the frequency of visits for specific conditions and comorbidities to identify medically vulnerable populations who developed acute postdisaster medical needs.ResultsWe found statistically significant decreases in overall post-Sandy emergency department use in New York City but increased utilization in the most vulnerable evacuation zone. In addition to dialysis- and ventilator-dependent patients, we identified that patients who were elderly or homeless or who had diabetes, dementia, cardiac conditions, limitations in mobility, or drug dependence were more likely to visit emergency departments after Hurricane Sandy. Furthermore, patients were more likely to develop drug-resistant infections, require isolation, and present for hypothermia, environmental exposures, or administrative reasons.ConclusionsOur study identified high-risk populations who developed acute medical and social needs in specific geographic areas after Hurricane Sandy. Our findings can inform coherent and targeted responses to disasters. Early identification of medically vulnerable populations can help to map “hot spots” requiring additional medical and social attention and prioritize resources for areas most impacted by disasters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:351–361)
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Davidow, Amy L., Pauline Thomas, Soyeon Kim, Marian Passannante, Stella Tsai, and Christina Tan. "Access to Care in the Wake of Hurricane Sandy, New Jersey, 2012." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 3 (2016): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.79.
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AbstractObjectiveEvacuation and damage following a widespread natural disaster may affect short-term access to medical care. We estimated medical care needs in New Jersey following Hurricane Sandy in 2012.MethodsHurricane Sandy-related questions regarding medical needs included in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey were administered to survey respondents living in New Jersey when Sandy occurred.ResultsRecently arrived foreign-born residents were more likely than US-born residents to need medical care following Sandy. Others with greater medical needs included the uninsured and evacuees. Persons who evacuated or lived in areas that experienced the greatest hurricane impact were less likely to be able to fill a prescription. Only 15% of New Jerseyans were aware of the Emergency Pharmaceutical Assistance Program (EPAP), a federal program which allows prescription refills for the uninsured following a disaster. Recently arrived foreign-born residents and the uninsured were less frequently aware of EPAP: 8.7% and 10.9%.ConclusionsPopulations with impaired access to care in normal times—such as the recently arrived foreign-born and the uninsured—were also at risk of compromised access in the hurricane’s aftermath. Measures to address prescription refills during a disaster need better promotion among at-risk populations. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:485–491)
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Sadri, Arif Mohaimin, Samiul Hasan, Satish V. Ukkusuri, and Manuel Cebrian. "Crisis Communication Patterns in Social Media during Hurricane Sandy." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 1 (2018): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118773896.
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Hurricane Sandy was one of the deadliest and costliest of hurricanes of the past few decades. Many states experienced significant power outage; however, many people used social media to communicate while having limited or no access to traditional information sources. Using machine learning techniques, this study explored the evolution of various communication patterns and determined user concerns that emerged over the course of Hurricane Sandy. The original data included ∼52M tweets coming from ∼13M users between October 14, 2012 and November 12, 2012. A topic model was run on ∼763K tweets from the top 4,029 most frequent users who tweeted about Sandy at least 100 times. Some 250 well-defined communication patterns based on perplexity were identified. Conversations of the most frequent and relevant users indicate the evolution of numerous storm-phase (warning, response, and recovery) specific topics. People were also concerned about storm location and time, media coverage, and activities of political leaders and celebrities. Also presented is each relevant keyword that contributed to one particular pattern of user concerns. Such keywords would be particularly meaningful in targeted information-spreading and effective crisis communication in similar major disasters. Each of these words can also be helpful for efficient hash-tagging to reach the target audience as needed via social media. The pattern recognition approach of this study can be used in identifying real-time user needs in future crises.
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Corley, Samantha S., Katherine A. Ornstein, Rehana Rasul, et al. "Mental Health Effects of Hurricane Sandy on Older Adults." Journal of Applied Gerontology 41, no. 4 (2021): 1131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07334648211052992.
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Objectives To examine whether hurricane exposure, lack of access to medical care (LAMC), and displacement during Hurricane Sandy were associated with PTSD and other mental health (MH) symptoms among older adult New York residents. Methods Participants ( N = 411) were ≥60 years old at the time of survey data collection (1–4 years post-Sandy). Outcomes included PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms and stress. Hurricane exposure, displacement, and LAMC were primary predictors. Results Older adults with greater hurricane exposure had increased PTSD, anxiety, and stress symptoms. LAMC had a strong association (ORadj = 4.11) with PTSD symptoms but was not associated with other MH symptoms. Displacement was not associated with MH outcomes. Discussion This is the first study to examine exposure, displacement, and LAMC together and to examine their varying impacts on different MH outcomes among older adults post-hurricane. Findings support the importance of disaster preparedness interventions tailored to the MH needs of community-dwelling older adults.
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Merdjanoff, Alexis A., Rachael Piltch-Loeb, Sarah Friedman, and David M. Abramson. "Housing Transitions and Recovery of Older Adults Following Hurricane Sandy." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 74, no. 6 (2018): 1041–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby126.
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Abstract Objectives This study explores the effects of social and environmental disruption on emergency housing transitions among older adults following Hurricane Sandy. It is based upon the Sandy Child and Family Health (S-CAFH) Study, an observational cohort of 1,000 randomly sampled New Jersey residents living in the nine counties most affected by Sandy. Methods This analysis examines the post-Sandy housing transitions and recovery of the young-old (55–64), mid-old (65–74), and old-old (75+) compared with younger adults (19–54). We consider length of displacement, number of places stayed after Sandy, the housing host (i.e., family only, friends only, or multi-host), and self-reported recovery. Results Among all age groups, the old-old (75+) reported the highest rates of housing damage and were more likely to stay in one place besides their home, as well as stay with family rather than by themselves after the storm. Despite this disruption, the old-old were most likely to have recovered from Hurricane Sandy. Discussion Findings suggest that the old-old were more resilient to Hurricane Sandy than younger age groups. Understanding the unique post-disaster housing needs of older adults can help identify critical points of intervention for their post-disaster recovery.
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Schwartz, Rebecca, Bian Liu, Cristina Sison, et al. "Study Design and Results of a Population-Based Study on Perceived Stress Following Hurricane Sandy." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 3 (2015): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.157.
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AbstractObjectiveHurricane Sandy was one of the deadliest storms in US history, with at least 162 deaths and numerous injuries. This research aimed to quantify the impact of Hurricane Sandy on the New York metropolitan area.MethodsThe project included 601 volunteers aged at least 18 years who were recruited in Nassau, Suffolk, Queens, and Richmond counties and Staten Island between 2013 and 2014 through close partnerships with coalition community leaders. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire on demographics and behavioral factors and a 35-point check off list on hurricane exposure. Perceived stress was assessed by using the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS).ResultsParticipants had a mean stress score of 15.6 (SD=7.3; vs general population mean of 13.0), with 30.14% of the sample categorized as “high stress” (mean≥20). In the multivariable regression analysis, age was significantly negatively associated with PSS score. A reported history of mental health issues, Hispanic ethnicity, and overall exposure to Hurricane Sandy were statistically significantly associated with PSS score in a positive direction.ConclusionsPerceived stress was high in areas affected by Hurricane Sandy and was significantly associated with individual hurricane exposure. This study is a first step toward defining what segments of the population are more vulnerable and informing intervention and emergency preparedness efforts. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;10:325–332)
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Seil, Kacie, Ariel Spira-Cohen, and Jennifer Marcum. "Injury Deaths Related to Hurricane Sandy, New York City, 2012." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 3 (2016): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.36.
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AbstractObjectiveThis project aimed to describe demographic patterns and circumstances surrounding injury deaths in New York City (NYC) related to Hurricane Sandy.MethodsInjury deaths related to Hurricane Sandy were classified by using data from multiple sources: NYC’s Office of Vital Statistics death records, Office of Chief Medical Examiner case investigation files, and American Red Cross disaster mortality data. Injury deaths were classified as being related to Hurricane Sandy if they were caused directly by the storm’s environmental forces or if they were indirectly caused by an interruption of services, displacement, or other lifestyle disruption.ResultsWe identified 52 injury deaths in NYC related to Hurricane Sandy. Most decedents were male (75%); nearly half were aged 65 years and older (48%). Most (77%) deaths were caused by injuries directly related to Hurricane Sandy. Ninety percent of direct deaths were caused by drowning; most (73%) occurred within 3 days of landfall. Half (50%) of the 12 indirect deaths that occurred up to 30 days after the storm were caused by a fall. Nearly two-thirds (63%) were injured at home. Three-quarters (75%) of fatal injuries occurred in evacuation Zone A.ConclusionsRisk communication should focus on older adults, males, and those living in evacuation zones; more evacuation assistance is necessary. NYC’s fatal injury profile can inform future coastal storm planning efforts. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:378–385)
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Tsai, Stella, Teresa Hamby, Alvin Chu, et al. "Development and Application of Syndromic Surveillance for Severe Weather Events Following Hurricane Sandy." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 3 (2016): 463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.74.
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AbstractObjectiveFollowing Hurricane Superstorm Sandy, the New Jersey Department of Health (NJDOH) developed indicators to enhance syndromic surveillance for extreme weather events in EpiCenter, an online system that collects and analyzes real-time chief complaint emergency department (ED) data and classifies each visit by indicator or syndrome.MethodsThese severe weather indicators were finalized by using 2 steps: (1) key word inclusion by review of chief complaints from cases where diagnostic codes met selection criteria and (2) key word exclusion by evaluating cases with key words of interest that lacked selected diagnostic codes.ResultsGraphs compared 1-month, 3-month, and 1-year periods of 8 Hurricane Sandy-related severe weather event indicators against the same period in the following year. Spikes in overall ED visits were observed immediately after the hurricane for carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, the 3 disrupted outpatient medical care indicators, asthma, and methadone-related substance use. Zip code level scan statistics indicated clusters of CO poisoning and increased medicine refill needs during the 2 weeks after Hurricane Sandy. CO poisoning clusters were identified in areas with power outages of 4 days or longer.ConclusionsThis endeavor gave the NJDOH a clearer picture of the effects of Hurricane Sandy and yielded valuable state preparation information to monitor the effects of future severe weather events. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:463–471)
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Kverndokk, Kyrre. "Risk Perception through Exemplarity: Hurricanes as Climate Change Examples and Counterexamples in Norwegian News Media." Culture Unbound 11, no. 3-4 (2020): 306–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.19v11a17.
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This article explores how hurricanes are used in news media to exemplify the consequences of climate change. This is done by a close reading of Norwegian newspaper articles on the hurricanes Katrina (2005), Sandy (2012), Harvey and Irma (both 2017). The geographical distance between the disaster areas and the media audience enables an exploration of how these weather events are made meaningful across long distances, as global concerns. The article shows how these hurricanes are textualized and turned into signs in nature that are pointing towards a climate-changed future, and how they work as modelling examples for imagining the possible disastrous state of such a future. It further argues that reasoning with hurricane examples is a certain kind of risk perception involving a temporal and spatial entwining of the future and the present, that represents a notion of cultural catastrophization by calling upon a fear of an uncontrollable disastrous future. The uses of the hurricane example in news media imply an epistemological shift from probability to exemplarity. This shift provides an argumentative space for climate change skeptics to perform counterarguments that juggle between probability and exemplarity. The article explores how this is done, and how statistics and mentioning of other hurricanes are used to argue that hurricanes Sandy, Harvey and Irma were not extraordinary events in terms of intensity, and thus that they cannot possibly be fueled by climate change. The climate change skeptics’ attempts to claim these hurricanes to be local and normal phenomena, independent of human action, may be regarded as attempts to de-catastrophize contemporary society.
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Kopala-Sibley, D. C., R. Kotov, E. J. Bromet, et al. "Personality diatheses and Hurricane Sandy: effects on post-disaster depression." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 4 (2015): 865–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002378.
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BackgroundAccording to diathesis–stress models, personality traits, such as negative emotionality (NE) and positive emotionality (PE), may moderate the effects of stressors on the development of depression. However, relatively little empirical research has directly examined whether NE and PE act as diatheses in the presence of stressful life events, and no research has examined whether they moderate the effect of disaster exposure on depressive symptoms. Hurricane Sandy, the second costliest hurricane in US history, offers a unique opportunity to address these gaps.MethodA total of 318 women completed measures of NE and PE 5 years prior to Hurricane Sandy. They were also assessed for lifetime depressive disorders on two occasions, the latter occurring an average of 1 year before the hurricane. Approximately 8 weeks after the disaster (mean = 8.40, s.d. = 1.48 weeks), participants completed a hurricane stress exposure questionnaire and a measure of current depressive symptoms.ResultsAdjusting for lifetime history of depressive disorders, higher levels of stress from Hurricane Sandy predicted elevated levels of depressive symptoms, but only in participants with high levels of NE or low levels of PE.ConclusionsThese findings support the role of personality in the development of depression and suggest that personality traits can be useful in identifying those most vulnerable to major stressors, including natural disasters.
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Kessel, Ellen M., Brady D. Nelson, Megan Finsaas, et al. "Parenting style moderates the effects of exposure to natural disaster-related stress on the neural development of reactivity to threat and reward in children." Development and Psychopathology 31, no. 04 (2019): 1589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418001347.
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AbstractLittle is known about the effect of natural disasters on children's neural development. Additionally, despite evidence that stress and parenting may both influence the development of neural systems underlying reward and threat processing, few studies have brought together these areas of research. The current investigation examined the effect of parenting styles and hurricane-related stress on the development of neural reactivity to reward and threat in children. Approximately 8 months before and 9 months after Hurricane Sandy, 74 children experiencing high and low levels of hurricane-related stress completed tasks that elicited the reward positivity and error-related negativity, event-related potentials indexing sensitivity to reward and threat, respectively. At the post-Hurricane assessment, children completed a self-report questionnaire to measure promotion- and prevention-focused parenting styles. Among children exposed to high levels of hurricane-related stress, lower levels of promotion-focused, but not prevention-focused, parenting were associated with a reduced post-Sandy reward positivity. In addition, in children with high stress exposure, greater prevention-focused, but not promotion-focused, parenting was associated with a larger error-related negativity after Hurricane Sandy. These findings highlight the need to consider contextual variables such as parenting when examining how exposure to stress alters the development of neural reactivity to reward and threat in children.
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Shen, Bo-Wen, Samson Chueng, Jui-Lin F. Li, Yu-Ling Wu, and Samuel S. P. Shen. "Multiscale Processes of Hurricane Sandy (2012) as Revealed by the Parallel Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition and Advanced Visualization Technology." Advances in Data Science and Adaptive Analysis 08, no. 01 (2016): 1650005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424922x16500054.
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Hurricane Sandy in October 2012 is currently the second costliest tropical cyclone (TC) in the U.S. history, surpassed only by Hurricane Katrina (2005). This paper uses advanced data analysis methods and visualization technology to examine the role of multiscale processes in the initial formation and movement of Hurricane Sandy. To efficiently analyze high-resolution, global, and multiple-dimensional datasets, a parallel ensemble empirical mode decomposition (PEEMD) method is developed by implementing a multi-level parallelism into an ensemble EMD (EEMD). The augmentation resulted in a parallel speedup of 720 using 200 eight-core processors. Here, we discuss performance for the PEEMD in decomposing multiscale signals from data sets that represent: (i) idealized tropical waves and (ii) large-scale environmental flows associated with Hurricane Sandy (2012). Our results indicate that the PEEMD can efficiently reveal major wave characteristics such as wavelengths and periods within the data by sifting out the dominant (wave) components. Visualization tools have been developed to make four-dimensional (4D) visualizations of Sandy. The 4D visualizations help elucidate the following factors which led to the sinuous track of Sandy: (i) the initial steering impact of an upper-level trough (appearing over the Northwestern Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico); (ii) the blocking impact of systems to the Northeast of Sandy; and (iii) interaction with a mid-latitude, upper-level trough that appeared at 130 degrees West longitude on October 23, moved to the east coast, and intensified from October 29–30 prior to Sandy’s landfall. Both the PEEMD method and advanced visualization technology have been integrated with other modules in order to examine the statistical relationship between tropical waves and TC formation in a hurricane climate study.
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Lawrence, Gwen L., and Peter W. Kotulak. "POST HURRICANE SANDY ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION AND RESILIENCY PROJECTS ALONG DELAWARE BAY." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.104.
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Following Hurricane Sandy, the coastline of the Delaware Bay sustained damage and needed restoration in many areas. The Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC) received grants as a result of Hurricane Sandy to rehabilitate and improve the functionality, sustainability, and resiliency for several areas along the Delaware Bay shoreline. This paper is a coastal management case study of five of these areas.
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See, S. "Rediscovering Community--Reflections After Hurricane Sandy." Annals of Family Medicine 11, no. 6 (2013): 571–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1370/afm.1585.
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Kim, Hong K., Mai Takematsu, Rana Biary, Nicholas Williams, Robert S. Hoffman, and Silas W. Smith. "Epidemic Gasoline Exposures Following Hurricane Sandy." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 28, no. 6 (2013): 586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x13009023.
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AbstractIntroductionMajor adverse climatic events (MACEs) in heavily-populated areas can inflict severe damage to infrastructure, disrupting essential municipal and commercial services. Compromised health care delivery systems and limited utilities such as electricity, heating, potable water, sanitation, and housing, place populations in disaster areas at risk of toxic exposures. Hurricane Sandy made landfall on October 29, 2012 and caused severe infrastructure damage in heavily-populated areas. The prolonged electrical outage and damage to oil refineries caused a gasoline shortage and rationing unseen in the USA since the 1970s. This study explored gasoline exposures and clinical outcomes in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy.MethodsProspectively collected, regional poison control center (PCC) data regarding gasoline exposure cases from October 29, 2012 (hurricane landfall) through November 28, 2012 were reviewed and compared to the previous four years. The trends of gasoline exposures, exposure type, severity of clinical outcome, and hospital referral rates were assessed.ResultsTwo-hundred and eighty-three gasoline exposures were identified, representing an 18 to 283-fold increase over the previous four years. The leading exposure route was siphoning (53.4%). Men comprised 83.0% of exposures; 91.9% were older than 20 years of age. Of 273 home-based calls, 88.7% were managed on site. Asymptomatic exposures occurred in 61.5% of the cases. However, minor and moderate toxic effects occurred in 12.4% and 3.5% of cases, respectively. Gastrointestinal (24.4%) and pulmonary (8.4%) symptoms predominated. No major outcomes or deaths were reported.ConclusionsHurricane Sandy significantly increased gasoline exposures. While the majority of exposures were managed at home with minimum clinical toxicity, some patients experienced more severe symptoms. Disaster plans should incorporate public health messaging and regional PCCs for public health promotion and toxicological surveillance.KimH,TakematsuM,BiaryR,WilliamsN,HoffmanR,SmithS.Epidemic gasoline exposures following Hurricane Sandy.Prehosp Disaster Med.2013;28(6):1-6.
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Lee, David C., Silas W. Smith, Christopher M. McStay, et al. "Rebuilding Emergency Care After Hurricane Sandy." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 8, no. 2 (2014): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2014.19.
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AbstractA freestanding, 911-receiving emergency department was implemented at Bellevue Hospital Center during the recovery efforts after Hurricane Sandy to compensate for the increased volume experienced at nearby hospitals. Because inpatient services at several hospitals remained closed for months, emergency volume increased significantly. Thus, in collaboration with the New York State Department of Health and other partners, the Health and Hospitals Corporation and Bellevue Hospital Center opened a freestanding emergency department without on-site inpatient care. The successful operation of this facility hinged on key partnerships with emergency medical services and nearby hospitals. Also essential was the establishment of an emergency critical care ward and a system to monitor emergency department utilization at affected hospitals. The results of this experience, we believe, can provide a model for future efforts to rebuild emergency care capacity after a natural disaster such as Hurricane Sandy. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-4)
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Neria, Yuval, and James M. Shultz. "Mental Health Effects of Hurricane Sandy." JAMA 308, no. 24 (2012): 2571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.110700.
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Miles, Travis, Greg Seroka, and Scott Glenn. "Coastal ocean circulation during Hurricane Sandy." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122, no. 9 (2017): 7095–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jc013031.
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Craddock, Hillary A., Lauren Walsh, Kandra Strauss-Riggs, and Kenneth Schor. "From Leaders, For Leaders: Advice From the Lived Experience of Leaders in Community Health Sector Disaster Recovery After Hurricanes Irene and Sandy." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 4 (2016): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.92.
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AbstractObjectiveHurricanes Sandy and Irene damaged and destroyed homes, businesses, and infrastructure, and recovery after these storms took years. The goal of this article was to learn from the lived experience of local-level decision-makers actively involved in the long-term disaster recovery process after Hurricanes Irene and Sandy. Respondents provided professional recommendations, based on their experience, to assist other organizations in preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals actively involved in recovery from Hurricane Irene or Hurricane Sandy in 5 different communities. Transcripts were qualitatively analyzed.ResultsRespondents’ advice fell into 5 main categories: planning and evaluation, education and training, fundraising and donations management, building relationships, and disaster behavioral health.ConclusionsThe lived experience of those in disaster recovery can provide guidance for planning, education, and training both within and outside their communities in order to better respond to and recover from future disasters. These data help to facilitate a community of practice by compiling and sharing the lived experience of leaders who experienced large-scale disasters, and the outcomes of this analysis help to show what areas of planning require special attention in the phases of preparedness, response, and recovery. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:623–630)
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Bloom, Michael S., Jillian Palumbo, Nazia Saiyed, Ursula Lauper, and Shao Lin. "Food and Waterborne Disease in the Greater New York City Area Following Hurricane Sandy in 2012." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 3 (2016): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.85.
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AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate residence in evacuation areas (storm areas) as a risk factor for food and waterborne disease (FWBD) associated with Hurricane Sandy flooding.MethodsWe captured 9601 incident outpatient and inpatient FWBD hospital discharge diagnoses for residents of the greater New York City area. We used Poisson or negative binomial regression models to compare the covariate-adjusted risk for a FWBD diagnosis, pre-Sandy (10/28-11/09, 2001-2011) vs. post-Sandy (10/28-11/09, 2012), for residents of “storm” and “non-storm” areas.ResultsOutpatient FWBD risk was lower for storm area residents after Hurricane Sandy (risk ratio [RR]=0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.46-0.74), and varied by age, sex, and county. However, storm area residents 65 years of age or older experienced higher risk after Hurricane Sandy (RR=2.16, 95% CI: 1.11-4.19), albeit based on few cases. Inpatient FWBD risk was lower for non-storm area residents after Hurricane Sandy (RR=0.79, 95% CI: 0.66-0.95), and varied by age, race, and county, although there was no significant change for storm area residents (RR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.69-1.08). Those ≥65 years of age were also at lower risk for inpatient FWBD diagnosis, yet the effect was weaker for storm area (RR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.67-1.18) than for non-storm area residents (RR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.52-0.89).ConclusionsHurricane preparation, mitigation, and response activities in the greater New York City area may have led to “protective” effects for FWBD. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:503–511)
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Shipp Hilts, Asante, Stephanie Mack, Millicent Eidson, Trang Nguyen, and Guthrie S. Birkhead. "New York State Public Health System Response to Hurricane Sandy: Lessons From the Field." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 3 (2016): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.69.
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AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to conduct interviews with public health staff who responded to Hurricane Sandy and to analyze their feedback to assess response strengths and challenges and recommend improvements for future disaster preparedness and response.MethodsQualitative analysis was conducted of information from individual confidential interviews with 35 staff from 3 local health departments in New York State (NYS) impacted by Hurricane Sandy and the NYS Department of Health. Staff were asked about their experiences during Hurricane Sandy and their recommendations for improvements. Open coding was used to analyze interview transcripts for reoccurring themes, which were labeled as strengths, challenges, or recommendations and then categorized into public health preparedness capabilities.ResultsThe most commonly cited strengths, challenges, and recommendations related to the Hurricane Sandy public health response in NYS were within the emergency operations coordination preparedness capability, which includes the abilities of health department staff to partner among government agencies, coordinate with emergency operation centers, conduct routine conference calls with partners, and manage resources.ConclusionsHealth departments should ensure that emergency planning includes protocols to coordinate backup staffing, delineation of services that can be halted during disasters, clear guidelines to coordinate resources across agencies, and training for transitioning into unfamiliar disaster response roles. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:443–453)
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Meyer, Robert J., Jay Baker, Kenneth Broad, Jeff Czajkowski, and Ben Orlove. "The Dynamics of Hurricane Risk Perception: Real-Time Evidence from the 2012 Atlantic Hurricane Season." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 95, no. 9 (2014): 1389–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-12-00218.1.
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Findings are reported from two field studies that measured the evolution of coastal residents' risk perceptions and preparation plans as two hurricanes—Isaac and Sandy—were approaching the U.S. coast during the 2012 hurricane season. The data suggest that residents threatened by such storms had a poor understanding of the threat posed by the storms; they overestimated the likelihood that their homes would be subject to hurricane-force wind conditions but underestimated the potential damage that such winds could cause, and they misconstrued the greatest threat as coming from wind rather than water. These misperceptions translated into preparation actions that were not well commensurate with the nature and scale of the threat that they faced, with residents being well prepared for a modest wind event of short duration but not for a significant wind-and-water catastrophe. Possible causes of the biases and policy implications for improving hurricane warning communication are discussed.
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Der-Martirosian, Claudia, Anne R. Griffin, Karen Chu, and Aram Dobalian. "Telehealth at the US Department of Veterans Affairs after Hurricane Sandy." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 25, no. 5 (2018): 310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357633x17751005.
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Background Like other integrated health systems, the US Department of Veterans Affairs has widely implemented telehealth during the past decade to improve access to care for its patient population. During major crises, the US Department of Veterans Affairs has the potential to transition healthcare delivery from traditional care to telecare. This paper identifies the types of Veterans Affairs telehealth services used during Hurricane Sandy (2012), and examines the patient characteristics of those users. Methods This study conducted both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Veterans Affairs administrative and clinical data files were used to illustrate the use of telehealth services 12 months pre- and 12 months post- Hurricane Sandy. In-person interviews with 31 key informants at the Manhattan Veterans Affairs Medical Center three-months post- Hurricane Sandy were used to identify major themes related to telecare. Results During the seven-month period of hospital closure at the Manhattan Veterans Affairs Medical Center after Hurricane Sandy, in-person patient visits decreased dramatically while telehealth visits increased substantially, suggesting that telecare was used in lieu of in-person care for some vulnerable patients. The most commonly used types of Veterans Affairs telehealth services included primary care, triage, mental health, home health, and ancillary services. Using qualitative analyses, three themes emerged from the interviews regarding the use of Veterans Affairs telecare post- Hurricane Sandy: patient safety, provision of telecare, and patient outreach. Conclusion Telehealth offers the potential to improve post-disaster access to and coordination of care. More information is needed to better understand how telehealth can change the processes and outcomes during disasters. Future studies should also evaluate key elements, such as adequate resources, regulatory and technology issues, workflow integration, provider resistance, diagnostic fidelity and confidentiality, all of which are critical to telehealth success during disasters and other crises.