Journal articles on the topic 'Hutt County (N.Z.)'

The third species belonging to Zygastrocarcinus from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior is represented by a single carapace collected from below the Groat Sandstone Bed, Gammon Ferruginous Member, Pierre Shale of Carter County, Montana. Comparison of Zygastrocarcinus cardsmithi n. sp. with the other North American congeners, Z. mendryki (Bishop, 1982) and Z. griesi Bishop, 1983, and with the Pacific Slope species Z. richardsoni (Woodward, 1896) suggests early separation of the Pacific Slope and Western Interior lineage having Z. cardsmithi as a possible ancestor to Z. mendryki and Z. griesi.

AimsBenzodiazepines and Z-drugs are used frequently in acute psychiatric wards, however long-term administration can result in undesirable consequences. Guidelines recommend prescription of the lowest effective dose for the shortest period and if possible to prescribe “as required” rather than regularly. The 25-beded inpatient unit at Cavan General Hospital admits adult patients requiring acute care from the counties of Cavan and Monaghan. Admissions are accepted from four community mental health teams, two psychiatry of old age teams and the rehabilitation and mental health of intellectual disability teams. In order to evaluate the potential to improve our practice of prescribing benzodiazepine and Z-drugs, it was decided to evaluate current use.MethodThe NICE guidelines were consulted, and we retrospectively reviewed the use of these agents from mid-January to the end of May 2020. Demographic variables included age, gender, and county. Patients were stratified into three groups, the benzodiazepine group, the Z-drugs group, and the combined benzodiazepine and Z-drugs group. In each group therapeutic variables were recorded including the medication type, dose, frequency, prescriber, and duration of treatment. Other variables included psychiatric diagnoses, length of inpatient admission, status on admission, and recommendations on dischargeResultThere were 101admissions during that period, and 74 of them were prescribed these agents (n = 74; 73.3%). Fifty one (n = 51; 68.9%) received benzodiazepines only, twenty-three (n = 23; 31.1%) were prescribed Z-drugs, and twelve (n = 12; 16.2%) received both benzodiazepines and Z-drugs. Forty two patients (n = 42; 56.8%) were commenced on hypnotics in the APU, 23 patients (n = 23; 31.1%) already received hypnotics from the CMHTs, and the rest were prescribed by both. Thirty two patients (n = 32; 43.2%) were discharged on hypnotics. Patients admitted involuntarily and female patients had longer admissions (mean of 16.62 ± 3.26 days and 16.16 ± 2.89 days respectively). Schizophrenia and BPAD were the commonest diagnoses.ConclusionIt appears that large amounts of these agents are used in the Acute Hospital Setting which is not overly surprising given the severity of illness and clinical indications however improved awareness could still lead to more appropriate and hopefully reduced use. We therefore recommend:A formal audit including appropriate interventions i.e., educate staff and patients, highlight guidelines, and review subsequent practice.Train staff in safer prescribing practices including prn rather than regular use if appropriate.Regularly review discharge prescriptions indicating recommended duration of use.

AbstractThe new mineral feynmanite, Na(UO2)(SO4)(OH)·3.5H2O, was found in both the Blue Lizard and Markey mines, San Juan County, Utah, USA, where it occurs as a secondary phase on pyrite-rich asphaltum in association with chinleite-(Y), gypsum, goethite, natrojarosite, natrozippeite, plášilite, shumwayite (Blue Lizard) and wetherillite (Markey). The mineral is pale greenish yellow with a white streak and fluoresces bright greenish white under a 405 nm laser. Crystals are transparent with a vitreous lustre. It is brittle, with a Mohs hardness of ~2, irregular fracture and one perfect cleavage on {010}. The calculated density is 3.324 g cm–3. Crystals are thin needles or blades, flattened on {010} and elongate on [100], exhibiting the forms {010}, {001}, {101} and {10$\bar{1}$}, and are up to ~0.1 mm in length. Feynmanite is optically biaxial (–), with α = 1.534(2), β = 1.561(2) and γ = 1.571(2) (white light); 2Vmeas.= 62(2)°; no dispersion; and optical orientation:X=b,Y≈a,Z≈c. It is weakly pleochroic:X= colourless,Y= very pale green yellow andZ= pale green yellow (X<Y<Z). Electron microprobe analyses (WDS mode) provided (Na0.84Fe0.01)(U1.01O2)(S1.01O4)(OH)·3.5H2O. The five strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [dobsÅ(I)(hkl)]: 8.37(100)(010), 6.37(33)($\bar{1}$01,101), 5.07(27)($\bar{1}$11,111), 4.053(46)(004,021) and 3.578(34)(120). Feynmanite is monoclinic, has space groupP2/n,a= 6.927(3),b= 8.355(4),c= 16.210(7) Å, β = 90.543(4)°,V= 938.1(7) Å3andZ= 4. The structure of feynmanite (R1= 0.0371 for 1879Io> 2σI) contains edge-sharing pairs of pentagonal bipyramids that are linked by sharing corners with SO4groups, yielding a [(UO2)2(SO4)2(OH)2]2–sheet based on the phosphuranylite anion topology. The sheet is topologically identical to those in deliensite, johannite and plášilite. The dehydration of feynmanite to plášilite results in interlayer collapse involving geometric reconfiguration of the sheets and the ordering of Na.

The G143A mutation in cytb (cytochrome b gene) is associated with high levels of resistance to quinone outside inhibitor (QoI or strobilurin) fungicides that disrupt electron transport during cellular respiration (1). The G143A mutation in Zymoseptoria tritici (synonyms: Mycosphaerella graminicola and Septoria tritici), the causal agent of septoria tritici blotch of wheat (Triticum aestivum), was first reported in Europe in 2001 (1). Although Z. tritici has a global distribution (3), G143A mutants of Z. tritici have not been reported outside of Europe. We used PCR-RFLP (4) to estimate the frequencies of G143A mutants in Z. tritici populations at two locations in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon: the Hyslop Crop Science Field Research Laboratory (Hyslop Farm, HF), Benton County (44°37′52.85″ N, 123°11′55.19″ W) and research plots planted in a commercial wheat field in Washington County (45°33′58.53″ N, 123°00′11.78″ W) (North Valley Farm, NVF). Isolates originated from flag leaf collections from two cultivars (‘Bobtail’ and ‘Tubbs 06’) made in April and June of 2012 from plants in a replicated fungicide-treatment experiment, with isolates collected from both sprayed and unsprayed plots. Sixteen of the 169 isolates (9.5%) from HF possessed the G143A mutation (7 of 132 isolates from plots not receiving a QoI fungicide and 9 of 37 isolates collected from plots receiving two applications of the QoI azoxystrobin). One hundred forty six of the 175 isolates (83.4%) from NVF were G143A mutants (101 of 129 isolates from plots receiving no QoI fungicide and 45 of 46 isolates from plots receiving two applications of azoxystrobin). Results of phenotypic assays of a subset of 10 isolates from each location (5 mutants, 5 wild types from each location; 20 isolates altogether) supported a high level of resistance to azoxystrobin only in the G143A mutants. All 10 G143A mutants developed colonies after 8 days of growth on YMA plates amended with SHAM (2) and 1 ppm or 10 ppm azoxystrobin, with nine and eight G143A mutant isolates developing colonies on plates amended with 1 ppm and 10 ppm azoxystrobin, respectively. None of the wild-type isolates developed colonies on plates amended with SHAM and 1 ppm azoxystrobin, nor on plates amended with SHAM and 10 ppm azoxystrobin. All 20 isolates developed colonies on YMA plates lacking azoxystrobin, and treatments produced identical results across three replicates. These results are consistent with findings of higher levels of azoxystrobin resistance in G143A mutants compared to wild types in European populations (1). Isolates from HF and NVF differ in their previous exposure to QoI fungicides. The majority of the wheat area at HF is planted to breeding plots that are not sprayed with fungicide. Plots at NVF were planted in a commercial wheat field in a county where most wheat fields were treated with two to three applications of strobilurins each year over the past 4 years. Future monitoring for G143A mutants of Z. tritici throughout its range in North America will be necessary to assess whether strobilurin resistance will spread via wind-dispersal of ascospores or emerge de novo in treated fields. In Europe, stobilurins were first applied to wheat in 1996. G143A mutants of Z. tritici emerged de novo several times (4) and were widespread by 2007. References: (1) B. A. Fraaje et al. Phytopathology 95:933, 2005. (2) J. A. LaMondia. Tob. Sci. 49:1, 2012. (3) E. S. Orton et al. Mol. Plant Pathol. 12:413, 2011. (4) S. F. F. Torriani et al. Pest Manag. Sci. 65:155, 2008.

AbstractThe new mineral ammoniomathesiusite (NH4)5(UO2)4(SO4)4(VO5)·4H2O, was found in the Burro mine, San Miguel County, Utah, USA, where it occurs as a secondary phase on asphaltum/quartz matrix in association with ammoniozippeite, gypsum, jarosite and natrozippeite. The mineral forms pale yellow to greenish-yellow prisms, up to ~0.3 mm long, with pale-yellow streak and bright yellow–green fluorescence. Crystals are transparent and have vitreous lustre. The mineral is brittle, with Mohs hardness of 2½, stepped fracture and two cleavages: excellent on {110} and good on {001}. The calculated density is 3.672 g/cm3. Ammoniomathesiusite is optically uniaxial (–) with ω = 1.653(2) and ε = 1.609(2) (white light). Pleochroism is: O = green-yellow, E = colourless; O > E. Electron microprobe analyses yielded the empirical formula [(NH4)4.75(UO2)4(SO4)4(VO5)·4(H2.07O). The five strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [dobs Å(I)(hkl)]: 10.57(46)(110), 7.10(62)(001), 6.41(100)(101), 3.340(35)(240) and 3.226(44)(141). Ammoniomathesiusite is tetragonal, P4/n with a = 14.9405(9), c = 7.1020(5) Å, V = 1585.3(2) Å3 and Z = 2. The structure of ammoniomathesiusite (R1 = 0.0218 for 3427 I > 2σI) contains heteropolyhedral sheets based on [(UO2)4(SO4)4(VO5)]5– clusters. The structure is identical to that of mathesiusite, with ${\rm NH}_{\rm 4}^{\rm +} $ in place of K+.

Abstract Identifying county-level spatial clusters of fatal accidents due to non-use of seatbelt among drivers 65 years and older can help with injury prevention policies and targeted place-based interventions. We estimated the odds and identified hotspots of fatal accidents among drivers 65 years and older (n=57,715) based on a cross-sectional analysis of data from 2010 to 2018 from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. The outcome variable was fatality status (fatal/non-fatal), and the main independent variable was seatbelt use (not used/used). Other covariates were drunk driving, distracted driving, and speeding while age, gender, and airbag deployment were used as confounders. Rural-urban status of accident location was used as an effect modifier. Odds ratios were calculated from logistic regression. The age-adjusted fatality rate was computed as the crude fatality rate per 100,000 population weighted by the average population composition by age-groups. Spatial autocorrelation was assessed by local Moran’s I, and cluster analysis was performed using the Moran’s I index-derived Z-scores. The median age-adjusted seatbelt-related fatality rate per county was 2.35 per 100,000 population (IQR: 5.60). Not wearing a seatbelt was associated with an 11-fold (Adjusted OR: 11.37; 95% CI: 10.18-12.70) increased odds of a fatal event in metropolitan counties and a 7-fold (Adjusted OR: 7.43; 95% CI: 6.10-9.04) increased odds in rural counties and small towns. Hot spots for seatbelt-related fatal road accidents were found in multiple counties in Texas, South Dakota, and Mississippi. Study findings can be used for county-specific interventions tailored to 65 and older for preventing fatal road accidents.

AbstractThe new mineral uranoclite (IMA2020-074), (UO2)2(OH)2Cl2(H2O)4, was found in the Blue Lizard mine, San Juan County, Utah, USA, where it occurs as tightly intergrown aggregates of irregular yellow crystals in a secondary assemblage with gypsum. The streak is very pale yellow and the fluorescence is bright green–white under 405 nm ultraviolet light. Crystals are translucent with vitreous lustre. The tenacity is brittle, the Mohs hardness is ~1½, the fracture is irregular. The mineral is soluble in H2O and has a calculated density of 4.038 g⋅cm–3. Electron microprobe analyses provided (UO2)2(OH)2.19Cl1.81(H2O)4. The six strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [dobs Å(I)(hkl)]: 8.85(38)(002), 5.340(100)(200, 110), 5.051(63)($\bar{2}$02), 4.421(83)(112, 004, 202), 3.781(38)($\bar{2}$12) and 3.586(57)(014, $\bar{2}$04). Uranoclite is monoclinic, P21/n, a = 10.763(8), b = 6.156(8), c = 17.798(8) Å, β = 95.656(15)°, V = 1173.5(18) Å3 and Z = 4. The structure is the same as that of synthetic (UO2)2(OH)2Cl2(H2O)4 in which the structural unit is a dimer consisting of two pentagonal bipyramids that share an equatorial OH–OH edge. The dimers are linked to one another only by hydrogen bonding. This is the second known uranyl mineral containing essential Cl and the first in which Cl coordinates to U6+.

ABSTRACT Adanite, Pb2(Te4+O3)(SO4), is a new oxidation-zone mineral from the North Star mine, Tintic district, Juab County, Utah, and from Tombstone, Cochise County, Arizona, USA. The characterization of the species is based principally on North-Star holotype material. Crystals are beige wedge-shaped blades, up to about 1 mm in length, in cockscomb intergrowths. The mineral is transparent with adamantine luster, white streak, Mohs hardness 2½, brittle tenacity, conchoidal fracture, and no cleavage. The calculated density is 6.385 g/cm3. Adanite is biaxial (–), with α = 1.90(1), β = 2.04(calc), γ = 2.08(calc), 2V(meas) = 54(1)°. The Raman spectrum is consistent with the presence of tellurite and sulfate groups and the absence of OH and H2O. Electron-microprobe analyses gave the empirical formula Pb1.89Sb3+0.02Te4+0.98S6+1.04Cl0.02O6.98. The mineral is monoclinic, space group P21/n, with a = 7.3830(3), b = 10.7545(5), c = 9.3517(7) Å, β = 111.500(8)°, V = 690.86(7) Å3, and Z = 4. The four strongest X-ray powder diffraction lines are [dobs Å(I)(hkl)]: 6.744(47), 3.454(80), 3.301(100), and 3.048(73). The structure (R1 = 0.022 for 1906 I > 2σI reflections) contains Te4+O3 pyramids that are joined by short (strong) Pb–O bonds to form sheets. Interlayer SO4 groups link the sheets via long Pb–O and Te–O bonds.

AbstractLaphamite, ideally As2(Se,S)3, is monoclinic, P21/n, with a = 11.86(1), b = 9.756(9), c = 4.265(9) Å, β = 90.17°, V = 493.5 Å3, Z = 4, D (calc.) = 4.60, D (meas.) = 4.5(1) g/cm3. Microprobe analysis yielded: As 47.0, Se 43.7, S 8.7, sum = 99.4 wt. %. In plane polarized light in polished section at about 3200 K laphamite is moderately bireflectant from white to grey. Reflection pleochroism is absent but fiery red internal reflections are characteristic as are golden yellow reflections along scratches. Anisotropy is moderate with grey rotation tints, masked in some sections by internal reflections. Reflectance spectra in air and oil between 400 and 700 nm are given. Colour values for the CIE illiminant C in air are, for R1 followed by R2: Y% 29.0, 33.5, λd 480, 478; Pe% 9.1, 8.7. Laphamite forms dark red crystals, up to 5.0 mm, associated with orpiment, arsenolite, and an unnamed phase, NH4AlF4, in a burning coal waste-dump at Burnside, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania.

Across the water sector, Escherichia coli is the preferred microbial water quality indicator and current guidance upholds that it indicates recent faecal contamination. This has been challenged, however, by research demonstrating growth of E. coli in the environment. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing to investigate the links between E. coli and recent faecal contamination in drinking water. We sequenced 103 E. coli isolates sampled from 9 water supplies in rural Kitui County, Kenya, including points of collection (n = 14) and use (n = 30). Biomarkers for definitive source tracking remain elusive, so we analysed the phylogenetic grouping, multi-locus sequence types (MLSTs), allelic diversity, and virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes of the isolates for insight into their likely source. Phylogroup B1, which is generally better adapted to water environments, is dominant in our samples (n = 69) and allelic diversity differences (z = 2.12, p = 0.03) suggest that naturalised populations may be particularly relevant at collection points with lower E. coli concentrations (<50 / 100mL). The strains that are more likely to have originated from human and/or recent faecal contamination (n = 50), were found at poorly protected collection points (4 sites) or at points of use (12 sites). We discuss the difficulty of interpreting health risk from E. coli grab samples, especially at household level, and our findings support the use of E. coli risk categories and encourage monitoring that accounts for sanitary conditions and temporal variability.

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the associations between maternal HIV infection and growth outcomes of HIV-exposed but uninfected infants and to identify other predictors for poor growth among this population.DesignWithin a trial of de-worming during pregnancy, the cohort of offspring was followed from birth. HIV status of the mothers and their children was investigated and growth data for children were obtained at age 1 year. Length-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-length Z-scores were calculated for each child; Z-scores <−2 were defined as stunting, underweight and wasting, respectively.SettingThe study was conducted in Entebbe municipality and Katabi sub-county, Uganda.SubjectsThe sample consisted of 1502 children aged 1 year: HIV-unexposed (n 1380) and HIV-exposed not infected (n 122).ResultsPrevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting was 14·2 %, 8·0 % and 3·9 %, respectively. There was evidence for an association between maternal HIV infection and odds of being underweight (adjusted OR = 2·32; 95 % CI 1·32, 4·09; P = 0·006) but no evidence for an association with stunting or with wasting. Young maternal age, low maternal education, low birth weight, early weaning and experiencing a higher number of episodes of malaria during infancy were independent predictors for stunting and underweight. A higher number of living children in the family was associated with wasting.ConclusionsMaternal HIV infection was associated with being underweight in HIV-exposed uninfected infants. The success of programmes for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission means that an increasing number of infants will be born to HIV-infected women without acquiring HIV. Therefore, viable nutritional interventions need to be identified for this population.

IntroductionIs achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16 (building peaceful societies) a precondition for achieving SDG 3 (health and well-being in all societies, including conflict-affected countries)? Do health system investments in conflict-affected countries waste resources or benefit the public’s health? To answer these questions, we examine the maternal, newborn, child and reproductive health (MNCRH) service provision during protracted conflicts and economic shocks in the Republic of South Sudan between 2011 (at independence) and 2015.MethodsWe conducted two national cross-sectional probability surveys in 10 states (2011) and nine states (2015). Trained state-level health workers collected data from households randomly selected using probability proportional to size sampling of villages in each county. County data were weighted by their population sizes to measure state and national MNCRH services coverage. A two-sample, two-sided Z-test of proportions tested for changes in national health service coverage between 2011 (n=11 800) and 2015 (n=10 792).ResultsTwenty-two of 27 national indicator estimates (81.5%) of MNCRH service coverage improved significantly. Examples: malaria prophylaxis in pregnancy increased by 8.6% (p<0.001) to 33.1% (397/1199 mothers, 95% CI ±2.9%), institutional deliveries by 10.5% (p<0.001) to 20% (230/1199 mothers, ±2.6%) and measles vaccination coverage in children aged 12–23 months by 11.2% (p<0.001) to 49.7% (529/1064 children, ±2.3%). The largest increase (17.7%, p<0.001) occurred for mothers treating diarrhoea in children aged 0–59 months with oral rehydration salts to 51.4% (635/1235 children, ±2.9%). Antenatal and postnatal care, and contraceptive prevalence did not change significantly. Child vitamin A supplementation decreased. Despite significant increases, coverage remained low (median of all indicators = 31.3%, SD = 19.7) . Coverage varied considerably by state (mean SD for all indicators and states=11.1%).ConclusionHealth system strengthening is not a uniform process and not necessarily deterred by conflict. Despite the conflict, health system investments were not wasted; health service coverage increased.

In 1953, branch cankers on California avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees were attributed to a Botryosphaeria anamorph, Dothiorella gregaria (teleomorph B. ribis) (2), and the disease was known as Dothiorella canker. Since this time, it has been suggested that this fungus should probably be classified as Fusicoccum aesculi Corda (teleomorph B. dothidea) (3). To our knowledge, B. dothidea is the only reported Botryosphaeriaceae species causing Dothiorella canker on avocado in California. Between the summer of 2008 and the winter of 2009, five trees from each of eight avocado orchards in five counties (San Diego, Riverside, Ventura, Santa Barbara, and San Luis Obispo) were surveyed for Dothiorella canker symptoms to verify the associated Botryosphaeriaceae species. Typical Dothiorella canker symptoms observed included darkened and friable bark with a dried, white, powdery exudate. Underneath the bark, cankers were variable in shape and some penetrated into the heartwood. Small sections of tissue (0.5 cm2) were excised from two to four separate cankers per tree and placed onto potato dextrose agar amended with tetracycline (0.01%) (PDA-tet). The most frequently isolated fungi, based on general growth pattern, speed, and colony color, were in the Botryosphaeriaceae with the following percent recovery by county: Riverside–40 and 100% (site 1 and 2, respectively); San Diego–60% (site 3); Ventura–42 and 53% (site 4 and 5, respectively); Santa Barbara–33% (site 6); and San Luis Obispo–32 and 60% (site 7 and 8, respectively). Pycnidia of Botryosphaeriaceae species were also observed on old diseased avocado tree branches. Sequenced rDNA fragments (ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2, amplified with ITS4 and ITS5 primers) were compared with sequences deposited in GenBank. Four different Botryosphaeriaceae species were identified and included Neofusicoccum australe, B. dothidea, N. luteum, and N. parvum, with species nomenclature based on the work of Crous et al. (1). Pathogenicity tests were conducted in the greenhouse on 1-year-old avocado seedlings, cv. Hass, with one randomly chosen isolate from each of the Botryosphaeriaceae species noted above. Four replicate seedlings were stem-wound inoculated with a mycelial plug and covered with Parafilm. Sterile PDA plugs were applied to four seedlings as a control. Over a period of 3 to 6 months, seedlings were assessed for disease symptoms that included browning of leaf edges and shoot dieback. Mean vascular lesion lengths on stems were 64, 66, 64, and 18 mm for B. dothidea, N. parvum, N. luteum, and N. australe, respectively. Each fungal isolate was consistently reisolated from inoculated seedlings, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. australe, N. luteum, and N. parvum recovered from branch cankers on avocado in California. These results are significant because Botryosphaeriaceae canker pathogens are known to enter the host plant through fresh wounds (pruning, frost, and mechanical). With high-density planting becoming more common, which requires intensive pruning, the transmission rate of these pathogens could increase in California avocado groves. References: (1) P. W. Crous et al. Stud. Mycol. 55:235, 2006. (2) F. F. Halma and G. A. Zentmyer. Calif. Avocado Soc. Yearb. 38:156, 1953. (3) W. F. T. Hartill and K. R. Everett. N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 30:249, 2002.

AbstractThe new mineral centennialite (IMA 2013-110), CaCu3(OH)6Cl2·nH2O, was identified from three cotype specimens originating from the Centennial Mine, Houghton County, Michigan, USA, where it occurs as a secondary product, after acid water action upon supergene Cu mineralization in association with, and essentially indivisible from, other copper-containing minerals such as calumetite and atacamite family minerals. It forms as pale to azure blue encrustations, often taking a botryoidal form. Centennialite is trigonal, , a = 6.6606(9) Å, c = 5.8004(8) Å, V= 222.85(6) Å3, Z= 1. The strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are dobs/Å [I%] (hkl), 5.799 [100] (001), 2.583 [75] (201), 2.886 [51] (111), 1.665 [20] (220), 1.605 [17] (023), 1.600 [15] (221), 1.444 [11] (222). The X-ray refined structure forms a kagome net of planar coordinated CuO4 units with Jahn-Teller coordinated Cl apices to form octahedra that edge-share to in-plane adjacent and flattened CaO6 octahedra, which are centred about the lattice origin. All oxygen sites are protonated and shared between one Ca-octahedron and one CuO4 planar unit. Three protonated sites are linked, by hydrogen-bonding to Cl sites, which sit on the triad axis. Each lattice has one Cl above and one below the Ca-Cu polyhedral plane. Consequently, the layers are stacked, along ⟨001⟩, with two Cl sites between layers. In addition to this kapellasite-like topology, an extra c/2 site is identified as being variably water-hosting and extends the coordination of the Ca-site to 8-fold, akin to the body-diagonal Pb-Cu sheet in murdochite. Centennialite conforms to the description of the ‘Unidentified Cu-Ca-Cl Mineral’ noted in Heinrich's Mineralogy of Michigan and is almost certainly identical to the supposed hexagonal basic calcium-copper hydroxychloride monohydrate of Erdös et al. (1981). We comment upon relationships between calumetite and centennialite and propose a substructure model for a synthetic calumetite-like phase that is related directly to centennialite.

AbstractCoaquandite, a new antimony oxy-sulphate hydrate, occurs as spheroidal knobs of silky fibres or, rarely, as tiny transparent colourless lamellar crystals on stibnite at the Pereta mine, Tuscany, Italy; it is associated with klebelsbergite, peretaite, valentinite, sulfur, gypsum, stibiconite, and senarmontite. Coquandite is triclinic P1, with a 11.434(7), b 29.77(4), c 11.314(4) Å, α 91.07(7)°, β 119.24(3)° γ 92.82(1)° . It has a cell volume of 3352(5)Å3 with Z = 12 and a calculated density of 5.78 g cm−3. The crystals, elongated along [001] and flattened on {010}, display polysynthetic twinning with (010) as the twin plane. Optically, they are biaxial (+) with z ≈ c, 2V ≫ 60° n = 2.08(5). The strongest lines of the X-ray powder pattern are [d in Å, (I), (hkl)] 14.84(50)(020), 9.27(41)(111, 110), 6.81(67)130, 3.304(93)(090), 3.092(100)(330).Coquandite has also been found at the Cetine mine, Tuscany, Italy, and at the Lucky Knock mine, Tonasket, Okanogan County, Washington, USA. 22 microprobe chemical analyses (elemental microanalysis for H) gave Sb2O3 88.91, SO3 8.35, CaO 0.04, Na2O 0.03, H2O 1.43, total 98.76 wt.%, corresponding to the empirical formula (Sb + S = 7) Sb5.98Ca0.01Na0.01O7.96(SO4)1.02.0·78H2O, and to the idealised formula Sb6O8(SO4).H2O. The I.R. spectrum, which confirms the presence of water in the formula, is given.A partial structural arrangement is also given: the Sb polyhedra lie in nine layers perpendicular to [010] and form 'hexagonally' shaped groups surrounded by SO4 tetrahedra.

Proper names, including ethnonyms (folk, tribal and other ethnic community names), is an<br />essential component of any language lexis, which particularly brightly reveals a variety ofextralinguistic processes.<br />The aim of the paper is to analyze the conformity of ethnonym transonymization (the change of proper name class) and deonymization (the change of proper name into<br />appellative) in the culture of Latgale, and linguistic techniques and extralinguistic factors.<br />Linguo-culturological approach has been used in the research, and the link between cultural-<br />historical and social processes in the research of linguistic processes has been taken into<br />account. Determining the origin of ancient ethnonyms, the researchers of the Baltic languages<br />acknowledge a transonymization model typical to the Balts: hydronym → name of region<br />→ ethnonym (Zinkevičius 2005, 186–187). This paper attempts to reveal various ethnonym<br />(denoting mostly foreigners) transonymization models in the system of proper names of<br />Latgale, nominating motivation, and the types of word-formation.<br />It seems that the ethnonyms that denote the neighbouring nations (Estonians,<br />Lithuanians, Russians) most frequently turn into other proper names. Transonymization<br />models have been identifi ed as follows:<br />1) ethnonym → anthroponym → oikonym (or ethnonym → oikonym → anthroponym),<br />for example, l ī t a u n ī k i ‘the Lithuanians’ → L ī t a u n ī k s ‘a surname’ →<br />L ī t a u n ī k i ‘a village in Preiļi county’;<br />2) ethnonym → microtoponym, for example, ž y d i ‘the Jews’ → Ž y d a p ū r s<br />‘a marsh in Vārkava county’;<br />3) ethnonym → anthroponym, for example, č y g u o n i ‘the Roma people’ →<br />Č y g u o n s ‘a nickname for a dark-haired man’;<br />4) ethnonym (→ oikonym) → ergonym, for example, l a t g a ļ i ‘The Baltic tribe’ →<br />“L a t g a ļ i” ‘a farm in Mērdzene rural municipality of Kārsava county’.<br />Transonymization of ethnonyms in the culture of Latgale is motivated by historical<br />and social processes. Transonymization processes present the evidence of Latgalians’ stereotypical perception of foreigners, compact settlement of different ethnic groups in<br />Latgale, and historical events.<br />Various types of word-formation are used in the transonymization process:<br />1) semantic, i.e., only the meaning changes, the morphemic system of lexeme is notchanged, for example, ethnonym p o ļ a k i → oikonym P o ļ a k i (→ surname P o ļ a k s<br />(the male singular form of the ethnonym));<br />2) morphological, typically suffixes are added to ethnonyms (sometimes phonetic<br />changes in the root occur), for example, i g a u n i ‘the Estonians’ → surnames I k a u n ī k s<br />(ikaun-+-nīk-s); I g o v e n s (igov-+ - en-s);<br />3) syntactical, forming compound words, for example, the ethnonym k r ī v i<br />‘the Russians’ has motivated the oikonym K r ī v a s o l a &lt;Krīva sola ‘Russian Village’,<br />K r ī v m a i z e s &lt;Krīvu maizes ‘Russian bread’;<br />4) formation of analytical forms, where one of the components has ethnonymic<br />semantics and the second component is a nomenclature word (hill, meadow, marsh, lake,<br />etc.), for example, Ž y d a p ū r s ‘Jew’s marsh’, an attributive adjective, for example, a<br />village M a z i e L ī t a u n ī k i ‘small Lithuanians’, a substantive of other semantics, for<br />example, a meadow Č i g o n e i c a s j ū s t a ‘Gypsy’s belt’.<br />Proper names of foreign origin motivated by ethnonyms have taken their stable<br />place in the system of proper names of Latgale, for example, L a t i š i, a village in Pušmucova<br />rural municipality of Cibla civil-parish (in Russian латыши ‘the Latvians’).<br />Proper names of ethnonymic semantics, used to name various phenomena and<br />realities, are often included in the lexicon of various dialects of Latvian and even other<br />languages. If to assume the fact that ethnonyms are proper names, then it can be concluded<br />that the appellatives mentioned above have appeared in deonymization process: ethnonym<br />→ appellative. Moreover, the material of Latgalian dialects confirms the existence of deethnonymic<br />proper names, for example, a lot of different realities are associated with the<br />ethnonyms denoting Roma people: č y g u o n i ‘participants of masquerade parade’;<br />č y g o n k a 1) a sort of winter apples, the apple of this sort (dark green and red); 2) the railroad;<br />3) achimenes (flower, Achimenes); 4) mushrooms: wild champignon (Rozites caperata) or<br />ugly milkcap (Lactarius necator); č y g u o n a s a u l e ‘the moon’. Appellativeness of<br />ethnonyms has an associative character. The names are reflecting the Latgalians’ stereotypical<br />perception of appearance, occupation, character traits, and traditions of foreigners as alien<br />and different, however, acceptable and assimilable phenomena.

Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) was first discovered in East Africa in 1947. ZIKV has caused microcephaly in the Americas, but it is not known whether ZIKV is a cause of microcephaly in East Africa. Methods: We used surveillance data from 11,061 live births at Kilifi County Hospital in coastal Kenya between January 2012 and October 2016 to identify microcephaly cases and conducted a nested case-control study to determine risk factors for microcephaly. Gestational age at birth was estimated based on antenatal ultrasound scanning (‘Scanned cohort’) or last menstrual period (‘LMP cohort’, including births ≥37 weeks’ gestation only). Controls were newborns with head circumference Z scores between >-2 and ≤2 SD that were compared to microcephaly cases in relation to ZIKV exposure and other maternal and newborn factors. Results: Of the 11,061 newborns, 214 (1.9%, 95%CI 1.69, 2.21) had microcephaly. Microcephaly prevalence was 1.0% (95%CI 0.64, 1.70, n=1529) and 2.1% (95%CI 1.81, 2.38, n=9532) in the scanned and LMP cohorts, respectively. After excluding babies <2500 g (n=1199) in the LMP cohort the prevalence was 1.1% (95%CI 0.93, 1.39). Microcephaly showed an association with being born small for gestational age (p<0.001) but not with ZIKV neutralising antibodies (p=0.6) or anti-ZIKV NS1 IgM response (p=0.9). No samples had a ZIKV neutralising antibody titre that was at least fourfold higher than the corresponding dengue virus (DENV) titre. No ZIKV or other flavivirus RNA was detected in cord blood from cases or controls. Conclusions: Microcephaly was prevalent in coastal Kenya, but does not appear to be related to ZIKV exposure; the ZIKV response observed in our study population was largely due to cross-reactive responses to DENV or other related flaviviruses. Further research into potential causes and the clinical consequences of microcephaly in this population is urgently needed.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a brief dyadic cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) programme on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL), as well as the sense of coherence in atrial fibrillation patients, up to 12 months post atrial fibrillation. Methods: A longitudinal randomised controlled trial with a pre and 12-month post-test recruitment of 163 persons and their spouses, at a county hospital in southern Sweden. In all, 104 persons were randomly assigned to either a CBT ( n=56) or a treatment as usual (TAU) group ( n=55). The primary outcome was changes in the HRQoL (Euroqol questionnaire; EQ-5D), and the secondary outcomes were changes in psychological distress (hospital anxiety and depression scale; HADS) and sense of coherence (sense of coherence scale; SOC-13). Results: At the 12-month follow-up, the CBT group experienced a higher HRQoL than the TAU group (mean changes in the CBT group 0.062 vs. mean changes in the TAU group −0.015; P=0.02). The sense of coherence improved in the CBT group after the 12-month follow-up, compared to the TAU group (mean changes in the CBT group 0.062 vs. mean changes in the TAU group −0.16; P=0.04). The association between the intervention effect and the HRQoL was totally mediated by the sense of coherence ( z=2.07, P=0.04). Conclusions: A dyadic mindfulness-based CBT programme improved HRQoL and reduced psychological distress up to 12 months post atrial fibrillation. The sense of coherence strongly mediated the HRQoL; consequently, the sense of coherence is an important determinant to consider when designing programmes for atrial fibrillation patients.

Physical activity, body mass, and dietary habits are known to be important determinants of overall health status, but there is an evident lack of studies that examine these issues specifically in preschool children. The aim of this study was to identify associations that may exist between adhering to the Mediterranean diet (MD), levels of physical activity (PA), and body composition indices in apparently healthy preschool children from southern Croatia. Participants were 5- to 6-year-old preschoolers from the Mediterranean part of the country (the Split-Dalmatia County; n = 260, 126 females). Adherence to the MD was observed by the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED), PA level was evaluated by the Preschool-age Children’s Physical Activity Questionnaire (Pre-PAQ), and responses were collected from the parents. The participants’ waist circumferences (in cm), waist-to-hip ratios, and body mass index (in kg/m2, and in a z-score calculated relative to the normative value for age and sex) were used as indicators of body composition. All children were of the same age and tested over a one-month period of the same year as a part of the regular examination undertaken before attending elementary school. With only 6% of the children having a low KIDMED score, adherence to the MD was high. MD adherence was higher in girls (Chi-square = 15.31, p < 0.01) and children who live on the coast of the Adriatic Sea (Chi-square = 18.51, p < 0.01). A mixed effects logistic regression (with kindergarten as random factor) identified sedentary activity to be negatively associated with MD adherence (OR per point: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44–0.91). High adherence to the MD in the studied sample may be attributed to regulated feeding in kindergarten. Considering that most Croatian elementary schools do not provide food to their students, MD adherence should be investigated later in life and also in other parts of the country where the MD is culturally less prevalent.

Abstract Bicapite, KNa2Mg2(H2PV145+O42)·25H2O, is a new mineral species (IMA2018-048) discovered at the Pickett Corral mine, Montrose County, Colorado, U.S.A. Bicapite occurs as square tablets up to about 0.2 mm on edge on montroseite-corvusite-bearing sandstone. Crystals are dark red-brown, often appearing black. The streak is orange, and the luster is vitreous. Bicapite is brittle, has a Mohs hardness of 1½, and displays one excellent cleavage on {100}. The measured density is 2.44(2) g/cm3. Bicapite is uniaxial (+), ω = 1.785(5), ε ≈ 1.81 (white light); pleochroism is red-brown; E &gt; O, slight. The electron probe microanalysis and results of the crystal structure determination provided the empirical formula (based on 67 O apfu) (K1.23Na2.23Mg1.48)Σ4.94[H2.51P1.02(V13.915+Mo0.076+)Σ13.98O42]·25H2O. Bicapite is tetragonal, I4/m, with a = 11.5446(12) Å, c = 20.5460(14) Å, V = 2738.3(6) Å3, and Z = 2. The strongest four lines in the diffraction pattern are [d in Å (I) (hkl)]: 10.14 (100) (002,101); 2.978 (29) (134,206); 2.809 (11) (305); and 2.583 (11) (420,008). The atomic arrangement of bicapite was solved and refined to R1 = 0.0465 for 1008 independent reflections with I &gt; 2σI. The structural unit is a [H2PV125+O40(V5+O)2]7– heteropolyanion composed of 12 distorted VO6 octahedra surrounding a central PO4 tetrahedron and capped on opposite sides by two VO5 square pyramids; the structural unit is a modification of the α-isomer of the Keggin anion, [XM12O40]n–. Charge balance in the structure is maintained by the [KNa2Mg2(H2O)25]7+ interstitial complex. The name bicapite is in recognition of this being the only known mineral with a structure based on a bicapped Keggin anion. The discovery of bicapite and numerous other natural polyoxometalate compounds in the Colorado Plateau uranium/vanadium deposits make that the most productive region found to date for naturally occurring polyoxometalate compounds.

ABSTRACT A new mineral species, ferrobobfergusonite, ideally □Na2Fe2+5Fe3+Al(PO4)6, has been found in the Victory Mine, Custer County, South Dakota, USA. It is massive and associated with ferrowyllieite, schorl, fillowite, arrojadite, quartz, and muscovite. Broken pieces of ferrobobfergusonite are blocky or tabular with single crystals up to 0.9 × 0.7 × 0.4 mm. No twinning or parting is observed macroscopically. The mineral is deep green-brown and transparent with a pale green-yellow streak and vitreous luster. It is brittle and has a Mohs hardness of ∼5, with perfect cleavage on {010}. The measured and calculated densities are 3.68(1) and 3.69 g/cm3, respectively. Optically, ferrobobfergusonite is biaxial (+), with α = 1.698 (2), β = 1.705 (2), γ = 1.727 (2) (white light), 2V (meas.) = 65(2)°, 2V (calc.) = 60°, with orientation of the optic axes α ∧ X = 16°, β = Y, with X = yellowish brown, Y = brown, and Z = deep brown. The dispersion is very strong with r &gt; v. The calculated compatibility index based on the empirical formula is 0.017 (superior). An electron microprobe analysis yielded an empirical formula (based on 24 O apfu) of (Na1.72□1.28)Σ3.00(Fe2+3.50Mn0.89Mg0.44Ca0.13)Σ4.96(Fe3+0.77Al0.23)Σ1.00Al(PO4)6. Ferrobobfergusonite is isostructural with bobfergusonite, a member of the alluaudite supergroup. It is monoclinic, with space group P21/n and unit-cell parameters a = 12.7156(3), b = 12.3808(3), c = 10.9347(3) Å, β = 97.3320(10)°, and V = 1707.37(7) Å3. The crystal structure of ferrobobfergusonite contains six octahedral M (= Fe2+, Mg, Mn2+, Al, Fe3+) sites and five X (= Na, Mn2+, Ca) sites with coordination numbers between 6 and 8. The six MO6 octahedra share edges to form two types of kinked chains extending along [101], with one consisting of M1–M4–M5 linkages and the other of M2–M3–M6 linkages. These chains are joined by PO4 tetrahedra to form sheets parallel to (010), which are linked together through corner-sharing between PO4 tetrahedra and MO6 octahedra in the adjacent sheets, leaving open channels parallel to a, where the large X cations are situated. The M cations are strongly ordered over the six sites, with M1, M2, M3, and M4 being dominantly occupied by Fe2+, and M5 and M6 by Fe3+ and Al, respectively. Among the five X sites, the X1 site is filled with Mn2+ and Ca, whereas the X2–X5 sites are partially occupied by Na.

Abstract Introduction Early high school start times are associated with insufficient adolescent sleep, which in turn is associated with motor vehicle crashes [MVC]. This analysis examined the impact of a 70-minute delay in high school start times on student-reported drowsy driving and department of transportation MVC rates before and for 2 years after start time changes. Methods Self-reported sleep duration and drowsy driving data were drawn from a longitudinal study of changing high school start times (n=2099–4092/year) in the Cherry Creek School District (Arapahoe County [AC]). The Colorado Department of Transportation provided frequency/timing of weekday MVC data for teen (16–18 years) and adult drivers in AC and four neighboring counties in metro Denver (Other Counties [OC]). MVC rates per 1000 licensed drivers were calculated. Outcomes are reported for three school years: 2016–17 (pre-change), 2017–18 (post change), and 2018–19 (follow-up). Chi-square analyses examined drowsy driving frequency (at least once/week vs. less than once/week) by sufficient weeknight sleep duration (&lt;8 hours vs. 8+ hours). Two-proportion z-tests compared MVC rates by county, as well as teens vs. adults. Results Compared to pre-change (29.3%), fewer students reported drowsy driving at post-change (20.3%) and follow-up (23.7%). Students who reported insufficient sleep also reported more frequent drowsy driving across all years (p’s&lt;0.001 to 0.037). AC’s teen crash rate decreased from 78.9/1000 to 76.6/1000 post-change, with a further reduction to 68.7/1000 at follow-up. Pre-change crash rates did not differ between counties (p=0.444); however, they were significantly lower in AC vs. OC at both post-change (p=0.048) and follow-up (p=0.046). Adult crash rates remained consistent over three years in both counties. Morning crash rates per hour did not differ pre-change; at both post-change and follow-up OC’s morning crash rates peaked one hour earlier than AC’s (7:00-7:59am vs. 8:00-8:59am). Conclusion This study extends previous reports by finding that later school start times are associated with decreased drowsy driving and fewer teen motor vehicle crash rates for up to 2 years post-change. Early school start times is an important public policy that benefits adolescent sleep, health, and well-being through decreased drowsy driving and motor vehicle crashes. Support (if any) Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Evidence for Action Program

Abstract Background Place is a contributor to overall health in the United States. Health disparities exist in relation to spatial variables, and minorities and people who live below the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) experience the greatest burden. Most individuals with sickle cell disease in the U.S. are minorities, signaling an increased likelihood of exposure to the deleterious impact of social determinants of health. Because the impact of social determinants of health outcomes is not well investigated in sickle cell disease, we sought to create a model to investigate the relationship between contextual factors and clinical outcomes. Specifically, we investigated the variability of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) level during hydroxyurea therapy in a longitudinal cohort of patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA). We hypothesized that patients living in neighborhoods with lower Economic Hardship Index (EHI) would have lower HbF in comparison with those living in places with higher EHI scores. Methods We included patients with SCA who are participants of the longitudinal natural history study, Sickle Cell Clinical Research and Intervention Program (Hankins et al. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2018 May 24:e27228.), who 1) lived in Shelby County, Tennessee, 2) were treated with hydroxyurea, and 3) had at least one HbF value recorded. Using ArcGIS, participant addresses were geocoded then aggregated by U.S. Census Block Group (CBG). Geospatial analysis was conducted to identify clustering of HbF values using Cluster and Outlier Analysis (Anselin Local Moran's I), High/Low Clustering (Getis-Ord GeneralG), and Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*). Geographically-weighted regression was used to test explanatory variables for identified clusters. The main outcome variables were peak, minimum, and average HbF during hydroxyurea therapy at the CBG level. Mean HbF the average of all HbF lab values for the duration of treatment, the peak HbF was recorded at hydroxyurea maximum tolerated dose, and minimum HbF was the lowest record value during treatment. Spatial regression was used to examine factors associated with HbF at the individual level (demographics, genotype, and duration of hydroxyurea therapy). Results A total of 202 SCCRIP participants (HbSS N=187; HbSβ0-Thalassemia, N=14; other, N=1) were identified during the years 1996 and 2017. The median age (range: 0.8-25.3 years) was 12 years. Participant addresses were geocoded within 147 (23.4%) of the 628 CBGs within Shelby County. Mean (SD) duration of hydroxyurea therapy was 5.4 (±4.8) person-years, mean, maximum, and minimum HbF was 23.6% (SD±10.8), 52.2% (SD±25.9) and 12.9% (SD±9.7), respectively. Thirty-nine percent of participants lived in a census block group with high to very high EHI scores (i.e., increased economic hardship as measured by U.S. Census data) and 19.3% lived within a CBG where >40% of households fall below the federal poverty level (FPL). Age was a significant predictor of peak [(F(1,200)=191.34, p<0.001, R2=.489], mean [(F(1,200)=118.99, p<0.001), R2 =0.373], and minimum HbF [(F(1,200)=58.33, p<0.001, R2=.226]. However, mean age was randomly distributed throughout the study area without significant clustering at the CBG level (Observed General G=0.0068, z-score=0.313, p=0.754). Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) found significant clustering of HbF values at the CBG level (Figure): higher HbF clustered with CBGs above the FPL and lower HbF clustering with CBGs below the FPL. While there was differential HbF clustering at the CBG level when stratified by EHI, the geographically weighted regression did not find a significant relationship between EHI and HbF levels. Conclusion Geospatial analysis indicates geographic variation in HbF% levels among individuals with SCA living in Shelby County, TN. Clustering of higher HbF trended towards neighborhoods with lower EHI while clustering of lower HbF trended toward neighborhoods with higher EHI, suggesting a role of the environment on response to hydroxyurea therapy. Although this study did not investigate the mechanism whereby economic hardship may influence HbF production during hydroxyurea therapy, our findings suggest a possible link between poverty and medication adherence. Our findings point toward the importance of tailoring hydroxyurea therapy to contextual factors, such as neighborhood types, informing community-level interventions. Disclosures Estepp: Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy; NHLBI: Research Funding; ASH Scholar: Research Funding; Global Blood Therapeutics: Consultancy, Research Funding. Hankins:Novartis: Research Funding; Global Blood Therapeutics: Research Funding; bluebird bio: Consultancy; NCQA: Consultancy.

AbstractMatulaite was first described by Moore and Ito (1980) from the Bachman mine, Hellertown, Northampton County, Pennsylvania, USA. Its ideal formula was reported as CaAl18(PO4)12(OH)20·28H2O, based on wet-chemical analysis. Re-examination of both existing cotype specimens of matulaite revealed no material matching the powder or single-crystal X-ray diffraction data reported for the species. Other samples examined from the type locality, as well as from the LCA pegmatite in North Carolina, USA, and Fumade, Tarn, France, provided material crystallographically consistent with matulaite: P21/n, a = 10.604(2), b = 16.608(4), c = 20.647(5) Å , b = 98.848(7)° and Z = 4. Electron microprobe and crystal structure analysis of newly studied material from the type locality showed the ideal formula of matulaite to be Fe3+ Al7(PO4)4(PO3OH)2(OH)8(H2O)8˙8H2O. The chemical composition reported by Moore and Ito (1980) was most probably determined on a mixture of mostly kobokoboite and afmite, with lesser amounts of crandallite. As there is no matulaite on any of the existing cotype specimens of the species, the two specimens used to obtain the new chemical analyses, powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and the structure determination are designated as neotypes. The neotypes have also been used to obtain crystal morphology and new measurements of the physical and optical properties of the species. The neotypes and new data have been approved by the CNMNC, proposal 11-F. The crystal structure of matulaite contains seven-member chain segments of AlO6 octahedra decorated by PO4 tetrahedra. The PO4 tetrahedra also link to isolated FeO6 octahedra, resulting in a 'pinwheel' Fe(PO4)6 group. The linkage of octahedra and tetrahedra defines a thick layer parallel to {001}. The only linkage between layers is via hydrogen bonding to interlayer water molecules.

AbstractThebaite-(NH4), (NH4,K)3Al(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O), is a new mineral species (IMA2020-072) from the Rowley mine, Maricopa County, Arizona, USA. It occurs in an unusual bat-guano-related, post-mining assemblage of phases that include a variety of vanadates, phosphates, oxalates and chlorides, some containing NH4+. Other secondary minerals found in association with thebaite-(NH4) are antipinite, vanadinite and at least one other new mineral. Crystals of thebaite-(NH4) are colourless blades up to ~0.1 mm in length. The streak is white, lustre is vitreous, Mohs hardness is 1½–2, tenacity is brittle and fracture is splintery. There are two good cleavages in the [010] zone, probably {100} and {10$\bar{2}$}. The calculated density is 2.093 g⋅cm–3. Thebaite-(NH4) is optically biaxial (–) with α = 1.490(2), β = 1.534(2), γ = 1.570(2) (white light); 2V = 82.7(5)°; slight r > v dispersion; and orientation X = b, Y ^ c = 13° in obtuse β. Electron microprobe analysis gave the empirical formula [(NH4)2.12K0.69Na0.20]Σ3.01(Al0.84Fe3+0.11V3+0.04)Σ0.99(C2O4)[(P0.98Si0.02)O3OH]2(H2O), with the C, N and H contents constrained by the crystal structure. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of NH4 and C2O4. Thebaite-(NH4) is monoclinic, P21/c, with a = 11.156(9), b = 6.234(6), c = 18.651(16) Å, β = 102.928(15)°, V = 1264.2(19) Å3 and Z = 4. The structural unit in the crystal structure of thebaite-(NH4) (R1 = 0.0612 for 863 Io > 2σI reflections) is a double-strand chain of corner-sharing AlO6 octahedra and PO3OH tetrahedra decorated by additional PO3OH tetrahedra and C2O4 groups. The decorated chains connect to one another through bonds to NH4+ and K+ and through hydrogen bonds.

AbstractDelindeite and lourenswalsite are two new barium titanosilicate minerals found as microscopic crystals in miarolitic cavities in nepheline syenite in the Diamond Jo quarry, Hot Spring County, Arkansas. Delindeite is found as aggregates of flake-like crystallites in compact spherules, light pinkish grey in colour, with a resinous, pearly lustre. The flakes are biaxial positive with average n ∼ 1.813; the measured density is 3.3 g/cm3. Electron diffraction revealed a monoclinic unit cell in space group C2/m or subgroup, with a = 21.617(13), b = 6.816(5), c = 5.383(3) Å, β = 94.03(5)° (refined from X-ray powder data). The strongest X-ray lines are (hkl, dobs, Irel): (200, 10.80, 100); (311, 3.54, 24); (6̄01, 3.083, 28); (601, 2.888, 31); (2̄21, 2.806, 20); (910, 2.262,18). The crystals are submicroscopically twinned on (100) and also produce additional continuous diffraction streaks parallel to a*, which double the b and c axes. The formula derived from electron and ion probe analyses (H2O by difference), as constrained by density and molar volume data, is approximately (Na,K)2.7(Ba,Ca)4(Ti,Fe,Al)6Si8O26(OH)14, with Na > K, Ba ≫ Ca, Ti ≫ Fe,Al; Z = 1. Lourenswalsite occurs as very thin hexagonal plates in rosettes, silver grey to light brownish grey in colour. The crystals are biaxial negative with very low 2V angle. Indices of refraction are nα = 1.815, nβ ≈ nγ = 1.840; the measured density is 3.17 g/cm = 1.840; the measured density is 3.17 g/cm3. X-ray and electron diffraction show a sharp pseudohexagonal lattice with a = 5.244 Å, but extremely diffuse diffraction streaks normal to the hk0 plane. In these streaks a period of 20.5 Å can be discerned. A hexagonal unit cell with a = 5.244(2) Å, c = 20.49(3) Å can be refined from the powder diffraction data but does not account for some lines, probably because of extreme layer disorder as shown by precession single-crystal patterns. The strong X-ray powder lines are (002, 10.22, 20); (-, 3.93, 20); (111, 2.608, 100); (300, 1.5145, 80); (220, 1.3111, 25). The formula given by microprobe analyses, constrained by density and molar volume data, is approximately (K,Ba)2(Ti,Mg,Ca,Fe)4(Si,Al,Fe)6O14(OH)12 with K > Ba, Ti ≫ (Mg,Ca,Fe), Si > Al > Fe; Z = 1. These minerals are formed under oxidizing weathering conditions, and iron is assumed to be in the Fe3+ state.

Plant and soil samples from an irrigated winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) field near Imbler (Union County), OR were evaluated for root diseases during April 2007. The field exhibited patches with as much as 90% plant mortality. Previous crops were winter wheat (2004), chickpea (Cicer arietinum, 2005), and spring wheat (cv. Jefferson, 2006). Stubble was baled and removed, and the field was cultivated before replanting to winter wheat cv. Chukar in October. Patches of stunted seedlings (three- to five-leaf stage) appeared in March 2007. Stunted seedlings exhibited chlorotic or necrotic lower leaves, healthy younger leaves, few or no tillers, rotting of lower culms and crowns, and light brown roots with little or no branching. Signs and symptoms of fungal pathogens (Pythium spp., Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia solani AG-8, and Typhula incarnata) were present on affected plants. Most small grain fields in Union County are infested with Heterodera avenae (4) but none of the roots, on either healthy or stunted plants, exhibited the bushy branching pattern typical of sites where H. avenae females penetrate and encyst. Extraction of motile nematodes (Whitehead tray method) from soil revealed high populations of Pratylenchus neglectus (6,560/kg of soil), Tylenchorhynchus spp. (2,369/kg of soil), and a species initially thought to be H. avenae (3,098 juveniles/kg of soil). Cysts were also extracted. During PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism identification (1) of H. avenae collected in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, four restriction enzymes applied to amplified DNA of cysts from the Imbler field consistently revealed a pattern identical to that of a H. filipjevi DNA standard and distinct from patterns of H. avenae, H. schachtii, and H. latipons. DNA standards were obtained from R. Rivoal, INRA, Rennes, France. Morphological evidence confirmed that the specimens were H. filipjevi, a member of the ‘H. avenae Group’ of cereal cyst nematodes (2,3). Measurements of second-stage juveniles (n = 15) included length of body (range = 530 to 570 μm, mean = 549, st. dev. = 13.0), stylet (22.5 to 24.5, 23.2, 0.6) with anchor-shaped basal knobs, tail (52.5 to 62.5, 57.4, 2.7), and hyaline tail terminal (30 to 38, 33.5, 2.6). The lateral field had four lines of which the inner two were more distinct. Shapes of the tail, tail terminus, and stylet knobs were also consistent with H. filipjevi. Cysts (n = 10) were lemon shaped and light brown. The cyst wall had a zigzag pattern. The vulval cone was bifenestrate with horseshoe-shaped semifenestra. The cysts were characterized by body length including neck (range = 718 to 940 μm, mean = 809.7, st. dev. = 61.8), body width (395 to 619, 504, 71.2), L/W ratio = (1.1 to 2.2, 1.4, 0.3), neck length (75 to 140, 103.2, 22.1) and width (50 to 95, 71.4, 10.9), fenestra length (50 to 65 μm, 56.5, 6.6) and width (27 to 40, 29.0, 3.8), heavy underbridge (60 to 80, 69, 8.5), vulval slit (7.5 to 8.5, 7.8, 0.4), and many bullae. As described for H. filipjevi, cysts hatched much more readily and at lower temperatures than populations of H. avenae. Detection of H. filipjevi in Oregon represents a new record for the occurrence of this species in the United States and for North America. The pathotype and resistance genes for incorporation into wheat, barley, and oat are being identified. References: (1) S. Bekal et al. Genome 40:479, 1997. (2) Z. A. Handoo. J. Nematol. 34:250, 2002. (3) R. Holgado et al. J. Nematol. Morphol. Syst. 7:77, 2004. (4) R. W. Smiley et al. J. Nematol. 37:297, 2005.

Asian soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Sydow & Sydow, was first detected in the continental United States in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Louisiana on 6 November 2004 (3) and in kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) in Florida during February 2005 (1). Soybean rust was first confirmed in North Carolina in commercial soybean fields in Brunswick, Columbus, and Robeson counties on 25 October 2005 (2). Subsequently, the disease was detected in soybean in 18 counties, but not in kudzu, even when it was growing adjacent to infected soybean. During 2006, soybean rust was first detected in North Carolina in soybean on 14 September 2006 from a sample from Columbus County that was submitted to the North Carolina State University Plant Disease and Insect Clinic (NCSU-PDIC). Thus, the first detection of soybean rust in North Carolina occurred almost 6 weeks earlier in 2006 than in 2005. Subsequently, in 2006, soybean rust was found in soybean in 42 counties in North Carolina through survey, sentinel plot monitoring, and samples submitted to the NCSU-PDIC. In addition, what appeared to be soybean rust was observed in two samples of kudzu collected on 3 and 6 November 2006 from Moore (35.28313°N, 79.38020°W) and Johnston (35.42742°N, 78.18154°W) counties of North Carolina. The diagnosis of P. pachyrhizi in kudzu was confirmed visually and by ELISA protocol supplied with the EnviroLogix QualiPlate kit (Portland, ME). ELISA tests for each kudzu sample were run in triplicate. PCR was also conducted on infected kudzu samples with a protocol previously reported (1). The PCR master mix that was used came from a dilution scheme based on previous PCR work completed by G. Z. Abad. A total of 24 reactions were run, including four 1-kb molecular markers, four positive controls, four negative controls, and four infected kudzu leaf tissue samples. The results of all diagnostic techniques confirmed the presence of P. pachyrhizi in diseased kudzu. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. pachyrhizi in kudzu in North Carolina. References: (1) P. F. Harmon et al. Online publication. doi:10.1094/PHP-2005-0613-01-RS. Plant Health Progress, 2005. (2) S. R. Koenning et al. Plant Dis. 90:973, 2006. (3) R. W. Schneider et al. Plant Dis. 89:774, 2005.

AbstractTangdanite, ideally Ca2Cu9(AsO4)4(SO4)0.5(OH)9·9H2O and monoclinic, is a new mineral species (IMA No. 2011-096) occurring in the Tangdan and Nanniping mines, southeast Dongchuan copper mining district, Dongchuan County, Kunming City Prefecture, Yunnan Province, P. R. China (26°11’N 103°51’E). The mineral is found in the oxidized zone (gossan) of an As-bearing Cu sulfide deposit and is clearly of supergene origin. Associated minerals are chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, covellite, tennantite, enargite, cuprite, malachite, azurite, copper and brochantite. Crystals form radiating or foliated aggregates of flaky crystals up to 3 mm, flattened parallel to (100) and elongated along [001]. It is emerald green with a light green streak, translucent and has a pearly to silky lustre. It is sectile having perfect cleavage on {100} although neither parting nor fracture was observed. No fluorescence in long- or short-wave ultraviolet radiation was observed. The hardness is VHN50 42.0−43.6, mean 42.8 kg mm−2 (2−2½ on the Mohs scale). The density measured by pycnometry is 3.22 g cm−3 (Ma et al., 1980). The calculated density from the empirical chemical formula is 3.32 g cm−3. The compatability index gives 1 − (Kp/Kc) = −0.041 (good). The empirical formula (based on 36 O a.p.f.u) of tangdanite is Ca2.05Cu9.08(As1.03O4)4(S0.63O4)0.5(OH)9·9H2.04O. The simplified formula is Ca2Cu9(AsO4)4(SO4)0.5(OH)9·9H2O. The strongest five reflections in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å(I) (hkl)] are: 4.782(100) ( 1 1), 4.333(71) (6 0 2), 5.263(54) ( 0 2), 3.949(47) (8 0 2) and 2.976(46) ( 1 1). The unit-cell parameters are a = 54.490(9), b = 5.5685(9), c = 10.4690(17) Å, β = 96.294(3)o, V = 3157.4(9) Å3, Z = 4. Its structure was solved and refined in space group C2/c, with R = 0.110.

In California, Digitalis purpurea (common foxglove) and D. grandiflora (yellow foxglove) are grown as cutflower, potted, and landscape plant commodities. In the spring of 2002, after seasonably wet and cool weather, severe downy mildew was observed on potted common foxglove plants in commercial nurseries in coastal California (Santa Cruz County). Initial symptoms on leaves consisted of light green, rectangular areas that were vein-delimited and measured 2 to 5 × 8 to 12 mm. Such spots later became chlorotic. As disease progressed, chlorotic spots coalesced and turned necrotic. The purple-gray sporulation of the pathogen could be seen primarily on abaxial leaf surfaces. However, in some cases, extensive fungal growth developed on adaxial surfaces of lower leaves. Conidiophores branched dichotomously and measured 278 to 520 μm long from the lower end to the first branches and 11 to 14 μm across at the widest part of the swollen base. Branch ends were slender with curved tips that measured 11 to 22 μm long. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid to ovoid, and measured 22 to 31 μm × 17 to 19 μm. Oospores were not observed. The pathogen was identified as Peronospora digitalidis (1,2). Pathogenicity tests were not conducted. However, the consistent association of sporulation with symptoms, the internal hyphal growth giving rise to conidiophores, and the obligate nature of Peronospora pathogens clearly indicated that P. digitalidis was the causal agent of this disease. Field observations indicated that D. purpurea cvs. Alba and Apricot and Foxy hybrids were very susceptible, D. × mertonensis ( = D. grandiflora × D. purpurea) appeared to be moderately susceptible, and D. grandiflora grown in the same area was symptomless. One planting of Foxy hybrid was 100% infected, and the entire lot of several hundred plants was discarded. The disease also was found on Foxy hybrid seedlings grown in propagation greenhouses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of downy mildew caused by P. digitalidis on cultivars of D. purpurea in California and the United States. This disease has been reported previously in Europe, Asia, and New Zealand (1,2). References: (1) G. Hall. Mycopathologia 126:47, 1994. (2) E. H. C. McKenzie and J. M. Dingley. N. Z. J. Bot. 34:263, 1996.

Summary An improved method of calibrating in-situ stress logs was validated with data from two wells. Horizontal stress profiles are useful for hydraulic fracture design, wellbore stability analysis, and sand production prediction. The industry-standard method of estimating stresses from logs is based on overburden, Poisson's ratio, and pore pressure effects and gives an estimate of minimum horizontal stress. The model proposed here adds effects of temperature and tectonics and outputs of minimum and maximum horizontal stress magnitudes, which are particularly important to the successful completion of horizontal and deviated wells. This method was validated using data collected from a GRI research well and a Mobil well. Seven microfrac stress tests in GRI's Canyon Gas Sands Well of Sutton County, Texas, provided a means of comparing the predictive capability of different methods. First, one of the seven stress tests was selected as a calibration standard for the stress log. Then the results obtained from the two calibration methods were compared to stress magnitudes from the other six stress tests. This process was repeated using each of the seven stress tests as a calibration standard and comparing predictions to the other six. In every case, the method incorporating tectonic strain and thermal effects produced significantly more accurate values. The Mobil well is located in the Lost Hills Field in California, and pre-frac treatment breakdown tests were used to calibrate a log-derived stress profile. All of the data were used simultaneously to get a best fit for the log-derived stress. The log and its fracture height growth implications compared favorably with available fracture diagnostic data, and maximum horizontal stress values were consistent with published values for a similar, nearby reservoir. Introduction Advances in well completion technology have made accurate profiles of horizontal stresses more important to successful field development. Data on in-situ stress have always been important to hydraulic fracture design, wellbore stability analysis, and sand production prediction. More recent work has shown that accurate stress profiles can be used to optimize fracturing of horizontal wells and designing multizone fracture treatments. In fracturing horizontal wells, stress profiles can be used to select zones for the horizontal section that optimize fracture height.1 For multizone fracturing, the success of advanced limited-entry techniques depends on having accurate profiles of horizontal stresses.2 Theory Conventional Method. The industry-standard method3-9 of calculating stresses from logs is based on the following equation: σ h m i n = μ 1 − μ ( σ v e r t − Ã&#x83;Â&#x8e;± p p ) + Ã&#x83;Â&#x8e;± p p . ( 1 ) The shmin formula is obtained by solving linear poroelasticity equations for horizontal stress with vertical stress set equal to the overburden and horizontal strains set to zero. The only deformation allowed is uniaxial strain in the vertical direction. Overburden stress, svert, is determined from an integrated density log. Poisson's ratio, m, is calculated from compressional and shear wave velocities given by an acoustic log. When independent measures of horizontal stress magnitudes are available from microfracs or extended leak-off tests, there is often a discrepancy between the log-derived and measured values, leading to the conclusion that the uniaxial strain assumption inherent to Eq. (1) is inadequate. In order to improve the estimated stress values, an adjustment (calibration) is made by adding an additional stress term to Eq. (1), thereby shifting the profile to match the measured values.4-8 For the purposes of this article, a constant shift with depth is used, stect which in some cases has been referred to as tectonic stress.5 Eq. (1) then becomes what we term here the conventional method stress equation: σ h m i n = μ 1 − μ ( σ v e r t − Ã&#x8e;± p p ) + Ã&#x8e;± p p + σ t e c t , ( 2 ) where σ t e c t = { σ h m i n ′ − μ ′ 1 − μ ′ ( σ v e r t ′ − Ã&#x8e;± p ′ p ′ ) − Ã&#x8e;± p ′ p ′ } . ( 3 ) The primes indicate parameter values at the calibration depth, z¢ where a measure of the minimum horizontal stress, σhmin′, is available. When measured values are available for several zones, slightly different calibration techniques are used, such as multiplying the log-based stress by a constant factor and adding a "tectonic" gradient.6 These calibrations have physical implications. When horizontal stress is applied as in Eq. (2), the zero lateral strain boundary conditions used to derive Eq. (1) are no longer appropriate. If we assume the strain in the direction orthogonal to the applied tectonic stress is zero (plane strain), the normal strain in the direction of the applied calibration stress, [epsiv] (z), can be written as ε ( z ) = E ( z ) 1 − μ ( z ) 2 σ t e c t , ( 4 ) where E and m are functions of depth. Given that typical geologic sequences are layered in elastic moduli, Eq. (4) implies that a constant tectonic stress calibration [exemplified in Eqs. (2) and (3)] results in horizontal strains that may be discontinuous across layer boundaries, which is a nonphysical consequence of the conventional log-derived stress calibration approach.

Background Adolescent physical activity levels are low and are associated with rising disease risk and social disadvantage. The Get Others Active (GoActive) intervention was co-designed with adolescents and teachers to increase physical activity in adolescents. Objective To assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the school-based GoActive programme in increasing adolescents’ moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Design A cluster randomised controlled trial with an embedded mixed-methods process evaluation. Setting Non-fee-paying schools in Cambridgeshire and Essex, UK (n = 16). Schools were computer randomised and stratified by socioeconomic position and county. Participants A total of 2862 Year 9 students (aged 13–14 years; 84% of eligible students). Intervention The iteratively developed feasibility-tested refined 12-week intervention trained older adolescents (mentors) and in-class peer leaders to encourage classes to undertake two new weekly activities. Mentors met with classes weekly. Students and classes gained points and rewards for activity in and out of school. Main outcome measures The primary outcome was average daily minutes of accelerometer-assessed moderate-to-vigorous physical activity at 10 months post intervention. Secondary outcomes included accelerometer-assessed activity during school, after school and at weekends; self-reported physical activity and psychosocial outcomes; cost-effectiveness; well-being and a mixed-methods process evaluation. Measurement staff were blinded to allocation. Results Of 2862 recruited participants, 2167 (76%) attended 10-month follow-up measurements and we analysed the primary outcome for 1874 (65.5%) participants. At 10 months, there was a mean decrease in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of 8.3 (standard deviation 19.3) minutes in control participants and 10.4 (standard deviation 22.7) minutes in intervention participants (baseline-adjusted difference –1.91 minutes, 95% confidence interval –5.53 to 1.70 minutes; p = 0.316). The programme cost £13 per student compared with control. Therefore, it was not cost-effective. Non-significant indications of differential impacts suggested detrimental effects among boys (boys –3.44, 95% confidence interval –7.42 to 0.54; girls –0.20, 95% confidence interval –3.56 to 3.16), but favoured adolescents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds (medium/low 4.25, 95% confidence interval –0.66 to 9.16; high –2.72, 95% confidence interval –6.33 to 0.89). Mediation analysis did not support the use of any included intervention components to increase physical activity. Some may have potential for improving well-being. Students, teachers and mentors mostly reported enjoying the GoActive intervention (56%, 87% and 50%, respectively), but struggled to conceptualise their roles. Facilitators of implementation included school support, embedding a routine, and mentor and tutor support. Challenges to implementation included having limited school space for activities, time, and uncertainty of teacher and mentor roles. Limitations Retention on the primary outcome at 10-month follow-up was low (65.5%), but we achieved our intended sample size, with retention comparable to similar trials. Conclusions A rigorously developed school-based intervention (i.e. GoActive) was not effective in countering the age-related decline in adolescent physical activity. Overall, this mixed-methods evaluation provides transferable insights for future intervention development, implementation and evaluation. Future work Interdisciplinary research is required to understand educational setting-specific implementation challenges. School leaders and authorities should be realistic about expectations of the effect of school-based physical activity promotion strategies implemented at scale. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN31583496. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 9, No. 6. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. This work was additionally supported by the Medical Research Council (London, UK) (Unit Programme number MC_UU_12015/7) and undertaken under the auspices of the Centre for Diet and Activity Research (Cambridge, UK), a UK Clinical Research Collaboration Public Health Research Centre of Excellence. Funding from the British Heart Foundation (London, UK), Cancer Research UK (London, UK), Economic and Social Research Council (Swindon, UK), Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research (Southampton, UK) and the Wellcome Trust (London, UK), under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged (087636/Z/08/Z; ES/G007462/1; MR/K023187/1). GoActive facilitator costs were borne by Essex and Cambridgeshire County Councils.

We first reported Alternaria heveae (E.G. Simmons ) to be the pathogen that caused black leaf spot of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) in Heikou county in July 2014 (1). Black leaf spots that resembled the symptoms caused by A. heveae were observed on the leaves of rubber trees of the whole propagule collection nursery in Jingping County (22°68′ N and 103°05′ E) of Yunnan Province. Black foliar spots (0.1 to 2 mm in diameter) surrounded by a yellow halo with lesions slightly sunken on the leaf surface were observed. To confirm whether the disease was caused by the same pathogen, 5-mm2 sections were removed from the leading edge of the lesion and were surface-sterilized in 75% ethanol, air-dried, plated on potato carrot agar (PCA), and incubated at 28°C in the dark. Colonies of the fungus on PCA had round margins and little aerial mycelia with gray-black coloration after 6 days of growth on PCA (2). Medium brown conidia were found to be in short chains of two to eight spores, ovoid, obclavate, and obpyriform, with or without a short conical or cylindrical-shaped apical beak. Conidia ranged from 22.5 to 67.5 μm long (mean 39.9 μm) × 10 to 15 μm wide (mean 12.5 μm; 100 colodia were measured), with three to six transverse septa and zero to three longitudinal or oblique septa. Morphological characteristics matched the descriptions of A. alternata [(Fries) Keissler] (4).The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of one single-spore isolate, Ah02JP1, was amplified with primers ITS1 and ITS4. The PCR product was sequenced directly and deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KM111289). A BLAST search of the GenBank database revealed 100% similarity with A. alternata isolates KJ829535.1, KJ677246.1, and KF813070.1. Therefore, the pathogen was identified as A. alternata on the basis of its morphological characteristics and ITS sequence. Pathogenicity of a representative isolate, Ah02JP1 was confirmed using a field rubber tree inoculation method. Three rubber plants (the clone of rubber tree Yunyan77-4) were grown to the copper-colored leaf stage. Leaves were spray-inoculated (104 conidia per milliliter spore suspension) until drops were equally distributed using a manual pressure sprayer. Three rubber plants sprayed with sterile distilled water were used as controls. After inoculation, the plants were covered with plastic bags to maintain high relative humidity. The plastic bags were removed 2 days post-inoculation (dpi), and the plants were monitored daily for symptom development. Five days post-inoculation, spots similar to the original ones seen on the field trees developed on all inoculated leaves, while control leaves remained symptomless. A. alternata was re-isolated from spray-inoculated leaves, confirming Koch's postulates. A. alternata has been reported as the causal agent of leaf blight of rubber tree in India, which initially appeared as minute spots on leaves and enlarged with the growth of the leaves (3). However, in the present study, the symptoms (black leaf spots) remained small over time after inoculation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata on rubber tree in China. Correct identification of pathogens is essential for disease management strategies. This report will establish a foundation for the further study of Alternaria alternata to address the disease effectively. References: (1) Z. Y. Cai et al. Plant Dis. 98:1011, 2014. (2) E. Mirkova. J. Phytopathol. 151:323, 2003. (3) C. B. Roy et al. J. Plantation Crops 34:499, 2006. (4) T. Y. Zhang. Page 32 in: Flora Fungorum Sinicorum, Vol. 16: Alternaria. Science Press, Beijing, 2003.

In May 2011, samples of lavender plants (Lavandula × intermedia) showing wilt symptoms were collected from two commercial plantings in Slavonia County. Disease was observed on 20 to 30% of the plants. Symptoms of the disease consisted of chlorosis, stunting, wilting, and death. Vascular tissue of stems and roots exhibited brown discoloration. Isolations of the pathogen were made from the discolored tissues on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Colonies were initially white, but with age became red, and red pigments were produced in agar. Microconidia were pear shaped, oval, and fusoid, and ranged from 4.5 to 14.0 × 2.8 to 4.7 μm. Macroconidia were curved, mostly three septate, and ranged from 21.8 to 24.3 × 2.9 to 3.9 μm. Morphology of colonies and conidia matched the description of Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. (1). Identity of the fungus was confirmed by examining a portion of the EF1-α gene using the degenerated primers EF1 and EF2 (2). BLAST searches of the obtained sequences showed a 100% homology with several isolates of F. sporotrichioides from GenBank. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 20 4-month-old rooted cuttings under greenhouse conditions. Each plant was planted in a separate pot containing 0.7 liter of sterile soil. Inoculum for artificial infection was prepared with sterilized mixtures of wheat and barley seeds (10 g of each). Seeds were inoculated with a F. sporotrichioides spore suspension (106 conidia/ml) and incubated at 22°C for 10 days. Noninoculated seeds served as controls. Ten seeds were placed under the soil surface around the root of each plant. Plants were irrigated and placed in a greenhouse (22°C and a 12-h day/night photoperiod). Sixteen days after inoculation, 80% of inoculated plants were wilted. Symptoms on infected plants were similar to those observed in the field. The pathogen was reisolated and confirmed from the infected vascular tissue, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. A previous paper reported lavender as host of F. solani in China (4) and F. oxysporum in Saudi Arabia (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium wilt of lavender caused by F. sporotrichioides. References: (1) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. Page 256 in: The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Hoboken, NJ, 2006. (2) K. O'Donnell et al. Appl Biol. Sci. 95:2044, 1998. (3) K. Perveen and N. Bokhari. Plant Dis. 94:1163, 2010. (4) Y. Z. Ren et al. New Dis. Rep. 15:55, 2007.

Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) is an important warm-season perennial turf and forage grass that is typically grown in warm, tropical and subtropical climates. Smutted inflorescences of bermudagrass were observed and collected in Benton County, Washington, United States, in October of 2012 in an unmanaged, naturalized area located near the banks of the Columbia River and adjacent to large expanses of managed turf containing bermudagrass. The climate in this area is favorable to bermudagrass due to the relatively mild winters and hot, dry summers that usually occur in this region. The infected plants occurred in patches alongside healthy plants and several disease foci were observed along a 100-m transect of non-contiguous bermudagrass. The disease was severe wherever it occurred. Diseased inflorescences were covered with black-brown teliospores, distorted, and frequently failed to fully emerge and develop. Teliospores (n = 80) were irregularly globose to subglobose, 5.3 to 7.0 × 4.5 to 6.2 μm (mean 6.4 × 5.9 μm) and 6.2 to 8.8 × 5.3 to 7.0 μm (mean 7.0 × 6.5 μm), with a smooth wall approximately 1 μm thick, and were consistent with previous descriptions of Ustilago cynodontis teliospores (1,3). Teliospores germinated within 24 h when plated on 0.2% malt agar at 16°C and produced 4-celled basidia in a 3+1 arrangement, also consistent with U. cynodontis (3). Basidia gave rise to lateral and terminal, ovoid to long ellipsoidal basidiospores. Basidiospores budded or germinated by hyphae from which lateral or terminal aerial sporidia developed as previously described (3,4). DNA was extracted from sporidia of three single-spored isolates grown in malt extract broth. Complete nucleotide sequences of the 5.8S ribosomal RNA coding region and partial sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions 1 and 2 were obtained from the three isolates using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. The corresponding regions of the three aligned sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. KC920742 to KC920744) were identical and exhibited 99 to 100% identity with U. cynodontis strains previously deposited in GenBank (HM143013, AY740168, AF038825, and AY345000). Representative specimens were deposited in the WSU Mycological Herbarium as WSP 72345 to WSP 72348. This is the first report of U. cynodontis causing smut on bermudagrass in Washington State and represents the northernmost record of this fungus in North America (2). The occurrence of U. cynodontis in Washington State suggests that the pathogen may exist in other hot and dry areas of northwestern North America where bermudagrass is found associated with turf in recreational, landscape, or natural settings. References: (1) S. D. Brook. Trans. R. Soc. N. Z. 84:643, 1957. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Online. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases , April 18, 2013. (3) C. T. Ingold. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 83:251, 1984. (4) C. T. Ingold. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 89:471, 1987.

In March of 2008, a leaf scab disease was observed in a papaya (Carica papaya L.) orchard at Guoshing, 24.03°N, 120.51°E, in Nantou County, Taiwan. Infected papayas developed symptoms of numerous, pale green, water-soaked areas, 0.5 to 1.5 mm. Infected leaves gradually turned white to gray on the upper surface and small, circular swellings were observed on the abaxial surface. Lesions may coalesce to cover more than 50% of the leaf, rendering them to fall prematurely. Lesions on the lower surface of the leaves were covered with olive-gray patches of mycelia and abundant conidia. Pieces (~2 × 2 mm) of diseased leaf tissue from margins of individual lesions were surface disinfected in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 1 min, rinsed in sterile water, plated on water agar, and incubated at 25°C. After 4 days, mycelium was isolated and transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA). Five isolates (Cc-5 to Cc-9) were isolated and identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) de Vries based on the velvety, olive-brown with almost black reverse colony color and dimensions and color of conidia and conidiophores (1). Conidia formed in long branched chains that readily disarticulate, single celled, elliptical to limoniform, 2 to 9 (4.6) × 2 to 3 (2.2) μm. Conidia were pale-to-olive brown and smooth to verruculose. Ramoconidia were 0 to 1 septate, 6 to 14 (9.4) × 2 to 4 (2.7) μm, smooth or sometimes minutely verruculose. Conidiophores were pale-to-olive brown, macro- and micronemateus, smooth or sometimes verruculose, 68 to 244 (141.7) × 3.2 to 4 (3.9) μm. To confirm the identity of the fungus, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 4 regions and mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) rDNA were sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. EU935608 and FJ362555), which had 99% homology to the ITS and mtSSU rDNA of C. cladosporioides (GenBank Accession Nos. EU497957 and AY291273, respectively). Pathogenicity tests were conducted in the greenhouse at 25°C with natural daylight conditions. Fungal isolate Cc-6 was used; it was grown on PDA for 6 days and a spore suspension was made (106 spores/ml). Three papaya seedlings (cv. Horng-Fe) were sprayed with the spore suspension and covered with plastic bags. Control treatments were sprayed with sterile water. After 2 days, the bags were removed. Symptoms developed on all inoculated seedlings 4 days after inoculation. In all cases, the typical scab symptom, pale green, water-soaked areas on the lower leaf surface, were observed. C. cladosporioides was reisolated from inoculated leaves following the procedure used for the original isolation. Control seedlings developed no symptoms. The five isolates are being maintained at the DBST, NCYU, Taiwan. Previously, papaya scab reported in China was caused by C. cariciolum Corda (2), C. caricinum C. F. Zhang et P. K. Chi (3), and C. cladosporioides (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. cladosporioides causing papaya scab in Taiwan. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, England, 1971. (2) H.-H. Peng and Z.-Y. Zhang. J. Yunnan Agric. Univ. 12:23, 1997. (3) C.-F. Zhang. Ph.D. thesis. South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R.C., 1995. (4) Z. Y. Zhang et al. Flora Fungorum Sinicorum 14:1, 2003.

This paper presents some results of rainfall forecast in the monsoon onset period in South Vietnam, with the use of ensemble Kalman filter to assimilate observation data into the initial field of the model. The study of rainfall forecasts are experimented at the time of Southern monsoon outbreaks for 3 years (2005, 2008 and 2009), corresponding to 18 cases. In each case, there are five trials, including satellite wind data assimilation, upper-air sounding data assimilation, mixed data (satellite wind+upper-air sounding data) assimilation and two controlled trials (one single predictive test and one multi-physical ensemble prediction), which is equivalent to 85 forecasts for one trial. Based on the statistical evaluation of 36 samples (18 meteorological stations and 18 trials), the results show that Kalman filter assimilates satellite wind data to forecast well rainfall at 48 hours and 72 hours ranges. With 24 hour forecasting period, upper-air sounding data assimilation and mixed data assimilation experiments predicted better rainfall than non-assimilation tests. The results of the assessment based on the phase prediction indicators also show that the ensemble Kalman filter assimilating satellite wind data and mixed data sets improve the rain forecasting capability of the model at 48 hours and 72 hour ranges, while the upper-air sounding data assimilation test produces satisfactory results at the 72 hour forecast range, and the multi-physical ensemble test predicted good rainfall at 24 hour and 48 hour forecasts. The results of this research initially lead to a new research approach, Kalman Filter Application that assimilates the existing observation data into input data of the model that can improve the quality of rainfall forecast in Southern Vietnam and overall country in general.References Bui Minh Tuan, Nguyen Minh Truong, 2013. Determining the onset indexes for the summer monsoon over southern Vietnam using numerical model with reanalysis data. VNU Journal of Science, 29(1S), 187-195.Charney J.G., 1955. The use of the primitive equations of motion in numerical prediction, Tellus, 7, 22.Cong Thanh, Tran Tan Tien, Nguyen Tien Toan, 2015. Assessing prediction of rainfall over Quang Ngai area of Vietnam from 1 to 2 day terms. VNU Journal of Science, 31(3S), 231-237.Courtier P., Talagrand O., 1987. Variational assimilation of meteorological observations with the adjoint vorticity equations, Part II, Numerical results. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 1329.Daley R., 1991. Atmospheric data analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Elementi M., Marsigli C., Paccagnella T., 2005. High resolution forecast of heavy precipitation with Lokal Modell: analysis of two case studies in the Alpine area. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 5, 593-602.Fasullo J. and Webster P.J., 2003. A hydrological definition of India monsoon onset and withdrawal. J. Climate, 16, 3200-3211.Haltiner G.J., Williams R.T., 1982. Numerical prediction and dynamic meteorology, John Wiley and Sons, New York.Hamill T.M., Whitaker J.S., Snyder C., 2001. Distance-dependent filtering of background error covariance estimates in an ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2776.He J., Yu J., Shen X., and Gao H., 2004. Research on mechanism and variability of East Asia monsoon. J. Trop. Meteo, 20(5), 449-459.Hoang Duc Cuong, 2008. Experimental study on heavy rain forecast in Vietnam using MM5 model. A report on the Ministerial-level research projects on science and technology, 105p.Houtekamer P.L., Mitchell H.L., Pellerin G., Buehner M., Charron M., Spacek L., Hansen B., 2005. Atmospheric data assimilation with an ensemble Kalman filter: Results with real observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 604.Houtekamer P.L., Mitchell H.L., 2005. Ensemble Kalman filtering, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131C, 3269-3289.Hunt B.R., Kostelich E., Szunyogh I., 2007. Efficient data assimilation for spatiotemporal chaos: a local ensemble transform Kalman filter. Physica D., 230, 112-126.Kalnay E., 2003. Atmospheric modeling, data assimilation and predictability. Cambridge University Press, 181.Kalnay et al., 2008. A local ensemble transform Kalman filter data assimilation system for the NCEP global model. Tellus A, 60(1), 113-130.Kato T., Aranami K., 2009. Formation Factors of 2004 Niigata-Fukushima and Fukui Heavy Rainfalls and Problems in the Predictions using a Cloud-Resolving Model. SOLA. 10, doi:10.2151/sola.Kieu C.Q., 2010. Estimation of Model Error in the Kalman Filter by Perturbed Forcing. VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and Technology, 26(3S), 310-316.Kieu C.Q., 2011. Overview of the Ensemble Kalman Filter and Its Application to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and Technology, 27(1S), 17-28.Kieu C.Q., Truong N.M., Mai H.T., and Ngo Duc T., 2012. Sensitivity of the Track and Intensity Forecasts of Typhoon Megi (2010) to Satellite-Derived Atmosphere Motion Vectors with the Ensenble Kalman filter. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 29, 1794-1810.Kieu Thi Xin, 2005. Study on large-scale rainfall forecast by modern technology for flood prevention in Vietnam. State-level independent scientific and technological briefing report, 121-151.Kieu Thi Xin, Vu Thanh Hang, Le Duc, Nguyen Manh Linh, 2013. Climate simulation in Vietnam using regional climate nonhydrostatic NHRCM and hydrostatic RegCM models. Vietnam National University, Hanoi. Journal of Natural sciences and technology, 29(2S), 243-25.Krishnamurti T.N., Bounoa L., 1996. An introduction to numerical weather prediction techniques. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FA.Lau K.M., Yang S., 1997. Climatology and interannual variability of the Southeast Asian summer monsoon. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14,141-162.Li C., Qu X., 1999. Characteristics of Atmospheric Circulation Associated with Summer monsoon onset in the South China Sea. Onset and Evolution of the South China Sea Monsoon and Its Interaction with the Ocean. Ding Yihui, and Li Chongyin, Eds, Chinese Meteorological Press, Beijing, 200-209.Lin N., Smith J.A., Villarini G., Marchok T.P., Baeck M.L., 2010. Modeling Extreme Rainfall, Winds,and Surge from Hurricane Isabel, 25. Doi: 10.1175/2010WAF2222349.Lu J., Zhang Q., Tao S., and Ju J., 2006. The onset and advance of the Asian summer monsoon. Chinese Science Bulletin, 51(1), 80-88.Matsumoto J., 1997. Seasonal transition of summer rainy season over Indochina and adjacent monsoon region. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14, 231-245.Miyoshi T., and Kunii M., 2012. The Local Ensenble Transform Kalman Filter with the Weather Rearch and Forecasting Model: Experiments with Real Observation. Pure Appl. Geophysic, 169(3), 321-333. Miyoshi T., Yamane S., 2007. Local ensemble transform Kalman filtering with an AGCM at a T159/L48 resolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 3841-3861.Nguyen Khanh Van, Tong Phuc Tuan, Vuong Van Vu, Nguyen Manh Ha, 2013. The heavy rain differences based on topo-geographical analyse at Coastal Central Region, from Thanh Hoa to Khanh Hoa. J. Sciences of the Earth, 35, 301-309.Nguyen Minh Truong, Bui Minh Tuan, 2013. A case study on summer monsoon onset prediction for southern Vietnam in 2012 using the RAMS model. VNU Journal of Science, 29(1S), 179-186.Phillips N.A., 1960b. Numerical weather prediction. Adv. Computers, 1, 43-91, Kalnay 2004.Phillips N., 1960a. On the problem of the initial data for the primitive equations, Tellus, 12, 121126.Phuong Nguyen Duc, 2013. Experiment on combinatorial Kalman filtering method for WRF model to forecast heavy rain in central region in Vietnam. The Third International MAHASRI/HyARC Workshop on Asian Monsoon and Water Cycle, 28-30 August 2013, Da Nang, Viet Nam, 217-224.Richardson L.F., 1922. Weather prediction by numerical process. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Reprinted by Dover (1965, New York).Routray, Mohanty U.C., Niyogi D., Rizvi S.R., Osuri K.K., 2008. First application of 3DVAR-WRF data assimilation for mesoscale simulation of heavy rainfall events over Indian Monsoon region. Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1555.Schumacher, R. S., C. A. Davis, 2010. Ensemble-based Forecast Uncertainty Analysis of Diverse Heavy Rainfall Events, 25. Doi: 10.1175/2010WAF2222378.Snyder C., Zhang F., 2003. Assimilation of simulated Doppler radar observations with an Ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1663.Szunyogh I., Kostelich E.J., Gyarmati G., Kalnay E., Hunt B.R., Ott E., Satterfield E., Yorke J.A., 2008. A local ensemble transform Kalman filter data assimilation system for the NCEP global model. Tellus A., 60, 113-130.Tanaka M., 1992. Intraseasonal oscillation and the onset and retreat dates of the summer monsoon east, southeast Asia and the western Pacific region using GMS high cloud amount data. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 70, 613-628.Tan Tien Tran, Nguyen Thi Thanh, 2011. The MODIS satellite data assimilation in the WRF model to forecast rainfall in the central region. VNU Journal of Science, Natural Sciences and Technology, 27(3S), 90-95.Tao S., Chen L., 1987. A review of recent research on East summer monsoon in China, Monsoon Meteorology. C. P. Changand T. N. Krishramurti, Eds, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 60-92.Tippett M.K., Anderson J.L., Bishop C.H., Hamill T.M., Whitaker J.S., 2003. Ensemble square root filters. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1485.Thuy Kieu Thi, Giam Nguyen Minh, Dung Dang Van, 2013. Using WRF model to forecast heavy rainfall events on September 2012 in Dong Nai River Basin. The Third International MAHASRI/HyARC Workshop on Asian Monsoon and Water Cycle, 28-30 August 2013, Da Nang, Viet Nam, 185-200.Xavier, Chandrasekar, Singh R. and Simon B., 2006. The impact of assimilation of MODIS data for the prediction of a tropical low-pressure system over India using a mesoscale model. International Journal of Remote Sensing 27(20), 4655-4676. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160500207302. Wang B., 2003. Atmosphere-warm ocean interaction and its impacts on Asian-Australian monsoon variation. J. Climate, 16(8), 1195-1211.Wang B. and Wu R., 1997. Peculiar temporal structure of the South China Sea summer monsoon. J. Climate., 15, 386-396.Wang L., He J., and Guan Z., 2004. Characteristic of convective activities over Asian Australian ”landbridge” areas and its possible factors. Act a Meteorologic a Sinica, 18, 441-454.Wang, B., and Z. Fan, 1999. Choice of South Asian Summer Monsoon Indices. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Sci., 80, 629-638.Webster P.J., Magana V.O., Palmer T.N., Shukla J., Tomas R.A., Yanai M., Yasunari T., 1998. Monsoons: Processes, predictability, and teprospects for prediction, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14451-14510.Wilks Daniel S., 1997. Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences. Ithaca New York., 59, 255.Whitaker J.S., Hamill T.M., 2002. Ensemble data assimilation without perturbed observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1913.Wu G., Zhang Y., 1998. Tibetan plateau forcing and the timing of the monsoon onset over South Asia and the South China Sea. Mon.Wea.Rev., 126, 913-927.Zhang Z., Chan J.C.L., and Ding Y., 2004. Characteristics, evolution and mechanisms of the summer monsoon onset over Southeast Asia. J.Climatology, 24, 1461-1482.http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html and http://tropic.ssec.wisc.edu/archive/

Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) is now recognized as a widespread and often damaging parasite of wheat in China. Only Heterodera avenae has been reported in China (4). However, molecular analysis of four samples from Beijing and one from Shanxi Province indicated genetic differences from H. avenae and other named species (3). Here we report the detection of H. filipjevi at a site in Henan Province that was not included in any previous study or report. The infested crop was rainfed winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Wenmai 19 in a field near Banpopu Village in Xuchang County (34.0447°N, 113.7415°E) with a long-established maize-wheat semiannual crop rotation. During the winter growing season, the crop was patchy with uneven growth and cyst nematode females were observed on the roots. In June 2009, soil was collected and mature cysts were extracted for morphological and molecular identification. Cysts were also kept at 4°C for 2 months and then incubated in shallow water at 15°C for a month to obtain second-stage juveniles (J2). Measurements (range; mean ± sd) of 10 cysts were body length including neck (569 to 786 μm; 699 ± 56), body width (403 to 600 μm; 523 ± 55), length:width ratio (1.3 to 1.5; 1.3 ± 0.1), neck length (61 to 125 μm; 106 ± 19) and width (49 to 83 μm; 69 ± 13), fenestra length (52 to 59 μm; 57 ± 2.9) and width (24.5 to 34.4; 27.9 ± 3.5), underbridge (64 to 101 μm; 85 ± 10), and vulval slit (7.4 to 10.0 μm; 9.6 ± 1.0). Lemon-shaped cysts were brown with a surface zigzag pattern. The vulval cone was bifenestrate with horseshoe-shaped semifenestra, with heavy underbridge and many bullae. The J2 (n = 22) measurements were body length (496 to 590 μm; 552 ± 24), body width (20.0 to 23.8; 21.5 ± 0.9), stylet (22.8 to 25.3; 24.0 ± 1.0) with anchor-shaped basal knobs, tail (47 to 64; 61.6 ± 4.4), and hyaline tail terminus (32 to 43; 40.2 ± 3.0). The J2 had up to four lateral lines, but the inner two were often the only lines clearly visible, and the shape of the stylet knobs, tail, and tail terminus were consistent with H. filipjevi. All morphological data and characters were consistent with H. filipjevi (1). Specimens have been lodged with the Australian National Insect Collection. DNA from single cysts was extracted to amplify the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA by PCR with forward primer TW81 (5′-GTTTCCGTAGGTGAACCTGC-3′) and reverse primer AB28 (5′-ATATGCTTAAGTTCAGCGGGT-3′) (2). The PCR product was sequenced (Genbank Accession No. HM027892) and digested by restriction enzymes (AluI, CfoI, HaeI, HinfI, PstI, RsaI, TaqI, and Tru9I) to obtain restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles (2). Profiles for the Xuchang population consistently matched those published for H. filipjevi and were distinct from those of H. avenae and other species (3). Phylogenic analysis of the sequence further indicated conspecificity with H. filipjevi. These morphological and molecular data confirmed that the specimens from Xuchang were H. filipjevi, which represents the first detection of H. filipjevi in China, and extends the known distribution of the species from Europe, North America, South Asia, and West Asia to East Asia. This finding adds complexity to the management of CCN in China, especially for control by host resistance, which now must consider both species and pathotype diversity. References: (1) Z. A. Handoo. J. Nematol. 34:250, 2002. (2) S. A. Subbotin et al. Nematology 2:153, 2000. (3) S. A. Subbotin et al. Nematology 5:515, 2003. (4) H. X. Yuan et al. Australas. Plant Pathol. 39:107, 2010.

Pale (Vincetoxicum rossicum) and black swallow-wort (V. nigrum) are perennial, twining vines that are increasingly invasive in natural and managed ecosystems in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Both species, introduced from Europe in the 1800s, are listed as noxious weeds or banned invasive species by the USDA-Natural Resource Conservation Service. Observations by C. Southby, a local naturalist, over several years at a meadow populated by pale swallow-wort in Powder Mill Park, Monroe County, NY, revealed a gradual disappearance of pale swallow-wort with restoration of native grasses and some dicotyledonous plant species, in a 6.7-m-diameter area. Diseased swallow-wort plants had extensive yellowing and wilting of foliage, likely due to splitting of the basal stem, with white mycelium throughout the stem and crown; small, reddish brown sclerotia were evident, but roots were not affected. Stem tissue sections from 20 symptomatic plants were vacuum infiltrated with 2% NaOCl for 20 min, then plated onto malt yeast agar and potato dextrose agar amended with 60 mg/liter of penicillin and 80 mg/liter of streptomycin, resulting in development of fast-growing, white mycelium which then formed numerous, irregularly shaped (2 to 4 mm diameter), reddish brown sclerotia at the plate edges. Two individual cultures were identified as S. rolfsii (1) based on size, shape, and color of the sclerotia and presence of characteristic clamp connections in the mycelium. The isolate was suspected to be S. rolfsii var. delphinii due to the reported inability of S. rolfsii to persist in regions with extremely low winter temperatures (4), but molecular data showed otherwise. Sequences of the 18S gene (GenBank JN543690), internal transcribed spacer region (JN543691), and 28S gene (JN543692) of the ribosomal DNA identified the isolate, VrNY, as S. rolfsii (2,3). Pathogenicity tests were conducted with individual 2-month-old seedlings of V. rossicum and V. nigrum grown in steam-sterilized Metromix 360 in SC10 polypropylene conetainers in a growth chamber with a diurnal cycle of 25/20°C, a photoperiod of 14-h light/10-h dark, and fertilized at 3 week intervals. Two independent replications of 12 plants of each species were each inoculated at the stem base with a 4-mm-diameter mycelial agar plug from the growing edge of a colonized plate. The agar plug was held in place with 5 g of sterile sand. Control plants (12 of each species per replication) were treated with sterile agar plugs. Plants for each treatment were placed within a clear plastic bag to maintain 90% relative humidity for 72 h, and then removed from the bags. Disease symptoms developed over 21 days, with >90% of inoculated plants showing symptoms within 2 weeks. Control plants were symptomless. Incidence of mortality was 66 and 60% for V. rossicum and V. nigrum, respectively, by 3 weeks. The fungus reisolated from diseased stem and crown tissue produced characteristic mycelium with irregular sclerotia, consistent with those of S. rolfsii. Since spread of this fungus is based on movement of soilborne sclerotia, this isolate may offer potential as a bio-herbicide for control of swallow-wort in natural ecosystems if the isolate can be demonstrated to have a host range restricted to this invasive weed. References: (1) B. A. Edmunds and M. L. Gleason. Plant Dis. 87:313, 2003. (2) C. E. Harlton et al. Phytopathology 85:1269, 1995. (3) I. Okabe and N. Matsumoto. Mycol. Res. 107:164, 2003. (4) Z. Xu et al. Plant Dis. 92:719, 2008.

Sticky monkey flower plant, Mimulus aurantiacus (Phrymaceae), is a small, perennial shrub that is widely distributed throughout California, especially in coastal and disturbed habitats. It is also found in native plantings in parks and landscapes. In October 2012, nearly all the M. aurantiacus plants grown in a Monterey County, CA nursery for a restoration project were stunted and had dull, yellowish leaves. Roots and stem collars had necrotic, sunken lesions with few feeder roots. Thirty percent of the plants had died. Samples of diseased plants were sent to the CDFA-PPDC Lab and tested positive for Phytophthora sp. using the Agdia ELISA Phytophthora kit (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). A Phytophthora sp. was consistently isolated from the tissue on corn meal agar-PARP (CMA-PARP) (2). Sporangia were spherical to ovoid, papillate to bipapillate and 17 to 42.5 (avg. 27.5) × 12 to 35 (avg. 22.9) μm, with a length/breadth ratio of 1.2:1. Chlamydospores, which were spherical, terminal to intercalary, thin walled and 27.5 to 40 μm, and hyphal swellings formed on CMA-PARP. Spherical oospores, 25 to 36 μm, with primarily paragynous antheridia formed readily on V8 juice agar. rDNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the isolates (GenBank KF667505), amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4, were 100% identical to Phytophthora tentaculata (CBS 552.96, GenBank AF266775) by a BLAST query (1,3). To assess pathogenicity, exposed root crowns of three 3.78-liter potted M. aurantiacus plants were inoculated with 20 ml of zoospore suspension (2 × 104 ml−1). Plants were maintained in a 23°C growth chamber with a 12-h photoperiod and watered daily. Sterile water was applied to the exposed crowns of three control plants. At 2 weeks, all inoculated plants were wilted with chlorotic foliage. After 3 weeks, the cortical tissue of the crowns and roots was discolored and sloughing and P. tentaculata was recovered on CMA-PARP. P. tentaculata did not grow from the asymptomatic control plants. Inoculations were repeated with similar results. P. tentaculata is a homothallic species in Phytophthora clade 1 that causes crown, root, and stalk rot of nursery plants in Europe and China (1,4). A USDA PERAL analysis lists it as one of the top 5 Phytophthora species of concern to the United States (4). Genera infected with P. tentaculata include Apium, Aucklandia, Chicorium, Chrysanthemum, Delphinium, Gerbera, Lavandula, Santolina, Origanum, and Verbena (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. tentaculata in North America. The source of inoculum of P. tentaculata in California remains unknown. The nursery used seed and cuttings of M. aurantiacus from nearby native areas for propagation, and P. tentaculata was not found in neighboring plant hosts or by baiting soil and water at the nursery. All infected M. aurantiacus material was destroyed. The presence of P. tentaculata in California nurseries could have serious economic impacts on the nursery industry and environmental impacts on susceptible native hosts, if spread into the wildlands. References: (1) D. E. L. Cooke et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 30:17, 2000. (2) S. N. Jeffers and S. B. Martin. Plant Dis. 70:1038, 1986. (3) H. Krober and R. Z. Marwitz. Pflanzenkrankh. Pflanzenschutz 100:250, 1993. (4) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS). Phytophthora species in the Environment and Nursery Settings New Pest Response Guidelines, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Emergency and Domestic Programs-Emergency Management, Riverdale, MD, 2010.

Verticillium dahliae (Kleb.) is known worldwide as a destructive soilborne pathogen with a wide host range (2). Reports of V. dahliae attacking cucurbits are generally limited to ‘Casaba’ and ‘Persian’ type melons. During August and September of 2004 to 2006, fields of seedless watermelon (Citrullus lanatus [Thunb.] Matsum. & Nak.) and pollinators in Yoakum County, Texas, exhibited severe symptoms of vine decline. There was no apparent difference between diploid and triploid watermelon cultivars. Night-time temperatures during July, August, and September averaged 20°C or less. Losses were estimated in excess of one-half million dollars. Symptoms consisted of leaf yellowing, wilting, and gradual death of the leaves, but stems generally remained green. The xylem exhibited a uniform tan-to-light brown discoloration that often extended throughout the vine. Dead plants had numerous microsclerotia embedded throughout the root and crown. Crown and root sections (1 cm long) from triploid plants were surface disinfected in 0.5% NaOCl for 30 s, transferred to water agar with 100 ppm of streptomycin sulfate, and incubated at 25°C. Slow-growing colonies were transferred to potato dextrose agar after approximately 72 h. V. dahliae was identified on the basis of morphology (3). Pathogenicity of four selected isolates was determined on the watermelon cultivars used to identify races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon). Flasks containing 100 ml of medium (1) were inoculated with a 1-ml spore suspension at 1 × 105 spores/ml for each isolate and placed on an orbital shaker for 6 days at 100 rpm with continuous near-UV/fluorescent lighting at 25°C. Roots of approximately 40 plants of each of five watermelon cultivars (1 to 2 true-leaf stage) were trimmed to 2 cm long and root dipped for 2 min in the spore suspension (1 × 106/ml) of each isolate. Each cultivar/isolate combination and controls were transplanted into 10 pots (1.5 liter) with four plants per pot. The pots were transferred to the greenhouse where soil temperatures ranged between 15 and 25°C and were fertilized (Jack's fertilizer solution) every 7 days. Plants were rated at the end of 28 days as 1 = healthy, 2 = stunting (≤50% of controls), 3 = wilting, and 4 = dead. Initial wilting was observed within 7 to 10 days postinoculation. All four isolates caused varying degrees of vascular discoloration, stunting, wilting, and plant death. The pathogen was reisolated from symptomatic plants but not the controls. Mean disease ratings for the most virulent Texas isolate (28-040215) on ‘Black Diamond’, ‘Charleston Gray’, ‘Dixie Lee’, ‘Calhoun Gray’, and ‘PI 296341 FR’ were 2.7, 3.0, 3.0, 2.9, and 2.9, respectively. All watermelon Fon differentials were equally susceptible to V. dahliae in these studies. Historically, Verticillium wilt has been a problem in this area, which has been in cotton production for approximately 100 years. In the past decade, watermelon production has increased substantially to approximately 3,600 ha in the Texas High Plains. To our knowledge, this is the first known report of Verticillium wilt on watermelon in Texas. References: (1) R. G. Esposito and A. M. Fletcher. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 93:369, 1961. (2) G. F. Pegg and B. L. Brady. Verticillium Wilts. CABI Publishing, New York, 2002. (3) H. C. Smith. N. Z. J. Agr. Res. 8:450, 1965.

ABSTRACT Windmountainite, ideally □Fe3+2Mg2□2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4·4H2O, is a new mineral species and member of the palygorskite group discovered as orange-brown, radiating aggregates that commonly fill vesicles (average 1.5 × 2.5 mm) within a phonolite dike at Wind Mountain, Otero County, New Mexico, USA. The mineral develops as tightly bound bundles (up to 0.02 × 6 mm) of acicular to bladed crystals that are elongate on [001] and flattened on the pinacoid {010}. Associated minerals include albite, aegirine, fluorapophyllite-(K), natrolite, neotocite, and montmorillonite, the last of these being observed to replace primary windmountainite. It has a dull luster, silky in aggregates, is translucent and has an orange-brown streak. It does not fluoresce under short-, medium-, or long-wave ultraviolet radiation. Windmountainite is brittle with a splintery fracture and has two good cleavages (predicted) on {110}, an estimated hardness of 2, a calculated density of 2.51 g/cm3, and a calculated navg of 1.593. A total of n = 30 EMPA (WDS) analyses from six grains yielded an average of (wt.%): Na2O 0.08, MgO 3.47, Al2O3 1.15, SiO2 49.76, Cl 0.07, K2O 0.40, CaO 0.68, TiO2 0.30, MnO 5.64, Fe2O3 20.17, H2O (calc.) 16.59, O=Cl –0.02, total 98.29. The empirical formula [based on Σ(T1, T2, M2, M3) = 12 cations pfu, excluding Ca, K, and Na] is: (□0.78Ca0.12K0.08Na0.02)Σ1.00(Fe3+1.93Al0.04Ti0.02)Σ1.99 (Mg0.81Mn2+0.75Fe3+0.44)Σ2.00□2(Si7.81Al0.17Ti0.01Fe3+0.01)Σ8.00O20[(OH)1.98Cl0.02]Σ2.00[(H2O)3.38(OH)0.62]Σ4.00·4H2O, yielding the simplified formula, □Fe3+2Mg2□2Si8O20(OH)2(H2O)4·4H2O. The predominance of Fe3+ is based on color, results from the crystal-structure refinement, the crystal-chemistry of palygorskite-group minerals, the association with Fe3+-dominant minerals, and considerations regarding the late-stage geochemical evolution of agpaitic rocks. The presence of H2O and OH was determined based on results from the refined crystal structure and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Windmountainite crystallizes in the space group C2/m with a 13.759(3), b 17.911(4), c 5.274(1) Å, β 106.44(3)°, V 1246.6(1) Å3, and Z = 2. The seven strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [d in Å (I), (hkl)]: 10.592 (100) (110), 5.453 (16) (130), 4.484 (19) (040), 4.173 (28) , 3.319 (53) (221, 400), 2.652 (30) , 2.530 (27) . The crystal structure was determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and refined to R = 4.01% and wR2 = 10.70% using data from 902 reflections (Fo &gt; 4σFo). It is based on sheets of inverted double chains of SiO4 tetrahedra that sandwich ribbons of Mφ6 octahedra (φ = O, OH, H2O, Cl), giving rise to large channels (∼6.5 × 9 Å) that are occupied by loosely held H2O groups. A modified classification of the palygorskite group [general crystal-chemical formula M1M22M32M42T14T24O20(OH)2(H2O,OH)4·W] is proposed based on the occupants of the four M sites. Within this scheme, windmountainite is the □-Fe3+-Mg-□ member. The palygorskite group includes six members: palygorskite (monoclinic and orthorhombic polytypes), yofortierite, tuperssuatsiaite, raite, windhoekite, and windmountainite. Windmountainite is considered to have formed from late-stage fluids that were alkaline, oxidized, and rich in both Fe3+ and H2O; high aH2O conditions are reflective of abundant, hydrated feldspathoids (natrolite and analcime) forming as primary rock-forming minerals in the phonolite at Wind Mountain.

A tomato field in Qianjiang County, Hubei Province, China, was surveyed for gray mold in April 2013. Diseased leaves with V-shaped lesions along the margin and masses of grayish hyphae and conidia on the surface were collected from different plants. Eight Botrytis isolates were obtained from eight symptomatic leaves by plating the conidia from each leaf onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). A representative isolate (No. 116) was compared to two reference isolates, B. cinerea B05.10 (from Z. H. Ma, Zhejiang University, China) and B. pseudocinerea 10091 (from A. S. Walker, INRA, France) for morpho-cultural and molecular features. On PDA at 20°C, isolate 116 grew 13.8 mm/day (n = 9), which was similar to those of isolates 10091 (13.7 mm/day), and B05.10 (14.6 mm/day). The isolates all formed black sclerotia of similar shape and size (2 to 13 × 1 to 7 mm). To induce conidia production, the isolates each were inoculated onto tomato fruit (cv. Hezuo 903, Jiangsu Seed Co., China) using colonized agar plugs (each 6 mm in diameter), with four plugs per fruit and four fruits tested per isolate. After incubation of the fruit for 10 days (20°C), abundant conidia were produced on the fruit surface. The conidial size of isolate 116 (6.8 to 14.3 × 6.1 to 10.2 μm) was similar to that of isolates 10091 (7.7 to 12.2 × 7.0 to 9.8 μm) and B05.10 (7.0 to 14 × 6.6 to 10.5 μm). The three isolates were indistinguishable morphologically. The sequences of each of four nuclear genes (Bc-hch, G3PDH, HSP60, and MS547) and the microsatellite Bc6 locus (1,4) were determined and analyzed for each isolate. DNA was extracted from mycelium of each isolate and used as a template to amplify each gene by PCR using specific primers (1,2,4). Bc-hch-RFLP genotyping of the 1,171-bp amplicon (2,4) showed that isolates 116 and 10091 had a 601-bp DNA product, whereas B05.10 had a 517-bp product. The G3PDH, HSP60, and MS547 sequences of isolate 116 (GenBank Accession Nos. KJ534270, KJ534271, and KJ534273, respectively) and those of B. aclada, B. calthae, B. cinerea, B. pseudocinerea, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (3) were used for phylogenetic analysis. Isolate 116 and eight B. pseudocinerea isolates formed a subclade with 100% bootstrap support. Furthermore, two DNA markers, 86 bp for isolates 116 and 10091 vs. 170 bp for B05.10 were identified at the Bc6 locus. These results suggest that isolate 116 belongs to B. pseudocinerea (1,4). Pathogenicity of each isolate was tested by inoculation of each of five newly expanded tomato leaves on a 50-day-old plant (cv. Hezuo 903, Jiangsu Seed Co) with a 20-μl droplet of a conidial suspension (1 × 105 conidia/ml), using a pipette. Five noninoculated control leaves were treated similarly with water. The plants were all maintained at 20°C and 100% RH for 72 h, and lesion diameter was then measured. While control leaves remained asymptomatic, leaves inoculated with isolates 116, 10091, and B05.10 developed necrotic lesions averaging 19 to 20 mm in diameter. A fungus re-isolated from the lesions on isolate-116–inoculated leaves formed colonies with morphology identical to that of the original isolate 116. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. pseudocinerea on tomato in China. The remaining seven isolates were identified as B. cinerea based on Bc-hch-RFLP genotyping (data not shown), suggesting that B. pseudocinerea may infect tomato plants at a low frequency in this region of China. References: (1) E. Fournier et al. Mol. Ecol. Notes 2:253, 2002. (2) E. Fournier et al. Mycologia 95:251, 2003. (3) P. R. Johnston et al. Plant Pathol. 63:888, 2014. (4) A. S. Walker et al. Phytopathology 101:1433, 2011.

Pediatric Orthopaedics Group for Research and Study – 2012 has initiated this retrospective analysis because in Romania, but also in other countries, the therapy procedures, although in great number, do not provide practicing physicians with a clear orientation according to certain therapeutic criteria in the treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus. As a consequence, the number of complications and their severity have drawn attention over existing lack of knowledge in the medical or surgical act. To correct complications, valgus and varus elbow, Prof. Al. Pesamosca announced an original operation entitled „Personal method in correction of varus post-traumatic elbow“ in Bacau County Meeting of 24 June 1978. This operation was later popularized by Gh. Burnei & al. with surgical interventions in patients with varus or valgus post-traumatic elbow and then presented at several congresses in the country and abroad. The last work that addressed this subject was presented at the 29th Annual Congress of the European Pediatric Orthopedic Society (EPOS) from 7 to 10 April 2010, Zagreb, Croatia, and is entitled „Distal humeral Z-osteotomy for posttraumatic cubitus varus or valgus“ having authored by Gh. Burnei, Ileana Georgescu, Stefan Gavriliu, Costel Vlad and Daniela Dan. As members of this group, based on studies we made, we want to popularize a new type of osteosynthesis, which ensures a snug fit, avoids complications, and allows rapid recovery after surgery. The best approach to this kind of fractures is orthopedic and must be carried out urgently, in the first 6 hours by reduction and immobilization in a cast, or by closed or open reduction with fixation using multiple methods (Judet, Boehler, Kapandji, San Antonio, San Diego, double-X Burnei). Open treatment is necessary in supracondylar irreducible, reducible and unstable fractures, in supracondylar fractures occurring within multiple accidental trauma, in fractures with vascular complications, in unreasonably delayed, fractures, in orthopaedically managed fractures which have displaced under cast, or in surgically treated fractures where fixation is damaged. We use Burnei technique for about 10 years. Here in Romania, great work has been done in this field by Al. Pesamosca, D. Vereanu, Ionel Ionescu, N. Negus, Pompiliu Parota, T. Zamfir, Gh. Burnei, I. Hutanu, etc. Abroad, important papers on the treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus have been published by L. Böhler, A. Kapandji, K. Wilkins, D. Skaggs, E. Edomnds, E. Swanson, etc. Between October 2001 and October 2011 in „Alexandru Pesamosca“ Surgery Clinic, 56 cases have been resolved with the help of Burnei’s „double-x“ osteosynthesis. These patients were operated using Kocher type unique approach, the intervention beeing primarily aimed at providing osteosynthesis that is not followed by immobilization in a cast and also enabling mobilization 24 hours after surgery. Wires placed in „double-X“ should not sit olecranon fossa. Immobilization must be anatomical and olecranon fossa must be free. After surgical intervention, check elbow flexion and extension which should be normal, without providing crackles or limitations. This intervention was done in patients: having secondary displacement in plaster after 10 days of immobilization; with other types of damaged osteosynthesis; with polytrauma with supracondylar fracture; who neglected or unjustifiedly delayed fractures that were not orthopaedically reduced in emergency and had swelling and blistering. Using Burnei’s „double-X“ osteosynthesis in supracondylar humerus fractures, does not require cast immobilization. In oblique trajectory fractures, the stability of the fracture by reduction, with or without wiring, is ensured more difficultly and often followed by joint stiffness and/or ulnar nerve paresis. Burnei’s „double-X“ osteosynthesis provides stability to such fractures and avoids complications. Mobilization of the elbow may begin immediately after surgery. The process provides comfort to the patient and doctor and if multiple injuries require repeated exams, preferred positions or care of extensive lesions of the skin.

The present article involves a qualitative study of the framing of dementia in ‘Alzheimer’s and Dementia’, the Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, published in 2016. The aim of this study is to elucidate how dementia is framed qualitatively in the corpus consisting of scientific articles involving dementia published in ‘Alzheimer’s and Dementia’. The results of the qualitative analysis indicate that dementia is represented in ‘Alzheimer’s and Dementia’ in 2016 as the frames associated with gender, age, costs, caregiver and care-recipients, disability and death, health policy, spatial orientation, medical condition, and ethnic groups. These findings are further discussed in the article. References Andrews, J. (2011). We need to talk about dementia. Journal of Research in Nursing, 16(5),397–399. Aronowitz, R. (2008). Framing Disease: An Underappreciated Mechanism for the SocialPatterning Health. Social Science & Medicine, 67, 1–9. Bayles, K. A. (1982). Language function in senile dementia. Brain and language, 16(2),265–280. Bednarek, M. A. (2005). Construing the world: conceptual metaphors and event construals innews stories. Metaphorik.de, 9, 1–27. Brookmeyer, R., Kawas, C. H., Abdallah, N., Paganini-Hill, A., Kim, R. C., & M.M. Corrada(2016). Impact of interventions to reduce Alzheimer’s disease pathology on the prevalence ofdementia in the oldest-old. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 12(3), 225–232. Burgers, C., Konijn, E., & G. Steen. (2016). Figurative Framing: Shaping Public DiscourseThrough Metaphor, Hyperbole, and Irony. Communication Theory, 26(4)410–430. Carolan, J. (2016). Using a Framing Analysis to Elucidate Learning from a Pedagogy ofStudent-Constructed Representations in Science. In Using Multimodal Representations toSupport Learning in the Science Classroom. Switzerland: Springer. Chen, J. C., Espeland, M. A., Brunner, R. L., Lovato, L. C., Wallace, R. B., Leng, X., Phillips,L.S., Robinson, J.G., Kotchen, J.M., Johnson, K.C., Manson, J. E., Stefanick, M.L., Sato, G.E.,& W.J. Mysiw (2016). Sleep duration, cognitive decline, and dementia risk in older women.Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 12(1), 21–33. Cornejo, R., Brewer, R., Edasis, C., & A.M. Piper (2016). Vulnerability, Sharing, and Privacy:Analyzing Art Therapy for Older Adults with Dementia. In Proceedings of the 19th ACMConference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 1572–1583).ACM. Davis, D. H. (2004). Dementia: sociological and philosophical constructions. Social Science &Medicine, 58(2), 369–378. Delva, F., Touraine, C., Joly, P., Edjolo, A., Amieva, H., Berr, C., Helmer, C., Rouaud, O.,Peres, K., & J. F. Dartigues (2016). ADL disability and death in dementia in a Frenchpopulation-based cohort: New insights with an illness-death model. Alzheimer’s & Dementia,12 (8), 909–916. Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal ofCommunication, 43(4), 51–58. Entman, R. M. (2004). Projections of power: Framing news, public opinion, and US foreignpolicy. University of Chicago Press. Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal ofcommunication, 57(1), 163–173. Gao, S., Ogunniyi, A., Hall, K. S., Baiyewu, O., Unverzagt, F. W., Lane, K. A., Murrell, J. R.,Gureje, O., Hake, A. M., & H. C. Hendrie (2016). Dementia incidence declined in AfricanAmericans but not in Yoruba. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 12(3), 244–251. Gauthier, S., Albert, M., Fox, N., Goedert, M., Kivipelto, M., Mestre-Ferrandiz, J., &L. T. Middleton (2016). Why has therapy development for dementia failed in the last twodecades?. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 12(1), 60–64. Gilmour, J. A., & Brannelly, T. (2010). Representations of people with dementia–subaltern,person, citizen. Nursing inquiry, 17(3), 240–247. Green, C. & Zhang, S. (2016). Predicting the progression of Alzheimer’s disease dementia:A multimodal health policy model. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 12, 776–785. Giudice, D. L., Smith, K., Fenner, S., Hyde, Z., Atkinson, D., Skeaf, L., Malay, R., &L. Flicker (2016). Incidence and predictors of cognitive impairment and dementia in AboriginalAustralians: A follow-up study of 5 years. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 12(3), 252–261. Górska, S., Forsyth, K., & Maciver, D. (2017). Living With Dementia: A Meta-synthesis ofQualitative Research on the Lived Experience. The Gerontologist, 0, 1–17. Innes, A. (2002). The social and political context of formal dementia care provision. Ageingand Society, 22(04), 483–499. Jensen-Dahm, C., Gasse, C., Astrup, A., Mortensen, P. B., & G. Waldemar (2015). Frequentuse of opioids in patients with dementia and nursing home residents: A study of the entireelderly population of Denmark. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 11(6), 691–699. Joris, W., d’Haenens, L., & B. Van Gorp. (2014). The euro crisis in metaphors and frames.Focus on the press in the Low Countries. European Journal of Communication, 29(5),608–617. Kapranov, O. (2016). The Framing of Serbia’s EU Accession by the British Foreign Office onTwitter. Tekst i Dyskurs. Text und Diskurs, 9, 67–80. Kaufman, S. R. (1994). Old age, disease, and the discourse on risk: Geriatric assessment in UShealth care. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 8(4), 430–447. Kunutsor, S., & Laukkanen, J. (2016). Gamma glutamyltranserase and risk of future dementiain middle-aged to older Finnish men: A new prospective cohort study. Alzheimer’s &Dementia, 12, 931–941. Lawless, M., & Augoustinos, M. (2017). Brain health advice in the news: managing notions ofindividual responsibility in media discourse on cognitive decline and dementia. QualitativeResearch in Psychology, 14(1), 62–80. Llorens, F., Schmitz, M., Karch, A., Cramm, M., Lange, P., Gherib, K., Varges, D., Schmidt,C., Zerr, I., & K. Stoeck (2016). Comparative analysis of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in thedifferential diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementia. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 12(5),577–589. Mayeda, E. R., Glymour, M. M., Quesenberry, C. P., & R.A. Whitmer (2016). Inequalities indementia incidence between six racial and ethnic groups over 14 years. Alzheimer’s &Dementia, 12(3), 216–224. Paradis, C. (2010). Good, better and superb antonyms: a conceptual construal approach. Theannual texts by foreign guest professors, 3, 385–402. Parker, J. (2001). Interrogating person-centred dementia care in social work and social carepractice. Journal of Social Work, 1(3), 329–345. Peel, E. (2014). ‘The living death of Alzheimer’s’ versus ‘Take a walk to keep dementia atbay’: representations of dementia in print media and carer discourse. Sociology of health &illness, 36(6), 885–901. Ramirez, J., McNeely, A. A., Scott, C. J., Masellis, M., & S. E. Black (2016). White matterhyperintensity burden in elderly cohort studies: The Sunnybrook Dementia Study, Alzheimer’sThe Framing of Dementia in Scientific Articles Published in Alzheimer’ Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, and Three-City Study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 12(2),203–210. Rattinger, G., Fauth, E., Behrens, S., Sanders, C., Schwartz, S., Norton, M. C., Corcoran, C.,Mullins, C. D., Lyketsos, C., & J. T. Tschanz (2016). Closer caregiver and care-recipientrelationships predict lower informal costs of dementia care: The Cache County DementiaProgression Study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 12, 917–924. Shash, D., Kurth, T., Bertrand, M., Dufouil, C., Barberger-Gateau, P., Berr, C., Ritchie, K.,Dartigues, J.-F., Begaud, B., Alperovitch, A., & C. Tzourio (2016). Benzodiazepine,psychotropic medication, and dementia: A population-based cohort study. Alzheimer’s &Dementia, 12(5), 604–613. Swacha, K. Y. (2017). Older Adults as Rhetorical Agents: A Rhetorical Critique of Metaphorsfor Aging in Public Health Discourse. Rhetoric Review, 36(1), 60–72. Teipel, S., Babiloni, C., Hoey, J., Kaye, J., Kirste, T., & O.K. Burmeister (2016). Informationand communication technology solutions for outdoor navigation in dementia. Alzheimer’s &Dementia, 12(6), 695–707. Touri, M. & Koteyko, N. (2015). Using corpus linguistic software in the extraction of newsframes: towards a dynamic process of frame analysis in journalistic texts. InternationalJournal of Social Research Methodology, 18(6), 601–616. Van Gorp, B., & Vercruysse, T. (2012). Frames and counter-frames giving meaning todementia: A framing analysis of media content. Social Science & Medicine, 74(8), 1274–1281. Verlinden, V. J., van der Geest, J. N., de Bruijn, R. F., Hofman, A., Koudstaal, P. J., &M. A. Ikram (2016). Trajectories of decline in cognition and daily functioning in preclinicaldementia. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 12(2), 144–153. Wray, A. (2017). The language of dementia science and the science of dementia language:Linguistic interpretations of an interdisciplinary research field. Journal of Language andSocial Psychology, 36(1), 80–95. Wu, Y. T., Fratiglioni, L., Matthews, F. E., Lobo, A., Breteler, M. M., Skoog, I., & C. Brayne(2016). Dementia in western Europe: epidemiological evidence and implications for policymaking. The Lancet Neurology, 15(1), 116–124. Yuan, J., Zhang, Z., Wen, H., Hong, X., Hong, Z., Qu, Q., Li, H., & J.L. Cummings (2016).Incidence of dementia and subtypes: A cohort study in four regions in China. Alzheimer’s &Dementia, 12(3), 262–271. Zwijsen, S. A., van der Ploeg, E., & C.M. Hertogh (2016). Understanding the world ofdementia. How do people with dementia experience the world?. Internationalpsychogeriatrics/IPA, 1–11.

The COVID-19 pandemics have caused a lot of stressors for parents. Apart from doing daily activities, parents also have to take care of their children and accompany them to study. The number of stressors can lead to toxic behavior in parenting. This study aims to measure the level of toxicity in parenting behavior and coping strategies adopted by parents. This study uses quantitative descriptive methods to measure toxic levels in parenting behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 568 parents from Banjarmasin and Yogyakarta participated in this study. The survey results show that several factors can trigger parenting stress during the COVID-19 pandemic, namely worsening economic conditions, delinquent children, excessive anxiety, accumulated daily hassles, growing family demands, and disputes with spouses. However, some of these stressors do not lead to toxic parenting. The results showed that 97.79% of respondents from Banjarmasin and 95.29% from Yogyakarta showed a low toxic level. The remaining 2.21% of respondents in Banjarmasin and 4.71% of respondents in Yogyakarta indicated a moderate toxic level. Coping strategies are crucial for neutralizing stress. There are several strategies applied, namely trying to consider a problem is God's test, and there is a positive side to every problem; trying to address the source of stress and solving it; Withdrawing and finding individual time; looking for social support from the family and others; crying and releasing it by doing favorite things and capitulate and get back the problem. This Research is expected to be a reference for parents in choosing coping strategies to manage the stress they feel in parenting during the pandemic. Keywords: Toxic parenting; stress trigger, coping strategy; COVID-19 References Abidin, R. R. (1990). Parenting Stress Index (PSI) manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Anthony, L. G., Anthony, B. J., Glanville, D. N., Naiman, D. Q., Waanders, C., & Shaffer, S. (2005). The Relationships Between Parenting Stress, Parenting Behaviour and Preschoolers’ Social Competence and Behaviour Problems in the Classroom. Infant and Child Development, 14(2), 133–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd Arikunto, S. (2010). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Asdi Mahasatya. Badanes, L. S., Dmitrieva, J., & Watamura, S. E. (2012). Understanding cortisol reactivity across the day at child care: The potential buffering role of secure attachments to caregivers. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 27(1), 156–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.05.005 Belsky, J. (2005). Social-contextual determinants of parenting. In Encyclopaedia on early childhood development. Berlin, L. ., Appleyard, K., & Dodge, K. . (2011). Intergenerational continuity in child maltreatment: mediating mechanisms and implications for prevention. Child Development, 82, 162–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14678624.2010.01547.x Bethell, C. D., Newacheck, P., Hawes, E., & Halfon, N. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences: assessing the impact on health and school engagement and the mitigating role of resilience. Health Affairs, 33(12), 2106–2115. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0914 Branco, M. S. S., & Linhares, M. B. M. (2018). The toxic stress and its impact on development in the Shonkoff’s Ecobiodevelopmental Theorical approach. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 35(1), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-02752018000100009 Braveman, A. P. (2009). Health disparities beginning in childhood: A life-course perspective. Pediatrics, 124. https://doi.org/10.1542 Caldwell, J. ., Shaver, P. ., Li, C., & Minzenberg, M. . (2011). Childhood maltreatment, adult attachment and depression as predictors of parental self-efficacy in at-risk mothers. Journal Aggress Maltreat Trauma, 20, 595–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2011.595763 Cohan, S. ., Jang, K. ., & Stein, M. . (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis of a Short Form of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62. Corrigan, P., McCorkle, B., Schell, B., & Kidder, K. (2003). Religion and spirituality in the lives of people with serious mental illnes. Community Mental Health Journal, 39(6). Crnic, K. ., Gaze, C., & Hoffman, C. (2005). Cumulative parenting stress across the preschool period: relations to maternal parenting and child behavior at age 5. Infant and Child Development, 14, 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.384 Daulay, N. (2018). Parenting Stress of Mothers in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the Culture in Indonesia. KnE Social Sciences, 3(5), 453. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i5.2349 Davis, N. O., & Carter, A. S. (2008). Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: Associations with child characteristics Disorders. Journal of Autism Developmental, 38, 1278–1291. Deater-deckard, K. (1998). Parenting Stress and Child Adjustment : Some Old Hypotheses and New Questions. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 5(3). Deckard, K. D.-, & Scarr, S. (1996). Parenting stress among the dual-earner mothers and fathers: are there gender differences? Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.10.1.45 Dunham, S., & Dermer, H. (2011). Poisonous Parenting : Toxic Relationships Between Parents And Their Adult. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. Ekas, N., & Whitman, T. L. (2010). Autism symptom topography and maternal socioemotional functioning. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 115(3), 234–249. Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults The Adverse Childhood Experiences ( ACE ) Study. 14(4), 245–258. Fitzgerald, M. ., Shipman, K. ., Jackson, J. ., McMahon, R. ., & Hanley, H. . (2005). Perceptions of parenting versus parent–child interactions among incest survivors. Child Abuse Negl, 29, 661–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.10.012 Gottman, J. M., & Silver, N. (1999). The seven principles for making marriage work. Three Rivers Press. Juster, R. P., McEwen, B. S., & Lupien, S. J. (2010). Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review, 35(1), 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1016 K., J., Margaret, M., & Disiye, A. (2020). Toxic Parenting Adversely Correlates To Students’ Academic Performance In Secondary Schools In Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP),10(7), 249–253. https://doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.10.07.2020.p10331 Koeske, G. F., & Koeske, R. D. (1990). The Buffering Effect Of Social Support On Parental Stress. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60(3). Kuczynski, L., & Kochanska, G. (1990). Development of children’s non-compliance strategies from toddlerhood to age 5. Developmental Psychology, 26, 8–408. Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Coping theory and research: Past, present, and future. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 234–247. Mash, E. J., & Johnston, C. (1990). Determinants of parenting stress: Illustrations from families of hyperactive children and families of physically abused children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 313–328. Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Bar-on, N., & Ein-dor, T. (2010). The Pushes and Pulls of Close Relationships : Attachment Insecurities and Relational Ambivalence. PS Sozialpsychologie, 98(3), 450–468. Mortensen, J. A., & Barnet, M. A. (2020). The role of child care in supporting the emotion regulatory needs of maltreated infants and toddlers. The University of Arizona. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and M. (2016). Parenting Matters: Supporting Parents of Children Ages 0-8. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/doi:10.17226/21868 National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2007). Key concepts: toxic stress. National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. Ostberg, M., & Hagekull, B. (2000). A structural modeling approach to the understanding of parenting stress. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 615–625. Pediatrics, A. A. of. (2018). ACEs and toxic stress. American Academy of Pediatrics. Rodenburg, R., Meijer, A. M., Dekovic, M., & Aldenkamp, A. (2007). Parents of children with enduring epilepsy: Predictors of parenting stress and parenting. Epilepsy & Behavior, 11, 197–207. Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., McGuinn, L., & Wood, D. L. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), 232–246. https://doi.org/10.1542 Shonkoff, J.P. (2012). Leveraging the biology of adversity to address the roots of disparities in health and development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(SUPPL.2), 17302–17307. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1121259109 Shonkoff, Jack P., & Bales, S. N. (2011). Science Does Not Speak for Itself: Translating Child Development Research for the Public and Its Policymakers. Child Development, 82(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01538.x Shonkoff, Jack P., & Levitt, P. (2010). Neuroscience and the Future of Early Childhood Policy: Moving from Why to What and How. Neuron, 67(5), 689–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.032 Shonkoff, Jack P. (2010). Building a New Biodevelopmental Framework to Guide the Future of Early Childhood Policy. 81(1), 357–367. Shonkoff, Jack P, & Fisher, P. A. (2013). Rethinking evidence-based practice and two-generation programs to create the future of early childhood policy. 25, 1635–1653. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579413000813 Shonkoff, Jack P, Richter, L., Gaag, J. Van Der, Bhutta, Z. A., Shonkoff, A. J. P., & Richter, L. (2012). An Integrated Scienti fi c Framework for Child Survival and Early Childhood Development. Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0366 Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., Garner, A. S., Pascoe, J., Wood, D. L., High, P. C., Donoghue, E., Fussell, J. J., Gleason, M. M., Jaudes, P. K., Jones, V. F., Rubin, D. M., Schulte, E. E., Macias, M. M., Bridgemohan, C., Goldson, E., McGuinn, L. J., Weitzman, C., & Wegner, L. M. (2012). Early childhood adversity, toxic stress, and the role of the pediatrician: Translating developmental science into lifelong health. Pediatrics, 129(1). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2662 Slopen, N., Mclaughlin, K. A., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2014). Interventions to Improve Cortisol Regulation in Children : A Systematic Review abstract. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1632

The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed. References World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available at: https://covid19.who.int/ [Accessed on 23 August 2020] Sim K, Chua HC. The psychological impact of SARS: a matter of heart and mind. CMAJ. 2004; 170:811e2. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1032003. Wu P, Fang Y, Guan Z, Fan B, Kong J, Yao Z, et al. The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. Can J Psychiatr. 2009; 54:302e11. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400504. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020; 395:912e20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8. Robertson E, Hershenfield K, Grace SL, Stewart DE. The psychosocial effects of being quarantined following exposure to SARS: a qualitative study of Toronto health care workers. Can J Psychiatr. 2004; 49:403e7. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370404900612. Barbisch D, Koenig KL, Shih FY. Is there a case for quarantine? Perspectives from SARS to Ebola. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2015; 9:547e53. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.38. Jeong H, Yim HW, Song YJ, Ki M, Min JA, Cho J, et al. Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Epidemiol Health. 2016;38: e2016048. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016048. Liu X, Kakade M, Fuller CJ, Fan B, Fang Y, Kong J, et al. Depression after exposure to stressful events: lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. Compr Psychiatr. 2012; 53:15e23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.02.003 Chadda RK, Deb KS. Indian family systems, collectivistic society and psychotherapy. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55: S299‑ https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5545.105555. Grover S, Sahoo S, Mehra A, Avasthi A, Tripathi A, Subramanyan A, et al. Psychological impact of COVID‑19 lockdown: An online survey from India. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020; 62:354-62. https://doi.org/ 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry _427_20. Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Ann Behav Med. 2010; 40: 218–27. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12160-010-9210-8. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7. Bhandari S, Sharma R, Singh Shaktawat A, Banerjee S, Patel B, Tak A, et al. COVID-19 related mortality profile at a tertiary care centre: a descriptive study. Scr Med. 2020;51(2):69-73. https://doi.org/10.5937/scriptamed51-27126. Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol Bull. 1995; 117: 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497. Caspi A, Harrington H, Moffitt TE, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Socially isolated children 20 years later: risk of cardiovascular disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006; 160(8):805-11. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.8.805. Eaker ED, Pinsky J, Castelli WP. Myocardial infarction and coronary death among women: psychosocial predictors from a 20-year follow-up of women in the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1992; 135(8):854-64. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116381. Luo Y, Hawkley LC, Waite LJ, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: a national longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med. 2012 Mar; 74(6):907-14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2011.11.028. Olsen RB, Olsen J, Gunner-Svensson F, Waldstrøm B. Social networks and longevity. A 14-year follow-up study among elderly in Denmark. Soc Sci Med. 1991; 33(10):1189-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90235-5. Patterson AC, Veenstra G. Loneliness and risk of mortality: a longitudinal investigation in Alameda County, California. Soc Sci Med. 2010; 71(1):181-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.024. Savikko N, Routassalo P, Tilvis RS, Strandberg TE, Pitkalla KH. Predictors and subjective causes of loneliness in an aged population. Arch Gerontol Geriatrics. 2005; 41:3;223-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2005.03.002. Health Advisory for Elderly Population of India during COVID19. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/AdvisoryforElderlyPopulation.pdf [Accessed on 13 August 2020]. Dicks D, Myers R, Kling A. Uncus and amygdala lesions: effects on social behavior in the free-ranging rhesus monkey. Science. 1969; 165:69–71. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.165.3888.69. Kanai R, Bahrami B, Duchaine B, Janik A, Banissy MJ, Rees G. Brain structure links loneliness to social perception. Curr Biol. 2012; 22(20):1975-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2012.08.045. Bender AR, Daugherty A, Raz N. Vascular risk moderates associations between hippocampal subfield volumes and memory. J Cogn Neurosci. 2013; 25:1851–62. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00435. Raz N. Diabetes: brain, mind, insulin–what is normal and do we need to know? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011; 7:636–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.149. Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Naftali R, Andrew GW, Cohen NJ, McAuley E, et al. Aerobic fitness reduces brain tissue loss in aging humans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003; 58:176–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/58.2.m176. Maass A, Düzel S, Goerke M, Becke A, Sobieray U, Neumann K, et al. Vascular hippocampal plasticity after aerobic exercise in older adults. Mol Psychiatry. 2015; 20, 585–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2014.114. Wilson RS, Krueger KR, Arnold SE, Schneider JA, Kelly JF, Barnes LL, et al. Loneliness and Risk of Alzheimer Disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(2):234–240. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234. Kogan JH, Frankland PW, Silva AJ. Long-term memory underlying hippocampus-dependent social recognition in mice. Hippocampus. 2000;10(1):47-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-1063(2000)10:1%3C47::aid-hipo5%3E3.0.co;2-6. Yorgason JT, España RA, Konstantopoulos JK, Weiner JL, Jones SR. Enduring increases in anxiety-like behavior and rapid nucleus accumbens dopamine signaling in socially isolated rats. Eur J Neurosci. 2013;37(6):1022-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12113. Bledsoe AC, Oliver KM, Scholl JL, Forster GL. Anxiety states induced by post-weaning social isolation are mediated by CRF receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Brain Res Bull. 2011;85(3-4):117-22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresbull.2011.03.003. Lukkes JL, Engelman GH, Zelin NS, Hale MW, Lowry CA. Post-weaning social isolation of female rats, anxiety-related behavior, and serotonergic systems. Brain Res. 2012; 1443:1-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2012.01.005. Ago Y, Araki R, Tanaka T, Sasaga A, Nishiyama S, Takuma K, et al. Role of social encounter-induced activation of prefrontal serotonergic systems in the abnormal behaviors of isolation-reared mice. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013; 38(8):1535-47. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.52. Veenema AH. Early life stress, the development of aggression and neuroendocrine and neurobiological correlates: what can we learn from animal models? Front Neuroendocrinol. 2009;30(4):497-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.03.003. Zhao X, Sun L, Jia H, Meng Q, Wu S, Li N, et al. Isolation rearing induces social and emotional function abnormalities and alters glutamate and neurodevelopment-related gene expression in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(7):1173-1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.016. Sciolino NR, Bortolato M, Eisenstein SA, Fu J, Oveisi F, Hohmann AG, et al. Social isolation and chronic handling alter endocannabinoid signaling and behavioral reactivity to context in adult rats. Neuroscience. 2010;168(2):371-86. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2010.04.007. Ghasemi M, Phillips C, Trillo L, De Miguel Z, Das D, Salehi A. The role of NMDA receptors in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014; 47:336-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.017. Olivenza R, Moro MA, Lizasoain I, Lorenzo P, Fernández AP, Rodrigo J, et al. Chronic stress induces the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat brain cortex. J Neurochem. 2000;74(2):785-791. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.740785.x. Maeng S, Zarate CA Jr, Du J, Schloesser RJ, McCammon J, Chen G, et al. Cellular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine: role of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63(4):349-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.028. Kalia LV, Kalia SK, Salter MW. NMDA receptors in clinical neurology: excitatory times ahead. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(8):742-755. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1474-4422(08)70165-0. Waxman EA, Lynch DR. N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Subtypes: Multiple Roles in Excitotoxicity and Neurological Disease. The Neuroscientist. 2005; 11(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858404269012. Hermes G, Li N, Duman C, Duman R. Post-weaning chronic social isolation produces profound behavioral dysregulation with decreases in prefrontal cortex synaptic-associated protein expression in female rats. Physiol Behav. 2011;104(2):354-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2010.12.019. Sestito RS, Trindade LB, de Souza RG, Kerbauy LN, Iyomasa MM, Rosa ML. Effect of isolation rearing on the expression of AMPA glutamate receptors in the hippocampal formation. J Psychopharmacol. 2011;25(12):1720-1729. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110385595. Toua C, Brand L, Möller M, Emsley RA, Harvey BH. The effects of sub-chronic clozapine and haloperidol administration on isolation rearing induced changes in frontal cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate and D1 receptor binding in rats. Neuroscience. 2010;165(2):492-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.039. Alò R, Avolio E, Mele M, Storino F, Canonaco A, Carelli A et al. Excitatory/inhibitory equilibrium of the central amygdala nucleus gates anti-depressive and anxiolytic states in the hamster. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2014; 118:79-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2014.01.007. St JP, Petkov VV. Changes in 5-HT1 receptors in different brain structures of rats with isolation syndrome. General pharmacology. 1990;21(2):223-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-3623(90)90905-2. Miachon S, Rochet T, Mathian B, Barbagli B, Claustrat B. Long-term isolation of Wistar rats alters brain monoamine turnover, blood corticosterone, and ACTH. Brain Res Bull. 1993;32(6):611-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(93)90162-5. Van den Berg CL, Van Ree JM, Spruijt BM, Kitchen I. Effects of juvenile isolation and morphine treatment on social interactions and opioid receptors in adult rats: behavioural and autoradiographic studies. Eur J Neurosci. 1999;11(9):3023-3032. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00717.x. Vanderschuren LJ, Stein EA, Wiegant VM, Van Ree JM. Social play alters regional brain opioid receptor binding in juvenile rats. Brain Res. 1995;680(1-2):148-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(95)00256-p. Moles A, Kieffer BL, D'Amato FR. Deficit in attachment behavior in mice lacking the mu-opioid receptor gene. Science. 2004;304(5679):1983-1986. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1095943. Panksepp J, Herman BH, Vilberg T, Bishop P, DeEskinazi FG. Endogenous opioids and social behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1980;4(4):473-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7634(80)90036-6. Gong JP, Onaivi ES, Ishiguro H, Liu Q, Tagliaferro PA, Brusco A, et al. Cannabinoid CB2 receptors: immunohistochemical localization in rat brain. Brain Res. 2006;1071(1):10-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.035. Breivogel CS, Sim-Selley LJ. Basic neuroanatomy and neuropharmacology of cannabinoids. Int Rev Psychiatry 2009; 21:2:113-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260902782760. Haj-Mirzaian A, Amini-Khoei H, Haj-Mirzaian A, Amiri S, Ghesmati M, Zahir M, et al. Activation of cannabinoid receptors elicits antidepressant-like effects in a mouse model of social isolation stress. Brain Res Bull. 2017; 130:200-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.01.018. Banach M, Piskorska B, Czuczwar SJ, Borowicz KK. Nitric Oxide, Epileptic Seizures, and Action of Antiepileptic Drugs. CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 2011;10: 808. https://doi.org/10.2174/187152711798072347. Förstermann U, Sessa WC. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(7):829-37, 837a-837d. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Feurheartj%2Fehr304. Hu Y, Wu D, Luo C, Zhu L, Zhang J, Wu H, et al. Hippocampal nitric oxide contributes to sex difference in affective behaviors. PNAS. 2012, 109 (35) 14224-14229. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207461109. Khan MI, Ostadhadi S, Zolfaghari S, Mehr SE, Hassanzadeh G, Dehpour, A et al. The involvement of NMDA receptor/NO/cGMP pathway in the antidepressant like effects of baclofen in mouse force swimming test. Neuroscience Letters. 2016; 612:52-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.006. Matsumoto K, Puia G, Dong E, Pinna G. GABAA receptor neurotransmission dysfunction in a mouse model of social isolation-induced stress: Possible insights into a non-serotonergic mechanism of action of SSRIs in mood and anxiety disorders. Stress. 2007; 10:1:3-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890701200997. Zlatković J, Filipović D. Chronic social isolation induces NF-κB activation and upregulation of iNOS protein expression in rat prefrontal cortex. Neurochem Int. 2013;63(3):172-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2013.06.002. Haj-Mirzaian A, Amiri S, Kordjazy N, Momeny M, Razmi A, Balaei MR, et al. Lithium attenuated the depressant and anxiogenic effect of juvenile social stress through mitigating the negative impact of interlukin-1β and nitric oxide on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Neuroscience. 2016; 315:271-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.024. Larson HJ. The biggest pandemic risk? Viral misinformation. Nature 2018; 562:309. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-07034-4. Zarocostas J. How to fight an infodemic. Lancet 2020; 395:676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30461-X. World Health Organization, 2019. Ebola Virus Disease – Democratic Republic of the Congo. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: https://www.who.int/csr/don/28-november-2019-ebola-drc/en/ [Accessed on August 8, 2020] Times of India. Covid-19: doctors gone to collect samples attacked in Indore. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/covid-19-doctors-goneto- collect-samples-attacked-in-indore/videoshow/74942153.cms; 2020 [Accessed on August 8, 2020]. Withnall A. Coronavirus: why India has had to pass new law against attacks on healthcare workers. The Independent. April 23, 2020. Semple K. “Afraid to be a nurse”: health workers under attack. The New York Times. 2020 Apr 27. The Economist. Health workers become unexpected targets during COVID-19. The Economist. May 11, 2020. Turan B, Budhwani H, Fazeli PL, Browning WR, Raper JL, Mugavero MJ, et al. How does stigma affect people living with HIV? The mediating roles of internalized and anticipated HIV stigma in the effects of perceived community stigma on health and psychosocial outcomes. AIDS Behav. 2017; 21: 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1451-5. James PB, Wardle J, Steel A, Adams J. An assessment of Ebola-related stigma and its association with informal healthcare utilisation among Ebola survivors in Sierra Leone: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20: 182. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8279-7. Aljazeera, 2020. Iran: Over 700 Dead after Drinking Alcohol to Cure Coronavirus. Aljazeera. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/ news/2020/04/iran-700-dead-drinking-alcohol-cure-coronavirus200427163529629.html. (Accessed June 4, 2020) Delirrad M, Mohammadi AB, 2020. New methanol poisoning outbreaks in Iran following COVID-19 pandemic. Alcohol Alcohol. 55: 347–348. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agaa036. Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Zamani N, Kolahi A-A, McDonald R, Hovda KE. Double trouble: methanol outbreak in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran-a cross-sectional assessment. Crit Care. 2020; 24: 402. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03140-w. Soltaninejad K. Methanol Mass Poisoning Outbreak: A Consequence of COVID-19 Pandemic and Misleading Messages on Social Media. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2020;11(3):148-150. https://dx.doi.org/10.34172%2Fijoem.2020.1983. Islam MS, Sarkar T, Khan SH, Kamal AM, Hasan SMM, Kabir A, et al. COVID-19–Related Infodemic and Its Impact on Public Health: A Global Social Media Analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020; 00(0):1–9. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0812. Hawryluck L, Gold W, Robinson S, Pogorski S, Galea S, Styra R. SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1206–1212. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1007.030703. Lee S, Chan LYY, Chau AAM, Kwok KPS, Kleinman A. The experience of SARS-related stigma at Amoy Gardens. Soc Sci Med. 2005; 61(9): 2038-2046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.010. Yoon MK Kim SY Ko HS Lee MS. System effectiveness of detection, brief intervention and refer to treatment for the people with post-traumatic emotional distress by MERS: a case report of community-based proactive intervention in South Korea. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2016; 10: 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-016-0083-5. Reynolds DL, Garay JR, Deamond SL, Moran MK, Gold W, Styra R. Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Epidemiol Infect. 2008; 136: 997-1007. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0950268807009156. Marjanovic Z, Greenglass ER, Coffey S. The relevance of psychosocial variables and working conditions in predicting nurses' coping strategies during the SARS crisis: an online questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2007; 44(6): 991-998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.02.012. Bai Y, Lin C-C, Lin C-Y, Chen J-Y, Chue C-M, Chou P. Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak. Psychiatr Serv. 2004; 55: 1055-1057. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.9.1055. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/Guidelinesforhomequarantine.pdf [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/RevisedguidelinesforHomeIsolationofverymildpresymptomaticCOVID19cases10May2020.pdf [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/AdvisoryformanagingHealthcareworkersworkinginCOVIDandNonCOVIDareasofthehospital.pdf (Accessed on 25 August 2020). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Available at: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/RevisedguidelinesforInternationalArrivals02082020.pdf [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Cost of the lockdown? Over 10% of GDP loss for 18 states. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cost-of-the-lockdown-over-10-of-gdp-loss-for-18-states/articleshow/76028826.cms [Accessed on 21 August 2020]. Jorda O, Singh SR, Taylor AM. Longer-Run Economic Consequences of Pandemics. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper. 2020-09. https://doi.org/10.24148/wp2020-09. Firdaus G. Mental well‑being of migrants in urban center of India: Analyzing the role of social environment. Indian J Psychiatry. 2017; 59:164‑ https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_272_15. National Crime Record Bureau. Annual Crime in India Report. New Delhi, India: Ministry of Home Affairs; 2018. 198 migrant workers killed in road accidents during lockdown: Report. Available at: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/198-migrant-workers-killed-in-road-accidents-during-lockdown-report/story-hTWzAWMYn0kyycKw1dyKqL.html [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen D. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20:689-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30198-5. Dalton L, Rapa E, Stein A. Protecting the psychological health of through effective communication about COVID-19. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(5):346-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30097-3. Centre for Disease Control. Helping Children Cope with Emergencies. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/childrenindisasters/helping-children-cope.html [Accessed on 25 August 2020]. Liu JJ, Bao Y, Huang X, Shi J, Lu L. Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19. Lancet Child & Adolesc Health. 2020; 4(5):347-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30096-1. Sprang G, Silman M. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Parents and Youth After Health-Related Disasters. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2013;7(1):105-110. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2013.22. Rehman U, Shahnawaz MG, Khan NH, Kharshiing KD, Khursheed M, Gupta K, et al. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Indians in Times of Covid-19 Lockdown. Community Ment Health J. 2020:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00664-x. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 287:112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934. Wang C, Zhao H. The Impact of COVID-19 on Anxiety in Chinese University Students. Front Psychol. 2020; 11:1168. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2020.01168. Kang L, Li Y, Hu S, Chen M, Yang C, Yang BX, et al. The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7(3): e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30047-x. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3(3): e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976. Lancee WJ, Maunder RG, Goldbloom DS, Coauthors for the Impact of SARS Study. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among Toronto hospital workers one to two years after the SARS outbreak. Psychiatr Serv. 2008;59(1):91-95. https://dx.doi.org/10.1176%2Fps.2008.59.1.91. Tam CWC, Pang EPF, Lam LCW, Chiu HFK. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hongkong in 2003: Stress and psychological impact among frontline healthcare workers. Psychol Med. 2004;34 (7):1197-1204. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704002247. Lee SM, Kang WS, Cho A-R, Kim T, Park JK. Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Compr Psychiatry. 2018; 87:123-127. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.comppsych.2018.10.003. Koh D, Meng KL, Chia SE, Ko SM, Qian F, Ng V, et al. Risk perception and impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on work and personal lives of healthcare workers in Singapore: What can we learn? Med Care. 2005;43(7):676-682. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000167181.36730.cc. Verma S, Mythily S, Chan YH, Deslypere JP, Teo EK, Chong SA. Post-SARS psychological morbidity and stigma among general practitioners and traditional Chinese medicine practitioners in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2004; 33(6):743e8. Yeung J, Gupta S. Doctors evicted from their homes in India as fear spreads amid coronavirus lockdown. CNN World. 2020. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/25/asia/india-coronavirus-doctors-discrimination-intl-hnk/index.html. [Accessed on 24 August 2020] Violence Against Women and Girls: the Shadow Pandemic. UN Women. 2020. May 3, 2020. Available at: https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/4/statement-ed-phumzile-violence-against-women-during-pandemic. [Accessed on 24 August 2020]. Gearhart S, Patron MP, Hammond TA, Goldberg DW, Klein A, Horney JA. The impact of natural disasters on domestic violence: an analysis of reports of simple assault in Florida (1999–2007). Violence Gend. 2018;5(2):87–92. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2017.0077. Sahoo S, Rani S, Parveen S, Pal Singh A, Mehra A, Chakrabarti S, et al. Self-harm and COVID-19 pandemic: An emerging concern – A report of 2 cases from India. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51:102104. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajp.2020.102104. Ghosh A, Khitiz MT, Pandiyan S, Roub F, Grover S. Multiple suicide attempts in an individual with opioid dependence: Unintended harm of lockdown during the COVID-19 outbreak? Indian J Psychiatry 2020; [In Press]. The Economic Times. 11 Coronavirus suspects flee from a hospital in Maharashtra. March 16 2020. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/11-coronavirus-suspects-flee-from-a-hospital-in-maharashtra/videoshow/74644936.cms?from=mdr. [Accessed on 23 August 2020]. Xiang Y, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, et al. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry 2020;(3):228–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8. Van Bortel T, Basnayake A, Wurie F, Jambai M, Koroma A, Muana A, et al. Psychosocial effects of an Ebola outbreak at individual, community and international levels. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94(3):210–214. https://dx.doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.15.158543. Kumar A, Nayar KR. COVID 19 and its mental health consequences. Journal of Mental Health. 2020; ahead of print:1-2. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2020.1757052. Gupta R, Grover S, Basu A, Krishnan V, Tripathi A, Subramanyam A, et al. Changes in sleep pattern and sleep quality during COVID-19 lockdown. Indian J Psychiatry. 2020; 62(4):370-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_523_20. Duan L, Zhu G. Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4): P300-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0. Dubey S, Biswas P, Ghosh R, Chatterjee S, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S et al. Psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020; 14(5): 779–788. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dsx.2020.05.035. Wright R. The world's largest coronavirus lockdown is having a dramatic impact on pollution in India. CNN World; 2020. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/31/asia/coronavirus-lockdown-impact-pollution-india-intl-hnk/index.html. [Accessed on 23 August 2020] Foster O. ‘Lockdown made me Realise What’s Important’: Meet the Families Reconnecting Remotely. The Guardian; 2020. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/keep-connected/2020/apr/23/lockdown-made-me-realise-whats-important-meet-the-families-reconnecting-remotely. (Accessed on 23 August 2020) Bilefsky D, Yeginsu C. Of ‘Covidivorces’ and ‘Coronababies’: Life During a Lockdown. N. Y. Times; 2020. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/27/world/coronavirus-lockdown-relationships.html [Accessed on 23 August 2020]

The Job Was Being Done: A conversation about Dominika Macocha’s video-sculptural installation 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E, 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E, 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E.This article is a record of a discussion concerning Dominika Macocha’s video-sculptural installation 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E, 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E, 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E. The work deals with the uses of discourse and landscapes in mechanisms of camouflaging the crimes perpetrated on Jews by Poles during the Holocaust. The author lays bare and deconstructs these mechanisms – above all the mechanisms of narrative fetishism of production of artificial landscape – drawing on examples from Biłgoraj county. In the course of the discussion, the work inspired a critical reassessment of the categories dominating the ways in which the Holocaust is currently described: (1) Martin Pollack’s category of contaminated landscapes, rooted in the ideology of two totalitarianisms; (2) the category of the witness / bystander, which conceals the observers’ participation in the scenario of the crime; and (3) the category of taboo, which is ambivalent considering the universal knowledge on the part of local communities about what happened to Jews from their localities. Reflection on the production of taboo leads the discussants to deliberate on the status of Jewish sources in the field of Holocaust studies. Collected since as early as the 1940s, and containing ample and detailed information about Polish crimes perpetrated on Jews, they are nevertheless not recognised as sources by Polish historians. The conversation is concluded by an attempt at recapitulating the present condition of Polish historiography in the light of the postulated new approach to sources. Robota robiona była. O instalacji wideo-rzeźbiarskiej 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E, 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E, 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E Dominiki Macochy rozmawiają Elżbieta Janicka, Konrad Matyjaszek, Xawery Stańczyk, Katrin Stoll i Anna ZawadzkaNiniejszy tekst stanowi zapis dyskusji poświęconej instalacji wideo-rzeźbiarskiej Dominiki Macochy pt. 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E. Dzieło artystki dotyczy dyskursywnych i krajobrazowych mechanizmów kamuflowania zbrodni na Żydach popełnionych przez Polaków podczas Zagłady. Macocha obnaża i dekonstruuje te mechanizmy – przede wszystkim mechanizm fetyszyzmu narracyjnego i mechanizm produkcji sztucznego krajobrazu – na przykładach zaczerpniętych z powiatu biłgorajskiego. Podczas dyskusji, z inspiracji pracą artystki, krytycznemu namysłowi poddane zostają następujące, dominujące współcześnie kategorie opisu Zagłady: 1. zaproponowana przez Martina Pollacka kategoria skażonych krajobrazów, wyrosła na gruncie ideologii dwóch totalitaryzmów; 2. kategoria świadka, maskująca udział obserwatorów w scenariuszach zbrodni; 3. kategoria tabu, ambiwalentna, jeśli wziąć pod uwagę powszechność wiedzy lokalnych społeczności o tym, co stało się z Żydami z ich miejscowości. Refleksja nad produkcją tabu prowadzi dyskutantów do namysłu nad statusem źródeł żydowskich w polu badań nad Zagładą. W źródłach tych bowiem, kompletowanych już od lat czterdziestych, znajdujemy wiele szczegółowych informacji o polskich zbrodniach na Żydach. Nie są one jednak rozpoznane jako źródła przez polskich historyków. Dyskusję kończy próba podsumowania współczesnej kondycji polskiej historiografii w świetle postulatu nowego podejścia do źródeł.

The Job Was Being Done: A conversation about Dominika Macocha’s video-sculptural installation 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E, 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E, 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E.This article is a record of a discussion concerning Dominika Macocha’s video-sculptural installation 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E, 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E, 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E. The work deals with the uses of discourse and landscapes in mechanisms of camouflaging the crimes perpetrated on Jews by Poles during the Holocaust. The author lays bare and deconstructs these mechanisms – above all the mechanisms of narrative fetishism of production of artificial landscape – drawing on examples from Biłgoraj county. In the course of the discussion, the work inspired a critical reassessment of the categories dominating the ways in which the Holocaust is currently described: (1) Martin Pollack’s category of contaminated landscapes, rooted in the ideology of two totalitarianisms; (2) the category of the witness / bystander, which conceals the observers’ participation in the scenario of the crime; and (3) the category of taboo, which is ambivalent considering the universal knowledge on the part of local communities about what happened to Jews from their localities. Reflection on the production of taboo leads the discussants to deliberate on the status of Jewish sources in the field of Holocaust studies. Collected since as early as the 1940s, and containing ample and detailed information about Polish crimes perpetrated on Jews, they are nevertheless not recognised as sources by Polish historians. The conversation is concluded by an attempt at recapitulating the present condition of Polish historiography in the light of the postulated new approach to sources. Robota robiona była. O instalacji wideo-rzeźbiarskiej 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E, 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E, 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E Dominiki Macochy rozmawiają Elżbieta Janicka, Konrad Matyjaszek, Xawery Stańczyk, Katrin Stoll i Anna ZawadzkaNiniejszy tekst stanowi zapis dyskusji poświęconej instalacji wideo-rzeźbiarskiej Dominiki Macochy pt. 50°31’29.7”N 22°46’39.1”E 50°30’56.2”N 22°46’01.0”E 50°30’41.0”N 22°45’49.5”E. Dzieło artystki dotyczy dyskursywnych i krajobrazowych mechanizmów kamuflowania zbrodni na Żydach popełnionych przez Polaków podczas Zagłady. Macocha obnaża i dekonstruuje te mechanizmy – przede wszystkim mechanizm fetyszyzmu narracyjnego i mechanizm produkcji sztucznego krajobrazu – na przykładach zaczerpniętych z powiatu biłgorajskiego. Podczas dyskusji, z inspiracji pracą artystki, krytycznemu namysłowi poddane zostają następujące, dominujące współcześnie kategorie opisu Zagłady: 1. zaproponowana przez Martina Pollacka kategoria skażonych krajobrazów, wyrosła na gruncie ideologii dwóch totalitaryzmów; 2. kategoria świadka, maskująca udział obserwatorów w scenariuszach zbrodni; 3. kategoria tabu, ambiwalentna, jeśli wziąć pod uwagę powszechność wiedzy lokalnych społeczności o tym, co stało się z Żydami z ich miejscowości. Refleksja nad produkcją tabu prowadzi dyskutantów do namysłu nad statusem źródeł żydowskich w polu badań nad Zagładą. W źródłach tych bowiem, kompletowanych już od lat czterdziestych, znajdujemy wiele szczegółowych informacji o polskich zbrodniach na Żydach. Nie są one jednak rozpoznane jako źródła przez polskich historyków. Dyskusję kończy próba podsumowania współczesnej kondycji polskiej historiografii w świetle postulatu nowego podejścia do źródeł.

Abstract Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a monogenic disorder due to point mutation in the β-globin gene resulting in substitution of Valine for Glutamic acid. The SCD is prevalent in P. falciparum endemic regions such as western Kenya. Carriage of different sickle cell genotypes may influence haematological parameter during malaria. Children resident in malaria holoendemic regions suffer more from malaria-related complications and this is moderated by the presence of the SCD. In the current study, we determined the association between sickle cell genotypes and haematological parameters in children with P. falciparum malaria resident in Kisumu County in Western Kenya. Methodology Children (n = 217, aged 1–192 months) with acute febrile condition were recruited at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital. Chi-square (χ2) analysis was used to determine differences between proportions. Differences in haematological parameters were compared across groups using Kruskal Wallis test and between groups using Mann Whitney U test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis controlling for infection status was used to determine the association between sickle cell genotypes and haematological parameters. Results Using HbAA as the reference group, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that carriage of HbSS was associated with reduced haemoglobin [OR = 0.310, 95% CI = 0.101–0.956, P = 0.041], reduced haematocrit [OR = 0.318, 95% CI = 0.128–0.793, P = 0.014], reduced RBC count [OR = 0.124, 95% CI = 0.045–0.337, P = 0.001], reduced MCHC [OR = 0.325, 95% CI = 0.118–0.892, P = 0.029], increased leucocytosis [OR = 9.283, 95% CI = 3.167–27.210, P = 0.001] and reduced monocytosis [OR = 0.319, 95% CI = 0.123–0.830, P = 0.019]. However, carriage of HbAS was only associated with increased micro-platelets [OR = 3.629, 95% CI = 1.291–8.276, P = 0.012]. Conclusion Results show that carriage of HbSS in children influence the levels of haemoglobin, haematocrit, RBC, MCHC, WBC and Monocytes. Therefore prior knowledge of HbSS should be considered to improve clinical management of haematological alterations during malaria in children.